Viking Language 1 Answer Key Les1-15

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY

LEARNOLDNORSE,RUNESANDICELANDICSAGAS(PreliminaryVersion)

JESSEL.BYOCK

JulesWilliamPress

www.vikingnorse.com

Copyright2013,JesseL.Byock

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY2

VIKINGLANGUAGE1AnswerKeyLearnOldNorse,Runes,andIcelandicSagas

JesseByockDearReaders,HereisapreliminarycopyoftheAnswerKeytoVikingLanguage1.Ifyoufindanyerrorsorflawspleasedropusashortemailatvikinglanguage@gmail.com

LESSON1ANSWERKEY1.7.TheImportanceofCase.A.1)Hewentwithhimtohishouse.2)Shegaveagifttoher.3)Theyaresittingintheirshipwiththem.3)Shebroughtfoodforhimandme.B.1)DirectObject;Accusative.2)Subject;Nominative.3)DirectObject;Accusative.4)IndirectObject;Dative.5)Subject;Nominative.6)Possessor;Genitive.7)DirectObject;Accusative.8)IndirectObject;Dative.

1.10.Genealogy.Herjlfr,Brr,orgerr,Bjarni.

1.11.NounsfromGrnlendingaSaga.1)kona;sonr;HiswifewascalledThorgerd,andtheirson[wascalled]Bjarni.2)mar;AmanwascalledHerjolf,[whowasthe]sonofBard,[whowasthe]sonofHerjolf.3)fair;BardwasHerjolfsfather.4)var;efniligr;Bjarniwasapromisingman.5)land;IngolfgaveHerjolfland.

1.12.Vocabulary.1)mar:man,person.2)kona:woman,wife.3)vkingr:viking.4)fjrr;fjord.5)vk:bay.6)frndi:kinsman.7)dttir:daughter.8)konungr:king.9)sonr:son.10)land:country,land.11)landnmsmr:settler.

1.13.Translation.HerjlfrvarBrarson,Herjlfssonar;hannvarfrndiInglfslandnmsmanns.InglfrgafHerjlfilandmilliVgsokReykjaness.HerjlfrbjfyrstDrepstokki.orgerrhtkonahans,enBjarnisonreira,okvarefniligrmar.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY 3

1.14.GenderandMeaningofNouns.1)saga;f(eminine).2)m(asculine);bay.3)land;n(euter).4)m;kinsman.5)landnmsmar;m.6)m;man/person.7)m;king.8)n;ship.

1.15.Cases.1)HaraldrbjDreppstokki.orgerrsHarald.InglfrgafHaraldiland.orgerrhtkonaHaralds. 2) Eirkrbj Dreppstrokki. orgerr s Eirk. Inglfr gaf Eirki land.orgerrhtkonaEirks.

1.16.Apposition.1)landnmsmanns;HewasIngolftheSettlerskinsman.2)landnmsmanni;HerjolfgaveIngolftheSettlerland.3)landnmsmar;AmanwascalledIngolftheSettler.4)landnmsmann;ThorgerdsawIngolftheSettler.

1.17.WordFrequency.1)marman.2)konungrking.3)skipship.4)mikillbig.5)margrmany.6)grgood.7)veratobe.8)hafahave.9)segjasay.10)tilto.11)in,into.12)on;onto.

LESSON2ANSWERKEY2.3.TheReadingSelelctionfromLandnmabk.1)d.2)e.3)f.4)a.5)g.6)b.7)c.

2.15.Vocabulary.1)sj:tosee.2)nema:totake/claim.3)heita:tobenamed.4)fara:togo.5)vera:tobe.6)gefa:togive.7)vera:tobecome.

2.16.Cases.,GenitiveandSagaNames1)Ljtssaga;VallaLjotsSaga.2)Gsla;GisliSurssonsSaga.3)Gunnlaugs;TheSagaofGunnlaugSerpentTongue.

2.17.VerbForms.1)bj;lived.2)went;atfara.3)saw;atsj.4)ht;wascalled.5)took,claimed;atnema.6)var;was.7)var;became.

2.18.TranslationReview.HerjlfrhtmarBrarsonHerjlfssonar;hannfrtilGrnlandsmeEirki.HerjlfrnamHerjlfsfjrokbjHerjlfsnesi.EirkrnamEirksfjrokbjBrattahl,enLeifrsonrhanseptirhann.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY42.19.GenderandMeaningofNouns.1)sonr;m.2)n;headland.3)m;fjord.4)f;hand.5)n;wealth,livestock.6)m;brother.7)n;land.8)m;day.

2.20.WordFrequency.1)mlspeech,legalcase,amatterofsomething.2)sonrson.3)hndhand.4)ltilllittle.5)illrbad.6)sannrtrue.7)komacome.8)farago,travel.9)munuwill.10)then.11)arthere12)umabout.

2.21.TheDefiniteArticle.M F N M F N

Sgnom inn in it Pl inir inar inacc inn ina it ina inar indat inum inni inu inum inum inumgen ins innar ins inna inna inna

1)fjrrinn.2)hndin.3)landit.4)sonrinn.5)nesit.6)hlin.7)konungrinn.8)skipit.9)frndinn.10)konan.

2.22.ProperNouns.1)Herjlfr;HerjolflivedfirstatDrepstokk.2)Eirk;ThorgerdsawEirik.3)orgeri;IngolfgaveThorgerdland.4)Brar;HewasBardskinsman.5)orsteinn;ThorsteinlivedfirstatDrepstokk.6)Bjarna;ThorgerdsawBjarni.7)Birni;Ingolfgavebjornland.8)yri;Hewasyriskinsman.

LESSON3ANSWERKEY3.6.RunicScript.1)kurmR;Gormr.2)urui;yr.3)sina;sna.4)but;bt.5)aft;ept.6)kunukz7)kunu8)kubl9)usi10)but

3.10.PersonalPronouns:1stand2ndPersons.1)ek.2)mik.3).4)r.5)Vit.6)Ek.7)r.

3.12.PersonalPronouns:ThirdPerson.A.1)hann,mnom/accsg;he/him.2)hennar,fgensg;her/hers.3)at,nnom/accsg;it.4)r,fnom/accpl;they.5)eim,m/f/ndatpl;them.B.1)honum;him.2)hennar;her(s).3)eira;their(s).4)v;it.5)r;they/them.6)henni;her.


3.15.TheVerbVera.A.1)ert;you(sg)are.2)em;Iam.3)eru;you(pl)are.4)er;sheis.5)eru;they(f)are.6)vrum;we(pl)were.7)vart;you(sg)were.8)vru;you(pl)were.9)var;Iwas.10)var;itwas.B.1)er;Sigridisawoman.2)eru;They(m)arekings.3)erum;We(pl)arefromGreenland.4)er;Heisagoodman.5)eru;You(dual)arefromNorway.6)em;Iamking.7)var;Sigridwas awoman. 8) vru; They (n)were from Scandinavia. 9) var; shewas theadornmentofDenmark. 10)var;Hewasagoodman. 11)vru;You (pl)were fromNoway.12)var;Iwasking.

3.17.SonandDttir.Answerswillvary.

3.19.TimetableofEarlyDanishHistory.1)FirstconstructionoftheDanevirkeandHedeby.2)KingGodfredopposesCharlemagnesnortherlyexpansion. 3)KingGorm theOld reignsat Jellingas the lastpagankingofDenmark.4)HaraldBluetoothbuildsthegreatringfortressesofDenmark.5)TheIcelandicsagaHrlfssagakrakaiswritten.

3.20.PersonalPronouns.M F N M F N

Sgnom hann hon at Plnom eir r auacc hann hana at acc r audat honum henni v dat eim eim eimgen hans hennar ess gen eira eira eira

3.21.VerbConjugation:PresentTenseofVera.1)em;Iamking.2)erum;We(dual)arekings.3)ert;You(sg)areachieftain.4)eru;You(pl)areatBrattahlid.5)er;Heisasettler.6)eru;They(m)aresettlers.

3.22.StrongandWeakNouns.Strong HAUGR NL ML Weak TMI VIKA EYRA

M F N M F NSgnom haugr nl ml Sgnom tmi vika eyra

acc haug nl ml acc tma viku eyradat haugi nl mli dat tma viku eyragen haugs nlar mls gen tma viku eyra

Plnom haugar nlar ml Plnom tmar vikur eyruacc hauga nlar ml acc tma vikur eyrudat haugum nlum mlum dat tmum vikum eyrumgen hauga nla mla gen tma vikna eyrna

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY63.23.Review:GenderandMeaningofNouns.1)kona;f.2)m;notableperson.3)dttir;f.4)m;amanofaccomplishments.5)n:land.6)jarl;m.7)m;king.8)n;monument.9)sonr;m.10)f;adornment.

3.24.Verbs.1)wascalled;heita.2)made;gera.3)was;vera.4)took(claimed);nema.5)married;f.

3.25.LinkingVerbs.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)1) HerjlfrhtmarBrarsonHerjlfssonar;hann fr tilGrnlandsme Eirki.

Herjlfr namHerjlfsfjr ok bj Herjlfsnesi. Eirkr nam Eirksfjr ok bj Brattahl,enLeifrsonrhanseptirhann.Herjolfwasthenameofaman[AmanwascalledHerjolf],thesonofBard,thesonofHerjolf;hewenttoGreenlandwthEirik[theRed].Herjolftook[claimed]HerjolfsFjordandlivedatHerjolfsnes.EiriktookEiriksFjordandlivedatBrattahlid,andLeif,hisson,afterhim.

2) Gormrkonungrgerikumblessieptyrikonusna,Danmarkarbt.KingGormmade thesemonuments inmemory of Thyri, hiswife,Denmarksadornment.

3) Gormr,sonrHraKnts,varmikillmaroksterkr.Hannvaratgervimar.Enekkivarhannkallarvitrmar.Gorm, son of HordaKnut, was a big man and strong. He was a man ofaccomplishments.Buthewasnotthoughtawiseman.

4) Gormrfekkkonu,eryriht.HonvardttirHaralds jarlsafJtlandi.Hannvarkallar KlakkHaraldr. yri var fr kona.Hon varmestr skrungr af konum Norrlndum.HonhtyriDanmarkarbt.GormmarriedawomanwhowascalledThyri.ShewasthedaughterofEarlHaraldofJutland,whowascalledKlakkHarald.Thyriwasabeautifulwoman.Shewasthemost notable of women in Scandinavia. She was called Thyri, DenmarksAdornment.

3.26.WordFrequency.1)brirbrother.2)vetrwinter.3)landland.4)frfew.5)daurdead.6)strrbig.7)mlaspeak.8)viljawant.9)takatake.10)skulushall.11)nnow12)viwith.13)mewith.14)svso,much.

LESSON4ANSWERKEY


4.2.TheLargeRunestoneatJelling.1)Rtt.2)Rtt.3)Rangt.4)Rtt.5)Rangt.

