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Agriscience Applications Guided Notes
Leasdership and SAE
Essential Standard 1.00: Understand leadership opportunities and SAE related to the agriscience industry
Objective 1.01Understand the history, opportunities and structure of organizations related to the agriscience industry.
History of the National FFA Organization1917 Smith-Hughes Act
__________________________________________ __________________________________________
1920’s – Virginia was the first state to have Futures Farmers clubs Boys only
History of the National FFA Organization
________ – FFA became a national organization A network of teachers guided the establishment of FFA Effort to establish a club for boys with similar farm interests
________ – NFA was formed (New Farmers of America) Black students studying agriculture
________ – Public Law 740 FFA became one of a few student organizations to receive a Federal Charter from
Congress________ – FFA and NFA merged________– Girls allowed in FFA for the first time
________– Name change Future Farmers of America to National FFA Organization Reflects the growing diversity in the agriculture industry
________– National Convention completes 7 year run in Indianapolis Returns to Louisville, Kentucky in 2013 for 3 years
FFA Mission
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAE_________________________________________________
Component used to help students learn to keep records, perform practical job skills, and gain opportunity for work and exploratory experience in Agriscience
Opportunities within the FFA______________________________________________ (CDE’s)
Competitive Events - benefits Most events progress from the local (chapter) to the federation, regional, state
and national level. Develops technical and leadership skills as well as confidence. Recognition is received and prize money is often received for 1st place state finish.
Animal Science Competitive Events - examples__________________________________
grade and evaluate dairy cattle__________________________________
grade and evaluate chickens and chicken products__________________________________
grade and evaluate beef cattle, sheep, swine and goats__________________________________
evaluate several classes of horses and present oral reasons
Plant Science Competitive Events - examples__________________________________
knowledge of horticulture and plant identification__________________________________
knowledge of the nursery and landscape industry and plant identification
__________________________________ knowledge of floral arrangement , horticulture and plant identification
__________________________________ identification of trees and forestry tools as well as measurement of
trees
Leadership Competitive Events - examples__________________________________
recitation of the FFA creed.__________________________________
2
prepare and present a 6-8 minute speech on an agriculturally related topic of your choice
__________________________________ present a 4-6 minute speech on a topic given to you with 30 minutes
preparation time __________________________________
present a mock business meeting solve business problems and knowledge of business principles
Agriculture Business Competitive Events - examples__________________________________
performance of a mock interview for an agriculturally related job__________________________________
knowledge of sales and marketing__________________________________
solve business problems and knowledge of business principles
Agriculture Mechanical Competitive Events - examples__________________________________
knowledge and identification of tools__________________________________
knowledge of agricultural mechanics as well as performance of specific mechanical skills
Agricultural Organizations related to the Agriscience IndustryGoals
Allow professionals the opportunity to _____________________________________ Provide trade shows and journals
update members on new methods, products, and technology Uses membership dues
commodity advertisement trade journals educational programs scholarships for members
Agricultural Organizations related to the Agriscience IndustryTypes (examples)
Commodity related _____________________________________ (NCGA)
to create and increase opportunities for corn growers
______________________________________(NPPC) promotes and educates a socially responsible and profitable NC pork
industry
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__________________________________________ (NCNLA) flexible, knowledgeable, responsive, environmentally- conscious
organization provides the nursery and landscape industries with leadership,
technological and business advancement opportunities and information services
__________________________________________________ (AQHA) world’s largest breed registry and membership organization
__________________________________________________ (NCCTA) promotes “real” Christmas trees through marketing and education
NC Farm Bureau ___________________________________________________ offers insurance provides scholarships and educational opportunities for youth
__________________________________________________ (CFSA) farm driven, membership based, non-profit, that helps people in the
Carolinas grow and eat local, organic foods……
_____________________________________ is a family–oriented organization serves its members through a variety of programs and promotes agriculture
as an essential industry for our economy
_____________________________________ open to those who wishes to support students in agricultural education
Objective 1.02Understand effective leadership and communication skills.
Leadership Development in FFA1. Purpose
__________________________________________________ Builds cooperative attitudes that help students work with others __________________________________________________
2. Ways and MeansDevelop an appreciation of FFA traditions
Colors- ________________________________________Program of Activities (POA)
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calendar of activities that provides fun opportunities for members, creates a better chapter and provides service to the local community
Symbols and their meaning:Eagle
______________________________________________________Plow
______________________________________________________Owl
______________________________________________________Rising Sun
______________________________________________________ Need for cooperative effort to reach common goals
Ear of corn ______________________________________________________ FFA is a national organization with members from across the U.S. and
Puerto Rico Lettering “Agricultural Education” and “FFA”
______________________________________________________
The FFA Motto:______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Serving in leadership roles as an FFA OfficerPresident (rising sun)
_______________________________________Vice president (plow)
_______________________________________Secretary (ear of corn)
_______________________________________Treasurer (bust of Washington)
_______________________________________Reporter (flag)
_______________________________________Sentinel (hand clasp and shield of friendship)
_______________________________________
Other opportunities to develop leadership in FFA Leaderships schools, camps and conferences (WLC) Committee involvement (Community service committee) State and National Conventions
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o ___________________________, North Carolina in Juneo _____________________________________in October
Conducting Business Meetings (Agenda)
Agenda __________________________________________
Opening ceremony in FFA meetings Minutes of the previous meeting
____________________________________________________ approved by the body in accordance to organizational by-laws and
parliamentary procedure reminds members of what occurred at the last meeting
Treasurer reports Report on Chapter Program of Activities (POA)
presented by officers and committee chairperson ___________________________ New Business
presented by members in the form of motions ___________________________ and closing ceremony
occurs by either passing a motion or by consensus of the body
Purpose for an agenda ________________________________________________________ The agenda forms the framework for the development of a good meeting
General Principles of Parliamentary Procedure
1- ________________________________________________________________ Members must be recognized to speak
except in cases of emergency or to enforce parliamentary law Members ask the president for recognition to speak
standing and saying ” Madame/Mr. President” 2- Focuses on ______________________________________
only one motion on the floor at a time a main motion is presented by saying “I move to/that…”
3- Observes the rule of the ______________________________ Only main motions that have been seconded can be discussed Most motions require a simple majority to pass Action only after the passing of a motion
4- Ensures the rights of the ______________________________ Everyone has the right to voice their opinion during discussion of a motion regardless of
which side they may be on
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Therefore, a motion to stop discussion requires a __________ vote to pass
20 out of 30 would have to vote to end discussion
Main MotionIntroduce new business
1) Address the presiding officer2) Receive recognition to speak3) State the motion4) “I move that our FFA chapter conduct a community service project.”5) Someone seconds the motion6) Discussed by the group7) Vote8) Chair announces result of vote Requires a second ______________________________________ Amendable ___________________________ vote required
AmendmentAlter or _________________________ a motion
adding striking out ________________________________
Requires a secondDebatableAmendable____________________________vote required
Refer to a CommitteeTo put the motion _________________________________________________________
“I move to refer this motion to a committee of three people appointed by the chair, who will report back at the next regular meeting”
Requires a second _________________________________ _________________________________ Majority vote required
Previous Question
“I move the Previous Question.” Requires a second Not Debatable
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Not Amendable _________________________________ vote required
Suspend the RulesAllow the chapter to act in a way that would be _____________________________________.
