v$kdp¡ `pfp¡€¦ · kyfA¡ AÞapg A_hpê$g bep_ 1 A¡d.A¡ `bguif 41 du Apes-lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Myçk rhj¡ sdpd dykgdp_p¡_¡ lyL$d Ap`¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap Apesdp

v$kdp¡ `pfp¡

kyfA¡ AÞapg A_hpê$g bep_

www.mapublisher.net 1 A¡d.A¡ `bguif

41 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Myçk rhj¡ sdpd

dykgdp_p¡_¡ lyL$d Ap`¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap Apesdp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡

dykgdp_p¡ sdp¡ ÅZp¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Ly$aapfp¡ `pk¡\u Tbf v$õsu A_¡

L$lf\u S>¡ L$p„C N_udsdp„\u sdp¡A¡ gu^y„ R>¡ (A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ A¡L$

v$p¡fu A\hp gpL$X$u lp¡e) sp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡dp„ ""Myçk'' A¡V$g¡ s¡dp„\u

`p„Qdp¡ cpN Myv$p dpV$¡ A_¡ èNçbf A_¡ èNçbf_p kNpAp¡

(L$¡ s¡ b_u lpid R>¡) A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p esudp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p duõL$u_p¡

A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p dykpafp¡ dpV$¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡ A¡hp dykpafp¡ L$¡ ANfQ¡

`p¡sp_p il¡fdp„ sh„Nf lp¡e `Z `fv$¡i Aphu_¡ dyaguk \C Nep

lp¡e A¡V$g¡ fõsp_p¡ MfQ _ lp¡e s¡Ap¡ kfh¡_¡ Myçk Ap`p¡ ANf

sdp¡ Myv$p_u kp\¡ Cdp_ gpìep lp¡, s¡dS> Adp¡A¡ Adpfp b„v$p

A¡V$g¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. D`f S>¡ QuÅ¡ A¡V$g¡ Ly$fAp__u Apesp¡ _pTug

L$fu R>¡ s¡, A_¡ dgpA¡L$pAp¡ L$¡ dykgdp_p¡_u Ly$dL$ dpV$¡ _pTug L$ep®

lsp s¡, A_¡ ayfL$p_ (lL$_y„ bpsug\u Sy>vy„$ \hy„ L$¡ s¡ bv$f_u gX$pC_p¡

v$uhk R>¡) L$¡ S>¡ v$uhk¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡_u b¡ S>dpAsp¡A¡

Ap`kdp„ gX$pC dpV$¡ dygpL$ps L$fu L$¡ s¡ v$uhk k_¡ b¡ luS>fu dpl¡

""fdTp_'' _u kÐsfdu spfuM A_¡ Sy>çdp_p¡ v$uhk R>¡, A¡ kfh¡

D`f ANf sdp¡ Cdp_ gpìep lp¡sp¡ Myçk Ap`p¡, A_¡ Myv$p v$f¡L$

QuS> D`f Ly$v$fs ^fph_pf R>¡ L$¡ \p¡X$p S>Z_¡ OZp Ly$aapfp¡ D`f

au sakufug Ly$fAp_ 10dp¡ `pfp¡


Npgub L$f¡ R>¡. ÅZhy„ Å¡e¡ L$¡ ""N_uds'' A¡ QuS> R>¡ L$¡ lfbu1

Ly$aapfp¡\u S>¡lpv$ L$fu_¡ S>¡ L$p„C dpg g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ ""ae''

A¡ QuS> R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gX$pC hNf g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ BÞkp_dp„ esud

A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡_p¡ bp` dfu Åe, A_¡ lehp_dp„ esud A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡_u

dp dfu Åe. A_¡ duõL$u_ dp¡lspS>_¡ L$l¡ R>¡; A_¡

""hbr_õkbug'' dykpafp¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡. A_¡ Myçk_p¡ lpg A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡

Mpk b_ulpid A¡V$g¡ lTfs¡ lpid_u Ahgpv$ dpV$¡ R>¡. A_¡

lTfs¡ lpid S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p `fv$pv$p \pe R>¡, sp¡ lTfs¡

lpid_u Ahgpv$ dpV$¡ Myçk lgpg R>¡ A_¡ kv$L$p¡ A¡V$g¡ afT

TL$ps s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ lfpd R>¡. A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p Tdp_pdp„

Myçk_p R> hucpN \sp lsp, s¡dp„\u A¡L$ Myv$p_p¡ 2 buÅ¡

èNçbf_p¡, ÓuÅ¡ èNçbf_p kNpìlpgpAp¡_p¡, Ap ÓZ luõkp

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. g¡sp lsp; A_¡ A¡L$ luõkp¡ b_ulpid_p

esudp¡_¡ buÅ¡ s¡Ap¡_p duõL$u_p¡_p¡ A_¡ ÓuÅ¡ s¡Ap¡_p dykpafp¡_p¡

1. lfbu A¡V$g¡ S>¡ Ly$aapfp¡ Bkgpd_¡ S>qTep¡ Ap`sp _ lp¡e s¡ hu0.

2. ÅZhy„ Å¡BA¡ L$¡ Ap Apesdp„ Myçk_p cpNdp„ Myv$p_y„ _pd Apìey„ L$¡ A¡L$ cpN Myv$p dpV$¡ R>¡ s¡ hui¡ sakuf¡ d_lSy>õkpv$¡L$u_dp„ gM¡ R>¡ L$¡ Apgudp¡_u S>dpAs A¡L$ ds R>¡ L$¡ Ap Apesdp„ Aëgpl_y„ _pd A¡L$ spAfua sfuL$¡ R>¡ sp¡ Myv$p_p¡ cpN lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k0 dpV$¡ R>¡.



Ap`sp lsp. Ap âdpZ¡ R> cpN hl¢Qsp lsp, A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _u `R>u Myv$p_p¡, èNçbf_p¡, A_¡ èNçbf_p

kNpìlpgpAp¡_p¡ dmu A¡ ÓZ cpN Cdpdp¡_¡ `lp¢Qsp lsp L$pfZ

L$¡ s¡Ap¡ èNçbf_p L$ped dyL$pd R>¡. `Z èNçbf `R>u

èNçbf_u Apg_p vy$íd_p¡A¡ kNpìlpgp_p cpN_¡ b„^ L$fu v$u^p¡,

A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p kNpìlpgpAp¡_¡ _ Apàep¡. A_¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ b_ulpid_u aTugs dpV$¡ Myçk dyL$f®f L$ey® lsy„

L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f kv$L$p¡ lfpd R>¡, A_¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡_y„ NyS>fp_ \pe

_l] s¡V$gp dpV$¡ Myv$pA¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ Myçk dyL$f®f L$ey®. A_¡ lTfs¡

Cdpd¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. afdpìey„ L$¡¡¡ Myv$p_u L$kd

""TugLy$fbp'' \u Adp¡ dyfpv$ R>uA¡ A_¡ s¡ A¡ ""TugLy$fbp'' L$¡ S>¡_¡

Myv$pA¡ `p¡sp_p èNçbf_p _pd_u `pk¡ TuL$f L$f¡g R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap

Apes_u iê$Apsdp„ Aphu Ney„. A_¡ Ap kOmp„ Adpfpdp„\u R>¡,

A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ kv$L$pdp„\u Adpfp dpV$¡ L$p„C dyL$f®f L$ey® _\u

L$pfZ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Adp¡_¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p èNçbf_¡

dpZkp¡_p d¡g A_¡ kv$L$p¡ Mhfphhp\u byTyN® L$ep® R>¡. A_¡ L$p¡CA¡

lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ fTp A. _¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ Myçkdp„\u S>¡ cpN Myv$p dpV$¡ R>¡

s¡ L$p¡_p¡ lL$ R>¡? afdpìey„ L$¡ èNçbf_p¡ A_¡ s¡d_p `R>u Cdpdp¡_p¡

lL$ R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡

Myçkdp„\u Myv$p_p¡ luõkp¡ s¡ èNçbf dpV$¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡ s¡_¡ fpl¡



Myv$pdp„ MfQ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ èNçbf_y„ Myçk s¡_p kNpìlpgpAp¡

dpV$¡ R>¡, A_¡ èNçbf_p kNpAp¡_p¡ lL$ `Z s¡Ap¡_p kNpAp¡S>

dpV$¡ R>¡. A_¡ esud `Z A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ s¡Ap¡_uS> Alg¡ b¥sdp„ R>¡.

sp¡ Myçk_p Ap Qpf cpN s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡

bpL$uf A. A\hp lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡

L$¡ Myv$p_y„ A_¡ èNçbf_y„ M yçk Cdpdp¡ dpV$¡ R>¡, A_¡

kNpìlpgpAp¡_p¡ Myçk èNçbf dpV$¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ `Z kN`Z_p

L$pfZ\u Cdpd dpV$¡ R>¡, A_¡ esud, duõL$u_p¡, A_¡ dykpafp¡ s¡

`Z Apg¡ dp¡lçdv$dp„\u S> R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p Of\u buÆ S>ÁepA¡ Myçk

S>C iL$sp¡ _\u. sp¡ kpbus \ey„ L$¡ Myçk_p¡ lL$ kpv$psp¡ dpV$¡ R>¡

A_¡ s¡_¡ Av$p L$fhp¡ hpÆb R>¡. lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡

S>¡ L$p¡C vy$Þepdp„ dpfu Alg¡b¥s D`f A¡lkp_ L$fi¡ s¡_p¡ bv$gp¡ ly„

L$epdsdp„ Apùi; A_¡ s¡S> lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ L$epds_p v$uhk¡ ly„

Qpf aufL$p_u iapAs L$fui Å¡ L$¡ s¡ aufL$p ApMu vy$Þep_p Ny_pl

D`pX$u_¡ Apìep li¡; s¡dp„\u A¡L$ sp¡ A¡L$¡ S>¡Z¡ dpfu Ahgpv$_u

dv$v$ L$fu li¡, A_¡ buÅ¡ A¡L$¡ S>¡Z¡ dpfu Ahgpv$_¡ dpg Apàep¡

li¡, A_¡ ÓuÅ¡ A¡L$¡ S>¡ dpfu Ahgpv$ kp\¡ A„s:L$fZ A_¡ Tbp_\u

v$p¡õsu fpM¡ R>¡, A_¡ Qp¡\p¡ A¡L$¡ Äepf¡ dpfu Ahgpv$_¡ vy$íd_p¡A¡

L$pY$u dyL$u lp¡e A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ bv$u L$fu lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡d_u lpS>sp¡_¡

bf gph¡. A_¡ N_uds_p dpgdp„\u Myçk L$pY$u bpL$u fl¡ s¡dp„\u



Qpf cpN sdpd S>¡lpv$ L$fhphpmp_¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ `¥v$g L$fsp

khpfp¡_¡ bdZp¡, A_¡ ANf L$p¡C_p Op¡X$p OZp lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡ b¡

khpfp¡\u h^pf¡ cpN _l] dm¡; A_¡ ANf L$¡V$gp„L$ dpZkp¡

dykgdp_p¡_u dv$v$¡ Apìep R>¡ A_¡ lSy> dykgdp_p¡ gX$pCdp„ diNyg

R>¡ A_¡ lSy> N_uds hl¢QpC _\u sp¡ hl¢Qpsu hMs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z

A¡L$ A¡L$ cpN dmi¡, A_¡ N_uds_p dpg iuhpe Myçk buÆ R>

QuS>dp„ gpNy R>¡. 1-MpZ_p `v$p\p£ S>¡dL$¡ kp¡_y„, Qp„v$u, L$\ug,

kyfdp¡, epLy$s, TbfSy>v$ A_¡ N„Ö` rh0 f-v$pV$¡gp¡ MTp_p¡ ANf

L$p¡C S>ÁepA¡\u dm¡ s¡. 3-S>¡ QuS> v$fuepdp„\u L$pY$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡

S>¡dL$¡ dp¡su dy„Np rh0 4-S>¡ hMs¡ lgpg dpg lfpddp„ dmu Åe

A_¡ s¡ lfpd L$¡V$gy„ A_¡ L$p¡_y„ lsy„ s¡_u Mbf _ `X$¡ sp¡ s¡dp„\u Myçk

L$pY$¡ sp¡ lgpg \C Åe R>¡. `-L$pãaf¡ Tuçdu1 dykgdp_ `pk¡\u

S>du_ h¡Qpsu gue¡ sp¡ s¡dp„\u s¡ dy¿k Ap`¡, 6-h¡l`pf A\hp

M¡su _p¡L$fu rh0 \u S>¡ L$p„C dm¡ sp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApMp hj®_p¡ sdpd

MfQ L$pY$sp„ S>¡ L$p„C h^pfp¡ fl¡ s¡dp„\u `p„Qdp¡ cpN Myçk L$pY$hy„

hpÆb R>¡. Ap R> QuS> A_¡ N_uds S>¡ D`f bep_ \C s¡ dmu_¡

kps QuÅ¡dp„ Myçk hpÆb R>¡ S>¡_u sakug auL$pl_u L$uspbp¡dp„

dhSy>v$ R>¡.

1. L$paf¡ Tuçdu A¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ kpl¡b¡ L$uspb lp¡e S>¡dL$¡ _kpfp, elyv$u, dSy>ku A_¡ s¡ âdpZ¡ S>qTep¡ Ap`sp lp¡e.



lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$¡L$ A0 afdpìey„ L$¡ Cdpd_u `pk¡

Myçk_p¡ A¡L$ v$ufld `lp¢QpX$ep¡ s¡ Myv$p_¡ blyS> `k„v$ A_¡ dlbyb R>¡.

_¡ L$epds_p v$uhk¡ s¡ v$ufld_p¡ khpb Ap¡lp¡v$ lpX$ S>¡hp¡ \i¡. lTfs¡

Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$ bpL$¡f¡ A0 afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡ L$p¡C Myçk_p `¥kp\u L$p¡C

QuS> h¡Qpsu guA¡ sp¡ s¡ lfpd R>¡, A_¡ Myv$p s¡_¡ dpa _l] L$f¡. lTfs

fkyg¡ Myv$p k0 afdpìey„ L$¡ dpfu Ahgpv$_p lL$dp„\u S>¡ S>¡ QuS>_¡

Myv$pA¡ lfpd L$f¡g R>¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C lgpg L$f¡ sp¡ s¡ gpA_s_p¡ kÅhpf

R>¡. _¡ S>¡ Adpfp `f Tygd L$f¡ sp¡ s¡_p `f Myv$p_u gA_s R>¡. lTfs

Cdpd ÅAaf¡ kpv$¡L$ A0 afdpìey„ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ Adpfp `f kv$L$p¡ lfpd

L$ep£ s¡\u Adpfp dpV$¡ Myçk L$f¡g R>¡, sp¡ ÅZp¡ L$¡ kv$L$p¡ Adp¡_¡ Ap`hp¡

lfpd R>¡ _¡ Myçk afT R>¡. lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k0 afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡L$

Tdp_p¡ A¡hp¡ Aphi¡ L$¡ s¡ hMs_p gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_u Ap¡fsp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡

L$ubgp¡ kdS>i¡, A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_u `pk¡ A¡hp¡ dfsbp¡ NZi¡: _¡ _pZp_¡

`p¡sp_y„ Cdp_ ÅZi¡. sp¡ dsgb A¡L$¡ A¡hp kMs S>dp_pdp„ Q¡su_¡

Qpghy„, _¡ _pZp_¡ àepf L$fu hpÆb lL$_¡ AV$L$phhp¡ _l] _¡ Ap¡fsp¡_p

A¡hp spb¡v$pf _ \C S>hy„ L$¡ s¡_¡ L$ubgp_u S>¡d kdS>¡ hu0 l0 Cdpd¡

fTp A0 _¡ apfk_p A¡L$ h¡l`pfuA¡ `yR>pìey„ L$¡ ep lTfs sdp¡ fÅ

Ap`p¡ L$¡ Myçk_p¡ `Cip¡ _ Ap`sp ly„ `p¡s¡ hp`ê„$. lTfs¡ S>hpbdp„

g¿ey„ s¡_p¡ Mygpkp¡ A¡ L$¡ Myv$ph„v$¡ L$fud A¡hp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ kpfp L$pd L$f¡ _¡

s¡_u Myiu dpV$¡ hp`f¡ s¡_¡ khpb A_¡ bfL$s Ap`¡ R>¡ _¡ S>¡ bMugu



A_¡ s„Nu L$f¡ s¡_¡ s¡_u kÅA¡ `lp¢QpX$¡; _¡ ÅZ L$¡ S>¡ dpg Myv$pA¡

lgpg L$ep£ s¡S> lgpg R>¡, _¡ S>¡ lfpd L$ep£ s¡ lfpd R>¡, A¡V$g¡ Myv$p

lgpg L$f¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C lfpd L$fu iL$sy„ _\u _¡ lfpd L$f¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C lgpg

L$fu iL$sy„ _\u. _¡ Myçk Myv$pA¡ Adp¡ A_¡ Adpfp Algp¡ Aepg dpV$¡

L$f¡g R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u MfQ Qpg¡ _¡ dv$v$ \pe; _¡ v$u__u _uN¡lbp_u b_¡.