4.5.UUmlaut.GARPR GARR GATA

Sgnom garpr garr gataacc garp gar gtudat garpi gari gtugen garps gars gtu

Plnom garpar garar gturacc garpa gara gturdat grpum grum gtumgen garpa gara gatna

4.7.StrongandWeakVerbs.1)strong;took(claimed).2)weak;called.3)weak;spoke.4)strong;lived.5)strong;went.6)strong;took.7)weak;raided.8)weak;made.

4.10.WeakVerbsinthePresentTense.1)mlir;2nd;You(sg)speak.2)kalli;1st;You(pl)call.3)vkum;4th;We(dual)areawake.4)tel;3rd;Icount.5)eggjar;1st;Sheincites.6)gera;2nd;They(f)make.7)veitir;2nd;You(sg)grant.8)egjum;4th;We(pl)aresilent.9)spyrjum;3rd;We(dual)ask.10)vil;3rd;Iwant.11)elska;1st;They(m)love.12)leggr;3rd;Helays.13)sendi;2nd;You(dual)send.14)setr;3rd;Shesets.15)fri;2nd;You(pl)bring.16)lofa;1st;Ipraise.17)tlum;1st;We(pl)talk.18)segir;2nd;You(sg)say.19)hyggr;3rd;Hethinks.20)skilja;3rd;They(n)part.

4.12.ThePronounSinnandPersonalPronouns.1)sna.2)hans.3)sinni.4)hennar.5)hans.

4.14.Landnmabk.1)Rtt.2)Rangt.3)Rtt.4)Rtt.5)Rangt.6)Rangt.7)Rtt.

4.17.UUmlaut.SAGA GATA KONA

Sgnom saga gata konaacc sgu gtu konudat sgu gtu konugen sgu gtu konu

Plnom sgur gtur konuracc sgur gtur konur

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY8dat sgum gtum konumgen sagna gatna kvenna

Translation:story;path;woman.

4.18.VocabularyReview.1)T.2)O.3)G.4)C.5)Q.6)D.7)A.8)K.9)P.10)J.11)F.12)S.13)M.14)E.15)B.16)H.17)L.18)N.19)I.20)R.

4.19.UUmlaut.1)dlum.2)varg.3)kmbum.4)armi.5)kllum.6)sgu.7)gtur.8)tala.

4.20.PresentTenseofCommonWeakVerbs.1)geri;Imakeamonument.2)gerir;You(sg)makeasword.3)gerir;Hemakesanaxe.4)gerum;We(pl)makeaship.5)geri;You(pl)makeaburialmound.6)gera;They(m)makeahouse. 7)spyr; Iaskaking. 8)spyrr;You(sg)ask Inglf. 9)spyrr;Sheasksamerchant/seafarer.10)spyrjum;We(dual)askasettler.11)spyri;You(dual)askher.12)spyrja;They(n)askawoman.13)kalla;Icall.14)kallar;You(sg)call.15)kallar;Hecalls.16)kllum;We(pl)call.17)kalli;You(pl)call.18)kalla;They(f)call.

4.21.TranslationandParsing.A.SkutadSkeggiwasthenameofanexcellentmaninNorway.HissonwasBjorn.HewascalledBjornFurSkins,becausehewasavoyagertoHolmgard [Novgorod]andagreatmerchant.HewenttoIcelandandtookMidfjordandLinakraDale.HissonwasSkeggiofMidfjord;hewasaveryboldmanandaseafarer.Heraidedintheeast[theBalticregion]inDenmarkonSjlandandwenttobreakopentheburialmoundofKingHrolfKraki,andtherehetookfromthemoundSkofnung,theswordofHrolf,andtheaxeofHjalti,andmuchothertreasure.

B.1)3sgpastoftheverbheita,benamed.2)mdatsgofthenounNregr,Norway.3)mgensgofthe3rdpersonpronounhann,he.4)3sgpastoftheverbvera,be.5)3sgpastoftheverbnema,take(claim).6)maccsgofthenounhaugr,burialmound.7)mgensgofthenounkonungr,king.8)naccsgofthenounsver,sword.

4.22.ReadingComprehension.1)rtt.2)rtt.3)rangt.4)rangt.5)rangt.6)rangt.7)rangt.8)rtt.

4.23.WeakVerbs.1)svarar;1st.2)Vitleitum;1st.3)rleggi;3rd.4)rskja;2nd.5)Honsiglir;2nd.6)Hannsegir;4th.7)autala;1st.8)Ekveiti;2nd.9)eirhyggja;3rd.10)atykkr;2nd.

4.24.WeakVerbs.


1)sendum;We(pl)send.2)senda;They(f)send.3)sendi;Isend.4)senda;They(n)send.5)sendir;Itsends.6)sendir;Shesends.7)sendir;You(sg)send.8)sendi;You(dual)send.9)set;Iset.10)setja;They(m)set.11)seti;You(pl)set.12)setr;Hesets.13)setr;You(sg)set.14)setja;They(n)set.15)setr;Shesets.16)setjum;We(pl)set.17)svarar;Heanswers.18)svrum;We(pl)answer.19)svarar;You(sg)answer.20)svara;Ianswer.21)svari;You (pl)answer. 22)svara;They (f)answer. 23)svarar;Sheanswers. 24)svrum;We(dual)answer.

4.25.TheReflexivePossessivePronounSinn.A.1)snum;Eirikgavehissonland.2)sn;They(m)maketheirmonuments.3)sinni;Shegavehermotherland.4)sitt;Hrolftookhisswordfromaburialmound.5)sna;Hjaltitookhisaxefromaburialmound.B.Sna;KingGormmadethesemonumentsinmemoryofThyri,hiswife.2)hans;AsgerdlivedatDreppstokkwithhisson.3)sinn;KingHaraldaskshiskinsman.4)hennar;EarlHaraldofJutlandwasherfather.5)eira;HerjolfswifewasnamedAsgerd.Bjornwastheirson.6)sns;OlafandBjarnigototheirland.C.1)minn;Ispeakwithmyson.2)nar;Thorsteincarvedyourrunes.3)mnum;ThyriwenttoNorwaywithmyson.4)inn;KingGormwasyourkinsman.

4.26.VerbsinPastTense.1)take;taka.2)give;gefa.3)go;fara.4)raid;herja.5)command;bija.6)win;vinna.7)make;gera.

4.27.WordFrequencyReview.1)konawoman,wife.2)radvise,plan.3)dagrday.4)frndikinsman.5)gamallold.6)kyrrquiet.7)fyrriformer.8)varraware.9)gangago,walk.10)geratodo,make.11)verabecome12)kveaspeak,recite.13)eiginot.14)fyrirfor,before.15)afof,from.16)ekkinot.

LESSON5ANSWERKEY5.7.SpecialStemRules.1)stl;Rule1,rChange.2)sel;N/A.3)hrafn;Rule2,rDrop.4)akr;Rule2,rDrop.5)karl;Rule2,rDrop.

5.11.StongNouns:Type1Masculine.VKINGR HESTR JARL

Sgnom vkingr hestr jarlacc vking hest jarldat vkingi hesti jarligen vkings hests jarls


Plnom vkingar hestar jarlaracc vkinga hesta jarladat vkingum hestum jrlumgen vkinga hesta jarla

5.13.MarandSonr.1)mar;AmanwasnamedHerjolf.2)mann;Thorgerdsawaman.3)manni;ShelivedatDreppstockwithaman.4)manns;Shemadethisbridgeforamanssoul.5)menn;Menmakethisbridge.6)menn;Thyrisawmen.7)mnnum;Shewaswithmen.8)manna;They(m)gotomen.9)sonr;HissonwenttoGreenland.10)son;Olafspeakswithhisson.11)syni;HelivedatDreppstokkwithhisson.12)sonar;Shewasthemotherofhisson.13)synir;HissonswenttoGreenland.14)sonu;Ingolfspeakswithhissons.15)sonum;HelivedatDreppstokkwithhissons.16)sona;ThemotherofhissonswasnamedAsgerd.

5.15.HafaHave.1)hafi.2)hfum.3)hafa.4)hefr.5)hefr.6)hefr.7)hfum.8)hafa.9)hafi.10)hafa.11)hefr.

5.19.Readings.1)f;nom;sg;Sigrid.2)f;acc;sg;bridge.3)f;nom;sg;mother.4)m;gen;sg;Alreks.5)f;nom;sg;daughter.6)m;gen;sg;Orms.7)f;acc;sg;soul.8)m;gen;sg;Holmgeirs.9)m;gen;sg;father.10)m;gen;sg;Sigrods.11)m;gen;sg;husband.

5.20.Readings.1)Sigrirgeribressa fyrir sluHlmgeirs. 2)sgerrhtmirorsteinsokvarBjarnardttir.3)Hannvarauigratfokhfingimikill.4)EngivarhannafreksmarumvxteaaflsemEgill.

5.21.Readings.TherewasamannamedThorstein.HewasthesonofEgil,thesonofSkallaGrim,thesonofKveldUlf,achieftainfromNorway;andThorsteinsmotherwasnamedAsgerdandwasthedaughterofBjorn.

5.22.SpecialStemRules.1)hafr;Rule2,rDrop.2)ham;N/A.3)morgin;Rule1,rChange.4)hungr;Rule2,rDrop.5)vagn;Rule2,rDrop.6)svein;Rule1,rChange.7)sigr;Rule2,rDrop.8)jtun;Rule1,rChange.9)egn;Rule2,rDrop.10)hag;N/A.11)angr;Rule2,rDrop.


5.23.Nouns.HUNDR FISKR LKNIR HRR

Sgnom hundr fiskr lknir hrracc hund fisk lkni hrdat hundi fiski lkni hrvigen hunds fisks lknis hrs

Plnom hundar fiskar lknar hrvaracc hunda fiska lkna hrvadat hundum fiskum lknum hrumgen hunda fiska lkna hrva

5.24.SonrandMar.1)nomsg.2)gensg.3)nomsg.4)gensg.

5.25.Prepositions.A.1)Bjarniwentontoaship.2)Asgerdwalkedaboutonaship.B.1)eptir.2).3)til.4).5)milli.

5.26.Review:Verbs.1)em.2)ert.3)er.4)erum.5)eru.6)eru.7)hef.8)hefr.9)hefr.10)hfum.11)hafi.12)hafa.

5.27.Review:Pronouns.1)hann;hans.2)hann;honum.3)hon;hans.4)hann;hann.

5.28.Geneaology.Kveldlfr

SkallaGrmrKveldlfsson Bjrn

EgillSkallaGrmsson m sgerrBjarnardttir

orsteinnEgilsson m Jfrr

Helgainfagraorsteinsdttir

5.29.RunicScript.1)muiR;mir. 2) faur; fur. 3) salu; slu. 4)hulmkirs;Hlmgeirs. 5)buata;banda/bnda.6)fur;fyr(ir).7)tutiz;dttir.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY125.30.RunicScript.Answerswillvary.

LESSON6ANSWERKEY6.5.StrongNouns:Type1FemininesandNeuters.