“I move to suspend the rules and waive the reading of the minutes.”Requires a second___________________________________________________________________________________ Majority vote required
Point of OrderEnforces the rules of parliamentary law.
“I rise to a Point of Order.” No second required Not Debatable Not Amendable ____________________________
Adjourn_____________________________________________________________
“I move to adjourn.” __________________________________ Not Debatable Not Amendable Majority vote required
VotingCommon methods
_________________________________________ by saying “aye” or “no”
Rising vote _________________________________________ _________________________________________
Secret ballot ________________________________________________________
Roll call ________________________________________________________
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GavelTaps are used to signal members of action they should take or to signal the completion of a parliamentary action
________________________ tap follows announcement of adjournment follows the completion of a business item to be seated
________________________ taps signal the official start of the meeting and calls the meeting to order
________________________ taps are used to signal all members to stand members are to rise in unison at the third tap of the gavel
Public SpeakingOral communication skills are one of the most important factors in determining career success
The FFA Creed gives students the opportunity to develop basic public speaking skills ______________________________________________________
Oral communication can be improved through practice (and more practice) Practice improves the speaker stage presence
__________________________________Confidence__________________________________Ease before the audiencePersonal appearance__________________________________Posture
The FFA CreedHistory
_____________________________________________________Adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention in _______________Revised in 1965 and 1990Each of the 5 paragraphs begins with “____________________________……”
Use Basic statement of beliefs that helps members understand the importance of FFA Expresses belief in work ethic, fairness, patriotism, and tradition that all members can
share Requirement for the first degree of FFA membership
_______________________________ Degree
Objective 1.03Understand the importance of SAE to work-based learning.
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SAE – What is it?1. An individualized project
Supervised Agricultural ExperienceConducted outside of the regularly scheduled school day
2. Makes up the third part in a total agricultural education program __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
3. SAE is for every studentA percent of your course grade
Purpose of SAEOpportunities to explore a variety of subjectsEducational and practical experience in a specialized areaOpportunities for earning while learningTeaches accurate computerized or written recordsWin FFA awards
FFA proficiency awards
Types of SAE
__________________________________ Short duration usually Students become more literate in agriculture Develop awareness of agricultural careers
Examples:Observing and/or assisting a veterinarianInterviewing a landscape contractorShadowing a greenhouse employeeObserving/assisting a welderAttending a career day/fair
EntrepreneurshipOwnership or part-ownership
__________________________________Skills necessary to become established in one’s own business
Types of Entrepreneurship __________________________ SAE
Raise and sell an agricultural commodity for _________________ Examples: produce vegetables, grow Christmas trees, raise livestock, dogs,
or horses, and grow field or nursery crops.___________________________ SAE
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Students own and operate an agricultural related business Examples: lawn maintenance or landscaping business, crop scouting service,
pet sitting service, feed sales, computer service for farms, horse riding lessons
Placement________________________________________________________________________
often with the help of their instructorTypically paid an hourly wage
Examples:Placement in Production
on a farm greenhouse nursery or other production facility
Placement in Agribusiness work at a veterinary clinic florist feed store landscaping business
ImprovementActivities are done to improve the appearance, convenience, efficiency, safety or value of a home, farm or other facility.
No _______________________________ No _______________________________
Examples: landscape parent or grandparent’s home building a fence building a storage shed growing herbs or vegetables in containers on a porch or patio assist with landscape maintenance at an apartment complex
____________________________________________ Students choose an agricultural problem not easily tested by experimentation Gather and evaluate data Non-experimental
Examples:Develop marketing plan for poinsettia cropResearch and present project on effects of temperature change on corn yields in South America
_________________________________________ Students conduct and an agriculturally related experiment Scientific method
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Examples:Compare the effects of various rates of nitrogen on poinsettiasCompare the effects of various feeds on average daily gain in lambs
Can be used to compete in the State Agriscience Fair.
Supplementary Activities are _________________________ activities with little or no planning involved
Skill specific, non- wage earningExamples:
learning to prune peach or apple trees changing hydraulic fluid in a tractor mowing a baseball infield or putting green trimming sheep feet bottle feeding dairy calves
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Global Agriculture
Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture
Objective 2.01Understand the history of global agriculture.
Agriscience defined:The application of ____________________________ and new technologies to agriculture
Applied science __________________________________________________
Agronomists use biology and chemistry __________________________________________________
Entomologists use biology and chemistry develop new ways to control insects
Agricultural engineers use physics __________________________________________________
Employs the scientific method __________________________________________________
Agriculture defined: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:Cattle Production
farmer __________________________________________________ feeder steers
Processing __________________________________________________ Rendering Beef Leather
Marketing Butcher Grocery
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SteaksTransportation
Plane Rail Truck
Related supplies and services __________________________________________________ feed dealer
Examples:Wheat Production
Farmer Grain
Processing Grain mills Flour
Marketing Bakery Bread
Transportation grain trucks Rail
Related supplies and services fertilizer dealer crop scouting __________________________________________________ GPS
Production flower grower processing/marketing
Harvesters __________________________________________________ retail florist
Transportation Plane Truck floral delivery driver
Related supplies and services glass vase sales greenhouse manufacturers floral designers
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_______________________________________ defined:Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture
Examples of Agribusiness: Farm related __________________________________________________ Tractor Manufacturer Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines) __________________________________________________ Landscape or nursery business __________________________________________________ Mower Manufacturer
Renewable natural resources defined: Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves
Examples ______________________________ – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits ______________________________ – trees, grasses
Progress in US AgricultureMechanization
Helps _____________% of America’s work force meet the food and fiber needs of our nation
Reduction of ______________% in production farming in the last 200 years
Cotton Gin Invented in ___________________________ _____________________________________ Transformed cotton to a usable product Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
George Washington Carver Late ________________________________ Developed crop rotations and the use of legumes plants that “make” their own ______________________ Peanuts Significantly improve soil _________________________ in the U.S. south
Grain Reaper Cyrus McCormick
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Invented in ________________________ Cut grains Cut wheat, oats, and other crops
Cast Iron Plow Invented in the ________________________________________- Thomas Jefferson Rough surface that dirt stuck to
Steel Moldboard Plow ____________________________ ____________________________ Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing ________________
Henry Blair Seed planter ___________________________
Cotton planter ___________________________
Corn PickerInvented in _________________________________________________________Helped speed up the harvesting of corn
Barbed WireJoseph Glidden1874dramatically changed raising livestock
Milking Machine Invented in ____________________ _____________________________ Used vacuum suction Replaced hand milking
Perishable food preservation _______________________________ ________________________________ designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of
refrigeration
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Tractor Invented in _____________________ Benjamin Holt Replaced the mule as a source of power ______________________
Gene Gun _____________________________ John Sanford A device for injecting cells with ____________________ information
GPS technology ____________________ tractor based GPS systems together with GIS (_______________________________) Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other
variables
Robotic Milking Machines Late _________________________ First used in Ontario, Canada Benefits by a reduction in ____________________________ Initial cost is primary disadvantage especially to small producer
Land Grant InstitutionsAn institution designated by its _______________________________ to receive ________________ to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.
Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887).
Examples: North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC __________________________________________ (1887) Raleigh, NC __________________________________________ (1889) Clemson, SC University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA
Agriculture related Government Agencies
Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public ______________________________________________ professional assistance funding
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Examples of some of the agencies we now have:
(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture _____________________________ Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development,
nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management.
Examples of branches/agencies of USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) – ___________________________________________________ NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) –_____________________________________________________
Mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.
NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ____________________________________ To put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental
stewardship and an improved quality of life
_________________________________________________________________ (NCDA&CS) Services that promote and improve agriculture…..
Origins of Major Food Crops
Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - ______________________________ Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America
Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – ________________________________ Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey, India)
Major US Agricultural Production Regions for Selected Crops and Livestock
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Regions develop based on a variety of factors: Soils Weather Market development Feed availability
Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.
Citrus fruit _________________________ Texas California
Corn belt Includes all or parts of these __________________________________ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and
Nebraska,
Wheat
Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics)Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)
Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries)Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri.
Spearmint ________________________________________
Floriculture crops _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________ Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn
belt area)
_____________________________________
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Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,
Hogs ________________________________________________________________ Corn belt area
_______________________________ (broilers) Southern and southeastern states North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas
North Carolina AgricultureNC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions
_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________
Mountain counties _____________________________________ Apples Trout
Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops _____________________________________ Turkeys Dairy cattle
Eastern counties _____________________________________ Turkeys Broilers _____________________________________ Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn _____________________________________
world’s most important source of vegetable oil
Cash Receipts (2011)
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Statewide exceeds $__________________________________ annually
Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Approximately __________________ of all farm cash receipts Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount
Crops Approximately __________________ of all farm cash receipts greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees
Objective 2.02Compare the current and future issues in global agriculture.
Global outlook The world population will continue to grow with expectations of ______ billion
humans on the planet by ___________________. More children survive to adulthood worldwide. More adults are living longer worldwide.
Population growth will:Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and natural resources. Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands:
Genetically engineered ____________________- a bio-engineered tomato that resists rotting
New fuel sources biodiesel from animal fat
Human nutrition decreasing the amount of _________________ in the diet and raising the proportion
of fat from vegetable sourcesSatellite technology (gps)
determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants
Trends and Issues in Global AgricultureAgriculture will always be an essential industry.
Food is essential to life Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans
Examples of current/future agriculture related issues Food Insecurity Global importance
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Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next meal the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvationFood insecurity results from several factors
Climate issues Urban development Corrupt governments Population growth Oil price shifts
______________________________________________________-We must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Organic Food Production Crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides, petroleum-based
fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers Animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production Accounts for more than __________________ of all U.S. food sales Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
GMO’s _____________________________________ Combing genes from different organisms results in an organism being called
genetically modified or transgenic Controversies surrounding this practice include safety, ethics, labeling and others European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the US Fewer exports
Local ________________________ Movement Can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of producer to consumer. Is a very popular concept in regards to food safety, food freshness, and reduction of
environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances
CSA’s (_____________________________________________________) Direct-to-consumer programs Buy shares of a farms projected harvest Pay for their share of the harvest up front Distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers Pick up their share regularly in a communal location or the shares are delivered
directly USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally
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Water (quantity and quality) US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of the nation where
expanding cities needs are competing with farmers needs for the same water resources
The aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the ___________million plus residents
Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury Most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient
because of misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change
2 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC Aquaculture Technology Equine Business and Training Fish and Wildlife Management Technology Forest Management Technology Golf Course Management Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance Horticulture Technology Landscape Gardening Marine Sciences Poultry Management Sustainable Agriculture Swine Management Turfgrass Management Viticulture Technology Agricultural Biotechnology Environmental Science Biotechnology Agribusiness Management Field Crops Technology General Agriculture Livestock and Poultry Management
Examples of 4 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC Agricultural Economics Agricultural Education Animal Science Biological Engineering Landscape Architecture Agricultural and Environmental Technology Food Science Plant and Soil Science Poultry Science Genetics
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Horticultural Science
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Plant ScienceEssential Standard 3.00: Understand the plant industry
Objective 3.01Remember careers in the plant industry.
_______________________________________________ The science and art of producing, processing, marketing and distributing plants
grown for their appearance or beauty
Examples Flowers _________________________ Trees _________________________ Interior plants
________________________________________ The science and art of producing, processing, marketing and distributing fruits and
vegetables
Examples: Blueberries Apples Peaches Strawberries Tomatoes Cucumbers Sweet corn Squash Sweet potatoes
______________________________________ The science of soil management and crops.
Examples Wheat Barley Field corn Soybeans Cotton
Examples of Ornamental Horticulture Careers
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Florist Designs _________________________________________
Groundskeeper ________________________________________________
Landscape Architect a professional trained in the art and science of arranging land and objects upon it
Golf Course Superintendent manages the _______________________________________
Nursery Operator manages a business that grows and sells ___________________________________
Greenhouse Manager manages a business that grows and sells ___________________________________
Gardener a person who grows and maintains plants for estates, institutions, etc.
Landscape Contractor a person licensed ______________________________________________________
Examples of Fruit and Vegetable Careers
Vegetable Grower grows and sells vegetables for the fresh, wholesale and retail markets
___________________________________ manages retail produce departments of grocery stores
Winery Supervisor manages the production of wines
Examples of Agronomy Careers
Agronomist a specialist in _____________________________ sciences
Forage Manager grow, manage and sell hay crops for various animal producers
Federal grain Inspector Federal employee that __________________________ harvested grain crops
Examples of General Plant Science Careers
Plant Physiologist person who ___________________________plant processes and functions
Plant Breeder person who ____________________new plants through, selection, hybridization, etc
Plant Propagator a person who _________________________plants
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Entomologist a person who studies __________________
Objective 3.02Understand biotechnology in the plant industry.