`k A¡ dpg AV$L$phhp¡ _l], _¡ `p¡sp_¡ Adpfu v$p¡ApAp¡\u dlê$d _

fpMp¡. S>¡ ÅZp¡ L$¡ Myçk_y„ L$pY$hy„ s¡ fuS>L$_p MÅ_p_u Qphu R>¡. _¡

Ny_plp¡_u bnpCi R>¡ _¡ blyS> S>ê$f_¡ lpTs X$i¡ s¡ v$uhk dpV$¡ kOfp¡

R>¡. _¡ dykgdp_ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p kp\¡ S>¡ QuS>_p¡ hpev$p¡ L$ep£ lp¡e s¡ `yfp¡

L$f¡ A_¡ S>¡ S>bp_\u `yê$ L$f¡_¡ v$ug\u DgVy„$ L$f¡ s¡ dykgdp_ _\u.

""_pÆ'' L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ap D`f\u A¡d _ kdS>sp L$¡ Cdpd `p¡s¡ `Cip

g¡hp dpV$¡ \C Ap dyS>b afdphsp lsp _¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z gpgQy lsp, _p,

_p, A¡ lL$ sp¡ Ap`Zp `f Myv$pA¡ hpÆb L$f¡g R>¡, s¡ `Z kpfu lpgs

lp¡C_¡ `p¡sp_p MfQ\u bQ¡ s¡ hMs¡ R>¡, A_¡ Mpk L$fu_¡ Myçk\u

kpv$ps Nfubp¡ esud_¡ apev$p¡ `lp¢Qhp_p¡ R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ kèev$p¡ `f kv$L$p¡

Myv$pA¡ lfpd L$f¡g R>¡. sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u dv$v$ Ap fus\u R>¡, Cdpdp¡ `p¡s¡

cy¿ep fl¡sp apL$p L$fsp _¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap`sp, hu0 bpbsp¡ dilyf R>¡,

sp¡ `Z A¡ bpbs D`f Âep_ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap`Zu luv$pes

dpV$¡ L$¡hu L$¡hu dykubsp¡ D`pX$u R>¡ L$¡ p¡sp_p hs_ R>p¡X$u Apàep, p¡sp_p

kNpAp¡ ATuTp¡\u vy$f flep, S„>Ng Apbpv$ L$ep® fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ `p¡sp_p



gp¡lu h¡lhfpìep sp¡ l¥a R>¡ Ap`Zp `f L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ lL$ MpC S>CA¡ _¡

s¡Ap¡ vy$:Mu \pe. ANf sdpd dp¡Adu_ S>¡_p `f Myçk hpÆb R>¡ s¡

L$pY$¡ sp¡ dpfp kdS>hp âdpZ¡ L$p¡C kev$ dp¡lspS> _ fl¡ _¡ dpNhp_u

S>ê$fs _ `X$¡, huQpf L$fp¡ L$¡ Ap`Z¡ Myçk_p¡ `Cip¡ MpC S>C_¡ _

Apùe¡ sp¡ S>_pb¡ `„S>s_¡ `pL$ Ap`Zp\u _pfpS> \sp li¡? Myçk_p¡

`Cip¡ Ap`Zp f lp¡hp R>sp„ _ ApùA¡, _¡ Ap`Zp bÃQpAp¡ Ap¡fsp¡

MpA¡ ùA¡, _¡ Cdpd_u Ap¡gpv$ k¡L$X$p¡ kCev$p¡_u bÃQp„ Ap¡fsp¡ apL$p

L$f¡ _¡ cyM¡ fl¡ _¡ Ap`Z¡ kp„cmuA¡, A¡ L$¡hu Cdp_v$pfu_u A_¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k0 _u Csfs_u fhfui R>¡?! hmu A¡ R>sp„ A¡S> byTfNhpfp¡\u

iapAs_u Dçd¡v$ fpMuA¡.

42 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dykgdp_p¡_u dv$v$ rhj¡

bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dykgdp_p¡ sdp¡ epv$ L$fp¡ L$¡ S>¡

hMs¡ sdp¡ dv$u_p_u `pk¡ d¥v$p__p L$u_pfpdp„ lsp L$¡ sdpfp `N

f¡sudp„ ^ku S>sp lsp A_¡ sdpfu `pk¡ `pZu _lsy„. A_¡ s¡Ap¡

A¡V$g¡ Ly$aapfp¡ dv$u_p\u R>¡V$¡ d¥v$p__p L$u_pfp D`f _¡lf_u `pk¡

lsp; A_¡ khpfp¡ A¡V$g¡ d½$p_p L$pagp_p khpf S>¡dL$¡ Abykyaep_

rh0 sdpfp\u h^pf¡ _uQpZdp„ ÓZ afkM1 R>¡V$¡ lsp; A_¡ ANf

sdp¡ A¡L$ buÅ_¡ gX$pC_p¡ hpev$p¡ Ap`s¡ A¡ R>sp„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ OZp R>¡

A¡hy„ sdp¡ ÅZsp lsp sp¡ AgbÐsp sdp¡ Mp¥a_p kbb\u hpev$pdp„

1. Apif¡ ÓZ dpBg_p¡ afkM \pe R>¡.



Mugpa L$fs¡ L$¡dL$¡ sdp¡ \p¡X$p S>Z lsp s¡d sdpfu `pk¡ l\uepf

`Z Sy>S> lsp; A_¡ s¡Ap¡ OZp lp¡hp D`fp„s kh£ `pk¡ l\uepf

`Z lsp; `Z Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ sdp¡_¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ bv$fdp„ c¡Np

L$ep® A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$pd Myv$pA¡sApgp_p Cëddp„ NyS>e® lsy„ s¡_¡

sdpd A_¡ yê$ L$f¡ L$¡ p¡sp_p v$p¡õsp¡_¡ as¡l A_¡ CÄS>s Ap`¡, A_¡

L$pãafp¡_¡ lpf s\p Tuëgs s\p ¿hpfu Ap`¡, A_¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ A¡hu

bpbs L$f¡ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k fp¡i_ A_¡ Ål¡f v$gug Å¡hp R>sp„ lgpL$

\ep¡ R>¡ s¡ lgpL$ \pe, A_¡ S>¡ i¿k Ål¡f A_¡ fp¡i_ v$gug Å¡C

Æhsp¡ \ep¡ R>¡ s¡ Æhsp¡ fl¡ L$¡ s¡\u L$p¡C_¡ L$p„C lyÄS>s A_¡ DTf

bpL$u _ fl¡. A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ AgbÐsp Myv$p dp¡Adu_ A_¡ L$pãaf_u

hpsQus_¡ kp„cmhphpmp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u _uèesp¡_p¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡.

Ap Apes_p¡ Mygpkp¡ A¡ L$¡ bv$f_u gX$pCdp„ A¡V$gp sp¡ dp¡AÆTp

Ål¡f \ep R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Z¡ s¡ Å¡ep R>¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C lyÄS>s A_¡ DTf bpL$u

_\u Å¡CA¡ sp¡ dfu Nep¡ lp¡e A_¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ Æhsp¡ flep¡ lp¡e;

A\hp A¡L$¡ S>¡ L$pãaf R>¡ s¡_y„ bpsug`Ï„ Tpl¡f A_¡ kpbus R>¡ A_¡

S>¡ dykgdp_ R>¡ s¡_u lL$uL$s `Z Ål¡f A_¡ fp¡i_ R>¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡

dfu Nep¡ lp¡e A_¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ Æhsp¡ flep¡ lp¡e, A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡

bv$f_u gX$pC_p dp¡AÆTp Å¡hp R>u L$p¡C lyÄS>s bpL$u flu _\u.

43 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ v$uhk¡ ""bv$f'' dp„ gX$pC \C

s¡_u fpÓuA¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. ¿hpb_u A„v$f Ly$aapf_p gíL$f_¡



blyS> L$gug (\p¡Xy„$) A_¡ Tgug Å¡ey„ A_¡ A¡S> ¿hpb_u spbuf

lTfs¡ Aklpb_u ê$bê$ bep_ L$fu L$¡ Adp¡ as¡l `pduiy„ A_¡

vy$íd_p¡ lpfu S>i¡. sp¡ A¡ ¿hpb A_¡ s¡_u spbuf kp„cmu_¡

Aklpb blyS> Myiu \ep sp¡ A¡ _¡Ads rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp

afdph¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. epv$ L$fsy„ S>¡ hMs¡ s_¡ spfp ¿hpbdp„ A¡

Ly$f¡i_p Ly$aapfp¡_¡ s_¡ \p¡X$p bspìep L$¡ Aklpbp¡ s¡ kp„cmu_¡ v$ug¡f

\C Nep, A_¡ ANf Å¡ s_¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ OZp bsphs¡ A_¡ s¡ rhj¡

sy„ Aklpbp¡_¡ Mbf L$fs¡ sp¡ A¡ Aklpbp¡ AgbÐsp sdp¡ _pluçds

\C _pdfv$u L$fs¡, A_¡ AgbÐsp sdp¡ gX$pC_u bpbsdp„ Ap`kdp„

TNX$p¡ L$fs¡ L$¡ S„>N L$fue¡ L$¡ _piu S>Ce¡, g¥L$u_ Myv$pA¡ sdp¡_¡ A¡

_pdfv$u A_¡ TNX$p¡ s\p C¿s¡gpa L$fhp\u A\hp v$yíd_p¡ sfa\u

_yL$ip_p `lp¢Qhp\u sdp¡_¡ kgpds fp¿ep. slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p v$ug_u

hpsp¡_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡ s¡dS> v$ug¡f A_¡ Mp¥a L$fhphpmp sdpd_¡

ÅZ¡ R>¡.

44 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_u_ sfa Muspb

L$fu_¡ afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dykgdp_p¡ epv$ L$fp¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ sdp¡A¡ A¡

Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ dygpL$ps L$fu sp¡ sdpfu _S>fp¡dp„ s¡Ap¡_¡ \p¡X$p bspìep

L$¡ sdpfp v$ug dTbys \C Åe A_ ¡ s¡Ap¡_u Ap„Mp¡dp„ sdp¡_¡ \p¡X$p

bspìep L$¡ s¡Ap¡ v$ug¡f \C_¡ sdpfu kp\¡ S„>N L$f¡. A¡ kbb\u L$¡

S>¡ bpbs s¡_p Cëddp„ NyS>fu R>¡ s¡_¡ `yfu L$f¡ L$¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__u dv$v$



L$f¡ A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡_¡ S>gug A_¡ ¿hpf L$f¡ A_¡ Myv$p sfa sdpd L$pd

afhphpmp R>¡. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ AbyS>¡lg bv$f_u gX$pCdp„ dykgdp_p¡_¡

\p¡X$p Å¡C_¡ L$l¡sp¡ lsp¡ L$¡ dykgdp_p¡ kp\¡ sghpf\u gX$pC _ L$fp¡

bëL$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ lp\¡ `L$X$u_¡ dyíL$¡V$pV$ bp„û guep¡ sp¡ S>¡ hMs¡ gX$pCdp„

diNyg \ep sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ A¡ Ly$aapfp¡_u _S>fp¡dp„

dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ bdZp bsphu Apàep s¡\u Ly$aapfp¡_p v$ug Vy$V$u S>C

lpfu Nep. A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ bÞ_¡ V$p¡mp dýep s¡ hMs¡ Cå_¡ dkDv$¡

`p¡sp_u bpSy>dp„ A¡L$ i¿k lsp¡ s¡_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kuÐs¡f dpZk

li¡ s¡Z¡ L$üy„ L$¡ kp¡ S>¡V$gp li¡ Mfp `Z lL$uL$sdp„ s¡Ap¡ _hkp¡

A_¡ `Qpk dpZk lsp.

45 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Adu__¡ S>¡lpv$_u A„v$f

kpbus L$v$d fl¡hp rhj¡ lyL$d afdph¡ R>¡, A¡ gp¡L$L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Cdp_

gpìep R>p¡ S>¡ hMs¡ sdp¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ dygpL$ps L$fp¡ A¡V$g¡ S>¡ hMs¡

s¡Ap¡ sdpfu kp\¡ gX$pC L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p dyL$pb¡gp\u dp¡Yy„$ _ a¡fhsp

kpbus L$v$d flp¡ A_¡ sdp¡ Myv$p_¡ vy$íd_p¡ D`f Npgub \hp dpV$¡

v$ug A_¡ Tbp_\u blyS> epv$ L$fp¡ s¡\u sdp¡ fõsNpfu pdu vy$íd_p¡

D`f as¡ld„v$ \pAp¡. A_¡ bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p_¡ epv$ L$fhp\u

dyfpv$ sghpf dpfsu hMs¡ ""Aëgplp¡ AL$bf'' L$l¡hy„ R>¡.

46 du Apes- R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡lpv$_p dyL$v$dpdp„ A_¡

kpbus L$v$d fl¡hpdp„ sdp¡ Myv$p_u afdpbfv$pfu L$fp¡ A_¡ sdp¡



dsc¡v$ `pX$u_¡ Ap`kdp„ TNX$p¡ _ L$fp¡ L$¡ s¡\u sdp¡ _pluçds A_¡

kyõs \C S>ip¡; A_¡ sdpfu v$p¥gs A_¡ Ly$ìhs Åsu fl¡i¡: A_¡ Ap

Apesdp„ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ ful (lhp) _¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ v$p¥gs L$lu

R>¡ L$¡ S>¡hu fus¡ lhp Qpg¡ R>¡ s¡ âdpZ¡ v$p¥gs\u L$pd Qpg¡ R>¡. A_¡

bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ ""ful'' _p A\® lhp_pS> g¡hpe R>¡ L$¡dL$¡

lL$sApgp ""fuly__ykfs'' A¡V$g¡ as¡l_u lhp dp¡L$g¡ R>¡, L$¡ s¡ \L$u

as¡l \pe R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.A¡ afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ `yh®_u

lhp\u dpfu dv$v$ \C, A_¡ qòd_u ""lhp''\u Apv$_u L$p¥d lgpL$

\C. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ sdp¡ gX$pCdp„ kbf L$fp¡

slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p kbf L$fhphpmpAp¡_u kp\¡ R>¡, A_¡ L$¡V$gpL$ L$l¡ R>¡

L$¡ ""Ap¡lp¡v$'' _u gX$pCdp„ dykgdp_p¡_u S>¡ lpf \C lsu s¡ TNX$p

As¡ dsc¡v$ \hp_p kbb\u lsu Z Å¡ kbf L$fs¡ A_¡ dyMpg¡as

_ L$fs¡ sp¡ Ahu lpf _ `lp¢Qs¡.

47 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ Ly$f¡i L$pagp_u dv$v$ dpV$¡ dL$L$¡\u

fhp_p \ep, A_¡ ""lS>ap'' dp„ `lp¢Ãep sp¡ Abykaep__p L$pkuv$¡

s¡Ap¡ pk¡ Aphu_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡ pR>p afu ÅAp¡, L$¡dL$¡ Adp¡ L$pagp_¡

kgpds gpìep R>uA¡. Ap kp„cmu_¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ `pR>p afhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡

L$ep£. s¡ hMs¡ AbyS>¡lg¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡ `pR>p _ afsp ApNm S>Ciy„

A_¡ ifpb ùCiy„ A_¡ Nphphpmu gp¢X$uep¡ Npsu Npsu Qpgi¡ A_¡

v$a hNpX$uiy„ A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `Z JV$ L$pù L$pù_¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Mhfphuiy„



L$¡ Adpfu kMphs A_¡ Ly$ìhs_u hps Afb_p L$bugpdp„ `lp¢Q¡. sp¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Adu__¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ A¡ Ly$aapfp¡_u S>¡d Csfpsp

A_¡ duTpS> L$fsp p¡sp_p Ofp¡\u _uL$mp¡ _l]. S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ afdph¡

R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_p Ofp¡\u sL$åbyfu L$fhphpmp \C gp¡L$p¡_¡

v$¡MpX$hp gX$pC dpV$¡ bpl¡f _uL$ýep s¡Ap¡ S>¡hp sdp¡ \pAp¡ _l] A_¡

s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ v$u_ Ckgpd\u AV$L$ph¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡ QuS> L$¡ Adg

L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ Myv$p O¡fu g¡hphpmp¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡ bpbs_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡_p Apdpg_p âdpZdp„ bv$gp¡ Apì¡.