MN NL BAKSgnom mn nl bak

acc mn nl bakdat mn nl bakigen manar nlar baks

Plnom manar nlar bkacc manar nlar bkdat mnum nlum bkumgen mana nla baka

6.10.IdentifyingWeakVerbConjugations.1)1st;intend.2)2nd;give.3)1st;talk.4)4th;have.5)3rd;separate,understand.6)4th;beawake.7)3rd;set.8)2nd;speak.9)1st;answer.10)4th;say.11)4th;dare.12)1st;seek.13)2nd;send.14)4th;tolike.

6.15.Readings.1)rangt.2)rtt.3)rtt.4)rtt.5)rtt.6)rtt.7)rtt.

6.16.Readings.1)r.2)blt.3)haust;yxnum.4)rija.5)sultr;seyra.

6.17.Vocabulary.Verbs.Hefja:hold;begin;raise.Flytja:carry,move.Taka:take.Blta:sacrifice.Ra:advise.Heygja:buryinamound.Nouns.Stalli:altar.Lk:body.Haust:autumn.Fylki:province.Hallri:famine.Sultr:hunger.Haugr:mound.Atganga:attack.rfer:harvest.

6.18.Nouns.SKR NL DGG ELFR

Sgnom skr nl dgg elfracc skr nl dgg elfidat skr nl dgg elfigen skarar nlar dggvar elfar

Plnom skarar nlar dggvar elfar


acc skarar nlar dggvar elfardat skrum nlum dggum elfumgen skara nla dggva elfa

BARN ING EGG FYLKI

Sgnom barn ing egg fylkiacc barn ing egg fylkidat barni ingi eggi fylkigen barns ings eggs fylkis

Plnom brn ing egg fylkiacc brn ing egg fylkidat brnum ingum eggjum fylkjumgen barna inga eggja fylkja

6.19.WeakVerbs.1STCONJ 2NDCONJ 3RDCONJ 4THCONJKALLA MLA TELJA VAKA

ek kallaa mlta talda vakta kallair mltir taldir vaktir

hann kallai mlti taldi vaktivr klluum mltum tldum vktumr klluu mltu tldu vktueir klluu mltu tldu vktu

Transl: called spoke counted wereawake

6.20.VowelsandIumlaut.1)e.2).3)(e).4).5)y.6).7).8)ey.

6.21.IdentifyingWeakVerbConjugations.1)2nd.2)2nd.3)4th.4)3rd5)2nd.6)3rd.7)4th.8)3rd.9)1st.10)3rd.

6.22.WeakVerbs.1)rsgu;4th.2)rherjuu;1st.3)Vitgerum;2nd.4)Hannbltai;1st.5)Honsvarai;1st.6)eirfluttu;3rd.7)tlair;1st.8)rmlti;2nd.

6.23.WeakVerbs.1)1sgpres;2nd.2)3sgpast;1st.3)2sgpast;2nd.4)3plpast;1st.5)1sgpres;3rd.6)2pl(dual)pres;2nd.7)3sgpast;3rd.8)2pl(dual)past;1st.9)1sgpast;2nd.10)3plpast;3rd.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY146.24.WeakVerbs.

PRESENT PASTek hef hafa hefr hafir

hann hefr hafivr hfum hfumr hafi hfueir hafa hfu

6.25.Voice.1)middle.2)active.3)passive.4)middle.5)active.6)passive.7)middle.8)passive.

LESSON7ANSWERKEY7.5.ReflexivePronouns.1)b.2)a.3)b.

7.7.Type2StrongNouns.HUGR SVANR KK HLL

Sgnom hugr svanr kk hllacc hug svan kk hlldat hug svani kk hllugen hugar svans akkar hallar

Plnom hugir svanir akkir halliracc hugi svani akkir hallirdat hugum svnum kkum hllumgen huga svana akka halla

7.9.WeakNouns.BARDAGI GATA EISTA

Sgnom bardagi gata eistaacc bardaga gtu eistadat bardaga gtu eistagen bardaga gtu eista

Plnom bardagar gtur eistuacc bardaga gtur eistudat brdugum gtum eistumgen bardaga gatna eistna


7.15.ReadingComprehension.1)rtt.2)rangt.3)rtt.4)rtt.5)rtt.6)rangt.7)rtt.8)rangt.9)rangt.10)rangt.

7.16.ReadingComprehension.1)n;acc;sg.2)m;nom;pl.3)m;acc;sg.4)f;acc;pl.5)m;nom;sg.6)n;acc;sg.

7.17.ReflexivePronouns.1)sik.2)hann.3)sr.4)honum.

7.18.Infinitives.1)segja.2)hafa.3)flytja.4)vera.5)gera.6)fara.7)nema.8)heita.9)hyggja.10)vilja.11)koma.12)ra.

7.19.Type1StrongNouns.HEIMR FR LAND

Sgnom heimr fr landacc heim fr landdat heimi fr landigen heims farar lands

Plnom heimar farar lndacc heima farar lnddat heimum frum lndumgen heima fara landa

7.20.Type2StrongNouns.FUNDR FER

Sgnom fundr feracc fund ferdat fund fergen fundar ferar

Plnom fundir feriracc fundi ferirdat fundum ferumgen funda fera

7.21.WeakNouns.GOI SAGA HJARTA

Sgnom goi saga hjartaacc goa sgu hjartadat goa sgu hjarta

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY16gen goa sgu hjarta

Plnom goar sgur hjrtuacc goa sgur hjrtudat goum sgum hjrtumgen goa sagna hjartna

7.22.Verbs.1)Vrhorfumskip.2)rgerubrar~brr~brr.3)rkallaatmnnum.4)Vkingarherjuulnd.5)Vrmltumvir.6)Mennhuguatkonungum.

7.23.SentenceCompletion.1)segir.2)viljum.3)hfu.4)var;hfingi.5)geri;br;slu.6)fr;til;me.

7.24.SpecialStemRules:Review.1)vin;N/A.2)otr;Rule2,rDrop.3)jkul;Rule1,rChange.4)fugl;Rule2,rDrop.5)hvl;Rule1,rChange.6)ofn;Rule2,rDrop.7)s;Rule1,rChange.8)hafr;Rule2,rDrop.9)fund;N/A.10)kjl;Rule1,rChange.11)flein;Rule1,rChange.12)gsl;Rule2,rDrop.

7.25.Prepositions.1)skip;Hewent/walkedoutontoaship.2)jarli;Sigridlivedwithanearl.3)Nregs;KingHaraldwenttoNorway.4)Vgs;Reykjaness;IngolflivedbetweenVagandReykjanes.5)Englandi;AlfredtheGreatwasakinginEngland.6)dri;Bodvarwentagainstabeast.

LESSON8ANSWERKEY8.3.TranslatingfromHaraldssagaSigurssonar.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)1)rfyrirGriklandiZedrttninginrka;

At that timeQueen/Empress Zoe the Powerful ruled overGreece [the ByzantineEmpire];ra.

2)okmehenniMichaelKtalakts;andMichaelKatalaktuswithher;ra.

3)EnerHaraldrkomtilMiklagarsokfunddrttningar;ButwhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandtoameetingwiththeempress.

4)gekkhannarmla;thenheenteredintomilitaryservice;adverb.

5)okfr[hann]egarumhaustitgaleirmehermnnumeim;


andhewentthatveryautumnontothegalleyswithhiswarriors(literallyandhewentimmediatelyduringtheautumnontogalleyswiththosewarriors);Threeprepositionalphrases.

*ReadingTranslations.(AtthispointinVikingLanguage1,thetranslationsofthereadingsectionsend,andstudentsareasked tomake theirown translations.The translationsoffered in the coming lessons of theAnswer Key are purposely literal. Students andteachersareinvitedtoimproveonthesetranslations.Foradditionalandlongerreadings,withvocabularyandnotes,thestudentisdirectedtoVikingLanguage2:TheOldNorseReader.

The fullpassage in8.3 reads:At that timeEmpressZoe thePowerful ruledover theByzantineEmpirewithMichaelKatalaktus.WhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandmetwiththeempress,heentered,thenandthere,intoherservice,andwentthatveryautumnonto the galleyswith hiswarriors. Theywent out onto theAegean Sea.Harald heldcommandoverhistroops.TheleaderofthearmywasnamedGyrgir.Hewastheempressskinsman.Haraldwasonly in thearmy fora short time,andall theVarangiansbeganassemblingasagroupwhentheybattled,andithappenedthatHaraldbecametheleaderoveralltheVarangians.GyrgirandhismentraveledwidelyamongtheGreekIslandsandwongreatbattlesagainstthecorsairs.

8.9.PrincipalPartsofStrongVerbs.1)gfu.2)kominn.3)gekk.4)htu.5)hef.6)drgum.7)rr.8)uru.9)nem.10)haldi.

8.11.ThePastTenseEndingtofStrongVerbs.1)bindr,batt,bundu,bundinn;bazt.2)rr,r,ru,rinn;rtt.3)verr,var,uru,orinn;vart.4)heldr,hlt,hldu,haldinn;hlt.5)lstr,laust,lustu,lostinn;laust.6)sr,s,s(u),snn;stt.

8.12.ReadingTranslation.KingHaraldwasapowerfulandambitiousmanwithinthecountry.Hewassoextremelyintelligent[agreatsageinwit]thatthegeneralconsensuswasthattherehadneverbeensuchachieftainintheNorthernLandswhowasequallyresourceful[deepwitted]orwiseincounselasHarald.Hewasagreatwarriorandthemostfearlessinbattle.Hewasstrongandbetterskilledwithweaponsthanothermen,aswaswrittenearlier.

Hewasthegreatestfriend,upuntilnow,toallourcountrymen.WhentherewasagreatfamineinIceland,KingHaraldgavefourshipspermissiontosailwithmeal[flour]toIceland.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY188.18.ReadingOldNorse.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)1)eirfrutGriklandshaf; TheywentoutontotheAegeanSea.2)HltHaraldrsveitafsnummnnum;Haraldheldcommandoveratroopofhisownmen.3)HfingiyfirherinumhtGyrgir;TheleaderofthearmywasnamedGyrgir.4)Hannvarfrndidrttningar;Hewastheempressskinsman.5)Haraldrvarltlahrherinum;Haraldwasinthearmyforashorttime.6)...okallirVringjarfrusaman,...;beforealltheVarangiansassembledasagroup.7)...egarerbardagarvru;whenevertherewerebattles.8)Kom[at]sv,...;Itsohappenedthat.9)atHaraldrvarhfingiyfirllumVringjum;Haraldbecame the leaderofall theVarangians.

8.19.IUmlaut.1)dregr;drag.2)heldr;hold.3)stendr;stand.4)kmr~kemr;come.5)ltr;let.6)fr;get.7)flgr;fly.8)br;live/prepare.