Biotechnology Basics Biotechnology is the use of living organisms (microorganisms) to make new products
or carry out new processes (solve problems).
New product – ______________________________New Process – ______________________________
propagation method that rapidly multiplies plants
Historic Applications of Biotechnology ________________to make bread rise Bacteria to produce __________________ and other dairy products Microorganisms to transform fruit or grains into alcoholic beverages Use of bacteria to “produce” __________________ __________________ bacteria used to produce insulin
It became one of the first commercial products created by genetic engineering
Basic GeneticsThe science of heredity
________________________________________ discovered the effect of genetics on plant characteristics with his experimentation
with garden peas
____________________ transmission of characteristics from an organism to its offspring through genes in
reproductive cells
____________________ determine the individual characteristics of living things segments of double stranded DNA
____________________ the offspring, or progeny, of common parents
DNA –Genetic Code of Life
______________________
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a structure that holds the genetic information of a cell DNA is wound tightly to form the chromosome
DNA (____________________________________) coded material in all cell nuclei determines what that cell and its successive cells will become structure is that of a twisted ladder double helix
__________________________ small section of DNA thousands of genes on a strand of DNA
Gene __________________________________ process of both finding and recording the locations of genes
_________________________________ Like rungs of a ladder that hold the two sides of the DNA strands together.
The bases are:Adenine (_____) - only pairs with “T”Thymine (_____) – only pairs with “A”Guanine (_____) – only pairs with “C”Cytosine (_____) – only pairs with “G”
Example:A – TG – CT - A
The sequence of the bases between the DNA strands is the code by which a gene controls a specific trait
___________________________________ The color of flowers on a plant
Processes and Practices in biotechnology
Genetic engineering developed in the early _______________________ process of moving genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another
Gene splicing or __________________________________DNA technology
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process of removing and inserting genes from one organism and inserting them into the DNA of another
Some examples are: Alter a plant’s susceptibility to disease Make a plant resistant to insects
Process in animals is newer and not as well developed
______________________ (micropropagation in plants) creating an exact genetic duplicate of another organism
Indicator species one of the oldest methods of biological detection uses plants, animals and microbes to ______________________ in the environment
________________________________ use living organisms to clean up toxic wastes in water and soil
Biostimulation Adding nutrients such as _____________________________________ to stimulate
the growth of naturally occurring beneficial microbes faster more efficient work
_______________________________ plant absorbs or immobilizing pollutants First tested in the 1990’s
Animal Reproduction and Production Improving the efficiency of reproduction and production involve the use of
biotechnologyThese are considered the more conventional uses of biotechnology
______________________________ Fuels composed of or produced from biological raw materials
Importance of Recombinant DNA Technology Improve plants’ and animals’ performance
The manipulation of genes
Alter characteristics or ___________________________ of microorganisms Controlling disease, insects, weeds, and other pests
Less use of chemical pesticidesPotential for helping clean the environment
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Concerns with the use of Biotechnology
Safety _________________________ government monitor Consumer resistance to new biotech food products remains high
safety of the environmenthuman health concerns
Rapidly changing field, which when not fully understood can create a fear of the unknown
Labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMO) foods many people feel if a product is safe it should be labeled Concern has been expressed over the effect GMO’s may have on biodiversity
Ethics system of moral principles
defines what is right and wrong in a society raises important ethical questions about how biotechnology should be used
Scientific Method used in Biotechnology/AgriscienceSteps of the scientific method:
1. _______________________________________2. Review literature3. _______________________________________4. _______________________________________5. _______________________________________6. _______________________________________7. Draw conclusions8. _______________________________________
Biotechnology in the plant science industry _____________________- and insect resistant crops
Examples:Herbicide tolerant soybean (___________________________________)
contains a gene that provides resistance to broad spectrum herbicidesOthers being developed
Insect- resistant corn (___________________)contains a built-in insecticidal proteinfrom a naturally occurring soil microorganism
Bacillus _____________________gives season- long control of corn borers
Crops with better nutrition and longer shelf life are products of genetic engineering
High ______________Peanutgenetically modified to produce nuts in high oleic acidlonger life for nuts, candy and peanut butter
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High _______________ Sunflowersunflower oil that is low in trans-fatty acids
Delayed- ripening tomato longer _______________________commercial advantages in harvesting and shipping
Tissue culture __________________________________use of a very small actively growing parts of the plantproduces a large number of new plants
African violets
Objective 3.03Understand basic horticultural (ornamental, fruit and vegetable) and agronomic principles and practices.
Type of Plant Growing MediaSoil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface and is the primary medium of cultivated plants
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
Sphagnum mossused for __________________________________ under certain conditions
Peat mossconsists of partial ________________________ in waterlogged areas called bogs
Perliteo _______________________________o has water-holding capabilities o used for starting new plants and in media mixes
Vermiculitemineral- type _____________________used for ___________________________ and cuttings and in media mixes
_______________________the Plant Growing Media Add organic matter Specific nutrients Modify soil pH Improper pH will impact the __________________________ of nutrients measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity pH scale ranges from _______________________- high ___________________ are made more acidic (lowering the pH) by adding sulfur
or aluminum sulfate high acidic level is made more alkaline (raising the pH) by adding ________________
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finely ground _____________________________ supplies both Ca (______________) and Mg (___________________)
Fertilizers
Complete fertilizer Contains the three primary nutrients
N (_________________) P (_________________) K (_________________)
Organic fertilizersmade with plant or animal products
_________________ _________________ (high in phosphorus) _________________
slow acting and long lasting forms of Nlacking in the other primary nutrients (except bone meal)
Inorganic fertilizers ________________________________________ ________________________________________
Fertilizer Application
__________________________________ evenly spreading over the entire surface of a lawn or other growing area
__________________________________ placing fertilizer in bands about 8” from the row of growing plants popular for field crops like corn and soybeans
__________________________________ spraying of liquid fertilizer directly onto the leaves of plants
Principle Parts of Plants
________________________________Generally two types
1. ________________________________2. tap root
Function anchor the plant __________________________________________
Stems
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Two basic types of aboveground stems1. ____________________________________2. ____________________________________
Supports other plant partsWater and nutrients are carried up to the leavesSugar made in the leaves is transported down to the roots
____________________________manufactures food for the plant by using light energy (photosynthesis)
The chemical equation for ___________________________ is:
light energy6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H1206 + 6 02
Chlorophyll
Occurs best in a temperature range of 65-85 degrees FLeaves are very useful in identifying plants and vary greatly
__________________ (edge), shape and arrangement are all important in plant identification
____________________________ The primary function is the production of seed Male flower part is the stamen (anther, filament) Female part is the pistil (stigma, style, ovary) ____________________________________ Petals attract insects to aid in pollination
Fruit The _________________ (lower part of the pistil) of a flower matures into a fruit
that surrounds the seeds Seed develops in the female part (___________________) of the flower
The seed has 3 basic parts:1. ________________________- protection for the seed2. ________________________– food for the seed3. ________________________ – baby plant
Common Plant Science Skills
_______________________________ Can be done by hand or machine
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Involves moving a young plant from one location to another. Example: a seedling tomato from a cell pack in the greenhouse into a home garden
________________________________Increasing the number of a plant species
___________________________is the use of seeds for reproducing plants
___________________________ (vegetative)use of a part or parts of a plant for reproducing plantsresults in an exact duplication of the parent plant
Asexual Propagation _________________________ (stem)
Vegetative parts that the parent plant uses to regenerate itself.Rooting hormones are often applied to speed up the development of roots
_________________________A method of dividing or separating the main part of a plant into smaller parts
_________________________method of joining two plants together to grow as one
_________________________use of a very small piece of a plant (________)to produce a large number of new
genetically identical plants
Objective 3.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the plant industry.