48 du Apes- Ap\u l¡g¡ iesp__y„ kp¡fpL$p_u kyfs b_u_¡

Aphhp_y„ bep_ \ey„; lh¡ afu_¡ s¡S> rhj¡ bep_ \pe R>¡. S>¡dL$¡

lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$¡f A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ bv$f_u

gX$pC iê$ \C sp¡ iesp_ dyifuL$p¡_u kadp„ kp¡fpL$prb_ dpguL$_u

iL$gdp„ lpfuk rb_ líipd_p¡ lp\ `L$X$u_p¡ Dcp¡ lsp¡ Ðep„\u

A¡L$v$d `pR>p¡ aep£ sp¡ lpfuk¡ L$üy„ L$¡ A¡ kp¡fpL$p sy„ Adp¡_¡ Ahu

lpgsdp„ b¡ epf dyL$u_¡ Åe R>¡? Ap kp„cmu_¡ Cbguk dgD_¡

L$üy„ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C ly„ Å¡J Ry„> s¡ sdp¡ Å¡sp _\u; s¡ hMs¡ lpfuk¡ L$üy„ L$¡

sy„ dv$u_p_p Åkyk_¡ Sy>h¡ R>¡ buSy„> sp¡ L$p„C Å¡sp¡ _\u; s¡ `R>u

Cbguk lpfuk_u R>psu D`f lp\ dpfu_¡ kV$L$u Nep¡. A_¡ S>¡

hMs¡ Ly$aapfp¡ gX$pCdp„ lpfu S>C _piu_¡ dL$L$pdp„ Apìep sp¡ Ðep„

s¡Ap¡A¡ hps L$fu L$¡ kp¡fpL$p _piu Nep¡ lsp¡, S>¡ hMs¡ kp¡fpL$p_¡



Mbf `X$u sp¡ L$üy„ L$¡ L$kd R>¡ Myv$p_u sdpfp S>hp_u d_¡ Mbf _

lsu L$¡ sdp¡ L$epf¡ Nep lsp A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ sdp¡ _piu Aphhp_u

d_¡ Mbf `X$u; gp¡L$p¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Af¡ kp¡fpL$p sy„ agpZp v$uhk¡ Adpfu

`pk¡ Apìep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ lh¡ BÞL$pf L$f¡ R>¡? s¡ hMs¡ s¡Z¡ L$kd Mpû

L$¡ ly„ sdpfu `pk¡ Apìep¡ _ lsp¡. R>¡hV$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ dykgdp_

\ep sp¡ Mbf `X$u L$¡ s¡ Cbguk lsp¡ L$¡ s¡ kp¡fpL$p_y„ ê$` ^pfZ L$fu

Adpfu `pk¡ Apìep¡ lsp¡, s¡ L$uõkp_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp bep_ L$f¡ R>¡

A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ epv$ L$fp¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ iesp_¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ dpV$¡

èNçbf_u vy$íd_u A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p Apdpg_¡ iZNpep® A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

L$üy„ L$¡ sdpfu `pk¡ OZp dpZkp¡ A_¡ `yóL$m l\uepf A_¡ sdpd

Ås_p¡ kpdp_ dhSy>v$ lp¡hp\u gp¡L$p¡dp„\u L$p¡C sdpfp D`f ApS>_p

qv$hk¡ L$p¡C Npgub \pe s¡d _\u, A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ ly„ ""qL$_p_p'' _p

L$bugpdp„\u kp¡fpL$p sdpfp `pX$p¡iuep¡dp„\u Ry„>, A_¡ sdpfu dv$v$

dpV$¡ Apìep¡ Ry„> L$¡ sdp¡_¡ s¡Ap¡\u L$p„C _yL$kp_ _ lp¢Q¡. R>u afdph¡

R>¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ bÞ_¡ gíL$f¡ Ap`kdp„ Å¡ey„ sp¡ iesp_¡ sAp¡_¡ `N_u

A¡X$uep¡ D`f `pR>p a¡fìep A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ s¡Z¡ dykgdp_p¡ sfa

Æb°Cg A. _¡ Å¡ep lsp, A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡Z¡ lpfuk_p¡ lp\ L$X$¡gp¡

lsp¡ sp¡ lpfuk_u R>psu D`f lp\ dpfu_¡ _piu Nep¡. `R>u Myv$p

afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡ hMs¡ lpfuk¡ s¡_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sy„ Adp¡_¡ b¡epf dyL$u_¡ L$ep„

ÅA¡ R>¡? sp¡ iesp_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ slL$uL$ ly„ sdpfp\u b¡Tpf Ry„> slL$uL$L$¡



ly„ A¡ QuS> Å¡J Ry„> L$¡ sdp¡ _\u Å¡sp A¡V$g¡ dgpA¡L$p dp¡Ad¡_u__u

dv$v$ dpV$¡ Aph¡ R>¡, slL$uL$L$¡ ly„ Myv$p\u X$ê„$ Ry„>, A_¡ Ap hps iesp_¡

Sy>W$u L$lu L$¡dL$¡ ANf s¡ Myv$p\u X$fsp¡ ls¡ sp¡ s¡_p¡ A„Åd Al]

kyû L$¡d `lp¢Qs¡? `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Aëgpl Ly$aapfp¡_¡

kMs ATpb L$fhphpmp¡ R>¡.

49 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ly$f¡iuAp¡dp„\u A¡L$ V$p¡my„ dykgdp_

\C_¡ dL$L$pdp„ flu Ney„ lsy„, A_¡ s¡d_p bp`p¡A¡ A_¡ kNpìlpgpAp¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. kp\¡ luS>fs L$fhp v$uû _ lsu A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

L$¥v$ L$ep® lsp. A_¡ Äepf¡ L$pãaf Ly$f¡iuAp¡ bv$f_u gX$pC dpV$¡ fhp_p

\ep Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z s¡d_u kp\¡ bv$fdp„ Apìep. s¡ gp¡L$p¡ ""TCayg

Cdp_'' (_bmp Cdp__p) lsp, A_¡ S>¡ V$p¡my„ Tbfv$õs A_¡

dS>bys _uhX$¡ s¡Ap¡_u `ndp„ fl¡hp_p¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ rhQpf lsp¡, A_¡

s¡Ap¡ L$¥krb_yg hguv$ A_¡ Aby L$¥krb_ apL$L$p A_¡ lk®rb_yg

fbuep krb_yg dr_ep rh0 lsp, A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugp¡dp„ iL$ A_¡

_uapL$ lsp¡, Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ Ap¡R>p A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡_¡ OZp

Å¡ep sp¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep L$¡ buQpfp Nfub R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

s¡Ap¡_p v$u_¡ Ly$fbp_u L$f¡g R>¡ ldZp„ \p¡X$u hpfdp„ dpep® S>i¡. sp¡

A¡ dyL$v$¹dp„ rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ epv$ L$fsy„ S>¡ hMs¡

dv$u_p_p dy_pauL$p¡ A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ iL$_u budpfu

lsu A¡V$g¡ dL$L$p_p dy_pauL$p¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ Ap dykgdp_p¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p



v$u_¡ dNê$f L$fu _p¿ep R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ OZp \p¡X$p R>¡ A_¡ pk¡ kpdp_

`Z _\u s¡ R>sp„ Ahp dp¡V$p l\uepfb„^ gíL$f kp\¡ dyL$pb¡gp L$fhp

Apìep R>¡, sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p S>hpbdp„ lL$sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k

Myv$p D`f shL$L$g L$f¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_p sdpd L$pd s¡_¡ kp¢ù Ap`¡ sp¡

slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p sdpd D`f iL$suhp_ R>¡, A_¡ S>¡ L$p¡C s¡_p D`f

shL$L$g L$fi¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ b¡epf A_¡ b¡ dv$v$Npf _l] dyL$¡, A_¡

luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdpd L$pd dkg¡ls âdpZ¡ L$f¡ R>¡.

50 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ hMs¡ s¡ dy_pauL$p¡ A_¡ v$ug_u

budpfuhpmpAp¡A¡ dykgdp_p¡ \p¡X$p lp¡hp A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡ OZp lp¡hp

Å¡ep sp¡ Ly$aapfp¡ sfa \C_¡ dykgdp_p¡ kp\¡ gX$hp gpÁep, A_¡ S>¡

hMs¡ gX$pC_p d¥v$p_dp„ Dsfu `X$ep A_¡ aufuíspA¡ s¡Ap¡_u ùW$

D`f L$p¡fX$p A_¡ kp¡V$p dpfu_¡ lgpL$ L$ep® s¡ rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp

`p¡sp_p lbub_¡ Mbf Ap`¡ R>¡, S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$

k. S>¡ hMs¡ A¡ L$pãafp¡_u aufuíspAp¡ Å_ L$pY$sp lsp ANf s¡

hMs¡ sy„ Å¡s¡ (sp¡ cpms¡) L$¡ s¡ aufuíspAp¡ s¡Ap¡_p dp¡Y$p A_¡ hp„kp

D`f ApN_p L$p¡fX$pAp¡ dpfsp lsp A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ A¡

dyifuL$p¡ sdp¡ bpmhphpmu ApN_p¡ ATpb QpMp¡.

51 du Apes- Ap A¡V$g¡ L$p¡fX$p A_¡ kp¡V$p_p¡ dpf A¡

kbb\u R>¡ L$¡ `l¡g¡ sdpfp lp\p¡ A¡ L$f¡g R>¡ A¡V$g¡ `l¡g¡ sdp¡A¡

Ly$af A_¡ iuL®$ L$ey¯ A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u kp\¡ luS>fs L$fu



_l] `R>u lL$dp„ iL$ L$fu_¡ Ly$aapf sfa \C Nep, A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡

Myv$p b„v$p D`f Tygd L$fhphpmp¡ _\u L$¡ Ny_pl hNf s¡Ap¡\u bv$gp¡

gue¡. A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp_y„ Ly$aapf D`f ATpb L$fhy„ s¡ A¥_ Av$g

R>¡. Cå_¡ Aåbpk\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ dyifuL$p¡ S>¡ hMs¡ dykgdp_p¡

sfa dp¡Yy$„ L$fsp lsp sp¡ aufuísp s¡Ap¡_p dp¡Y$p D`f sghpfp¡ dpfsp

lsp, A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ ùW$ a¡fhsp lsp sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u ùW$ D`f

NyT®> A_¡ L$p¡fX$p dpfsp lsp.

52 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp `p¡sp_p lbub_p v$ugpkp

dpV$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dL$L$p_p Ly$aapfp¡_p¡ lpg ApNm_p Tdp_p_p

Ly$aapfp¡ S>¡hp¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ èNçbfp¡_¡ Sy>W$gphsp lsp s¡dS> Ap `Z

s_¡ Sy>W$gph¡ R>¡, S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. aufAp¥__p

gp¡L$p¡_u Apv$s S>¡hu Ly$aapf¡ Ly$f¡i_u Apv$s spfu kp\¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡_p S>¡hu A¡Ap¡_u Apv$s R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ s¡Ap¡_u `l¡g¡ lsp A¡V$g¡

Apv$ A_¡ kdyv$ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Myv$p_u Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uAp¡ kp\¡ Ly$a L$ey®

A¡V$g¡ dp¡AÆTpAp¡_p¡ BÞL$pf L$ep£ sp¡ Myv$pA¡ s¡Ap¡_p Ny_pl_p

kbb\u s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf L$ep®; slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p iL$sudp_

A_¡ L$pãafp¡_¡ A_¡ Sy>W$gphhphpmpAp¡_¡ kMs ATpb L$fhphpmp¡

R>¡ L$¡ L$p¡C s¡_p D`f Npgub \C iL$sy„ _\u.

53 du Apes- Ap A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf L$fhp

A¡ kbb\u R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p bv$gu _p„Mhphpmp¡ _\u A¡V$g¡



s¡_u Apv$s _\u L$¡ s¡Z¡ p¡sp_p aTg A_¡ L$fd\u S>¡ _¡Ads L$p¡C_¡

Apù lp¡e s¡ bv$gu _p„M¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ A¡ L$p¥d_p gp¡L$p¡A¡ QuS>_¡

bv$gu _p„M¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ s¡Ap¡_p _akp¡_u kp\¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p

`l¡gp lpg_¡ bv$gu_¡ Mfpb lpg L$fu _p„M¡ R>¡, A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p

dyifuL$p¡_p Mfpb L$gpd_¡ kp„cmhphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u _uèes

A_¡ Mfpb A¡s¡L$pv$_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apesp¡dp„ gp¡L$p¡\u

dyfpv$ Ly$f¡i_p dyifuL$p¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ `p¡sp_p lpg_¡ ApNm L$fsp

OZp¡ Mfpb L$fu _p„¿ep¡ R>¡ L$¡ ApNm sp¡ bys`fõsu L$fsp A_¡

dyfv$pf Mpsp lsp, `Z lh¡ èNçbf\u vy$íd_u L$fu L$sA¡fld

L$fu Ly$fAp__¡ Sy>W$gpìey„ dp¡d¡_p¡_u My_f¡Tu L$fu A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ CÅ

`lp¢QpX$u_¡ `p¡sp_p `l¡gp lpg L$fsp„ lh¡ h^pf¡ Mfpb lpg L$ep£

R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gp„ sp¡ s¡Ap¡dp„ bys`fõsu A_¡ lfpd Mphy„ lsy„ `Z lh¡

sp¡ Ap ApNgp Tdp_p_p Ly$aapf_u S>¡d p¡sp_p¡ lpg L$fu Mfpbudp

hû Nep R>¡ L$¡ Ly$af A_¡ iuL®$_p Ny_pl D`fp„s èNçbfp¡_¡

Sy>W$gphu s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fu ATpb_p dyõslL$ \C S>X$dym\u

:M¡X$hpdp„ Apìep, lTfs Bdpd ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A.\u fuhpes R>¡

L$¡ afdpìey„ dpfp hpguv$¡ dpÆv$ afdphsp lsp L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Äep„ kyû

b„v$p¡ Ny_pl _ L$f¡ L$¡ S>¡_p kbb\u ATpb_p¡ dyõslL$ \pe Ðep„

kyû Myv$pA¡ dTbys lyL$d L$ep£ R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_u Ap`¡gu _¡Ads b„v$p

`pk¡\u R>u_hu guA¡ _l].



54 du Apes- A¡ Ly$aapfp¡_u Apv$s rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp

spL$uv$ dpV$¡ afu_¡ bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Ly$aapf¡ Ly$f¡i_u

Sy>W$gphhp_u Apv$s aufAp¥__p gp¡L$p¡ S>¡hu R>¡ L$¡ S>¡hu fus¡ s¡ gp¡L$

èNçbfp¡_¡ Sy>W$gphsp lsp s¡hu fus¡ s_¡ `Z Sy>W$gph¡ R>¡, A_¡ S>¡

gp¡L$p¡ s¡Ap¡\u `l¡g¡ lsp S>¡dL$¡ Apv$ A_¡ kdyv$ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

èNçbfp¡_¡ Sy>W$gpìep s¡ âdpZ¡ Ly$f¡i_p Ly$aapfp¡ `fhfqv$Npf_u

Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uep¡_¡ Sy>W$gph¡ R>¡, sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p Ny_pl_p

kbb\u bv$fdp„ Adp¡A¡ lgpL$ L$ep®. A_¡ aufAp¥__p gp¡L$p¡_¡

Adp¡A¡ _v$udp„ bp¡mu dpep® A_¡ v$f¡L$ s¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„_p Ly$af A_¡ Ny_pl

L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p _akp¡ D`f Tygd L$fhphpmp lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ `p¡sp_¡

ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf L$ep®. A_¡ aufAp¥__u L$p¥d_p¡ v$pMgp¡ 53 A_¡

54 b¡ Apesdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡ rhj¡ gM¡ R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gu hMs s¡Ap¡_p¡

lpg bep_ L$fu_¡ ApM¡fs_p ATpb_p dyõslL$ lp¡hp rhj¡ R>¡, A_¡

buÆ hMs vy$Þep_p ATpb_p dyõslL$ lp¡hp\u dyfpv$ R>¡. A_¡

bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gu hMs\u dyfpv$ s¡Ap¡A¡ Sy>W$gpìey„ A¡

bpbsdp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡ v$pMgp¡ Ap`hp bpbs R>¡, A_¡ buÆ hMs

v$pMgp¡ Ap`hp\u dyfpv$ s¡Ap¡_¡ S>X$dym\u DMpX$hp rhj¡ R>¡. A_¡

bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gu hMs\u dyfpv$ s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf

L$fhp rhj¡ R>¡ A_¡ buÆ hMs\u dyfpv$ ATpb_u L$¥aues\u R>¡

(A¡V$g¡ L$¡hu fus¡ ATpb \ep¡.)



55 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp D`f bep_ \ep„ A¡

gp¡L$p¡_u dTuçdsdp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ S>du_ D`f

QpghphpmpAp¡dp„ Myv$p_u _ÆL$ blyS> Mfpb A¡ gp¡L$ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡

Ly$af L$ep£ S>¡dL$¡ AbyS>¡lg A_¡ Asbp rh0 Ly$f¡i_p gp¡L$p¡, A\hp

S>¡dL$¡ elyv$uep¡ L$pAbrb_¡ Aifa A_¡ lCrb_¡ AMsb rh0 sp¡

A¡ gp¡L$p¡ Cdp_ gphsp _\u sp¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ A¡hp¡

lpg R>¡ sp¡ sy„ s¡Ap¡\u Cdp__u Dduv$ _ fpM A_¡ A¡ kbb\u

`p¡sp_p v$ug_¡ `f¡ip_ _ L$f. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf

A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡\u dyfpv$ b_u Dçdepl R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡

Myv$p_u dMgyL$psdp„ blyS> Mfpb R>¡.