8.20.ThePresentTenseofStrongVerbsandIUmlaut.A.1)ra.2)taka.3)f.4)koma.5)halda.6)fljga.7)ba.8)draga.B.1)hleypr.2)krpr.3)rr.4)snr.5)spr.6)slr.7)grefr.8)grr.9)ekr.10)eykr.C.1)gefr.2)liggr.3)nemr.4)verr.5)rr.6)sitr.

8.21.PastTenseofStrongVerbs.1)gekkskip;Youwentontoaship.2)HthanneigiHaraldrkonungr?;WashenotcalledKingHarald?3)Vrkmum~kvmumangat;We(pl)camethere.4)rs~susonhans;You(pl)sawhisson.5)augengutilhans;Theywent[walked]tohim.

8.22.StrongVerbs.A.Vera

PRESENT PAST

Sgek ver Sgek var verr vart

hann verr hann var

Plvr verum Plvr urumr veri r urueir vera eir uru

PastParticiple:orinn.

B.TakaPRESENT PAST

Sgek tek Sgek tk


tekr tkthann tekr hann tk

Plvr tkum Plvr tkumr taki r tkueir taka eir tku

PastParticiple:tekinn.

C.FaraPRESENT PAST

Sgek fer Sgek fr ferr frt

hann ferr hann fr

Plvr frum Plvr frumr fari r frueir fara eir fru

PastParticiple:farinn.

8.23.PastTenseofStrongVerbs.1)koma;kemr.2)ganga;gengr.3)fara;ferr.4)fara;fara.5)halda;heldr.6)heita;heitr.7)vera;verr.8)vinna;vinna.

8.24.StrongVerbs.1)bj.2)gengum.3)s~su.4)kmu~kvmu.5)ht.6)kmt.7)bjuggu.8)s.9)ht.10)fr.

8.25.WeakandStrongVerbs.1)nema;strong.2)vinna;strong.3)ra;strong.4)herja;weak.5)blta;weak.6)mla;weak.7)ra;strong.8)batna;weak.9)standa;strong.10)svara;weak.

8.26.StrongVerbs.1)ltr,lt,ltu,ltinn;ltt.2)rr,r,ru,rinn;rtt.3)dregr,dr,drgu,dreginn;drtt.4)bindr,batt,bundu,bundinn;bazt.5)br,bau,buu,boinn;bautt.6)br,bj,bjuggu,binn;bjtt.7)heitr,ht,htu,heitinn;htt.

8.27.ReadingRunes.Ragnvald had these runes carved, who in Greece [the Byzantine Empire] was thecommanderofatroop[anofficer].

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY208.28.ImperativeMood:StrongVerbs.1)drag.2)far.3)statt.4)gef.5)hgg.6)gakk.

8.29.ImperativeMood:WeakVerbs.1)2ndconjug;ger.2)3rdconjug;spyr.3)1stconjug;svara.4)2ndconjug;veit.5)1stconjug;tala.6)4thconjug;egi~egiu

8.30.SubjunctiveMood:PresentTense.1)leit.2)drag.3)kom.4)horf.5)skilj.6)hggv.

LEITA DRAGA KOMA HORFA SKILJA HGGVA

Sgek leita draga koma horfa skilja hggva leitir dragir komir horfir skilir hggvir

hann leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvi

Plvr leitim dragim komim horfim skilim hggvimr leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvieir leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvi

Lesson9ANSWERKEY9.1.ReadingTranslation.AmanwasnamedOnund.HewasthesonofOfeigClumsyFoot,[whowas]thesonofIvarHorsePrick.OnundwasthebrotherofGudbjorg,themotherofGudbrandHunchback,whowasthefatherofAsta,themotherofKingOlaftheSaint.OnhismotherssideOnundwasanUplander,buthisfatherskinsmenmostlycamefromRogalandandHordaland.OnundwasagreatVikingandraidedintheWestacrossthesea.WithhiminraidingwereBalki,sonofBlaeing fromSotanes,andOrm theWealthy.Hallvardwas thenameof their thirdcompanion.Theyhadfiveships.

TheyraidedintheHebrides,andwhentheycametotheBarraIsles,thatkingwastherewhowascalledKjarval.Hetoohadfiveships.Theyengagedhiminbattleanditbecameahardfight;Onundsmenwerefierce.Manyfellonbothsides,anditendedwiththekingfleeingwithonlyoneship.Onundandhismentooktherebothshipsandgreatwealthandstayedthereduringthewinter.ThreesummerstheyraidedinIrelandandScotland.ThentheywenttoNorway.

9.2.ReadingExercise:Grettissaga.1)rtt.2)rangt.3)rangt.4)rtt.5)rangt.6)rtt.7)rangt.8)rtt.9)rtt.

9.9.MainandDependentClauses.1)dependent.2)independent.3)dependent.4)independent.


9.11.Exercise:PastSubjunctive:WeakVerbs.TALA HAFA GJALDA KOMA

Sgek talaa hefa gylda kma talair hefir gyldir kmir

hann talai hefi gyldi kmi

Plvr talaim hefim gyldim kmimr talai hefi gyldi kmieir talai hefi gyldi kmi

9.12.ReadingTranslation.ThatautumnGrimtheHersirkilledOndottCrowbecausehe[Grim]hadnotbeenabletocollectthekingspayment[thekingstax].Immediatelythatsamenight,Signy,Ondottswife,loadedontoashipalltheirmovablepossessionsandwentwithhersons,AsmundandAsgrim,toherfatherSighvat.AlittlelatershesenthersonstoHedin,herfosterfather,inSoknadal.Buttheybecamedissatisfiedafteronlyashorttimeandwantedtoreturntotheirmother.ThentheyleftandcametoIngjaldtheTrueatHvinatYuletide.HereceivedthemattheurgingofGyda,hiswife.Theystayedthereoverthewinter.

9.15.DefiniteArticle.DVERGR+INN KONA+IN LAND+IT

Sgnom dvergrinn konan landitacc dverginn konuna landitdat dverginum konunni landinugen dvergsins konunnar landsins

Plnom dvergarnir konurnar lndinacc dvergana konurnar lndindat dvergunum konunum lndunumgen dverganna kvennanna landanna

9.16.DemonstrativePronouns.M F N M F N

Sgnom essi~sj essi~sj etta s s atacc enna essa etta ann atdat essum essar(r)i~

essiessu eim eir(r)i v

gen essa essar(r)ar~essar

essa ess eir(r)ar ess

Plnom essir essar essi eir r au

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY22acc essa essar essi r audat essum essum essum eim eim eimgen essa~

essar(r)aessa~essar(r)a

essa~essar(r)a

eira eira eira

9.17.DemonstrativePronouns.1)etta.2)at.3)ess.4)essar(r)i~essi.5).6)etta.7)ann.8)s.

9.18.StrongVerbs.A.Bera

PRESENT PAST

Sgek ber Sgek bar berr bart

hann berr hann bar

Plvr berum Plvr brumr beri r brueir bera eir bru

B.1)2plpastofhalda hold. 2)1/3sgpastofganga go,walk. 3)1sgpresofverabecome.4)2plpresofheitabenamed.5)1/3sgpastofberacarry.6)1plpastofracounsel;rule.7)pastparticipleofhefjalift;begin.8)1plpresofdragadrag.

C.1)kemr.2)unnu.3)hft.4)r.5)nmum.6)f.7)draga.8)frum.

9.19.Verbs.INFINITIVE PRESSG PASTSG PASTPL PASTPARTICIPLEkoma kemr kom kmu kominnheita heitir ht htu heitinnvera verr var uru orinnfalla fellr fll fllu fallinnlka lkr lauk luku lokinntaka tekr tk tku tekinnsitja sitr sat stu setinnfara ferr fr fru farinn

9.20.StrongNouns:Type3.VLLR KTTR FJRR

Sgnom vllr kttr fjrracc vll ktt fjrdat velli ketti firi


gen vallar kattar fjarar

Plnom vellir kettir firiracc vllu kttu fjrudat vllum kttum fjrumgen valla katta fjara

9.21.StrongNouns:Type4.FTR VETR BK

Sgnom ftr vetr bkacc ft vetr bkdat fti vetri bkgen ftar vetrar bkar

Plnom ftr vetr bkracc ftr vetr bkrdat ftum vetrum bkumgen fta vetra bka

9.22.Er:Conjunction,RelativeParticle,andVerb.1)SkeggiofSkutadwasthenameofanexcellentmaninNorway.HissonwasBjorn,whowascalledBjorntheSkinner.2)TheyraidedacrosstheHebrides,andwhentheycametotheBarraIsles,thatkingwasthere,whowascalledKjarvalr.3)[Ithappened]Oneday,whenThorolfandBjornwalkeddowntotheship.4)WhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandtoameetingwiththeempress,heenteredintoherservicethenandthere.5)HaraldwasinthearmyforashorttimebeforealltheVarangiansassembledasagroupwheneverabattlebegan.

9.23.SubjunctiveMood:PastTenseofWeakVerbs.1)send;2nd;send.2)count;3rd;tald.3)grant;2nd;veitt.4)have;3rd;haf.5)talk;1st;tala.6)tala;tala.7)send;send.8)tald;teld.9)haf;hef.

9.24.SubjunctiveMood:PastTenseofStrongVerbs.1)break;brtr,braut,brutu,brotinn;brut.2)become;verr,var,uru,orinn;ur.3)look;ltr,leit,litu,litinn;lit.4)come;kemr,kom,kmu,kominn;km.5)take;tekr,tk,tku,tekinn;tk.6)brut;bryt.7)ur;yr.8)lit;lit.9)km;km.10)tk;tk.

BRJTA VERA LTA KOMA TAKA

Sgek bryta yra lita kma tka brytir yrir litir kmir tkir

hann bryti yri liti kmi tki


Plvr brytim yrim litim kmim tkimr bryti yri liti kmi tkieir bryti yri liti kmi tki

9.25.ReadingRunes.GoodfarmerHolmgauthad[thisstone]raisedinmemoryofOdindis,hiswife.AbetterhousewifewillnotcometoHasvimyri,shewhomanagesthefarm.RaudBallicarvedtheserunes.OdindiswasSigmundsgoodsister.

LESSON10ANSWERKEY10.2.ReadingTranslation.AtthattimeagreatfaminecametoIceland,suchthatnoneasserioushasevercomeagain.Almostallofthecatchoftheseaanddriftageceased.Thissituationcontinuedformanyyears.

Oneautumn,merchantsweredriventhereoffcourseinanoceangoingshipandwereshipwreckedthereinVik.Flosireceivedfourorfiveofthem.Steinwasthenameofthemanwhowastheirleader.Duringthespringagreatstormcamefromthenorth.Itlastednearlyawholeweek.Afterthestorm,mencheckedtheirdriftage.

AmanwasnamedThorstein,wholivedonReykjanes.Hefoundawhaledrivenashorefurthestoutontheheadland,whereitiscalledRifsker.Thewhalewasalargerorqual.He[Thorstein]immediatelysentonemantoFlosiinVikandanothertothenextfarm.FlosiarrivedfirstalongwiththemenfromVik.Theyimmediatelybeganflensingthewhale,andthosepieceswhichwereslicedoffweredraggedupontotheshore.