Plant Science Related Tool Safety Concepts1. __________________________________________
promote safety in the shop and workplace2. Caring for tools and keeping them in good working condition
______________________________________________
Plant Science Related Tools
Bulb planter planting and transplanting bulbs
_______________________________preparing woody parts for grafting
_______________________________valve for attaching a water hose and turning water supply on and off
_______________________________Cutting large branches when pruning shrubbery.
_______________________________sawing limbs from shrubbery and trees
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Pruning _______________cutting and shaping shrubbery
______________________________trimming and shaping shrubbery
Soil ___________________boring into soil to get samples
Soil ___________________determining soil temperatures
Soil ___________________obtaining soil for testing
______________________________reduces the impact of water pressure on soil and plants
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Animal ScienceEssential Standard 4.00: Understand the animal industry (large animal, poultry, equine, and aquaculture)
Objective 4.01Remember careers in the animal industry.
Major Animal Science Industries:
Large animal (livestock) Defined: Farm _______________________________________________________. Examples: Cattle, sheep, swine, goats
Poultry Defined: _____________________________________________________________. Examples: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese
Equine Defined: Horses or other members of the family _______________________. Examples: Horses, mules
Aquaculture Defined: Underwater agriculture, commonly called fish farming. Also includes the
growing of water vegetation such as kelp. Examples: ________________________________________________
Examples of animal science careers
__________________________________ – one who studies nutrient values of feeds, including how digestible they are.
___________________________________ – an animal doctor.
___________________________________ – a person who studies and applies genetics.
___________________________________– one who cares for and manages. animals in a variety of settings including animal hospitals.
___________________________________– manages the daily operation of a livestock farm.
___________________________________– breeders are in charge of the record keeping and scheduling involved with being a breeder.
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___________________________________ –a person who shoes horses.
___________________________________– assists the veterinarian in caring for animals.
___________________________________ - a person who slaughters animals or dresses meat.
___________________________________– a trained individual employed by regulatory authorities to inspect all meats as they pass through a slaughter facility or packing plant.
___________________________________– a person certified to artificially breed livestock.Sales representative, Animal Health Products – a person who sells animal health products to veterinarians and stores that sell these products.
___________________________________– a person who manages the daily operation of a hatchery facility.
___________________________________– specialized dentist who works on horses.
___________________________________– a person write articles about the horses and the horse industry.
___________________________________ – a scientist concerned with the study of plant and animal microorganisms.
Objective 4.02Understand biotechnology in the animal industry.
Biotechnology in the Animal Science Industry
Animal ______________________________ For product uniformity
drumstick uniformity in the poultry industry _________________________________________
New animals could be reproduced from the tissue of remaining animals Research purposes
Genetically identical animals are better for research studies that try to isolate one variable
BST (______________________________________) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland of cattle
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____________________________________ Method of gene splicing genetic material into _________________ bacteria
Produced at relatively low cost Dairy cows given BST will produce ____________________ milk
_________________________________ (AI) Process involves the introduction of the male sperm into the reproductive tract of a
female By means other than the natural mating process Most of the cows in the dairy industry are produced through AI
_________________________________ Transferring of embryos from one female to another One female can produce many calves in a year due to superovulation
donor animal to release several eggs instead of just one A superior female can be fertilized by genetics from a superior male
resulting embryos implanted into inferior female animals
Objective 4.03Understand basic animal principles and practices.
Dairy Industry Breeds
__________________________black and white markingsproduces the most milkNinety percent of dairy cattle in the US
__________________________smallest dairy breedsecond most popular breednumber one rank in butterfat
__________________________Fawn and white
__________________________Cherry red and white
Beef Industry Predominant English breeds in the U.S.
__________________________black colorknown for excellent meat quality
__________________________both horned and polled
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red cattle with a white faceExotic breeds
Imported into the U.S. when consumers began demanding leaner meat Grow ___________________________- than English breeds
American breeds
developed to withstand ____________________ resistance to _____________________ and parasites Resulted from crossing Brahman cattle from India with English breeds
increased _________________ tolerance and disease and ____________ resistance of Brahman and the meat quality of the English breeds
Example: Brangus Result of Brahman x _______________
Swine Industry Changed greatly from the lard type hogs of the past to the lean type hogs Types of swine operations:
__________________ –pig producers__________________ –hog producersFarrow to Finish producers
Purebred producers produce high-quality boars
Improves the genetic make-up of one breed of swinePurebred boars bred to crossbred sows increase hybrid vigor (ex. muscling).
Duroc, Hampshire and Yorkshire are the most popular U.S. purebred breeds today
Poultry Industry Classified as ___________________________________
Broilers are young chickens grown for their __________________Trace their ancestors back to the Cornish breed
______________are chickens developed to produce large numbers of eggs______________________ –foundation breed
Breeds White Leghorn (layer)
_________________________________________ Broiler and layer types used in industry today result from _____________________ Turkeys
_________% of commercially raised turkeys are the Broad-Breasted White
Equine Industry Uses
__________________________ __________________________
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Recreationpleasure riding, rodeo, draft horses, etc.