56 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ b_u L$fuTp_p elyv$uep¡\u

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Alv$ gu^p¡ lsp¡ L$¡ lTfs_p vy$íd_p¡_u

s¡Ap¡A¡ dv$v$ L$fhu _l], `Z s¡Ap¡A¡ Alv$_¡ sp¡X$u _p„Mu bv$f_u

gX$pCdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ dyifuL$p¡_¡ l\uepf Apù_¡ Ly$dL$ L$fu s¡ `R>u

lTfs_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡ Alv$_¡ cygu Nep lsp s¡\u afu_¡

Alv$ L$ep£, A_¡ s¡_¡ `Z sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ L$¡ M„v$L$_u gX$pCdp„

Abykyaep_ kpd¡ dmu_¡ s¡Ap¡_u dv$v$ dpV$¡ Apìep s¡ rhj¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. A¡ gp¡L$p¡ A¡V$g¡ b_u

L$fuTphpmpAp¡\u s¡ Alv$ gu^p¡ R>¡ `R>u s¡Ap¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p Alv$



hpf„hpf sp¡X$u _p„M¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Alv$ sp¡X$hp\u A_¡ A¡ Alv$

sp¡X$hp_u Mep_s_p ATpb\u X$fsp _\u.

57 du Apes- sp¡ ANf sy„ s¡Ap¡_¡ gX$pCdp„ dm¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

L$Ðg L$fu A¡ ^põsu A_¡ fp¡b\u s¡Ap¡_u `pR>m Aphhphpmp A_¡

_kpX$u_¡ huM¡fu _p„M A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ TMdu A_¡ L$Ðg L$f L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

dpfhp\u buÅAp¡_¡ spfu ^põsu A_¡ v$¡lis `lp¢Q¡ L$¡ ipev$L$¡ s¡\u

buÅAp¡ _kuls L$X$¡, A_¡ R>u s¡Ap¡ Alv$ sp¡X$hp_u luçds A_¡

S„>N_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ _ L$f¡.

58 du Apes- A_¡ sy„ ANf L$p¡C L$p¥d\u Mp¥a A¡V$g¡ A„v$¡ip¡

L$f¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡\u sy„ Mep_s Sy>h¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Alv$_¡ sp¡X$u _p„M¡ A_¡

s¡_u _uip_uep¡\u s_¡ Mbf `X$¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ Alv$ sy„ s¡Ap¡ D`f

bfpbfu L$fu_¡ _p„Mu Ap` A¡V$g¡ gX$pC_u `l¡g¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Mbf Ap`

L$¡ sdpfu Aphu hs®ÏL$\u d¢ `Z sdpfp Alv$_¡ bpsug L$ep£ R>¡;

A_¡ lh¡ ly„ s¡ Alv$ D`f _\u S>¡dL$¡ sdp¡ `l¡g L$fu_¡ s¡ Alv$

D`f bpL$u flep _l] A_¡ ANf Alv$ sp¡X$hp_u `l¡g¡ gX$ui sp¡

s¡ A¡L$ Ås_u Mep_s L$fi¡ A_¡ Alv$ lp¡hp R>sp„ gX$pC L$fu A¡hy„

W$fi¡. slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p Mep_s L$fphhpmpAp¡_p¡ A¡V$g¡ Alv$ D`f

L$ped _ fl¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ v$p¡õs fpMsp¡ _\u.

`9 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp gX$pC_p dpV$¡ kpdp_ c¡Np¡

L$fhp A_¡ s¥èepfu L$fhp rhj¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. sy„ Nydp_



_ L$f L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ L$pãaf \ep s¡Ap¡ ATpbdp„ S>ëv$u L$fu Nep R>¡ A¡V$g¡

ATpb\u _uL$mu Nep R>¡ L$¡ Adp¡_¡ s¡ ATpb L$fhp _ Ap`¡; (A_¡

A¡\u dyfpv$ bv$f_u gX$pCdp„\u _pk_pfp R>¡ A\hp Alv$

sp¡X$hphpmp R>¡) slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡ ATpb L$fhp\u Adp¡_¡ ApÆT

L$fhphpmp _\u A¡V$g¡ ANf Adp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpb L$fhp Qplue¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡ Adp¡_¡ AV$L$phu iL$sp _\u.

60 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ S>¡

Ly$aapfp¡ bv$f\u _piu Nep R>¡ A\hp S>¡Ap¡A¡ Alv$ sp¡Xep¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡

kp\¡ gX$hp dpV$¡ sdpfu iL$su A_¡ Ly$ìhs\u S>¡ L$p„C \C iL$¡ s¡

s¥epf L$fp¡ S>¡dL$¡ suf _¡Tp A_¡ sghpf rh0 A\hp qL$ëgp¡ b_php¡

A_¡ Myv$p_u dl¡fbp_u D`f cfp¡kp¡ L$fp¡ A_¡ sdp¡ sdpfu kflv$

D`f S>¡lpv$ dpV$¡ Op¡X$p bp„û_¡ s¥epf fpMp¡ L$¡ A¡ kpdp_ \L$u sdp¡

Myv$p_p A_¡ sdpfp vy$íd_p¡_¡ X$fphp¡ L$¡ s¡ dL$L$p_p L$pãafp¡ R>¡; A_¡

A¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kuhpe buÅ_¡ `Z X$fphp¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_¡ sdp¡ ÅZsp _\u

`Z Myv$p s¡Ap¡_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡ L$¡ Ål¡fdp„ _dpT `X$¡

R>¡ fp¡Tp fpM¡ R>¡ A_¡ iplv$s_p¡ L$g¡dp¡ `Z `X$¡ R>¡ s¡\u sdp¡_¡ iu

Mbf `X$¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ L$pãaf R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p v$ugp¡dp„ Ry>`y Ly$af fpM¡ R>¡

`Z Myv$pA¡sApgp kfh¡_p v$ug_u hps_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ s¡\u s¡ ApNpl

R>¡. A_¡ bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ b_uL$fuTp A\hp apfk_p

gp¡L$ R>¡ A\hp sdpd Ly$aapfp¡ R>¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C



L$¡ sdp¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ A_¡ S>¡lpv$_p kpdp_dp„ hp`fp¡ R>p¡ sp¡ s¡_p¡

khpb sdp¡_¡ `yfp¡ A_¡ L$pdug Ap`hpdp„ Aphi¡ A_¡ sdpfp D`f

Tygd L$fhpdp„ _l] Aph¡ A¡V$g¡ L$p¡C fus¡ khpb Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhpdp„

_l] Aph¡.

61 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ spfu

kp\¡ kyg¡l_u Mplui fpM¡ sp¡ sy„ `Z kyg¡l_u Mplui L$f A_¡

Myv$p D`f shL$L$g L$f, A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ d¾$ A_¡ lugp\u kyg¡l L$fu

lp¡e A¡hy„ spfp v$ugdp„ _ gph, L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡_p d¾$\u Myv$p spfp¡

_uN¡lbp_ R>¡, A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡ Myv$p s¡Ap¡_u hpsp¡_¡ kp„cmhphpmp¡

_¡ s¡Ap¡_u r_èesp¡_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡, ANf Ap kyg¡l s¡Ap¡_p

af¡b\u lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p¡ hbpg s¡Ap¡_¡ `lp¢Qi¡.

62 du Apes- A_¡ ANf A¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kyg¡l L$fu_¡ spfu kp\¡

d¾$ L$fhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ A_¡ S>¡lpv$\u s_¡ AV$L$ph¡ sp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p

dL$kv$p¡_p¡ `yfp¡ L$fhphpmp¡ spfp dpV$¡ bk R>¡, s¡ Myv$p A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Z¡

`p¡sp_u dv$v$\u s_¡ Ly$ìhs Apù R>¡ L$¡ dgpA¡L$pAp¡_¡ spfu dv$v$

dpV$¡ dp¡L$ëep, s¡dS> dp¡Ad¡_u_ \L$u `Z spfu dv$v$ L$fu R>¡ A_¡

A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_\u dyfpv$ S>_pb¡ lTfs¡ Agu Bå_¡ Abu spg¡b A.

R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡lpv$dp„\u L$v$u _pW$p(cpÁep) _\u A_¡ gX$pCep¡ as¡l

L$fu R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apesdp„ ""dp¡Ad¡_u_'' bly hQ_ iåv$ lTfs

Agu A. _u spTud dpV$¡ R>¡. A_¡ A¡L$ S>Z dpV$¡ bly hQ_



Ly$fAp_dp„ OZ¡ W$¡L$pZ¡ h`fpA¡g R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apesdp„

""dp¡Ad¡_u_'' \u dyfpv$ lTfs¡ Agu A. R>¡ s¡ rhj¡ Ap`Zp

dTlb D`fp„s Ap`Zp cpC Alg¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs_u sakuf

vy$ff¡d_iyfdp„ Abylyf¡fp\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Aj® D`f Myv$pA¡ gM¡gy„

R>¡ L$¡ ""gpA¡gpl CëgpA_p hlv$u gpifuL$gu h dp¡lçdvy$_

Abv$uAèev$sp¡l b¡Aguèeu_'' A¡V$g¡ dpfp iuhpe L$p¡C dAbyv$

_\u L$¡ ly„ eL$sp Ry„> A_¡ dpfp dpV$¡ L$p¡C ifuL$ _\u, A_¡ dp¡lçdv$

k. dpfp¡ b„v$p¡ R>¡ L$¡ d¢ s¡_¡ Agu A. \L$u Ly$ìhs Apù R>¡.

63 du Apes- R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ dp¡Ad¡_p¡_p v$ugp¡dp„

Dgas (dlp¡åbs) Apù. A_¡ L$l¡ L$¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ ""Ahk'' A_¡

""MTfS>'' R>¡ L$¡ Ap bÞ_¡ V$p¡mp A¡L$kp¡ A_¡ huk hj®\u `p¡s `p¡sp

hÃQ¡ vy$íd_u fpMsp lsp, A_¡ Ap`kdp„ My_f¡Tu s\p dpfp dpfu

L$fsp lsp A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡ dykgdp_ \ep Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡dp„ dlp¡åbs

\C NC. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ ANf sy„ S>du__u A„v$f_p¡ sdpd

dpg A_¡ v$p¥gs s¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_dp„ dp ¡låbs A`phhp dpV$¡ hp`fs¡

sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡_u v$fduep_ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugp¡dp„ sy„ dlp¡åbs A`phu iL$s¡

_l] L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Ckgpd\u `l¡g¡ `p¡sp_p v$ugp¡dp„ blyS> L$u_p¡ fpMsp

lsp, s¡\u sy„ s¡Ap¡_¡ lfNuT dlp¡åbs A`phhp_u Ly$v$fs fpMsp¡

_lsp¡ g¥L$u_ s¡Ap¡_u v$fduep_ Myv$pA¡ p¡sp_u luL$ds\u dlp¡åbs



_p„Mu slL$uL$L$¡ s¡ Myv$p Npgub A_¡ luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ luL$ds A_¡

dkgls âdpZ¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡.

64 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. spfp

dpV$¡ Myv$p A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_dp„\u S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ spfu èfhu L$f¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡

bk R>¡; sp¡ Ap\u kpbus \ey„ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

_u `¥fhu L$fu s¡ dp¡Adu_ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡Z¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ L$l¡hy„ dpÞey„ _l]

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f A¡s¡fpT L$ep£ s¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_dp„\u _\u, A_¡ bpAT

L$l¡ L$¡ Ap Apes S„>N¡ bv$f_u `l¡g¡ _pTug \C R>¡. A_¡ Alg¡b¥s

A._u sakufdp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ L$¡ Ap Apesdp„ ""dp¡Ad¡_u_''\u dyfpv$

lTfs¡ AguCå_¡ AbuspgubA. R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

_u sdpd S>¡lpv$dp„ lTfs¡ Agu A. S>¡hu dv$v$ L$fu R>¡ s¡hu dv$v$

L$p¡CA¡ L$fu _\u, bëL$¡ S>¡Ap¡ _pduQp dilyf Aklpb lsp s¡Ap¡

`Z S>¡lpv$dp„\u OZu hMs _piu S>sp lsp, A_¡ A¡ bÞ_¡ bpbs

rhj¡ kyÞ_u A_¡ iuApl bÞ_¡_u fuhpesp¡ R>¡. A_¡ A¡ Apes_u

sphugdp„ ÅZhy„ L$¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs_p Apgud A_¡ dp¡lv$uk lpauT¡

Aby_Cd¡ lygesyg Ahguepdp„ fuhpes L$fu R>¡ L$¡ Ap Apes lTfs¡

Agu A. _u ip_dp„ _pTug \C R>¡. A_¡ lL$ sp¡ A¡S> R>¡ L$¡ ANf

lTfs¡ Agu A. _ ls¡ sp¡ v$u__u sfL$L$u L$¡hu fus \s¡? L$¡

Aklpbp¡ sp¡ S>¡lpv$dp„\u _piu S>sp lsp, A_¡ lTfs¡ Agu A.



gX$pC_¡ as¡l L$fsp lsp S>¡dL$¡ Ap¡lp¡v$, Mebf, rh0 A_¡ s¡ rhj¡

A¡L$ ipA¡f¡ L$l¡g R>¡ L$¡

Nf _byv$u v$õs¡ lev$f TygaL$pf = L$eiyv$u ""Aëgplp¡

AL$bf'' ApiL$pf

65 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ae dp¡V$p

dfsbphpmp èNçbf sy„ dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ gX$pC dpV$¡

ip¡L$ A`ph A_¡ Dcp L$f, L$¡ ANf sdpfpdp„ huk S>Z sL$guap¡

D`f kbf L$fhphpmp lp¡e sp¡ bkp¡ S>Zp D`f Npgub \pe A¡V$g¡

huk dpZkp¡ bõkp¡ dpZkp¡ kpd¡ Dcp flu s¡Ap¡\u _ _pksp„ kbf

L$fu Dcp fl¡, A_¡ Ap W$¡L$pZ¡ ""Ngbp'' \u dyfpv$ ldgp¡ L$fhp_u

R>¡ L$¡ Npgub \pe A¡V$g¡ ldgp¡ L$f¡. A_¡ v$k S>Z kpd¡ A¡L$ S>Z_¡

Dcp fl¡hp_p¡ lyL$d Ckgpd_u iê$Apsdp„ lsp¡, `Z Äepf¡

dykgdp_p¡ OZp \ep sp¡ Ap lyL$d fv$ \C Nep¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡

ANf sdpfpdp„ kp¡ dpZk lp¡e sp¡ A¡L$ lTpf Ly$aapfp¡ D`f Npgub

\pe A_¡ Ap sdpê„$ Npgub \hy„ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ lpfu S>hy„ A¡ kbb\u

R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Ly$aapf_u L$p¥d_p A¡hp gp¡L$ R>¡ L$¡ kdS>sp A_¡ ÅZsp

_\u A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Myv$p_¡ Ap¡mMsp _\u s¡dS> L$epds A_¡ v$p¡TM

A_¡ b¡luís_p¡ A¡s¡L$pv$ fpMsp _\u L$¡ v$p¡TM_u buL$\u A_¡

b¡luís_u sdpA\u S>¡lpv$ L$fu_¡ kpbus L$v$d fl¡ sp¡ A¡ kbb\u

s¡Ap¡ dyL$pb¡gpdp„ kbf L$fsp _\u s¡d kpbus L$v$d fl¡sp _\u.



66 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ D`f_u Apes _pTug \hp `R>u

dp¡Ad¡_u_ gp¡L$p¡ rhQpfdp„ `X$u Nep L$¡ A¡L$ dpZk v$k_u kp\¡ L$¡hu

fus¡ gX$u iL$i¡! A_¡ A¡ bpbs s¡Ap¡_¡ OZu cpf¡ dpgyd `X$u s¡\u

lL$sApgpA¡ A¡ Apes_¡ fv$ L$fu dp¡Ad¡_u__p v$ugpkp dpV$¡ Ap

Apes _pTug afdphu L$¡ lh¡ Myv$pA¡ sdpfp D`f Apkp_u L$fu A_¡

ÅÎey„1 L$¡ slL$uL$ sdpfu v$fduAp_ kyõsu A_¡ AiL$ssp R>¡ sp¡ Å¡

sdpfpdp„ kp¡ dpZkp¡ kbf L$fhphpmp lp¡e sp¡ bkp¡ dpZkp¡ D`f

Npgub \pe A¡V$g¡ A¡L$S>Z b¡ S>Zp_p¡ dyL$pb¡gp¡ L$fu kb° L$f¡ A_¡

_pk¡ _l]; A_¡ ANf Å¡ sdpfpdp„ lTpf dpZk lp¡e sp¡ b¡lTpf

D`f Myv$p_p CT_\u Npgub \pe. A_¡ Myv$p kb° L$fhphpmp_u

kp\¡ R>¡. A_¡ `l¡gu Apes_p¡ lyL$d A¡ hMs¡ lsp¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡

dykgdp_p¡ \p¡X$p lsp A_¡ Äepf¡ dykgdp_p¡ OZp \C Nep sp¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ A¡ Apes_p lyL$ddp„ Apkp_u L$fu, A_¡ Ap

Apesdp„ Npgub \pe s¡ iåv$ Mbf Ap`hp dpV$¡ R>¡ Z s¡\u lyL$d

L$fhp\u dyfpv$ R>¡; A_¡ Npgub \hp_p A\® S>¡ aphhp_p \pe R>¡ s¡

_\u bëL$¡ Ap W$¡L$pZ¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ ldgp¡ L$fhp_p¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡L$

dpZk b¡ dpZk_p dyL$pb¡gp\u _pk¡ _l].