AtthatmomentthemenofKaldbakarrivedinfourships.ThorgrimlaidclaimtothewhaleandforbadethemenofViktherighttocut,divide,ortakeawayanypiecesofthewhale.....

Thenashiprowedinfromacrossthefjords.Themenwerehardattheiroars,andtheyarrivedswiftly.ItwasSvanfromHolinBjarnarfjord,togetherwithhisfarmhands.Assoonashearrived,hetoldThorgrimnottolethimselfberobbed.Theywerepreviouslystrongfriends[allies].Svannowofferedhim[Thorgrim]hissupport.

10.3.ReadingExercise:Grettissaga.1)rtt.2)rtt.3)rtt.4)rangt.5)rangt.6)rtt.

10.5.NounswithStrongAdjectives.UNGRMAR UNGKONA UNGTBARN

Sgnom ungrmar ungkona ungtbarnacc unganmann ungakonu ungtbarn


dat ungummanni ungrikonu ungubarnigen ungsmanns ungrarkonu ungsbarns

Plnom ungirmenn ungarkonur ungbrnacc ungamenn ungarkonur ungbrndat ungummnnum ungumkonum ungumbrnumgen ungramanna ungrakvenna ungrabarna

10.8.StrongAdjectives.SPAKR MIKILL

Sgnom spakr mikillacc spakan mikinndat spkum miklumgen spaks mikils

Plnom spakir mikliracc spaka mikladat spkum miklumgen spakra mikilla

10.13.ReadingTranslation.ThorgeirFlaskBackwasthefirsttogoupontothewhaleandattackFlosismen.Thorfinnwasforwardontheheadofthewhalestandinginthefootstepshehadmade[cut]forhimself.

Thorgeirsaid,Ibringyouyouraxe.Thenhestruckthemansnecksuchthathetooktheheadoff.

Flosiwasuponthegravelshorewhenhesawthis.Heurgedhismentocounterattack.ThentheyfoughtforalongtimeandtheKaldbakmenhadthebetterofit.Fewmenhadweaponsthere[withthem]exceptforthoseaxesandbladeswithwhichtheywerecuttingthewhale.TheVikmenretreatedfromthewhaleontothebeach.TheNorwegianshadweaponswiththemandweredangerous.SteintheshipscaptaincutoffafootfromunderIvar Kolbeinsson, but Leif, Ivars brother, used a whale rib to send one of SteinscompanionstoHel.Menfellthereonbothsides.

10.14.Grettissaga.1)framvihfuithvalsins.2)arfriekr.3)hlsinn,svataftk.4)rtt.5)rangt.6)rtt.

10.17.ReadingRunes.Alihadthisstoneraisedinmemoryofhimself.HetookKingCanutespaymentinEngland.MayGodhelphisspirit.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY2610.18.StrongVerbs.A.Taka

PRESENT PAST

Sgek tek Sgek tk tekr tkt

hann tekr hann tk

Plvr tkum Plvr tkumr taki r tkueir taka eir tku

B.1)1/3sgpastofltalet.2)2plpastofliggjalie.3)3plpastofraride.4)2plpresofsjsee.5)1sgpresoffinnafind.6)1/3sgpastofbawait.7)1plpresofsitjasit.8)2sgpastofdrepakill.

C.1)fellrfall.2) lgulie.3)brwait.4)kvumsay.5)bjuggulive(ataplace);prepare.6)battbind.7)ststand.8)bijumask;command.

10.19.StrongAdjectives.M F N

Sgnom langr lng langtacc langan langa langtdat lngum langri lngugen langs langrar langs

Plnom langir langar lngacc langa langar lngdat lngum lngum lngumgen langra langra langra

10.20.StrongAdjectives.M F N

Sgnom auigr auig auigtacc augan auga auigtdat augum auigri augugen auigs auigrar auigs

Plnom augir augar auigacc auga augar auigdat augum augum augumgen auigra auigra auigra


10.21.PastParticiples.1)koma.2)reka.3)draga;skera.4)gera.

10.22.Verbs.1)stendr;standa.2)mlir,mla.3)hggr;hggva.4)tekr;taka.5)sr;sj.6)eggjar;eggja.

10.23.PassiveandPastPerfectConstructions.1)ThatkingwhoiscalledHognihadadaughternamedHild;presentpassive.2)Theshipwasfullypaintedabovethewaterline;pastpassive.3)Hedinwaspreparedtofight;pastperfect.

10.24.StrongFormsoftheAdjectivesmikillandltill.MIKILLMAR MIKILKONA MIKITBARN

Sgnom mikillmar mikilkona mikitbarnacc mikinnmann miklakonu mikitbarndat miklummanni mikillikonu miklubarnigen mikilsmanns mikillarkonu mikilsbarns

Plnom miklirmenn miklarkonur mikilbrnacc miklamenn miklarkonur mikilbrndat miklummnnum miklumkonum miklumbrnumgen mikillamanna mikillakvenna mikillabarna

LTILLMAR LTILKONA LTITBARNSgnom ltillmar ltilkona ltitbarn

acc ltinnmann litlakonu ltitbarndat litlummanni ltillikonu litlubarnigen ltilsmanns ltillarkonu ltilsbarns

Plnom litlirmenn litlarkonur ltilbrnacc litlamenn litlarkonur ltilbrndat litlummnnum litlumkonum litlumbrnumgen ltillamanna ltillakvenna ltillabarna

10.25.ReadingRunes.Thorir, Thorstein, and Thorfast. These brothers raised this stone for [in memory of]Gunnfus,theirfather.MayGodhelphissoul.


LESSON11ANSWERKEY11.1.ReadingTranslation.Thatking[whois]namedHognihadadaughter[,whowas]calledHild.ThatkingwhowascalledHedinHjarrandasontookherasbooty.AtthattimeKingHognihadgonetoameetingofkings.Whenheheardthattherehadbeenraidinginhiskingdomandthathisdaughterhadbeentakenaway,[then]hesetout[went]withhismentosearchforHedin.HelearnedthatHedinhadsailednorthalongthecoast.

ButwhenKingHognicametoNorway,heheardthatHedinhadsailedwestoverthesea.ThenHognisailedafterhimallthewaytotheOrkneyIslands,andwhenhearrivedattheplace[whichis]calledHoy,Hedinwastherewithhismen.ThenHildwenttomeetherfatherandofferedhimanecklaceasreconciliationonbehalfofHedin.Atthesametime,shesaidthatHedinwaspreparedtofight,andthatHognihadnohopeofmercyfromhim[nohopeofvictory].Hogniansweredhisdaughterharshly.WhenshemetHedin,shesaidtohimthatHognididnotwantareconciliationandtoldhimtoprepareforbattle.Bothsidesdidso.Theywentupontotheislandanddrewupinbattlearray.

11.2.CloseReading.A.1)accsgoffempronounhonshe.2)tk(3sgpastoftakatake).3)konungrs.4)ht(3sgpastofheitabecalled).5)Hinn.B.1)adverb.2)var(3sgpastofverabe).3)Hognikonungr.4)konungastefnu.C.1)spuri(3sgpastofspyrjaask;learn).2)hann.D.1)prepositionalphrase.2)var(3sgpastofverabe).3)dttir.4)wastaken.E.1)fr(3sgpastoffarago).2)hann.3)genitive,whichisgovernedbytheverbleita.F.1)havenewsof[sb],learnof[sb].2)Hgni.G.1)Hinn.2)hafi(3sgpastofhafahave).3)pastperfect.

11.4.NounswiththeDefiniteArticleandWeakAdjectives.INNUNGIMAR INUNGAKONA ITUNGABARN

Sgnom innungimar inungakona itungabarnacc innungamann inaungukonu itungabarndat inumungamanni inniungukonu inuungabarnigen insungamanns innarungukonu insungabarns

Plnom inirungumenn inarungukonur inungubrnacc inaungumenn inarungukonur inungubrndat inumungummnnum inumungumkonum inumungumbrnumgen innaungumanna innaungukvenna innaungubarna

11.8.StrongVerbs:ClassesIandII.1)ClassI,pass(timepasses).2)ClassI,shine.3)ClassII,lie.4)ClassII,enjoy.5)ClassI,step.6)ClassII,bow.


11.10.VerbsTakingDativeorGenitiveObjects.1)spjtinu;Odinthrustswiththespear.2)mnnum;Haraldforbidsthementogo.3)hennar;Thorolfasksforher[inmarriage].4)eim;Sheinvitesthemtocome.5)konu;Hemisseshiswife.6)mnnumeim;Thechieftainthanksthosemen.7)steini;Lokithrowsastone.

11.11.ReadingTranslation.ThenHedincallstoHogni,hisfatherinlaw,offeringhimasettlementandmuchgoldasatonement.ThenHognianswers:Toolateyouofferthis,ifyouwantustobereconciled,becausenowIhavedrawnDainsleif.Thedwarvesmadeit,anditmustbethedeathofamaneachtimeitisunsheathed.Itneverfailstostrike,andnowoundfromitheals.

ThenHedinanswers:Youboastaboutyoursword,butnotaboutvictory.Thentheyhadthatbattle,whichiscalledtheFightoftheHjadnings,andtheyfoughtallthroughthatday.Atnightfallthekingswenttotheirships.ButduringthenightHildwenttotheslainandwithmagicwokeupallthedead.Ontheseconddaythekingswenttothebattlefieldandtheyfoughteachother,asdidallthosewhohadfallenonthepreviousday.Thebattlewentthiswaydayafterday.Allthosewhofell,aswellastheweaponsandshieldswhichlayonthebattlefield,turnedtostone.Butatthedawnofthenewday,allthedeadmenstoodupandfought,andalltheirweaponswerelikenew.ItissaidinthepoetrythattheHjadningswillinthiswayawaitRagnarok.

11.19.Review:DefiniteArticle.SVEINN+INN LEI+IN BAK+IT

Sgnom sveinninn leiin bakitacc sveininn leiina bakitdat sveininum leiinni bakinugen sveinsins leiarinnar baksins

Plnom sveinarnir leiirnar bkinacc sveinana leiirnar bkindat sveinunum leiunum bkunumgen sveinanna leianna bakanna

11.20.DefiniteArticle.1)konungrinn.2)konunginn.3)konunginum.4)konungsins.5)hersirinn.6)hersinn.7)hersinum.8)hersisins.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY3011.21.WeakAdjectives.