Breeds (3 most popular)1. _________________________ – riding, hunting, and working cattle2. Thoroughbred 3. _________________________
Aquaculture Industry
Water QualityThe key/challenge
___________________ (DO) levels in any fish system can become so low that fish die Measured by oxygen probes or chemical tests and reported as 0-10 ppm
Most fish can survive as low as _________ parts per millionbecome stressed and succumb to other problems
________________________________Require high levels of DO Can only be cultured in oxygen –saturated water
_____________________________ are used to improved oxygen levels
pH measurement of ___________________________________ in water
affects the toxicity of soluble nutrients in the water Measured using a meter or litmus paper
The scale is 0-14_________________________ is 7Below 7 is ___________________Above 7 is ___________________
Most aquatic plants and animals prefer a pH between _____________________
Ammonia/nitrite/nitrate _______________________ products of aquatic animals that must be monitored Ammonia and nitrite can accumulate to a level that is toxic to fish
often limits commercial production ___________________ is ultimately converted to nitrogen gas or absorbed by plants ___________________ toxicity is dependent on pH
____________________ Culture Contains the aquatic animals in a small area
can be monitored for better growth rates and feeding purposes Water quality must be monitored to insure that the fish are not stressed
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fish cannot move to other sections of the pond during stressful weather conditions
___________________________condition where a pond’s water quality suddenly changes conditions bring less-oxygenated water to the surface causing fish to die
__________________________________ Tanks circulate water (including waste) through a ___________________ purifier and return it to the tank
________________________________ supply fry or larvae to units for fingerling production
Fish adapted to aquaculture systems: _____________________________
Cold water (approximately 56 degrees F)Running water
_____________________________commonly raised species in warmer water
Animal Anatomy
Digestive system of the _______________________________ Cattle, sheep, goats, and deer have ______________________ stomach compartments Can tolerate more roughage
________________________________ animals Swine, horses, rabbits _________________ stomach compartment
similar to a human Unable to break down large amounts of roughage
rations must be high in _________________________ (ie. grains)
Digestive System Poultry No true stomachs
can only store ____________________ amounts of food No ___________________
swallowed whole, stored in the ___________________, and passed on to the gizzard where it is ground up
Rations must be _________________ in food valuevery efficient at converting feed
Animal Nutrition
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____________________________ Regulates body temperature dissolves and transports nutrients
____________________________ Builds muscle
____________________________ Energy 75 % of most animal rations.
Corn or other cereal grains
____________________________ Calcium is one of the major minerals
Ground limestoneNeeded for eggshell development
Supplied by mineral supplements Primary aid in the development of bones and teeth.
____________________________ needed in minute quantities help all body functions help prevent many livestock diseases
____________________________ amounts of fat are required
Classes of Feeds
________________________________ low in fiber and high in nutrients
Cereal grains_______________, wheat, oats, barley, rye and milo
Other sources by-products of grain and animals
Roughages _________________________________ Dry roughage is ______________ Bermuda, fescue, and alfalfa Green roughage includes the pasture grasses Bermuda, fescue, Kentucky bluegrass.
Silage
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Roughage _____________________________________________________
corn silage
Objective 4.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the animal industry.
Examples of tools for use in Animal Science
___________________________________ tool for sterilizing small animals
ElastratorScalpel
___________________________________ removing horns from cattle
ElectricChemical paste
___________________________________ Labels individual animal for identification
___________________________________ Building and repair of wire fences
___________________________________ For nailing up fencing
___________________________________ Injects growth hormones in animals
___________________________________ used in poultry industry to examine eggs
___________________________________ used in artificial insemination to insert semen into female
___________________________________ used to examine sperm for artificial insemination
___________________________________ used to store semen
___________________________________
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used to measure temperature of animals
___________________________________ used to inject medicines and vaccines into animals
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Environmental ScienceEssential Standard 5.00: Understand the environmental science industry (water, soils, wildlife and forestry).
Objective 5.01Remember careers in the environmental science industry.
Major career areas of Environmental Science
_______________________________ an essential nutrient for all plant and animal life
_______________________________ the top layer of the Earth’s surface, which is suitable for the growth of plant life
_______________________________ animals that are adapted to live in a natural environment without the help of
humans
_______________________________ industry that grows, manages, and harvests trees for lumber, posts, panels, paper
and many other commodities
_______________________________– assists landowners in implementing best land use practices
_______________________________– classify soil according to the most appropriate use. Requires bachelor’s degree (4 yr)
_______________________________– one who scientifically manages forests (specializing in the care of trees)
_______________________________– advises private forest land owners.
_______________________________– one who harvests trees
_______________________________– the one responsible for the health and well-being of our cities trees
_______________________________– does research on habitat and wildlife and advises government agencies in establishing fish/game laws and habitat improvement programs. Requires minimum of bachelor’s degree (4 yr)
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_______________________________– often work in government agencies , advising land owners and managing game populations on public lands
_______________________________– works for the agency (North Carolina Wildlife Commission) responsible for controlling the harvest of wildlife
_______________________________– uses soil auger/soil tube to take soil samples and do technical field work
_______________________________– works in the field tagging animals, gathering data and assisting with research
_______________________________ – studies the effects of the environment on animal life
_______________________________ – provides assistance in managing forests for the private landowner as well as the commercial grower
_______________________________– are hired by private landowners and companies to estimate tree volume on a tract of land
_______________________________– is responsible for overseeing and managing logging operations
_______________________________– move felled trees form the cutting site to the loading area
Objective 5.02Understand biotechnology in the environmental science industry.
_______________________________ Biotechnology is playing a large part in detecting and monitoring pollution and
determining how much is present
Environmental Biotechnology Examples _________________________________
Lichens are widely used as environmental indicators or bio-indicatorsIf air is very badly polluted with sulfur dioxide, there may be no lichens
present, just green algae may be found
_______________________________ Bacteria is used to clean up oil and fuel spills
Oleophilic (attracted to oil) bacteria used to clean up oil spills
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Hanahan, SC, a suburb of Charleston, had an 80,000 gallon jet fuel leak from a military fuel storage facilityfuel entered the ground and the groundwaterBacteria were successfully used to remediate this problem
_______________________________ The Exxon Valdez clean-up Used the addition of nutrients Feed the oleophilic bacteria
_______________________________ made from oilseeds
Soybeancanola oil
proven to decrease harmful emissions
_______________________________ Oregon Poplar Site (illegal industrial waste dumping site) J-Field at Aberdeen Proving Ground( disposal site of chemical warfare agents,
munitions and industrial chemicals) used hybrid poplar trees
remove VOC’svolatile organic compounds from contaminated soil
_______________________________ bacterial strains are under development to convert solid waste from humans and
livestock into sugar and fuel
Limitations of using bio and phytoremediation _______________________________
often considered slower than chemical techniques _______________________________
they do not apply to all situations _______________________________
those who live near treatment sites often would rather have the contaminated soil removed than treatedFear that the process will not uncontaminate the soil
Objective 5.03Understand basic environmental science principles and practices.