1. Ap W$¡L$pZ¡ s\p A¡hS> buÅ W$¡L$pZ¡ A¡d _ kdS>hy„ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ lh¡ ÅÎey„ bëL$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp sdpd bpbs `l¡g¡\u S> ÅZ¡ R>¡.



67 du Apes- A_¡ L$¡V$guL$ sakufp¡dp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gu

Apes_p¡ lyL$d Ap Apes\u d_kyM \A¡g R>¡ A_¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ A¡

R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. S>_pb¡ AdufldTpl_¡ Óuk khpf

Apù_¡ AbyS>¡lg s\p s¡_u kp\hpmp ÓZkp¡ dpZkp¡ kp\¡ gX$hp

dp¡L$ëep A_¡ Äepf¡ gX$pC Qpgu sp¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ OZu d¡l_s `X$u

sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ v$ugpkp dpV$¡ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu A_¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡L$ dpZk b¡ S>Z\u _ _pk¡. A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ bv$f_u

gX$pCdp„ kuÐs¡f Ly$aapfp¡ L$¥v$u \C_¡ Apìep lsp s¡ bpbsdp„

Aklpbp¡\u kgpl guû sp¡ l. AbybL$f¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

Ap sdpfu L$p¥d_p dpZkp¡ R>¡ A_¡ sdpfp _p_p dp¡V$p kfh¡ s¡Ap¡_p

kNpìlpgp R>¡ dpV$¡ s¡Ap¡ `pk¡\u auv$ep¡1 gC dyL$s L$fhp Å¡Ce¡ L$¡

L$p¡C v$uhk Cdp_ L$byg L$fi¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ auv$ep¡ sdpfp Aklpbp¡_¡

Ly$ìhs A_¡ dv$v$ \C `X$i¡. AdufldTpA¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. Ap gp¡L$p¡ dyifuL$p¡_p `¡ihp R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ sd_¡ il¡f blpf

L$pY$u dyL$ep R>¡ dpV$¡ v$ep _ ApZsp s¡Ap¡_¡ Nfv$_ dpfhp Å¡Ce¡.

lTfs¡ Agu A. _¡ Asbp kp¢ u Ap` L$¡ s¡Ap¡ s¡_¡ L$Ðg L$f¡ A_¡

d_¡ Aåbpk kp¢` L$¡ ly„ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg L$ê„$ s¡hu fus¡ v$f¡L$ kNp_¡

kNp_p lhpg¡ L$f L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg L$f¡. A_¡ A_kpfdp„\u kpAv$bu_¡

dApT¡ L$üy„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ A¡L$ MpX$pdp„ _p„Mu s¡Ap¡ D`f L$Qfp¡ _p„Mu

1. raqv$ep¡- L$¥v$uep¡_p Ry>V$L$pfp dpV$¡ S>¡ L$p„B A`pe R>¡ s¡ hu0.



ApN gNpX$u bpmu _p„Mp¡ Ap sdpd bpbsp¡ kp„cmu_¡ lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ s¡ rhj¡_p¡ lyL$d ÓZ fus\u Mpgu _\u L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Ckgpd

L$byg L$f¡, A\hp s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fue¡, A\hp s¡Ap¡ `pk¡\u auv$uep¡

gCe¡; R>¡hV$¡ s¡Ap¡ `pk¡\u auv$uep¡ g¡hp_y„ W$fpìey„, A_¡ buS>¡ v$uhk¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ Nyõkpdp„ A_¡ Dv$piudp„ b¡W$¡gp Å¡ep sp¡

l. AbybL$f¡ `¡lg L$fu s¡_y„ L$pfZ `yR>ey„ sp¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ spfu A_¡

spfp duÓp¡_u gpgQ\u auv$uep¡ g¡hpdp„ Myv$p_p¡ ATpb Ap `pk¡

v$¡Mpsp„ TpX$ S>¡V$gp¡ _ÆL$ lsp¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ap Apes

_pTug L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ _\u gpeL$ L$p¡C èNçbf dpV$¡ L$¡

lp¡e hpõs¡ s¡_u L$¥v$u L$¡ s¡Ap¡\u auv$uep¡g¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ S>du_dp„

OZu My_f¡Tu L$f¡ L$¡ s¡ bpbs Ly$aapfp¡ dpV$¡ Tuëgs A_¡ lgpL$u_y„

L$pfZ \pe A_¡ s¡ Ckgpd dpV$¡ CTTs A_¡ v$bv$bp¡ R>¡ A_¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ sdp¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$fp¡ R>p¡ A_¡ vy$Þep_p¡ dpg A_¡ Akbpb

CÃR>p¡ R>p¡ L$¡ auv$uep¡ gC `p¡sp_p L$bÅdp„ guep¡ A_¡ Myv$p ApM¡fs

(khpb) _p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ kv$p sdpfu kp\¡ R>¡ A_¡ vy$Þep_p¡ dpg

A_¡ Akbpb Vy„$L$ v$uhk_p¡ R>¡. A_¡ Myv$p Npgub R>¡ L$¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p

v$p¡õsp¡_¡ vy$íd_p¡ D`f as¡l Ap`¡ A_¡ luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C

b„v$pAp¡_¡ auv$uep¡ g¡hp_u d_pC A_¡ L$Ðg L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡ R>¡ s¡

s¡_u dkg¡ls âdpZ¡ R>¡.



68 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf Myv$p sfa\u

ghl¡dlayTdp„ `l¡g¡\uS> gMpA¡gy„ A_¡ lyL$d \A¡gp¡ _lsp¡ sp¡

AgbÐsp S>¡ sdp¡A¡ gu^y„ R>¡ s¡dp„ sdp¡_¡ dp¡V$p¡ ATpb `lp¢Qs¡

dsgb A¡L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp_u diuèesdp„ NyS>ey® R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ bpbs_u

Qp¡Mu fus¡ d_pC \C _lp¡e Ðep„ kyû L$p¡C D`f ATpb L$f¡ _l]

A\hp A¡L$¡ _pv$p_u_u bpbs_p¡ bv$gp¡ _ gue¡ A¡hy„ gMpey„ _ lp¡s,

A\hp A¡L$¡ auv$uep¡ Mphp¡ dybpl A_¡ lgpg R>¡ A¡hy„ gMpA¡gy„ _

lp¡s sp¡ sdp¡_¡ dS>Ly$f bpbsdp„ dp¡V$p¡ ATpb `lp¢Qs¡. L$_Tyg

Cfap_dp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

auv$uep¡ g¡hp_p¡ A_¡ L$Ðg L$fhp_p¡ C¿suepf Apàep¡ lsp¡.

Aklpbp¡A¡ A¡ gpgQ\u auv$uep¡ gC_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ R>p¡X$u v$u^p A_¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ dpfu _p„Mhp\u AV$Lep. v$f¡L$ dpZk `pk¡\u Qpmui

""AhL$uep'' auv$uep¡ gu^p¡ `Z Aåbpk `pk¡\u kp¡ ""AhL$uep''

auv$uep¡ gu^p¡, A_¡ A¡L$ AhL$uep Qpguk ""duõL$pg'' kp¡_y„ \pe R>¡

A_¡ ""duõL$pg'' Apif¡ ÓZ dpkp A_¡ ÓZ fsu cpf \pe R>¡.

A_¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk Ly$f¡iuep¡ kp\¡ d½$p\u dykgdp_p¡ kp\¡ gX$hp

dpV$¡ Apìep lsp Ðepf¡ kp¡_p_p Qpmuk ""AhL$uep'' Ly$aapf Ly$f¡i_u

Mphp_u MfQu dpV$¡ kp\¡ gC_¡ _uL$ýep lsp. lSy> s¡ kp¡_y„ MfQ

L$fhp_p¡ hMs Apìep¡ _ lsp¡ L$¡ L$pãaf gp¡L$p¡ lpfu Nep A_¡ s¡

kp¡_p_p Qpguk ""AhL$uep'' N_udsdp„ dykgdp_p¡_¡ lp\ gpÁep.



Äepf¡ auv$uep¡ gC_¡ L$¥v$uep¡_¡ dyL$s L$fhp_y„ dyL$f®f \ey„ sp¡ v$f¡L$ L$pãaf

Ly$f¡iu `pk¡\u auv$uep¡ gC s¡_¡ dyL$s L$fsp lsp; lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. Aåbpk A_¡ _p¥aug rb_yglk®_¡ `Z bp¡gpìep A_¡ lTfs¡

Aåbpk_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡ `Z auv$uep¡ Ap`p¡. Aåbpk¡ L$üy„ L$¡ A¡

dp¡lçdv$ k. ly„ sp¡ dykgdp_ \C Nep¡ lsp¡ `Z Ap Ly$f¡iuep¡

Tbfv$õsu\u d_¡ kp\¡ gpìep; sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„

L$¡ sdp¡ L$¡hp dykgdp_ R>p¡ s¡ bpbs Myv$p Myb ÅZ¡ R>¡ `Z auv$uep¡

Apàep rihpe sdp¡_¡ _Ås _l] dm¡, dpV$¡ sdp¡ sdpfp¡ A_¡ sdpfp

bÞ_¡ cÓuÅ _p¥aug rb_yg lk®_p¡ auv$uep¡ Ap`p¡. Aåbpk¡ L$üy„ L$¡

dpfp Qpmuk ""AhL$uep'' S>¡ dykgdp_p¡A¡ gy„V$u gu^p R>¡ s¡S>

auv$uep¡ kdÆ guep¡ sp¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ s¡ sp¡ N_uds_p¡ dpg R>¡

L$¡ Myv$pA¡ Adp¡_¡ A`pìep¡ R>¡ s¡ auv$uepdp„ NZu iL$psp¡ _\u buS>¡

L$l]\u auv$uep¡ gphp¡; s¡\u l. Aåbpk¡1 L$üy„ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. iy„

spfp¡ L$pL$p¡ O¡f O¡f cuMpfu S>¡d dpNhp _uL$m¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z ApNm

lp\ a¡gphu cuM dpN¡ A_¡ A¡hu fus¡ auv$uep¡ c¡Np¡ L$fu s_¡ Ap ¡

A¡hy„ sy„ CÃR>¡ R>¡? ly„ A¡V$gp¡ dpg L$ep„\u gphy„? sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡ Äepf¡ sdp¡ d½$p\u _uL$ýep Ðepf¡ S>¡ dpg

1. l0 "Aåbpk' s¡ l0 fkyg¡ Myv$p k0_p L$pL$p \pe R>¡, L$p¡B_¡ s¡\u S>_pb¡ Aåbpk Agdv$pf Bå_¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A0 _p¡ hl¡d _ \pe.



sdp¡A¡ p¡sp_u Ap¥fs Dçdyg aTg_¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡ s¡ dpg_y„ iy„ \ey„?

A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡Zu_¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L$¡ ANf dpfp D`f L$p„C b_ph b_¡

A_¡ ly„ dfu ÅJ sp¡ s¡dp„\u ApV$gp¡ dpg sy„ dpfp afT„v$p¡

Abvy$ëgpl A_¡ Abuvy$ëgpl A_¡ L$kd_¡ Ap`S>¡ A_¡ ApV$gp¡ dpg

sy„ g¡S>¡. Ap kp„cmu_¡ Aåbpk¡ L$üy„ L$¡ d¢ sp¡ s¡ dpg fpÓ¡ Ry>ù fus¡

Apàep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ Mp_Nu fus¡ L$üy„ lsy„, L$p¡C_¡ s¡ bpbs_u Mbf _

lsu sp¡ s_¡ L$p¡Z¡ Mbf Apù? lTfs¡ S>hpb Apàep¡ L$¡ d_¡ Myv$pA¡

Mbf Apù R>¡; s¡ hMs¡ Aåbpk¡ lTfs_¡ kpQp èNçbf ÅZu_¡

""L$g¡dA¡ ilpv$s'' `X$u Ckgpd L$byg L$ey®. A_¡ Ap_¡ dmsu

L$paudp„ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡. A_¡

L$¡V$guL$ fuhpesp¡dp„ Apìey„ R>¡ L$¡ auv$uep¡ Ap`hp¡ `X$¡ s¡V$gp dpV$¡

Aåbpk Ål¡fdp„ dykgdp_ \C Nep lsp A_¡ `p¡sp_u ÷u Dçdyg

aTg_¡ gphhp dpV$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `pk¡ dL$L$¡ S>hp_u fÅ

guû A_¡ d_dp„ r_òe L$ep£ L$¡ Ðep„ S>C_¡ L$pãaf \C S>Ci A_¡

dv$u_dp„ S>Ci _l], sp¡ Æb°Cg A. s¡Ap¡_u Ahu _uèesp¡\u

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ ANpl L$ep® sp¡ lTfs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ bp¡gphu_¡

`yR>ey„ L$¡ sdp¡A¡ iy„ d_dp„ Aphp¡ r_òe L$ep£ R>¡ L$¡ hmu L$pãaf \C

S>Ci; dpV$¡ lh¡ auv$uep¡ gphp¡ A\hp sp¡ Cdp_ vy$ê$õs L$fp¡ Ðep„ kyû

L$¥v$dp„ flp¡; s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk_¡ eL$u_ \ey„ L$¡ Ap bÞ_¡ Mbfp¡

Myv$p iuhpe L$p¡C buÅ_¡ L$p_¡ `lp¢Qu _\u A_¡ L$p¡C_¡ Mbf _lsu



sp¡ b¡iL$ Myv$pA¡ èNçbf_¡ Ål¡f L$f¡g R>¡ A_¡ Ap èNçbf

kpQp¡ R>¡ A_ ¡ s¡_y„ v$u_ `Z kÐe R>¡ Ðepf¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk Cdp_

gpìep.

69 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ auv$uep¡ g¡hp_p díh¡fp D`f

W$`L$p¡ Apìep¡ sp¡ Aklpb OZp X$fep A_¡ Äepf¡ L$¥v$uep¡ `pk¡\u

auv$uep¡ hkyg \ep¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ s¡ g¡hp\u `fl¡T L$fu s¡ hMs¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu A_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ sdp¡

auv$uep¡ gp¡ L$¡ s¡ lgpg R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ afdph¡ R>¡ sp¡ sdp¡ A¡ QuS>

MpAp¡ L$¡ S>¡ sdp¡A¡ N_udsdp„\u guû R>¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ auv$uep¡ `Z

N_uds_p dpgdp„ v$pMg R>¡ sp¡ sdp¡ s¡_¡ MpAp¡ L$¡ s¡ lgpg A_¡

`pL$uTp R>¡ A_¡ sdp¡ Myv$p_p lyL$d_u dyMpg¡as L$fhp\u X$fp¡

slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p A¡ Ny_plp¡_p¡ bnhphpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ iuL®$_u lpgsdp„

\ep¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡ dl¡fbp_ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡A¡ S>¡ L$p„C Ly$aapfp¡\u N_uds

A_¡ auv$uep¡ gu^p¡ s¡ sdpfp D`f dybpl L$ep£.

70 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk Cdp_

gpìep sp¡ Ap Apes _pTug \C L$¡ A¡ dp¡V$p dfsbphpmp eNçbf

S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ sdpfp lp\dp„ L$¥v$u R>¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ L$l¡sy„ L$¡ ANf sdpfp

v$ugp¡dp„ _¡L$u A¡V$g¡ Cdp_ R>¡ s¡hy„ Myv$p ÅZi¡ A_¡ Å¡i¡ sp¡ S>¡ QuS>

auv$uep sfuL$¡ sdpfp\u g¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ s¡ L$fsp„ b¡lsf sdp¡_¡

Apì¡. A_¡ sdpfp dpV$¡ bnuk L$fi¡ A_¡ Myv$p Ny_plp¡_p¡



bnhphpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ iuL®$_p Tdp_pdp„ \A¡gp R>¡: A_¡ dl¡fbp_ R>¡

L$¡ Cdp_ gphhphpmp_p Ny_pl_¡ dpa L$fu Ap`¡ R>¡. lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

Te_yg Apb¡v$u_ A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u

`pk¡ L$p¡C S>Áep¡\u dpg Apìep¡ lTfs¡ S>_pb¡ Aåbpk_¡ afdpìey„

L$¡ `p¡sp_u Qpv$f buR>php¡ A_¡ Ap dpgdp„\u gC guep¡, sp¡ lTfs¡

Aåbpk¡ `p¡sp_u Qpv$f buR>phu_¡ s¡dp„\u OZp¡ dpg gC gp¡^p¡ s¡

hMs¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡ Ap A¡ dpg R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡

afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ ANf Myv$p sdpfp v$ugdp„ Cdp__u _¡L$u Å¡i¡ sp¡

sdpfu `pk¡\u S>¡ L$p„C g¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡ L$fsp„ b¡lsf sdp¡_¡ s¡

Apì¡. A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡

dpfp\u b¡ hpev$p L$ep® lsp s¡dp„\u A¡L$ sp¡ A¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C dpfu

`pk¡\u gC gu^y„ s¡ L$fsp„ _¡L$ A_¡ b¡lsf Ap`hp_p¡; A_¡ buÅ¡

Ny_pl dpa L$fu Ap`hp_p¡, sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ `l¡gp¡ hpev$p¡ sp¡

hap L$ep£ L$¡ dpfu `pk¡ huk Nygpd R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ Nygpd dpfu sfa\u

huk huk lÅf v$ufld_p¡ h ¡`pf L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `Z

""Td Td_y„'' pZu uhfphhp_y„ Z d_¡ kp¢`¡gy„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ bpbs_¡

ly„ OZuS> `k„v$ A_¡ v$p¡õs fpMy„ Ry„>, A_¡ buÅ¡ bnuk_p¡ hpev$p¡ R>¡,

sp¡ Dd¡v$ fpMy„ Ry„> L$¡ s¡_¡ `Z hap L$fu_¡ Myv$p bnu Apì¡ L$¡dL$¡ s¡

L$fud R>¡ A_¡ L$fud lp¡e s¡ b¡hapC L$fsp¡ _\u.