M F N

Sgnom langi langa langaacc langa lngu langadat langa lngu langagen langa lngu langa

Plnom lngu lngu lnguacc lngu lngu lngudat lngum lngum lngumgen lngu lngu lngu

11.22.WeakAdjectives.M F N

Sgnom hagi vna fagraacc haga vnu fagradat haga vnu fagragen haga vnu fagra

Plnom hgu vnu fgruacc hgu vnu fgrudat hgum vnum fgrumgen hgu vnu fgru

11.23.WeakAdjectives.1)rki;AlrekthePowerfulwashandsome[orpromising].2)ga;ThisgooddaughterofHolmgeirbuiltabridge.3)stra;Thorsteinwasthebigchild.4)fri;ThatmanwhowroteTheBookofTheIcelanderswasnamedAritheWise,sonofThorgils.5)grna;Helgilivedin thegreenvalley,which iscalledHelgadal. 6)ungu;Olaf sentmenafter theyoungwoman.

11.24.ProperNouns.EIRKRINNRAUI HELGAINFAGRA

Sgnom Eirkrinnraui Helgainfagraacc Eirkinnraua Helguinafgrudat Eirkiinumraua Helguinnifgrugen Eirksinsraua Helguinnarfgru

11.25.Adverbs.1)hr.2)angat.3)hvaan.4)hvert.5)ar.6)hingat.7)aan.8)hvar.9)han.


11.26.StrongVerbs:ClassI.PRESENT PAST

Sgek klf Sgek kleif klfr kleift

hann klfr hann kleif

Plvr klfum Plvr klifumr klfi r klifueir klfa eir klifu

1)drfr,dreif,drifu,drifinn.2)rfr,reif,rifu,rifinn.3)skrr,skrei,skriu,skriinn.4)ltr,leit,litu,litinn.5)grpr,greip,gripu,gripinn.6)rstr,reist,ristu,ristinn.7)gna.8)ba.9)la.10)rsa.11)skna.12)sva.13)bitu.14)risum.15)kleif.16)reift.17)drfum.18)greip.

11.27.StrongVerbs:ClassII.PRESENT PAST

Sgek strk Sgek strauk strkr straukt

hann strkr hann strauk

Plvr strjkum Plvr strukumr strjki r strukueir strjka eir struku

1)drpr,draup,drupu,dropinn.2)sktr,skaut,skutu,skotinn.3)krpr,kraup,krupu,kropinn.4)br,bau,buu,boinn.5)lstr,laust,lustu,lostinn.6)klfr,klauf,klufu,klofinn.7)bja.8)krjpa.9)kjsa.10)ljsta.11)njta.12)brjta.13)krupu.14)rr.15)klauft.16)gaus.17)drjpum.18)laust.

11.28.WeakFormsoftheAdjectivesmikillandltill.INNMIKLIMAR INMIKLAKONA ITMIKLABARN

Sgnom innmiklimar inmiklakona itmiklabarnacc innmiklamann inamiklukonu itmiklabarndat inummiklamanni innimiklukonu inumiklabarnigen insmiklamanns innarmiklukonu insmiklabarns

Plnom inirmiklumenn inarmiklukonur inmiklubrnacc inamiklumenn inarmiklukonur inmiklubrndat inummiklummnnum inummiklumkonum inummiklumbrnumgen innamiklumanna innamiklukvenna innamiklubarna

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY32INNLITLIMAR INLITLAKONA ITLITLABARN

Sgnom innlitlimar inlitlakona itlitlabarnacc innlitlamann inalitlukonu itlitlabarndat inumlitlamanni innilitlukonu inulitlabarnigen inslitlamanns innarlitlukonu inslitlabarns

Plnom inirlitlumenn inarlitlukonur inlitlubrnacc inalitlumenn inarlitlukonur inlitlubrndat inumlitlummnnum inumlitlumkonum inumlitlumbrnumgen innalitlumanna innalitlukvenna innalitlubarna

LESSON12ANSWERKEY12.1.ReadingTranslation.Webeginthisstory,whenthatmanlivedatHofinVapnafjordwhowasnamedHelgi.HewasthesonofThorgils,whowasthesonofThorstein,whowasthesonofOlvir,whowasthesonofAsvald,whowasthesonofOxenThorir.Olvirwasa landedman inNorwayduringthedaysofEarlHakonGrjotgardsson.

ThorsteintheWhitewasthefirstofthatlineagetocomeouttoIceland.HelivedatToptavelliroutbeyondSireksstadir.ButSteinbjorn,sonofReftheRed,livedatHof.Butwhenhe[Steinbjorn]squanderedhiswealthonaccountofhisgenerosity,thenThorsteinboughttheHofestate,andhelivedthereforsixtywinters.HewasmarriedtoIngibjorg,daughterofHrodgeirtheWhite.

ThorgilswasBroddHelgisfather.HetookoverThorsteinsfarmstead.ThorkelandHedinkilledThorgils,BroddHelgisfather,andThorsteintheWhiteonceagaintookoverthefarmsteadandraisedHelgi,hisgrandson.

Helgiwasabigstrongman.Hewasprecocious,handsomeandimposing.Inchildhoodhewasnottalkative,andatayoungagehewasalreadyquarrelsomeandharsh.Hewascleverandunpredictable[capricious].

ItissaidthatonedayatHofwhenthecattlewereinthemilkingpen,abullownedbythosekinsmen[ThorsteinandHelgi]wasinthepenwhenanotherbullcameintothepen,andthebullsfoughteachother.TheboyHelgiwasoutsideandsawthattheirbullwasgetting theworstof itandwasgivingway.He takesaspikeandbinds iton thebullsforehead,andfromthatpointforward,itwentbetterfortheirbull.Becauseofthisincident,hewascalledBroddHelgi.

Hewasthemostaccomplishedofallthosemenwhogrewupinthedistrict.

12.9.ReadingTranslation.AmannamedSvartcameouthere[toIceland]andbuiltafarminVapnafjord.Thatmanlivednexttohim,whowascalledSkidi.Hewaspoor.Svartwasabigmanandextremelystrong.Hewasagoodfighterandabigtroublemaker.SvartandSkididisagreedovergrazingrights,and itendedsuchthatSvartkilledSkidi.BroddHelgiprosecutedtheslayingand


madeSvartanoutlaw.BroddHelgiwasthentwelvewintersold.After that Svart stayed up on the heath, which we call Butter Water Heath

[Smjorvatnsheidi],ashortdistancefromSunnudal.HepreyeduponthelivestockoftheHofsmen[peopleofHof]doingmuchmoredamagethanwasnecessary.

TheshepherdatHofcamebacktothefarmoneevening.HeenteredThorsteinsbedcloset,wheretheoldmanlayblind.Thorsteinasked:Howhavethingsgonetoday,friend?

Asbadaspossible,saystheother.Yourbestwetherhasdisappeared,theshepherdadded,andthreeothers.

Theywillhavemixedthemselvesinwithotherpeoplessheep,saidThorstein,andtheywillcomeback.

No,no,repliedtheshepherd,Theywillnevercomeback.Speaksuchthingswithmeasyoulike,saysThorstein,butdonttellsuchthingsto

BroddHelgi.

12.12.ReadingExercise.1)adv,already.2)pronoun,ndatsgofatthis,it.3)noun(placename),ndatsgofHofHof.4)noun,nnomplofnautcattle,oxen.5)noun,mdatsgofstullmilkingpen.6)noun,mdatsgwithdefarticleofstullmilkingpen.7)preposition,into.8)pronoun,mgenplofeirthey(m).9)verb,3sgpresofdugado,showprowess.10)verb,3sgpresoffarago.11)adv,better.

12.13.PresentandPastTenseofStrongVerbs.1)br;bau.2)strkr;strauk.3)kemr;kom.4)gengr,gekk.5)btr;beit.6)gngum;gengum.7)lti;litu.

12.14.StrongVerbs:ClassesIIII.1)III.2)II.3)I.4)II.5)III.6)I.7)III.8)III.

12.15.StrongVerbs:ClassesIIII.1)III;fundu.2)III;verum.III)I;lta.4)II;lautt.5)I;sveik.6)II;lustum.7)III;gall.8)I;rr.9)III;springi.10)II;flugu.11)III;skkvi.12)III;sungum.

12.16.ThePronounsHverrandEinnhverr.HVERRPENNINGR EITTHVERTSKIP

Sgnom hverrpenningr eitthvertskipacc hvernpenning eitthvertskipdat hverjumpenningi einhverjuskipigen hverspennings einhversskips

Plnom hverirpenningar einhverskipacc hverjapenninga einhverskipdat hverjumpenningum einhverjumskipum

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY34gen hverrapenninga einhverraskipa

12.17.StrongandWeakVerbs.1)fru.2)gerir.3)kom.4)herjuu.5)gekk.6)veri.

12.18.StrongVerbs:ClassIII.PRESENT PAST

Sgek slepp Sgek slapp sleppr slappt

hann sleppr hann slapp

Plvr sleppum Plvr sluppumr sleppi r sluppueir sleppa eir sluppu

1)snertr,snart,snurtu,snortinn.2)bergr,barg,burgu,borginn.3)spinnr,spann,spunnu,spunninn. 4)helpr,halp,hulpu,holpinn. 5)brestr,brast,brustu,brostinn. 6)brennr,brann,brunnu,brunninn.7)verr,var,uru,orinn.8)vinnr,vann,unnu,unni.9)verpr,varp,urpu,orpinn.10)verr,varr,urru,orrinn.11)sprakk.12)galt.13)vatt.14)vera. 15)spinna. 16)detta. 17)finna. 18)drekka. 19)vera. 20)burgu. 21)spinnum.22)svimma.23)gallt.24)brast.25)snurtum.26)var.27)helpr.

12.19.ReadingRunes.Ginnlaug,Holmgeirsdaughter,thesisterofSigrodandthoseofGaut[hissiblings],shehadthisbridgebuiltandraisedthisstoneafter[inmemoryof]Assur,herhusband,[whowas]thesonofEarlHakon.Thatone[hewho]wastheVikingWarden[commanderoftheguardagainstvikings]withGaetir.MayGodnowhelphisspiritandsoul.

LESSON13ANSWERKEY13.1.ReadingTranslation.Thedayafter,BroddHelgiaskedtheshepherdhowthingsweregoingwanderingabout[withthesheep].Andhe[Helgi]receivedthesamereplyashadThorstein.BroddHelgipretendedhedidnothearandwenttobedintheevening.Andwhentheotherpeoplehadfallenasleep,hegotupandtakinghisshield,hethenwentout.

Itismentioned,thathepickedupalargeandthinflagstone[flatstone].Heputoneendintohispants,andtheotheroverhischest.Hehadinhishandalargebroadaxewithalongshaft.Nexthewalkeduntilhecametothesheeppen,andfromtherehefollowedthetracks,becausetherewassnowontheground.

HearriveduponSmjorvatnsheidiaboveSunnudal.Svarthadgoneoutside.Hesawthatavigorousmanhadcomeandaskedwhomightbethere.BroddHelginamedhimself.You


probablyintendtocomefindme,andnotwithoutareason,hesays.Svartleptathimthrustingwithalargebroadbladedspear.ButBroddHelgiparried

withhisshieldand[thespearpoint]landedontheouteredgeoftheshield.Itstruckagainstthestone,andglancedofftheflagstonesohardthathe(Svart)fellforwardfollowingtheblow.BroddHelginowhewedattheleg,cuttingitoff.