Water Resources
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_______________________________Drinkable-free from harmful chemicals and organismsMost of the Earth’s water is not fresh water
_______________________________it dissolves or otherwise changes most other materials
_______________________________cycling of water between water sources, atmosphere, and surface areas
Precipitation – moisture from rain or snowEvaporation – changing from a liquid to a gas
_______________________________large area in which water is absorbed from rain or melting snow and from which
water drainsacts as a storage system
absorbs excess water and releasing it slowly throughout the year _______________________________
level below which soil is saturated with water
Types of Groundwater _______________________________
water that plant roots can absorb _______________________________ (gravitational)
water that drains out of a soil after it has been wetted _______________________________
water that is held too tightly for plant roots to absorb
Conserving Water and Improving Water Quality Ask the right _______________________________
How can we reduce water pollution?How can soil erosion be reduced?
What is the most productive use of water and soil without polluting or losing these essential resources?
Good practices: _______________________________
turn off water faucet while brushing teethDispose of household products carefully and appropriately.
never pour paint down the drain as it will eventually enter the water supply
Care for lawns, gardens and farmland carefullyonly till soil that will not erode excessively and don’t over fertilize
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Soil
Soil Profile _______________________________- topsoil
Surface layer of soil approximately 6” deep.Organic matter
typically darker colorGreatest influence on crops
_______________________________– subsoilSubsurface layerIncrease in clay contentGreatest influence on urban uses (building sites, septic systems, etc.)
C Horizon – _______________________________ (bedrock)Releases water to the upper soil layersContains larger soil particles
Soil TextureRefers to the size of soil particles
_______________________________ Largest soil particle
Problems holding enough water for good plant growthIndividual particles can be seen with the naked eye
Drain well _______________________________
Intermediate size soil particleCan’t be seen with naked eye
Clay_______________________________ soil particleholds lots of watermay be airtight, infertile for root growth, and associated with wet soils
Soil StructureRefers to the tendency of soil particles to cluster together
_______________________________sandy soils
Granular particles _______________________________to form rounded aggregatesvery desirable for all soil uses
_______________________________particles cling together in angular aggregatestypical of soils with high clay content
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Soil Classification _______________________________maps are based on the physical, chemical, and
topographical aspects of the land Land Capability classes are designated by Roman Numerals I – VIII.
Class _______________________________best land for the most intensive cultivation of field cropsfewest limitations and can be planted year after year
_______________________________very steeply sloping best used for planting trees
Class VIIIland is best suited for _______________________________
Soil Conservation Two types of erosion
1. _______________________________ – removal of layers of soil from the land.2. _______________________________– removal of soil that leaves trenches. “No till”
Crops are planted directly into the _______________________________ of a previous crop
An effective means of erosion control Conventional Tillage
disturbs the soil surface by _______________________________ Conservation Tillage
intermediate tillage system conventional and no-till
Wildlife ManagementBenefits of Wildlife
1. _______________________________2. _______________________________3. _______________________________4. _______________________________
Wildlife Environments Farm
_______________________________of the farming operationLeaving crop residue standing can increase food supplyCreating brush piles when harvesting trees provides shelter and cover
_______________________________Difficult to managePlans should be developed so that timber and wildlife can exist in populations
large enough to be sustained and harvested _______________________________
Wetlands are the most productive wildlife management area
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_______________________________difficult to manage due to continuous flow of water
_______________________________easier to manage than streams due to water standing and not flowing
_______________________________ (urban wildlife)birds, butterflies and small mammals can be attracted through use of feeders,
houses and proper landscaping
Carrying Capacity _______________________________ Exceeding the carrying capacity:
Wildlife is affected by malnutrition, disease, and a reduction in the reproduction cycle
Habitat quality decreasesA pond with a carrying capacity of 20 fish will decrease if 50 fish are
competing for the same food, habitat and oxygen
Hunting and FishingHelps to maintain the proper carrying capacityPrevents:
_______________________________ malnutrition _______________________________ _______________________________ decreased wildlife population
Examples of Wildlife in North Carolina _______________________________
deer, ducks, bear, quail, doves, rabbits _______________________________
Cardinal, robin, chickadee, Eastern bluebird _______________________________
Red- tailed hawk, Turkey and black vulture _______________________________ (freshwater)
largemouth and smallmouth bass, bream, catfish, crappie
Forest Management Northern _______________________________
largest region and produces large amounts of pulpwood _______________________________Forest
most productive of the forest regionssome of the largest trees in the world
_______________________________
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one of the most important commercially grown trees _______________________________
Most potential for meeting the future lumber and pulpwood needs of the US_______________________________
Virginia, loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and slash pines_______________________________
Oak, poplar, maple and walnut
Importance of Forests _______________________________
hunting, hiking _______________________________
lumber, pulpwood, etc. _______________________________ _______________________________
water and air
SilvicultureScientific _______________________________techniques
Managing growing timber _______________________________
remove some trees when competition slows the growth of all trees _______________________________
reduce the risk of wildfireseliminates forest litter (fuel)
Harvesting Timber _______________________________
system of harvesting trees where all of the trees in an area are removed _______________________________
recommended for a forest of trees consisting of different ages and species _______________________________
Replanting seedlings is a surer method of replacing treesNatural seeding
least expensive
Identification and Uses of Important Tree Species in NC
_______________________________ (softwoods) – needle-type evergreensFrazier fir
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Most important commercially grown Christmas Tree in NC (mountains)dark green ½-1” long singular needle
_______________________________pulpwood and plywood3 needles/bundle, needles 6-9” long needles.
_______________________________lumber, pulpwood and plywood3 needles/bundle, 8-18” long needles
Hardwoods – _______________________________Ash
_______________________________opposite pinnately compound leaves
_______________________________flooring, furniturealternate, pinnately lobed leaves,
Red Maplelumber, veneer, cabinetsopposite, palmately lobed,3-5 lobed
Measurement of Trees and Lumber
_______________________________DBH, merchantable height in feet, cords
_______________________________DBH, 16 foot logs, board feet
Lumber 1 board foot = 144 cubic inches
Objective 5.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the environmental science industry.
Examples of tools used in Environmental Science
_______________________________Cutting bushes and under growth
_______________________________
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Sharpening chain saw chain
_______________________________Cutting and fitting firewood
_______________________________Checking growth rate of trees
Planting bar_______________________________
Soil auger_______________________________
Tree diameter _______________________________Measure circumference of trees
Secchi disc_______________________________
Clinometer_______________________________
Tree scale stick_______________________________
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Agriculture EngineeringEssential Standard 6.00: Understand the agricultural engineering industry.