71 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp A¡ L$¥v$uep¡_p dyL$v$dpdp„

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ `pk¡\u auv$uep¡ g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡ s¡ A¡

dp¡lçdv$ k. s¡ L$¥v$uep¡ ANf Mep_s L$fhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ A¡V$g¡

Alv$ sp¡X$u _p„Mu_¡ spfp vy$íd_p¡_u dv$v$ L$f¡ sp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

Ap\u `l¡g¡ Ly$af L$fu_¡ A_¡ Alv$ sp¡X$u_¡ Myv$p_u Mep_s L$fu R>¡,

A\hp A¡ L$¡ bv$fdp„ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ S>C sdpfu kp\¡ bv$fdp„ gX$pC

L$fu Alv$ sp¡X$ep¡ R>¡, sp¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. s_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f iL$suhp_

L$ep£ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f Ly$ìhs A_¡ Ly$v$fs Apù L$¡ bv$f_p v$uhk¡ spfp

lp\dp„ Nufuaspf \C Nep, A_¡ Myv$p kfh¡_p lpg_p¡ ÅZhphpmp¡

A_¡ luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_u dkg¡ls dpaL$ S>¡ L$p„C Qpl¡ s¡ L$f¡

R>¡.

72 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ Ap`kdp„

v$p¡õsu L$fhp_p¡ A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡\u v$p¡õsu sp¡X$hp_p¡ A_¡ Ap`kdp„

Cdp_v$pfu_p kbb\u A¡L$ buÅ_p hpfuk \hp_p¡ lyL$d afdph¡ R>¡

slL$uL$ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Cdp_ gpìep A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k._u

dp¡låbsdp„ `p¡sp_p Akg hs_ sÆ v$C d½$p\u dv$u_¡ Qpëep

A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ `p¡sp_p dpg \L$u S>¡lpv$ L$fu A¡V$g¡ buÅ S>¡lpv$

L$fhphpmp dp¡lspÅ¡_¡ Mp¡fpL$u hu0 Apù A_¡ s¡dS> s¡Ap¡A¡

`p¡sp_u Å_ \L$u S>¡lpv$ L$fu A¡V$g¡ `p¡s¡ l\uepf gC_¡ Ly$aapfp¡



kp\¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ gX$ep (dS>Ly$f TuL$f dp¡lpS>¡fu_1 _p¡ lsp¡, lh¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp A_kpf2 _p¡ TuL$f L$f¡ R>¡.) A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡

dp¡lpS>¡fu_ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ hs_ R>p¡X$u_¡ Apìep s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p il¡fp¡dp„

S>Áep Apù, A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u dv$v$ L$fu sp¡

Ap gp¡L$L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_y„ bep_ \ey„ L$p¡C s¡Ap¡dp_p L$p¡C_p v$p¡õs R>¡. Ap

Apes dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpf_u spfuadp„ R>¡ A_¡ b ¡iL$ s¡ gp¡L$

s¡hpS> R>¡ bëL$¡ s¡dp„\u L$¡V$gp„L$ L$pdug Ahguep lsp Z s¡Ap¡dp„\u

L$¡V$gp„L$ S>Z L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `R>u s¡Ap¡_p Alv$ D`f

L$ped _ flep A_¡ Alg¡b¥s A. _p lL$_¡ R>u_hu gu^p¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

Adp¡ kpfp ÅZsp _\u. A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. d½$p\u luS>fs L$fu_¡ dv$u_¡ sifua gpìep sp¡ dp¡lpS>¡fu_p¡A¡

`p¡s`p¡spdp„ cpC`Ï„ L$ey®, A¡V$g¡ A¡L$ buÅ_¡ cpC b_pìep, A_¡

s¡S> âdpZ¡ A_kpfp¡A¡ `Z cpC`Ï„ L$ey®, A_¡ s¡huS> fus¡

dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpfp¡ hÃQ¡ `Z cpC`Ï„ \ey„ sp¡ s¡Ap¡dp„\u S>¡

L$p¡C dfu S>sy„ lsy„ sp¡ s¡_p¡ v$u_u cpC hpfuk \sp¡ lsp¡, A_¡ s¡_p¡

dpg g¡sp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡_p kNpìlpgpAp¡_¡ L$p„C dmsy„ _lsy„, A_¡

Äepf¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ ""Ap¡gyg Aflpd'' _u Apes _pTug

1. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ d½$p_¡ dyL$u dv$u_A¡ dy_ìhfp lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k0 kp\¡ Nep s¡Ap¡

2. lTfs_p dv$v$Npf



afdphu sp¡ dS>Ly$f lyL$d fv$ \C Nep¡. A_¡ kNpAp¡_¡ hufkp¡ dmhp

gpÁep¡; A_¡ bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ luS>fs A_¡ _ykfs_p kbb\u A¡L$

buÅ_p hpfuk \sp lsp. A_¡ S>¡Z¡ _ luS>fs L$fu s¡d _ _ykfs

L$fu s¡Ap¡ hpfuk \sp _lsp s¡dS> kNpìlpgp„ `Z hpfuk \sp„

_lsp„. `R>u Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$ Cdp_ gpìep A_¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ p¡sp_p hs_ sÆ_¡ luS>fs L$fu _\u sp¡ sdpfp

dpV$¡ s¡Ap¡_u v$p¡õsudp„ L$p¡C QuS> _\u A¡V$g¡ A¡L$ buÅ_¡ dufpk

_l] dm¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ s¡Ap¡ luS>fs L$f¡ A_¡ p¡sp_p hs__¡ dyL$u_¡

v$pê$g Cdp_ sfa fhp_p \pe. A_¡ S>¡ dp¡Ad¡_p¡A¡ luS>fs L$fu

_\u s¡Ap¡ v$u__p L$pddp„ A¡V$g¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ gX$pC \su lp¡e s¡dp„

sdpfu dv$v$ Qpl¡ sp¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ s¡hp hMsdp„ s¡Ap¡_u dv$v$

L$fhu sdpfp D`f hpÆb R>¡. Z S>¡ L$p¥dL$¡ sdpfu A_¡ sdpfu hÃQ¡

Alv$ R>¡ s¡ L$pãaf L$p¥d kp\¡ A¡ luS>fs _ L$f_pfp dp¡Ad¡_u_ gX$¡

sp¡ A¡hp hMsdp„ s¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__u dv$v$ _ L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡ L$pãafp¡

kp\¡_p¡ Alv$ _sp¡X$p¡ A_¡ S>¡ L$p„C sdp¡ L$fp¡ R>p¡ s¡ Myv$p Å¡hphpmp¡

R>¡.

73 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ly$aapfp¡ dv$v$

L$fhpdp„ A\hp dufpk g¡hpdp„ A¡L$ buÅ_p v$p¡õs R>¡. A_¡ Adp¡A¡

sdp¡_¡ S>¡ bpbs afdphu R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap`kdp„ v$p¡õsu L$fhu A_¡

Ly$aapfp¡\u dp¡låbs sp¡X$hu A¡ dyS>b sdp¡ _l] L$fp¡ sp¡ S>du_dp„



aus_p¡ A_¡ v$u_dp„ dp¡V$p¡ akpv$ Dcp¡ \i¡ A¡V$g¡ sdp¡ Ap`kdp„ A¡L$

k„` \C dp¡låbs _ L$fp¡ A_¡ A¡L$ buÅ dp¡Ad¡_u__u dv$v$ _ L$f¡

sp¡ Ly$aapfp¡ bpl¡f _uL$mu blyS> dp¡V$p¡ aus_p¡ A_¡ akpv$ Dcp¡ L$f¡.

74 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡lpS>¡fu_ dp¡Ad¡_u_

A_¡ A_kpfp¡_p bv$gp rhj¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ Cdp_ gpìep

A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ luS>fs L$fu L$¡ Myv$p A_¡ eNçbf_u v$p¡õsudp„ p¡sp_p

hs_ dyL$u Apàep A_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu A_¡ s¡_u

A¡hu afdp bfv$pfu L$fu L$¡ dfsp„ kyû `p¡sp_p Cdp_ D`f kpbus

füp, A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u _byìhsdp„ L$p¡C hMs `Z iL$

L$ep£ _l], A_¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ Ly$aapfp¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fsp lsp, A\hp s¡Ap¡_p

lp\\u L$Ðg \sp lsp A_¡ Mpguk Myv$p_u Myiu dpV$¡ luS>fs L$fsp

lsp (s¡\u dyfpv$ dp¡lpS>¡fu_ R>¡) A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡

dp¡lpS>¡fu__¡ S>Áep Apù A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u dv$v$ L$fu A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ L$fu,

A_¡ A¡hp gp¡L$L$¡ dfhp kyû `p¡sp_p Cdp_ D`f L$ped flep, sp¡

A¡ lL$ A_¡ fpõs dp¡Ad¡_u_ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p dpV$¡ bnuk A_¡ blyS>

dp¡V$u fp¡Tu R>¡ L$¡ s¡ f„S> A_¡ dykubs hNf dmi¡.

75 du Apes- A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Ap `R>u Cdp_ gpìep

R>¡ (A¡V$g¡ lv$buèepl_u gX$pC_u kyg¡l `R>u Cdp_ gpìep R>¡

s¡Ap¡) A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ luS>fs L$fu R>¡ A_¡ sdpfu kp\¡ \C Ly$aapfp¡



kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu R>¡. sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$ `Z dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpfdp„\u

R>¡, A_¡ v$p¡õsu A_¡ dv$v$dp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡ lyL$d sdpfp lyL$d S>¡hp¡ R>¡.

ANfQ¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfu R>u Cdp_ gpìep R>¡ A_¡ sdpfu R>u luS>fs

L$fu R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ buÅ_p kNp gp¡L$p¡ Ap`kdp„ dufpk g¡hp dpV$¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡\u h^pf¡ lL$v$pf R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_¡ dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpfdp„\u

A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ cpC`Ï„ R>¡, A_¡ A¡ bpbs Myv$p_u L$uspbdp„ A\hp

ghl¡ dlayTdp„ A\hp Ly$fAp_dp„ R>¡, A¡_p¡ dsgb A¡L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡

bufpv$f¡v$u_u A_¡ luS>fs s\p _ykfs_p kbb\u S>¡ Ap`kdp„

hufkp¡ g¡sp v$¡sp s¡ L$fsp kNp gp¡L$p¡ hufkpsp h^pf¡ lL$v$pf R>¡, sp¡

bufpv$f¡v$u_u hu0 _p kbb\u S>¡ hufkp¡ g¡hp_u Apes Aph¡gu R>¡

s¡ Apes_p¡ lyL$d Ap Apes\u fv$ \ep¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apes\u A¡hy„

kpbsu \ey„ L$¡ _ÆL$_p gp¡L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ R>¡V$¡_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ hufkpdp„\u

L$p„C Z Ap`hy„ Å¡Ce¡ _l] hu0 A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$

A. afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ S>_pb¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. _p¡ L$p¡C

Nygpd dfu S>sp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡_„y L$p¡C kNy lp¡sy„ sp¡ lTfs s¡_p

dpgdp„\u `p¡s¡ L$p„C `Z g¡sp _ lsp, bëL$¡ s¡_p kNpAp¡_¡ Apù

v$¡sp lsp A_¡ dS>Ly$f Apes `X$sp lsp. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡

slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p v$f¡L$ QuS>_¡ A¡V$g¡ kN`Z_p kbb\u A¡V$g¡ luS>fs

A\hp _ykfs A\hp v$u_u cpC_p kbb\u dufpk Ap`hp_u

bpbsdp„ Apgud A_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡.



Ap kyfp¡dv$_u R>¡.

Ap kyfpdp„ 129Apesp¡ R>¡. p p

k|fsyÐsìbpl(sp¥bp_p¡ kyfp¡)

ÅZhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡ Apkyfpdp„ rbkrdëgpl _\u L$pfZ L$¡

rbkrdëgpl Adp_ A_¡ flds_p dpV$¡ lp¡e R>¡, A_¡ Ap kyfp¡

Adp_ dpV$¡ _\u `Z L$Ðg A_¡ b¡Tpfu dpV$¡ R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ ""kyfA¡ A_apg'' A_¡

""kyfA¡ sp¥bp'' bÞ_¡ dmu_¡ A¡L$ kyfs R>¡ s¡\u Ap kyfdp„

rbkrdëgpl Aphu _\u. A_¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs_p bpAT Ap¡gdp

`Z s¡S> dyS>b L$l¡ R>¡, A_¡ khpb `Z Ap bÞ_¡ kyfp_p¡ A¡L$S> R>¡

S>¡dL$¡ kyfA¡ A_apgdp„ bep_ \ey„. A_¡ Ap kyfp_p L$¡V$gp„A¡L$ _pd

R>¡ s¡dp„\u `p„Q _uQ¡ dyS>b 1-""sp¥bp'' L$¡dL$¡ Ap kyfpdp„ sp¥bp_y„

`Z TuL$f R>¡ f-""bfpAs'' A¡V$g¡ Ly$a A_¡ _uapL$\u b¡Tpfu 3-

""apT¡lp'' A¡V$g¡ dy_pL$¡L$p¡_¡ aS>¡s L$fhphpmp¡ 4-""dp¡sllfp''

A¡V$g¡ _uapL$\u `pL$ L$fhphpmp¡. `-""dMTuèel'' A¡V$g¡

dy_pa¡L$p¡_¡ ê$khp L$fhphpmp¡ A_¡ Ap kyfp_u iê$Apsdp

rbkrdëgpl_p bv$g¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ap dyS>b `X$¡ R>¡.

ADTp¡ rbëgpl¡ d¡_Þ_pf¡ hrd_ ifqfg Ly$apf¡ hrd_

NTrbg S>åbpf¡

kyfA¡ sp¥bp A_hpê$g bep_


`_pl dpNy„ Ry„> Aëgpl_u `pk¡ ApN\u A_¡ bv$u Ly$aapf_u\u A_¡ NTb\u

S>åbpf (Myv$p) _p

Ag CTTsp¡ rgëgprlg hpl¡qv$g L$llpf¡.

sdpd CTTs hpõs¡ Aëgpl_u R>¡ s¡ A¡L$ R>¡ (A_¡) kh£ D`f Npgub R>¡.

A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Ap`¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ ""sybyL$''dp„\u lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p `pR>p afhp

`R>u k_¡ _hp luS>fudp„ ""kyfA¡ bfpAs'' _u àl¡gu Apesp¡

_pTug \C R>¡. A_¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. d½$p_¡ as¡l L$ey®

lsy„ Ðepf¡ dyifuL$p¡_¡ s¡ hj£ lS> L$fhp\u d_p L$fu _lsu, A_¡

Afbp¡_u A¡hu Apv$s lsu L$¡ S>¡ L$`X$pdp„ s¡Ap¡ shpa L$fsp lsp s¡

L$`X$p `p¡sp_u `pk¡ fpMsp _lsp `Z kv$L$p¡ L$fu Ap`sp lsp; A_¡

S>¡ L$p¡C d½$pdp„ Aphsp¡ lsp¡ s¡ buÅAp¡ `pk¡\u L$`X$p dp„Nu shpa

L$fsp¡ lsp¡, A_¡ `R>u s¡_¡ `pR>p Apù v$¡sp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ ANf dp„Áep

L$`X$p _ dmsp lsp sp¡ cpX$¡ g¡sp lsp, A_¡ ANf cpX$¡ `Z _

dm¡ A_¡ s¡_u `pk¡ A¡L$S> L$`Xy„$ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ _Á_ \C_¡ shpa L$fsp¡

lsp¡, A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Apv$s lsu L$¡ ""bfAps'' _p¡

kyfp¡ _pTug \hp_u `l¡g¡ L$p¡C dpZk\u `l¡g L$fu_¡ S„>N L$fsp

_lsp `Z S>¡ i¿k L$¡ lTfs_u kp\¡ `p¡s¡ gX$¡ A\hp gX$hp_p¡

Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ s¡_u kp\¡ gX$sp lsp, A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ A¡S> lyL$d

Apàep¡ lsp¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p¡C sdpfp\u kygpl L$f¡ s¡_u kp\¡ gX$p¡ _l] s¡



A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ Ap kyfp¡ _pTug \ep¡ A_¡ lyL$d \ep¡ L$¡ dyifuL$p¡_¡

L$Ðg L$fp¡ `Z A¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡\u d½$p as¡l \ey„ s¡ v$uhk¡ Alv$

\ep¡ lsp¡ s¡Ap¡_u kp\¡ gX$p¡ _l] L$¡ Qpf dlu_p_u s¡Ap¡_¡ dp¡lgs

R>¡, ANf s¡Ap¡ s¡ dyv$s_u A„v$f auL$f A_¡ huQpf L$fu Cdp_ gph¡

sp¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ b¡lsf R>¡ _l] sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z L$Ðg L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡.