ThenSvartsaid:Nowthedifferenceinluckforeachofusisdetermined,hesays,andyou will become my slayer, but that family calamity will come to pass on your kinhenceforth,thatwilllastforalltimewhilethelandisinhabited.AfterthatHelgistruckhimhisdeathblow.

NowoldThorsteinwakesathomeatHofandwalksfromhisbedandtouchesBroddHelgisbed.Ithadbecomecold.HewakesuphisfarmhandsandtellsthemtogoandsearchforBroddHelgi.Andwhentheycameout,theyfollowedhistracksallthewayandfoundhimattheplacewhereSvartlaydead.

AfterwardstheycoveredSvartscorpseandrecoveredeverythingwhichwasvaluable.BroddHelgibecamewidelyrenownedandmuchpraisedbythepublicforthiscourageousdeed,whichhehadaccomplishedasyoungashestillwasatthatage.

13.6.PreteritePresentVerbs.1).2)m.3)arft.4)mun.5)skalt.6)kann.7)skal.8)m.

13.11.ComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectives.1) black; svartari; blacker; svartastr; blackest. 2) bright; bjartari; brighter; bjartastr;brightest. 3) long; lengri; longer; lengstr; longest. 4) young; yngri; younger; yngstr;youngest.5)high;hri;higher;hstr;highest.6)good;betri;better;beztr;best.7)bad;verri;worse;verstr;worst.8)little;minni;less/littler;minnstr;least/littlest.9)many;fleiri;more;flestr;most.10)much/great;meiri;more/greater;mestr;most/greatest.

13.13.ReadingTranslation(thefirstthreeparagraphs).Atthattime,whenThorsteintheWhitelivedatHofandBroddHelgigrewupwithhim,amannamedlytinglivedatKrossaviktheOuter.HewasthesonofAsbjorn,thesonofOlafLongneck.Hewasawisemanandextremelywealthy.

LytingwasmarriedtoawomannamedThordis,whowasthedaughterofHerluBjarni,thesonofArnfinn.Twooftheirsonsappearinthissaga.OnewascalledGeitirandtheotherBlaeng.HallawasthenameofLytingsdaughter,andanotherwasnamedRannveig.ShewasmarriedouttoKlifshagiinOxafjordtothatmanwhowasnamedOlaf.

ThebrothersandBroddHelgiweremuchthesameage,andtherewasgreatfriendshipbetweenthem.BroddHelgimarriedHallaLytingsdottir,thesisterofthosebrothers.TheirdaughterwasThordisTodda,whomarriedHelgiAsbjarnason.BjarniwasthenameoftheiryoungersonandLytingtheolder.BjarniwasfosteredatKrossavikwithGeitir.Blaengwasvery strong but somewhat lame when walking. Geitir was married to HallkatlaThidrandadottir,theauntofthesonsofDroplaug.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY36ThefriendshipbetweenBroddHelgiandGeitirwassogoodthattheyplayedevery

gametogetherandmadeallplans incommon.Theymetnearlyeveryday,andpeoplecommentedonhowstrongtheirfriendshipwas.

Atthistime,therelivedinSunnudalamannamedThormod.HewascalledStikublig.HewasthesonofSteinbjorntheStockyandthebrotherofReftheRedfromRefsstadirandEgil fromEgilsstadir.EgilschildrenwereThorarin,Hallbjorn,Throst,andHallfrid,whomarriedThorkelGeitisson.ThormodssonswereThorsteinandEyvind,andRefssonswereSteinandHreidar.TheywereallGeitirsthingmen.Hewasanextremelywiseman.

HallaandBroddHelgisrelationshipwasgood.LytingwasfosteredinOxafjordwithThorgilstheSkinner.BroddHelgiwaswealthy.

13.14.StrongVerbs.PRESENT PAST

Sgek gef Sgek gaf gefr gaft

hann gefr hann gaf

Plvr gefum Plvr gfumr gefi r gfueir gefa eir gfu

1)skerr,skar,skru,skorinn.2)lekr,lak,lku,lekinn.3)getr,gat,gtu,getinn.4)metr,mat,mtu,metinn.5)drepr,drap,drpu,drepinn.6)stelr,stal,stlu,stolinn.7)sitr,sat,stu,setinn.8)kver,kva,kvu,kveinn.9)liggr,l,lgu,leginn.10)iggr,,gu,eginn.11)kvu.12)lak.13)getum.14)nmum.15)skart.16)l.

13.15.StrongVerbs.1)5.2)4.3)2.4)3.5)5.6)3.7)2.8)3.9)5.10)2.11)4.12)1.

13.16.PreteritePresentVerbs.1)YoumustgotoNorway;eiga.2)Weoughttomakeale;skulu.3)Youcan/knowhowtoridehorses;kunna.4)They(f)neededtoaskthechieftain;urfa.5)Imayspeakwiththeking;mega.6)Youwillbecomeakinsman;munu.7)Onegrovestoodveryclosetothehall,whichthekingowned;eiga.8)Imyselfshallgototheislandfirstthinginthemorning;skulu.9)Svipdagspokesoloudlythatallcouldhear;mega.10)ButKingHrolfownedthathawkwhichiscalledHabrok;eiga.

13.17.PreteritePresentVerbs.1)urfa;1plpres;weneed.2)munu;2sgpres;you(sg)will.3)mega;2sgpres;you(sg)may.4)skulu;1/3sgpres;I/he/sheshall/ought.5)mega;2plpres;you(pl)may.6)kunna;1/3sgpres;I/he/shecan/know(s)howto.7)skulu;2plpres;you(pl)shall/ought.8)vita;


2sgpres;you(sg)know.

13.18.ComparativeAdjectives.M F N

Sgnom sterkari sterkari sterkaraacc sterkara sterkari sterkaradat sterkara sterkari sterkaragen sterkara sterkari sterkara

Plnom sterkari sterkari sterkariacc sterkari sterkari sterkaridat sterkurum sterkurum sterkurumgen sterkari sterkari sterkari

13.19.SuperlativeAdjectives.Strong M F N

Sgnom rkastr rkust rkastacc rkastan rkasta rkastdat rkustum rkastri rkustugen rkasts rkastrar rkasts

Plnom rkastir rkastar rkustacc rkasta rkastar rkustdat rkustum rkustum rkustumgen rkastra rkastra rkastra

Weak M F N

Sgnom rkasti rkasta rkastaacc rkasta rkustu rkastadat rkasta rkustu rkastagen rkasta rkustu rkasta

Plnom rkustu rkustu rkustuacc rkustu rkustu rkustudat rkustum rkustum rkustumgen rkustu rkustu rkustu

13.20.Reading.Cattledie,kinsmendie, the selfdies the same; Iknowone thing thatneverdies: thejudgmentofeachdeadperson.


LESSON14ANSWERKEY14.2.ReadingTranslation.

Highanswered,ItisattheashYggdrasil.Thereeachdaythegodsholdtheircourts.ThenGangleriasked,Whatistheretotellaboutthatplace?ThenJustasHighsaid,Theashisthelargestandthebestofalltrees.Itsbranches

spreadthemselvesoveralltheworld,anditstandsoverthesky.Threerootssupportthetreeandtheyarespreadveryfarapart.Oneisamongthesir.AsecondisamongthefrostgiantswhereGinnungagaponcewas.ThethirdreachesdowntoNiflheim,andunderthisrootisthewellHvergelmir;butNidhogg[HatefulStriker]gnawsatthisrootfrombelow.

Under the root that goes to the frost giants, is theWell ofMimir.Wisdom andintelligencearehidden there,andMimir is thenameof thewellsowner.He is fullofwisdombecausehedrinksofthewellfromtheGjallarhorn.AllFatherwentthereandaskedforonedrink from thewell,buthedidnotget thisuntilhegaveoneofhiseyesasapledge....

Thethirdrootoftheashisinheaven,andunderthatrootistheveryholywellcalledtheWellofUrd.Therethegodshavetheirplaceofjudgment.EverydaythesirrideupoverBifrost,whichisalsocalledAsbru[Bridgeofthesir].

14.3.ReadingTranslation.ThenGanglerisaid:Whatmoreofimportancecanbesaidabouttheash?

Highreplied,Thereismuchtobetold.Aneaglesitsinthebranchesoftheash,andithasknowledgeofmanythings.BetweenitseyessitsthehawkcalledVedrfolnir.Thesquirrelcalled Ratatosk [Drill Tooth] runs up and down the ash. He tells slanderous gossip,provoking theeagleandNidhogg.Fourstags1moveabout in thebranchesof theash,devouringthetreesfoliage.2InHvergelmirtherearesomanyserpentswithNidhoggthatnotonguecancountthem....

ItisalsosaidthatthosenornswholivebesideUrdsWelldrawwatereverydayfromthespringandthattheysplashthis,mixedwiththemudthatliesbesidethewell,overtheashsothatitsbrancheswillnotwitherordecay.Thatwaterissosacredthatallthingswhichcomeintothespringbecomeaswhiteasthemembranecalledskjall[skin]whichliesontheinsideoftheeggshell....

Peoplecallthedew,whichfallstotheearth,honeydew,andbeesfeedonit.TwobirdsnourishthemselvesintheWellofUrd.Thesearecalledswans,andfromthemcomesthespeciesofbirdwiththatname.

1 Dain,Dvalin,DuneyrandDurathror2 Thislinehasoftenbeenmistranslated,leadingtothewrongassumptionthattheWorldAshwasaconifer.

Thetextusesthewordsbtabarr.Btameanstobite,ripwiththeteeth,oreat.Barrmeansthefoliageofatree,whetherleaforpineneedle,althoughfrequentlyitreferstojustpineneedles.Together,btabarrmeanstoeatthefoliageoffatree,wordssuitableforbothanashtreeandapine.


ReadingTranslation,Baldr.ThenGanglerisaid:Iwouldliketohearabouttheothersir.

Highsaid,OdinssecondsonisBaldr,andthereismuchgoodtotellabouthim.Heisthebest,andallpraisehim.Heissobeautifulandsobrightthatlightshinesfromhim.OneplantissowhitethatitislikenedtoBaldrsbrow.3Itisthewhitestofallplants,andfromthisyoucanjudgethebeautyofbothhishairandhisbody.Heisthewisestofthegods.Heisalsothemostbeautifullyspokenandthemostmerciful,butoneofhischaracteristicsisthat none of his decisions is effective.He lives at the place calledBreidablik. It is inheaven...ThefiveSuperlatives:Beztr,hvtast,vitrastr,fegrst,lknsamastr.