Objective 6.01Remember careers in agricultural engineering.
Agricultural _________________________________ Design Operation Maintenance Service Selling and Use of power machinery, equipment, structures and utilities in agriculture
Agricultural Electrification, Power and Controls _______________________________________ Safety technician Electrical engineer
Agricultural Power Machinery Farm or heavy equipment diesel mechanic Parts person _______________________________________ Small engine mechanic Large machinery operator (ie. bulldozer)
Soil and Water Engineering Soil Conservation technician Irrigation Engineer
Agricultural Mechanics, Construction, and Maintenance Skills Construction worker _______________________________________ Safety specialist
Agricultural Structures, Equipment, and Facilities Construction supervisor Farmstead planner Greenhouse builder _______________________________________
Objective 6.02
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Understand basic agricultural engineering principles and practices.
Shop Safety Awareness and Principles for Safety Of all farm related accidents, nearly 50% involve working with machinery.
Safety Developing an environment free from danger, risk or injury.
Keys to shop: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________
oily rags _______________________________________
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing and devices. For example: _______________________________________ Leather steel-toed shoes _______________________________________
hearing loss when the noise level exceeds 90 dB (decibels) Other safety clothing may be required for certain work such as welding
Safety Color Coding in the Agricultural Mechanics Shop National organizations worked together to develop the system The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and the Safety Committee of the
American Vocational Association alerts people to dangers and hazardsprovides information to help on react quickly in an emergencyconveys a special message based on a standard code
Basic Safety Code Colors
_______________________________________ Identifies areas of danger Red is used on safety switches and fire extinguishers Red = Danger
_______________________________________ Designates machine hazards, such as edges and openings It is also used as background for electrical switches, levers and controls Orange = Warning. Basic Safety Code Colors
_______________________________________ Identifies wheels, levers, and knobs
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adjust or control machines Yellow = Caution
_______________________________________ Used on signs such as “Out of Order” identify broken shop equipment that does not work or does not work properly Blue = Information Basic Safety Code Colors
_______________________________________ Indicates the presence of first aid and safety equipment Green = Safety
Fire Hazards in the Agricultural Mechanics Shop
Fire Triangle Components necessary for a fire
_________________ – Any combustible material that will burnExamples: oily rags, sawdust, paper, etc._________________ – Most materials burn if they are made hot enough_________________ – Not a fuel, but must be present for fuels to burn
Fire Prevention Take away one of the components of the fire triangle and fire
______________________ or will ____________________ if already started.Safe storage of fuels or combustible materials
Store fuels in approved containersClean shop facilities
Extinguishing Fires
Fire Extinguishers Know the kind of fire extinguisher
Class A Fire Extinguishers use water to control ____________________________ Know the placement of fire extinguishers so that time is not taken looking for the
extinguisher if a fire occurs.hung on walls within easy reach in areas where fires would most likely occur
Know how to use______________________________________________________________________________
Other examples _________________________________________________________
eliminates oxygen from getting to the fire
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Cooling with water from a hose or bucket a burning container of paper
Planning an Agricultural Engineering Project _______________________________________
Sharp lead pencilProtractor for drawing and measuring anglesGood eraser for making correctionsA twelve-inch rulerCompass for drawing circles and arches
_______________________________________Drawing boardMaskingThe T squaredrawing horizontal linesThe right triangle (30, 60, 90 degree triangle) in conjunction with the T square, is
used to draw vertical lines.The scale
Instrument with all increments shortened according to proportion___________________________ – looks similar to a ruler.___________________________ – three sided, but six scales
Large Scale Projects CAD (_________________________________)
reduce design time for large scale projects
Basics of Drawing _______________________________________
rough drawing that is not to scaledoes have dimensions included
Pictorial drawingshows all three dimensions at once
Frontside (end)top
_______________________________________represents an object in exact proportion¼” =1’¼” on the drawing would equal 1’2” line on the drawing would equal 8’Scale will vary depending on the size of the object being drawn
Reading a Tape Rule
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Display units of measure______________________________________________________________________________
Marked to show halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths of an inchTypically, vertical lines of different heights represent these various intervals
Wood Projects _______________________________________
Fastest way to fasten woodNail hammer or nail gun are the preferred tools
_______________________________________hold better than nailsflathead screw is the one most used in woodworkingPhillips head is preferred
_______________________________________ fastening wood at high stress points
_______________________________________ glued wood joint will be as strong as the wood itselfGluing is often accompanied by nails, screws, etc.Boards are held in place for gluing by clampsBar clamps are one type of clamp used
Metal Projects Steel
most commonly usedat least 4 kinds of steelSoapstone
___________________________________________ shows up well on most metals
The hand tool most often used for cutting metal is the hacksawHacksaws are especially useful for cutting thin conduit
Metal cutting band saws and power hacksawsused for large projects
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Objective 6.03Remember tools and their safety practices related to the agricultural mechanics industry.
Safety using Hand Tools _______________________________________ Keep and use tools that are in good working condition _______________________________________ Wear appropriate protective clothing and devices
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tools used in Agricultural Mechanics
Layout and measuring tools– used to measure or mark materials. _______________________________________
marking straight lines _______________________________________
straight or curved measuring, most to the 1/16th
_______________________________________determining 45 and 90 degree angles
_______________________________________ 90 degree squaring
_______________________________________leveling and plumbing
Saws – used to cut materials _______________________________________
sawing metal Portable circular saw
sawing wood in construction projects Circular carbide saw blade
blade for use on portable circular saw _______________________________________
cutting curves and irregular cuts Portable jig saw
making irregular cuts
Boring tools – used to make holes or change size or shape of holes. _______________________________________
flaring top of hole for recessing head for flathead screw or bolt Masonry bit
Boring in concrete, brick or block Potable electric drill
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drilling holes with an external source of electricity _______________________________________
drilling metal Speed bore bit
wood-boring bit for electric drill
Hammers and driving tools _______________________________________– hammering metal Nail hammer – driving nails _______________________________________– countersinking nail heads _______________________________________– driving out metal pins Sledgehammer – heavy hammering
Pliers and holding tools _______________________________________– reaching into recessed areas _______________________________________– adjust for holding various size
material Groove joint pliers – gripping when greater pressure is needed _______________________________________– clamping two or more pieces of
metal together Drill press vise – holding stock while drilling
Wrenches are used to turn nuts, bolts, or screws _______________________________________– turning various size nuts and bolts Combination wrench – turning hex and square nuts and bolts Pipe wrench – turning and holding metal pipe Regular socket – general- purpose socket for turning nuts and bolts _______________________________________–turning square head nuts and bolts
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