A_¡ s¡ Qpf dlu_p ""Cv$¡Ly$fbp_'' _u v$kdu\u ""fbuDkkp_u''

_u v$kdu kyû lsp.

1 gu Apes- A_¡ Ap Qpf dlu_pdp„ Äep„ Qpl¡ Ðep„ fl¡hp_u

`fhp_Nu lsu. A_¡ iuApl A_¡ kyÞ_u bÞ_¡_¡ Ðep„ fuhpes R>¡ L$¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Ap kyfp_u `l¡gu Qpmuk Apesp¡ l.

AbybL$f_¡ Apù_¡ Qpmuk Apv$du 0 lus fhp_p L$ep® L$¡ lS>_u

dp¡kddp„ dyifuL$p¡_u ê$bê$ Ap Apesp¡ gC S>C hp„Qu k„cmph¡; l.

AbybL$f s¡ Apesp¡ gC_¡ Ðep„ fhp_p \ep¡; A_¡ s¡ fhp_p \hp R>u

Æb°Cg A. _pTug \C lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp kgpd R>u lyL$d L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ ""kyfA¡ bfAps'' _¡ L$p¡C

`lp¢QpX$u iL$sy„ _\u `Z sy„ A\hp S>¡ i¿k L$¡ sdpfu lp¡e s¡

`lp¢QpX$u iL$¡ R>¡, `R>u Ap lyL$d \hp\u lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

S>_pb¡ Agu Cå_¡ Abuspg¡b A. _¡ bp¡gphu NTbp _pd_u

kp„Y$Zu D`f b¡kpfu L$üy„ L$¡ sy„ l.AbybL$f `pk¡\u kyfA¡ bfpAs

gC_¡ dyifuL$p¡_u ê$bê$ X$¡, sp¡ s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Aguèe¡ dyfsyTp A.



fhp_p \ep A_¡ l.AbybL$f `pk¡\u kyfA¡ bfAps_u Apesp¡ gB

S>dfA¡ AL$bp_u `pk¡ Dcp flu_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ ly„ sdpfu

sfa fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p¡ fkyg k. Ry„> A¡d L$lu kyfA¡ bfAps_u

Apesp¡ hp„Qu k„cmphu s¡dp„_u `l¡gu Apes _uQ¡ dyS>b S>¡dL$¡

Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dykgdp_p¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p¡ fkyg k. A¡ gp¡L$p¡\u

b¡Tpf R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ dyifuL$p¡ kp\¡ sdp¡A¡ Alv$ L$ep£ R>¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡ Alv$_¡ sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ R>¡. dsgb A¡ L$¡ sdp¡A¡ dyifuL$p¡

kp\¡ Alv$ L$ep£ R>¡ s¡\u Myv$p fkyg k. b¡Tpf R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Alv$

sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ R>¡.

2 Æ Apes- A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ Alv$ sp¡X$ep¡ _lsp¡ s¡Ap¡ rhj¡

Myv$pA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ sdp¡ Z s¡Ap¡_p Alv$_¡ _ sp¡X$p¡ A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡

Alv$ sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡\u Alv$ bpL$u flep¡ _l] A_¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡

Alv$ sp¡X$ep¡ _\u s¡Ap¡_¡ dp¡lgs Ap`hu Å¡CA¡ S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ Myv$p

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$lp¡ L$¡ A¡ dyifuL$u_ k¥f L$fp¡ sdp¡ Tdu_dp„

A¡V$g¡ dykgdp_p¡\u r_c®e \C_¡ Qpf dlu_p kyû AphÅh L$fp¡.

A_¡ s¡ Qpf dlu_p dpl¡ TuglÄS>l_u v$kdu\u fbu Dõkp_u_u

v$kdu kyû lsp. A_¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. Ly$aapfp¡_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ L$p¡C

dfv$ A\hp Ap¥fs _h÷p \C_¡ shpa _ L$f¡, A\hp sp¡ L$p¡C

dyifuL$ shpa _ L$f¡ `Z S>¡_u kp\¡ Alv$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Qpf dlu_p_u

dyv¹$s Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ Agu A.



kyfA¡ bfpAs_u Apesp¡ `X$ep sp¡ dyifuL$p¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ A¡ Agu A.

Adp¡ `Z sdpfp A_¡ sdpfp L$pL$p_p v$uL$fp_p Alv$\u b¡Tpf R>uA¡

A_¡ Alv$ Adpfp¡ sghpf A_¡ _¡Tp R>¡. A_¡ Äepf¡ Aduê$g

dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. fukpgs `lp¢QpX$hp\u apfuN \ep sp¡ lS>_¡ Av$p

L$fu_¡ dv$u_pdp„ sifua gpìep. ""_pÆ'' L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ `R>u iuApl

A_¡ kyÞ_u_u L$uspbp¡\u l. AbybL$f A_¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. rhj¡

huõspfu_¡ OZu bpbsp¡ gM¡gu R>¡ `Z Adp¡ s¡ bpbs_¡ L$¡V$gp„L$

L$pfZ\u _ gMpsp„ dpÓ b¡ hpL$e AfS> L$fue¡ R>uA¡ L$¡ Myv$p_u `pk¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u fukpgs `lp¢QpX$hp dpV$¡ lTfs¡ Agu

A. iuhpe buSy„> L$p¡C gpeL$ _lp¡sy„ sp¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡_u lepsudp„ A¡

L$pd bÅhhp_p¡ lTfs Agu A. _¡ lyL$d \ep¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u lepsu

bpv$ `Z s¡Ap¡ sfa\u sdpd bpbsdp„ A¡S> lTfs dy¿suepf

\hpS> Å¡Ce¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ lsp. h^y huNs ÅZhp_u ¿hplui

fpM_pf¡ dy_pT¡fp hu0 _u L$uspbp¡ hp„Qhu. lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Alv$

sp¡X$hphpmp sfa Muspb L$fu_¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ Alv$

sp¡X$hphpmpAp¡ sdp¡ ÅZp¡ L$¡ ANfQ¡ Myv$pA¡ sdp¡_¡ dp¡lgs Apù

R>¡, `Z ATpb_¡ v$a¡ L$fhpdp„ slL$uL$L$¡ sdp¡ Myv$p_¡ ApÆT A_¡

gpQpf L$fhphpmp _\u A_¡ ÅZp¡ sdp¡ L$¡ Myv$p L$pãafp¡_¡ L$Ðg A_¡

L$¥v$ L$fu_¡ A_¡ ApM¡fsdp„ v$p¡TM_u ApNdp„ bpmu_¡ ê$khp

L$fhphpmp¡ R>¡.



3 Æ Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp `p¡s¡ dyifuL$p¡\u b¡Tpf R>¡ s¡

hui¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Q¡sh¡ R>¡, A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$p¡C DTf bpL$u _ fl¡

S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡ Ly$aapf sfa Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p

fkyg k. sfa\u dp¡V$p lS>_¡ v$uhk¡ Ål¡f L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡

Q¡shZu Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$ ¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p¡ fkyg k.

dyifuL$p¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p Alv$\u b¡Tpf R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apesdp„ dp¡V$p¡

lS> R>¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ TuglS> dlu_p_u v$kdu spfuM bL$fu Cv$_p¡

v$uhk R>¡, A_¡ s¡_¡ lÄS>¡ AL$bf_p¡ v$uhk A¡V$gp dpV$¡ afdpìep¡ L$¡

lS>_p OZp AaApg s¡ v$uhk¡L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ bpAT

fuhpesdp„ A¡ lÄS>¡ AL$bf lp¡hp hui¡ Ap âdpZ¡ gM¡gy„ R>¡ L$¡ s¡

hj£ dykgdp_ A_¡ dyifuL$p¡ bÞ_¡A¡ lS> L$ep£ lsp¡, A_¡ s¡ `R>u

L$p¡C dyifuL$¡ lS> L$f¡g _\u. A_¡ bpAT fuhpes¡ kpv$¡L$uepdp„ R>¡ L$¡

lÄS>¡ AL$bf_p¡ v$uhk Ly$fbp_u_u Cv$_p¡ R>¡. A_¡ lÄS>¡ AkNf\u

dyfpv$ ""Ddfpl'' R>¡ A_¡ ""elepbu_¡ lfpT'' _pd_p¡ i¿k

fuhpes L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ d¢ bL$fu Cv$_¡ v$uhk lTfs Agu A. _¡ JV$ D`f

khpf Å¡ep L$¡ Cv$Npl sfa S>sp lsp Ðep„ A¡L$ iMk¡ lTfs_p

JV$_u d¡lpf `L$X$u `R>ey„ L$¡ lÄS>¡ AL$bf_p¡ v$uhk L$ep¡ R>¡? lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡ v$uhkdp„ sy„ R>p¡, (A¡V$g¡ ApS>_p¡ v$uhk) A_¡ `l¡gu

Apesdp„ b¡Tpfu kpbus lp¡hp_u Mbf lsu A_¡ Ap Apesdp„

b¡Tpfu_u Q¡shZu Apù s¡\u Ap bpbs b¡ hMs Aphu A¡d _



ÅZhy„. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ L$pãafp¡ ANf sdp¡ Ly$af s\p

DTf L$fhp\u shbp L$fp¡ sp¡ s¡ sdpfp dpV$¡ b¡lsf R>¡ A_¡ ANf

sdp¡ shbp\u afu ÅAp¡ A_¡ Ly$af_¡ sfL$ _ L$fp¡ sp¡ ÅZp¡ L$¡ slL$uL$

sdp¡ Myv$p_¡ AiL$s A_¡ gpQpf L$fhphpmp _\u L$¡ s¡_p dygL$\u

_piu ÅAp¡ A\hp dyL$pb¡gp¡ L$fu iL$p¡ A\hp s¡_p\u S„>N L$fp¡ s¡

b_hp Å¡N _\u, A_¡ ANf s¡ Qpl¡ sp¡ ldZp sdp¡ sdpd dfu

ÅAp¡, A_¡ ANf ATpb L$fhp Qpl¡ sp¡ L$p¡C s¡_p ATpb_¡ v$a¡

L$f_pf _\u s¡dS> L$p¡C iuapfui L$fu_¡ bQphu iL$¡ s¡d _\u. `R>u

Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. S>¡ gp¡L$L$¡ L$pãaf \ep R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

vy$:Mv$peL$ ATpb_u MyiMbfu Ap`.

4 \u Apes- `Z dyifuL$p¡dp„\u S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ sdp¡A¡ Alv$

L$ep£ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ ""L$_p_p'' A_¡ ""b_u Tdufp'' sp¡ `R>u s¡Ap¡A¡

Alv$_u ifsp¡dp„\u sdpfu kp\¡ L$p¡C QuS>_¡ Ap¡R>u L$fu _\u A_¡

sdpfu kp\¡ gX$hp dpV$¡ sdpfp L$p¡C `Z vy$íd__u s¡Ap¡A¡ Ly$dL$ L$fu

_\u sp¡ A¡ dykgdp_p¡ sdp¡ `Z s¡Ap¡_p Alv$_¡ s¡_u dyv$s kyû

`yfp¡ L$fp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p `fl¡TNpfp¡_¡ v$p¡õs fpM¡ R>¡; A_¡ Alv$

D`f hap L$fhu s¡ `Z sL$hp A_¡ `fl¡TNpfu R>¡.

5 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dyifuL$p¡_p dyL$v$dpdp„ afdph¡

R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ dp¡lgs Ap`¡gu dyv$shpmp Qpf lfpd dlu_p NyS>fu

Åe sp¡ S>¡Ap¡ kp\¡ sdp¡A¡ Alv$ L$ep£ _\u A_¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡ Alv$



sp¡X$ep¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ sdp¡_¡ Äep„ dm¡ Ðep„ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

Nufuaspf L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Mp_A¡ L$pAbp_p shpa\u AV$L$php¡

A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ ""lfd'' _u S>Áep¡dp„ Aphhp _ Ap`p¡. s¡dS> s¡Ap¡_¡

dykgdp_p¡_p il¡fp¡dp„ afhp\u AV$L$php¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$¥v$ L$fp¡ A_¡

v$f¡L$ Ops_u S>Áepdp„ sdp¡ b¡kp¡ A¡V$g¡ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f fõsp b„^

L$fu v$uep¡ L$¡ il¡fdp„ a¥gphp `pd¡ _l], A_¡ Ap Apesdp„ Apìey„ L$¡

s¡ dyifuL$p¡ Äep„ dm¡ Ðep„ dpfp¡ s¡\u dsgb A¡ L$¡ lfd_u bpl¡f

A\hp lfddp„ dm¡ sp¡ lfddp„, A_¡ ""lfpd'' dlu_p_u bpl¡f

A\hp lfpd dlu_pdp„ S>¡ hMs¡ Äep„ dm¡ Ðep„ L$sg L$fp¡; A_¡ A¡

lfpd dlu_p Qpf R>¡. fS>b, TuL$pAv$l, TuglÄS>l A_¡

dp¡lffd A_¡ D`f S>¡ TuglÄS>_u v$kdu\u fbuDg Aìhg_u

v$kdu kyû S„>N_u d_pC lsu s¡ Qpf dlu_p A¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ huQpf

L$fhp dpV$¡ dp¡lgs Apù lsu s¡ lsp. Å¡ ANf s¡ dyifuL$p¡ Ly$af

A_¡ iuL®$\u shbp L$f¡ A_¡ _dpT_¡ L$ped L$f¡ s\p TL$ps Ap`¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ sdp¡ fõsp¡ Mpgu L$fu Ap`p¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$p„C L$lp¡ _l] s¡d

s¡Ap¡_¡ L$p„C AV$L$php¡ _l] A_¡ Äep„ Åe Ðep„ S>hp Ap`p¡, slL$uL$L$¡

\C NA¡gp Ny_plp¡_¡ Myv$p bnhphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ khpb Ap`hp s\p

shbp L$byg L$fhpdp„ dl¡fbp_ R>¡.

6 Ì$u Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Qpf

dlu_p NyS>fu Nep `R>u S>¡ dyifuL$_¡ L$sg L$fhp Å¡CA¡ s¡dp„\u



L$p¡C spfu `pk¡ `_pl dp„N¡ sp¡ sy„ s¡_¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû `_pl Ap` L$¡ s¡

spfu `pk¡\u Myv$p_p L$gpd kp„cmu s¡dp„ rhQpf A_¡ auL$f L$fu fpl¡

lL$_¡ `pd¡, `R>u s¡ Ly$fAp_ kp„cmhp `R>u Cdp_ _ gph¡ sp¡ s¡_¡

sy„ s¡_u Ad__u S>ÁepA¡ L$¡ S>¡ s¡_y„ Of R>¡ Ðep„ s¡_ ¡ `lp¢QpX$u Ap`,

A_¡ s¡ `R>u s¡_u kp\¡ S„>N L$f `Z `_pl Apù_¡ v$Np\u L$Ðg _

L$f. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ Ap A¡V$g¡ Adp_ Ap`hu A\hp Adp__p¡

lyL$d Ap`hp¡ A¡ kbb\u R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$ s¡ L$p¥d Cdp__u lL$uL$s_¡

ÅZsu _\u A_¡ Myv$p_¡ Ap¡mMsu _\u. ""kyblp„_ëgpl'' iy„ fld

A_ ¡ L$fd R>¡ L$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf dyifuL$p¡dp„\u L$p¡C `_pl dp„N¡

s¡_¡ `_pl Ap` L$¡ s¡ Ly$fAp_ kp„cmu_¡ Cdp_ gph¡ A_¡ ANf Å¡

Cdp_ _ gph¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ s¡_u S>Áep¡A¡ `lp¢QpX$u Ap` A_¡ s¡_¡ L$Ðg

_ L$f L$¡ s_¡ L$p¡C MpC_ A_¡ v$NpbpT _ L$l¡ Z s¡_¡ s¡_u Ad__u

S>Áep¡A¡ `lp¢QpX$ep `R>u s_¡ C¿suepf R>¡ L$¡ Å¡Ce¡ sp¡ S„>N L$f A_¡

Å¡CA¡ sp¡ S„>N _ L$f, A_¡ Aphu Adpfu dl¡fbp_u dyifuL$p¡ D`f

s¡Ap¡_u _pv$p_u_p kbb\u R>¡.