14.10.VowelLossinTwoSyllableNouns.APTANN UMALL HFU

Sgnom aptann umall hfuacc aptan umal hfudat aptni umli hfigen aptans umals hfus

Plnom aptnar umlar hfuacc aptna umla hfudat aptnum umlum hfumgen aptna umla hfa

14.11.ReadingPassageReview,AskrYggdrasils.Helgistarinn;svarar;dma;beztr;heim;himni;afar;breitt;forum;rija;rt;gnagar;ar;brunninn;vsindum;horninu;drykkjar;auga;himni;heilagr;goin;hvern;dag.

14.12.ReadingPassageandDemonstrativePronounReview.1)s.2)s.3)r;ann.4)at;eir;s.5)s.6)eim.

14.13.StrongVerbsClassVI.PRESENT PAST

Sgek fer Sgek fr ferr frt

hann ferr hann fr

Plvr frum Plvr frumr fari r frueir fara eir fru

3 TheIcelandicplantBaldrsbrismatricariamaritima.

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY401)skepr,skp,skpu,skapinn.2)ekr,k,ku,ekinn.3)melr,ml,mlu,malinn.4)grefr,grf,grfu,grafinn.5)hefr,hf,hfu,hafinn.6)skekr,skk,skku,skekinn.7)ver,,u,vainn.8)sverr,sr,sru,svarinn.9)lu.10)stndum.11)skpt.12)hf.13)grfum.14)sver.

14.14.Verbs:ActiveandMiddleVoice.GERA GEFA

Present ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE

Sgek geri gerumk Sgek gef gefumk gerir gerisk gefr gefsk

hann gerir gerisk hann gefr gefsk

Plvr gerum gerum(s)k Plvr gefum gefum(s)kr geri gerizk r gefi gefizkeir gera gerask eir gefa gefask

PastSgek gera gerumk Sgek gaf gafumk

gerir gerisk gaft gafzkhann geri gerisk hann gaf gafsk

Plvr gerum gerum(s)k Plvr gfum gfum(s)kr geru geruzk r gfu gfuzkeir geru gerusk eir gfu gfusk

14.15.Review:IUmlaut.A.1)y.2).3)/e.4).5)e.6).7).8).9)ey.10).B.1)grr.2)stendr.3)nemr.4)eykr.5)lstr.6)sitr.7)hggr.8)lkr.

14.16.ReadingRunes.Vefast,Folkad,GudmarhadthisstoneraisedaftertheirfatherHolmfast[and]Arnfast.Bothfatherandsonburned.ButtheyBalliandFroystein,followersofHlifstein,carved.

LESSON15ANSWERKEY15.1.ReadingTranslation.After this, Bodvar continued on his way to Hleidargard. Arriving at the kings royalresidence,heimmediatelystabledhishorseinthestallwiththekingsbestmountswithoutaskinganyonespermission.Thenheenteredthehall,wheretherewereonlyafewmen.

Hesatdownneartheentrance,and,afterhehadbeenthereforashorttime,heheardanoisecomingfromaplaceinthecorner.Bodvarlookedinthatdirectionandsawamans


handcomingupfromalargepileofboneslyingthere.Thehandwasveryblack.Bodvarwalked over to there and askedwhomight be in the bone pile.Hewas

answered,thoughtimidly,Hott,Iamcalledkindsir.Whyareyouhere?askedBodvar.Orwhatareyoudoing?Hottreplied,Iammakingmyselfashieldwall,kindsir.Youandyourshieldwallarepathetic,saidBodvar.Hegrabbedholdofthemanand

yankedhimoutofthebonepile.Hott screamed loudlyand then said, You seem towant tokillme.Dontdo that,

becauseIhavepreparedmydefensessowell.ButnowyouhavebrokenmyshieldwallintopieceseventhoughIhadbuiltitsohigharoundmethatitprotectedmeagainstallyourblows.Noblowhasreachedmenowforsometime,yetthewallwasnotascompleteasIhadintendedittobe.

Bodvarsaid,Youwillnolongergettobuildyourshieldwall.Hottreplied,Areyougoingtokillmenow,kindsir?Bodvar,toldHotttobequiet.Nexthepickedhimupandcarriedhimfromthehallto

anearbylake.Fewpaidattentiontothis.BodvarwashedHottcompletely.Thenhereturnedtothesameplaceonthebenchwherehehadsatpreviously.HeledHottthereandsathimdownbesidehimself.Hottwassoscaredthatallhislimbsandjointstrembled,althoughheseemedtounderstandthatthismanwantedtohelphim.

Laterintheeveningmenbegandrifingintothehall.HrolfschampionssawthatHotthadbeenseatedononeofthebenches,anditseemedtothemthatthemanwhohadundertakentodothatwasindeedbrave.Whenhesawthem,Hottcastafearfulglaceinthedirectionofhisoldacquaintances,forhehadreceivedonlyharmfromthem.Afraidforhislife,hetriedtogetbacktohisbonepile,butBodvarheldontoHott,andhewasunabletogetaway.Hottthoughtthathewouldnotbesoexposedtothemensblows,ifhecouldmanagetogetfromwherehenowbacktotheboneheap.

Thekingsmennowtookuptheiroldhabits.AtfirsttheythrewsmallbonesacrosstheflooratBodvarandHott.Bodvaractedasifhesawnothing.Hottwassofrightenedthathetookneitherfoodnordrink,expectingtobestruckatanymoment.

ThenHottsaidtoBodvar,Kindsir,herecomesatyoualargeknucklebone,whichisintendedtodousharm.

BodvartoldHotttobequiet.Hecuppedhishandandcaughttheknucklebone,whichincludedtheattachedlegbone.Bodvarthrewtheknuckleback,anditsmashedwithsuchforceintothemanwhohadthrownitthathewaskilled.1Thekingsmenwerestruckwithfear.

15.10OrdinalNumbers.Annar;rii;fjri;fimmti,stti;sjaundi;tti;ttundi;nundi;tundi;ellifti.

15.11.ReadingTranslation.AsYuletimedrewnear,gloomsettledoverthemen.BodvaraskedHottwhatwasthecause

VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY42[oftheirdejection].Hotttoldhimthatahuge,monsterousbeasthadcometherethepasttwowinters.Thecreaturehaswingsonitsbackandfliescontinually.Fortwoautumnsnowit has come here, causingmuch damage.Noweapon can bite into it, and the kingschampions,eventhebestamongthem,donotreturnhome.

Bodvarsaid,ThehallisnotsowellmannedasIhadthought,ifoneanimalalonecoulddestroythekingslandsandhislivestock.

Hottsaid,Itisnotananimal,ratheritisthegreatestoftrolls....Bodvarstoleaway inthenightandtookHottwithhim.Hottwentonlyafterbeing

forcedtodoso,declaringthathewasbeingsteeredstraighttowarddeath.Bodvarsaid,Thingswillturnoutforthebetter.Theyleftthehallbehindthem,andBodvarhadtocarryHott;suchwashisfright.They

sawthecreature,andimmediatelyHottstartedtoscreamasloudlyashecould,sayingthatthebeastwouldswallowhim.Bodvartoldthedog[Hott]tobequietandthrewhimdownonthemoor.Andtherehelay,notalittlescared.Atthesametime,hedarednotleave.

Bodvar now went against the beast... The sword came out of the sheath, andimmediatelyhethrustitupunderthebeastsshoulder.Hestrucksohardandfastthatthebladereachedintotheheart.Thenthebeastfelldeadtotheground.

15.13.ReadingTranslation.AkinginDenmarkisnamedHrolfKraki.ApoorlittleboynamedVoggcameintoKingHrolfshall.Atthetime,thekingwasyoungandslenderinbuild.

VoggwentbeforeHrolfandstaredupathim.Thenthekingsaid:Whatdoyouwanttosay,boy,sinceyouarestaringatme?

Voggreplied,WhenIwasathomeIhearditsaidthatKingHrolfatHleidrawasthegreatestmaninthenorthernlands,butnowtheresitsbeforemeonthethroneathinpole[kraki]ofaman;andyoucallhimyourking!4

Inreplythekingsaid,You,boy,havegivenmeaname.IshallbecalledHrolfKraki.

15.15.GrammarReview.1)noun,mdatpl,hestr,horse.2)verb,3sgpresreflexive(middlevoice),setja,set.3)verb,2sgpres,sj,see.4)adj,fdatsg,mikill,large.5)comparativeadv,heldr,rather.6)verb,2sgpreswithencliticpronoun,vera,be.7)verb,2sgimperative,gera(gra),do.8)verb,ppartreflexive,ba,prepare.9)verb,3sgpastsubj,skulu,shall.10)noun,faccsgwithdefarticle,skjaldborg,shieldwall.

15.16.EncliticPronouns.1)ert.2)vill.3)munt.4)skalt.5)vill.6)heyraek.

4 According to the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, writing about 1200,kraki refers toa tree trunktrimmedsothatitcanbeusedasaladder.


15.17.StrongVerbs:ClassVII.PRESENT PAST

Sgek r Sgek r rr rtt

hann rr hann r

Plvr rum Plvr rumr ri r rueir ra eir ru

1)aukinn.2)grtinn.3)leikinn.4)bltinn.5)fallinn.6)hlaupinn.7)jku;auka.8)grtu;grta.9)lku;leika.10)bltu;blta.11)fllu;falla.12)hljpu;hlaupa.13)gekk.14)hlt.

15.18.StrongVerbs:ClassesIVII.1)5;gefa.2)7;htu.3)3;verum.4)1;lta.5)6;dr.6)2;bautt.7)7;haldi.8)1;sveik.

15.19.SubjunctiveMood:ActiveandMiddleVoice.GERA BRJTA

Present ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE

Sgek gera gerumk Sgek brjta brjtumk gerir gerisk brjtir brjtisk

hann geri gerisk hann brjti brjtisk

Plvr gerim gerim(s)k Plvr brjtim brjtim(s)kr geri gerizk r brjti brjtizkeir geri gerisk eir brjti brjtisk

GERA BRJTAPast ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE

Sgek gera gerumk Sgek bryta brytumk gerir gerisk brytir brytisk

hann geri gerisk hann bryti brytisk

Plvr gerim gerim(s)k Plvr brytim brytim(s)kr geri gerizk r bryti brytizkeir geri gerisk eir bryti brytisk

15.20.SubjunctiveofWeakVerbs.1)2plpastsubj.2)1sgpressubj.3)3sg/plpastsubj.4)2sgpressubj.5)2plpastmidsubj.6)1sgpastsubj.


1.AccordingtoSaxosHistory,thisepisodetookplaceattheweddingofHrolfssistertoAgnarIngjaldsson.

15.21.SubjunctiveofStrongVerbs.1)1plpressubj.2)2plpastsubj.3)1sgpastsubj.4)3sg/plpastsubj.5)1sgpresmidsubj.6)3sg/plpastsubj.

15.22.Review:Prepositions,Pronouns,andCaseEndings.;Hrlfr;kraki;ftkr;Vggr;;konungs;konungrinn;ungr;grannligr;Vggr;hann;hann;konungrinn;sveinn;;konungr;at;mestr;;;ltill;konungr;Hrlfr;kraki.

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Viking Language 1 Answer Key Les1-15