7 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ dyifuL$p¡A¡

DTf L$ep£ A_¡ Alv$_¡ sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ s¡ hMs¡ M yv$p A_¡ s¡_p

èNçbf `pk¡ s¡ dyifuL$p¡ dpV$¡ L$¡hu fus¡ Alv$ flu iL$¡ R>¡? `Z

S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_u kp\¡ sdp¡A¡ Alv$ L$ep£ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ b_u ""Tdufp'' A_¡

b_u ""L$_p_p'' kp\¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. dõÆvy$g lfpd_u `pk¡



lv$buèepldp„ Alv$ L$ep£ lsp¡; A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ DTf Ål¡f \ep¡ _\u

sp¡ Äep„ kyû s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p Alv$ D`f L$ped fl¡ Ðep„ kyû sdp¡

`Z s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ L$ped flp¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ Alv$ _ sp¡X$¡ sp¡ sdp¡ `Z

_ sp¡X$p¡; A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Aëgpl `fl¡TNpfp¡_¡ v$p¡õs fpM¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡

`p¡sp_p Alv$ D`f kpbus L$v$d fl¡ R>¡.

8 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ s¡ dyifuL$p¡ `p¡sp_p Alv$

D`f L$¡hu fus¡ bpL$u R>¡? A¡ R>sp„ L$¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ sdpfp D`f Npgub

\pe sp¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfp lL$dp„ kN`Z A\hp kp¡N_ D`f Ýep_ _l]

fpM¡ A_¡ Alv$ D`f `Z hap _l] L$f¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ dpÓ dp¡Y$p\u

sdp¡_¡ fpÆ L$f¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfu kp\¡ Cdp_ gphhp_p¡ A_¡

spb¡v$pfu_p¡ dpÓ Æc\uS> hpev$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡ huj¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ug

BÞL$pf L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ OZp s¡Ap¡dp„_p \p¡X$pS> S>Z bv$_pdu_p

kbb\u Alv$ sp¡X$hp\u `fl¡T L$f¡ R>¡.

9 du Apes- A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ Myv$p_u Apesp¡_¡ \p¡X$uS> _Æhu

L$]ds L$¡ s¡ b¡ v$uhk_u vy$Þep_p¡ dpg R>¡ s¡_p bv$g¡ h¡Qu _p„M¡ R>¡

sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Myv$p_p fõsp_¡ b„^ L$ep£ R>¡ slL$uL$L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ S>¡ Adg

L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ Mfpb R>¡. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Abykyaep_¡ dyifuL$p¡dp„\u L$¡V$gp„A¡L$

dpZkp¡_¡ vy$Þep_p dpg_u gpgQ Apù_¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fhp

dpV$¡ c¡Np L$ep® A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ly$fAp__u Apesp¡_¡ Mp¡V$u `pX$u A_¡



dykgdp_p¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fhp dpV$¡ `pR>m `X$ep. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡

Mp_A¡ L$pAbp_p lS>_p fõsp\u d_pC L$fsp lsp.

10 du Apes- A_¡ s¡ Alv$ sp¡X$hphpmp dyifuL$p¡

dp¡Ad¡_u_p lL$_¡ kp„Qhsp _\u A_¡ s¡dS> Alv$ D`f hap L$f_pf

_\u sp¡ s¡ gp¡L$ lv$\u hû S>hphpmp R>¡.

11 du Apes- sp¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ Ly$af\u sp¥bp L$f¡ A_¡ _dpT

L$ped L$f¡ s\p TL$ps Ap`¡ sp¡ sdpfp v$u_ cpC R>¡, A_¡ S>¡ L$p„C

sdpfp dpV$¡ R>¡ s¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡ L$p¥d kdS>¡ R>¡ A_¡ Myv$p_u

Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uep¡dp„ auL$f A_¡ rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ Adp¡

Adpfu Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uep¡ sakug\u bep_ L$fue¡ R>uA¡ sp¡ Ap\u

dAgyd \ey„ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ _dpT `X$sp _\u s¡dS> TL$ps Ap`sp _\u

s¡Ap¡ _ dp¡Adu_ R>¡ s¡dS> _ rbfpv$f¡ v$u_u R>¡.

12 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ ANf s¡ gp¡L$p¡ Alv$

L$ep® `R>u Alv$ A_¡ L$kdp¡_¡ sp¡X$u _p„M¡ A_¡ sdpfp v$u_dp„ A¥b

gNpX$¡ A_¡ d¡Zp dpf¡ sp¡ sdp¡ dyifuL$p¡_p `¡ihp A_¡ kfv$p¡fp¡ kp\¡

S„>N L$fp¡; slL$uL$L$¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡ A¡hp R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ _ Alv$ R>¡ _

hQ_ R>¡ _ L$kd R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ Å¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ Alv$ dTbys A_¡ W$uL$ ls¡

sp¡ s¡ Vy$V$s¡ _l], dpV$¡ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡_u kp\¡ gX$p¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ iuL®$ A\hp

v$u_dp„ d¡Zp dpfsp AV$L$¡. A_¡ Cå_¡ Aåbpk\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡

ApA¡ Apesdp„ Ly$af_p Cdpdp¡\u dyfpv$ Abykyaep_ A_¡ lpfuk



A_¡ klg A_¡ AL$fdp R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p Alv$_¡

sp¡X$u _p„¿ep¡ lsp¡; A_¡ lp¡TeapA¡ afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ Ap Apes_p gp¡L$

lSy> Ål¡f \ep _\u A_¡ Myv$p_p Ahguepdp„\u A¡L$ hgu s¡Ap¡

kp\¡ gX$i¡. A_¡ S>dg_u gX$pC_p v$uhk¡ S>_pb¡ Aduê$g

dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. dS>Ly$f Apes `X$u_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ L$dd R>¡ Myv$p_u

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. dpfu kp\¡ Alv$ L$ep£ R>¡ A_¡ afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡

A¡ Agu A. AgbÐsp sy„ Alv$ A_¡ beAs sp¡X$hphpmp gp¡L$p¡

kp\¡ S„>N L$fui L$¡ s¡ S>dg_u gX$pCdp„ Aph¡gp gp¡L$ R>¡, A_¡

L$pk¡su_\u gX$ui A¡V$g¡ lL$ fõsp\u DgV$p Qpghphpmp\u gX$ui

L$¡ s¡ kuaau__u gX$pCdp„ Aph¡gp gp¡L$ R>¡, A_¡ dpf¡L$u_\u gX$ui

L$¡ s¡ MpfÆ R>¡ hu0 A¡ rhj¡ buÆ OZu fuhpesp¡ R>¡.

13 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp fNbs A_¡ ip¡M

A`phhp_p sfuL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dykgdp_p¡ iy„ sdp¡A¡ L$p¥d kp\¡

S„>N L$fsp _\u L$¡ s¡ L$p¥d_p dpZkp¡A¡ `p¡sp_p Alv$ A_¡ L$kdp¡_¡

sp¡X$u _p„Mu, A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ v$pê$g _v$hp _pd_u S>Áepdp„ c¡Np \C

kgpl L$fu lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ L$pY$u dyyL$hp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡,

A_¡ lL$uL$s lpg A¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$ A¡hp R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ sdpfp\u

Alv$ sp¡X$hpdp„ `l¡g L$fu R>¡ L$¡ `l¡gu hMs¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Alv$ sp¡X$ep¡

R>¡. sp¡ sdp¡ ip dpV$¡ s¡Ap¡ kp\¡ gX$sp _\u A_¡ s¡Ap¡\u sdp¡_¡ L$C

QuS> AV$L$ph¡ R>¡? iy„ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡ kp\¡ S„>N L$fhp\u X$fp¡ R>p¡? A_¡



s¡Ap¡\u L$p¡C AZNdp_u bpbs `lp¢Qhp\u A„v$¡ip¡ L$fp¡ R>p¡? `Z

A¡d _ L$fsp„ s¡Ap¡\u Mp¥a fpMhp¡ _ Å¡Ce¡, A_¡ Myv$p A¡ bpbsdp„

h^pf¡ gpeL$ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ gX$pC sfL$ L$fhpdp„ s¡_p\u X$fp¡, sp¡ ANf

Å¡ sdp¡ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k. D`f Cdp_ gphhphpmp lp¡sp¡ sdp¡

s¡Ap¡ kp\¡ gX$p¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ Cdp_ A¡hu QuS> R>¡ L$¡ s¡ Myv$p iuhpe

buÅ\u X$fhp_y„ bsphsy„ _\u, A_¡ afdp„ bfv$pfudp„ s¥èepf fl¡hy„

Å¡Ce¡.

14 du Apes- sdp¡ s¡Ap¡ kp\¡ gX$p¡ L$¡ Myv$p sdpfp lp\ \L$u

s¡Ap¡ D`f ATpb L$fi¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfu sghpfp¡\u dpep® S>i¡

A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ lfphu_¡ ê$khp L$fi¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f sdp¡_¡ dv$v$ A_¡

as¡l Apì¡ A_¡ S>¡ L$p¥d dp¡Ad¡_u_ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ iap Apì¡

L$¡ s¡ ed__p gp¡L$ b_u MTpApl_u L$p¥d_p R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ d½$pdp„

Aphu_¡ dykgdp_ \ep lsp A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ CÅ Ap`sp lsp.

15 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ sdpfu as¡l \hp\u A¡

dp¡Ad¡_u__p Nyõkp A_¡ Ndu_¡ vy$f L$fi¡ L$¡ S>¡ Ly$aapfp¡_p lp\\u

CÅ `pdsp lsp A_¡ Myv$p `p¡sp_p aTgp¡ L$fd\u S>¡ i¿k_u Qpl¡

s¡_u sp¥bp L$byg L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ AbyS>¡lg_p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ AL$fdp„ A_¡

klgrb_¡ Ddf rh0 R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gpìep lsp, A_¡ Myv$p

sdpd_p Ål¡f_p A_¡ bpsu__p lpg_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡



luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$fhy„ lp¡e s¡ luL$ds A_¡ dkg¡ls âdpZ¡

L$f¡ R>¡.

16 du Apes- gM¡ R>¡ L$¡ bpAT dp¡Ad¡_u_ S>¡lpv$\u

AZNdp¡ fpMsp lsp sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡ L$¡V$gpL$ L$l¡

R>¡ L$¡ Ap Muspb dy_pauL$p¡ sfa R>¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡ dy_pa¡L$u_ sdp¡A¡ ip¡

Nydp_ L$ep£ R>¡? L$¡ sdp¡_¡ A¡ lpg D`f dyL$u Ap`¡ L$¡ sdp¡ fpls A_¡

Ad_dp„ R>p¡, A¡ R>sp„ L$¡ lSy> kyû sdpfpdp„\u S>¡lpv$ L$f¡ A¡hy„

Myv$pA¡ ÅÎey„ _\u A¡V$g¡ lÆ kyû sdp¡A¡ S>¡lpv$ L$ep£ _\u, L$¡

sdp¡_¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhphpmpAp¡dp„\u ÅZ¡1 A_¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ Myv$p A_¡

s¡_p fkyg k. A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ kuhpe L$p¡C_¡ s¡_p Mp_Nu v$p¡õs

L$ep® _\u L$¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f `p¡sp_p c¡v$_¡ Ål¡f L$f¡ A¡hp sdp¡ \ep lp¡

A¡ `Z Myv$pA¡ ÅÎey„ _\u A¡V$g¡ lSy> s¡ bpbs sdpfp\u Ål¡fdp„

Aphu _\u; A¡ sdpd_p¡ Mygpkp¡ A¡L$¡ sdp¡ S>¡ Cdp__p¡ v$php¡ L$fp¡

R>p¡ s¡\uS> L$p„C sdp¡_¡ dyL$u v$¡hpdp„ _l] Aph¡ L$¡dL$¡ lÆ kyû Myv$pA¡

sdp¡_¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhphpmp ÅÎep _\u A_¡ s¡dS> Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k.

A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ iuhpe buÅ L$p¡C_¡ v$p¡õs _ fpMsp lp¡ A¡hy„ `Z

ÅÎey„ _\u bëL$¡ sdpfpdp„\u L$p¡Z L$p¡Z S>¡lpv$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡Z

1. ANfQ¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp `l¡g¡\uS> kh£ bpbs \B NB. \pe R>¡ A_¡ \i¡ hu0 ÅZ¡ R>¡ `Z Ap gp¡L$p¡\u A¡ bpbs lSy> Adgdp„ _ Aphhp\u A¡ dyS>b s¡Ap¡_¡ afdpìey„ hu0.



L$p¡Z dyifuL$p¡ kp\¡ v$p¡õsu L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ bpbs A_¡ `p¡sp_u c¡v$_u hps

s¡Ap¡_¡ L$lp¡ R>p¡ L$¡ _l] s¡_u Mbf X$hp\u Ål¡f \pe L$¡ Ap Mpguk

dp¡Ard_ R>¡ A_¡ agpZp¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡, A_¡ Myv$p A¡ QuS>_u kp\¡

Mbfv$pf R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ sdp¡ L$lp¡ R>p¡ A_¡ L$fp¡ R>p¡.

17 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk S„>N¡

bv$fdp„ L$¥v$ \C_¡ Apìep Ðepf¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. s¡Ap¡_¡ OZp¡ W$`L$p¡

Apàep¡ A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡A¡ L$sA¡fld L$fu, A_¡ `p¡sp_p cÓuÅ

kp\¡ gX$hp Apìep. A_¡ buÅ dp¡Ad¡_p¡A¡ buÅ L$¥v$uep¡_¡ W$`L$p¡

Apàep¡ A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡A¡ iuL®$_¡ C¿suepf L$ey® A_¡ L$sA¡fldu L$fu

Adpfu kp\¡ Al]ep gX$hp Apìep; lTfs¡ Aåbpk¡ Ap kp„cmu_¡

lTfs¡ Agu A. _¡ S>hpb Apàep¡ L$¡ sdp¡ Adpfu byfpCep¡_p¡ TuL$f

L$fp¡ R>p¡ A_¡ Adpfu _¡L$uep¡_¡ epv$ L$fsp _\u. sp¡ lTfs¡ Agu A.

`yR>ey„ L$¡ sdpfu `pk¡ A¡hu L$C QuS> R>¡, L$¡ S>¡_¡ sdp¡ _¡L$uep¡dp„\u

NZp¡ R>p¡? sp¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd_¡ Apbpv$ fpMuA¡ R>uA¡,

A_¡ Mp_A¡ L$pbp_u spTud L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ A_¡ lpÆep¡_¡ `pZu

ùhfphue¡ R>uA¡ A_¡ L$¥v$uep¡_¡ L$¥v$\u dyL$s L$fphue¡ R>ue¡, Ðepf¡ Ap

Apes _pTug \C S>¡dL$¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dyifuL$p¡ dpV$¡ kTphpf

_\u L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Myv$p_u dõÆv$p¡_¡ Apbpv$ L$f¡ Ðepf¡ sp¡ dõÆvy$g

lfpd_y„ sp¡ `yR>hy„S> iy„ L$¡ s¡ sp¡ sdpd dõÆv$p¡ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ dfsbp¡

^fph¡ R>¡!! hmu A¡hp lpgdp„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p _akp¡ D`f Ly$af_u



Nhplu Ap`hphpmp lp¡e L$¡ bysp¡_¡ kuS>v$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ èNçbf_¡

Sy>W$gph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Mp_A¡ L$pbp_u Asfpa bys fpM¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡

gp¡L$ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p Apdpg bpsug \C Nep, L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ dõÆvy$g

lfpd_¡ Apbpv$ L$fu A_¡ Mp_A¡ L$pAbp_u spTud L$fu s\p

lpÆep¡_u spTud L$fu A¡ bpbs iuL®$_p kbb\u bpsug \C NC,

A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ v$p¡TM_u A„v$f ld¡ip„ fl¡hphpmp R>¡.

18 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ buSy„> L$pC _\u `Z

A¡ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k L$¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p fkyg k. A_¡ ApM¡fs kp\¡ Cdp_

gpìep¡ R>¡ A_¡ _dpT L$ped L$f¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡_u ifsp¡_u kp\¡ ld¡ip

`X$ep L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ TL$ps Ap`¡ R>¡ s¡ Myv$p_u dõÆv$p¡_¡ Apbpv$ L$f¡

R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Aëgpl iuhpe L$p¡C\u X$fsp¡ _\u sp¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡ Ap

Cëd A_¡ Adg L$fhphpmp gp¡L$ luv$pes `pdhphpmpAp¡\u \pe;

L$¡ s¡Ap¡dp„ Cëd R>¡ A_¡ _¡L$ Adg bÅhu gph¡ R>¡ A_¡ dõÆv$dp„

Myv$p_¡ byTyN} A_¡ `pL$uTu\u epv$ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ iuL®$ _yL$kp_ A_¡

A¥b\u `pL$ ÅZ¡ R>¡. A_¡ dõÆv$p¡_¡ Apbpv$ L$fhy„ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡dp„\u

`y„Å¡ L$pY$¡ A_¡ ai® buR>ph¡ A_¡ QufpN (v$uhp¡) bpm¡ A_¡ s¡dp„

b¡ku_¡ Myv$p_p¡ TuL$f L$fhpdp„ diNyg \pe A_¡ Cëd¡ v$u__p¡ v$fk

s¡dp„ Åfu fpM¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ vy$Þep_u hpsp¡ _ L$f¡. A_¡ lv$uk¡ Ly$v$kudp„

dS>Ly$f R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ vy$Þepdp„ dpfp Of dõÆv$p¡

R>¡ A_¡ S>¡Ap¡ dõÆv$p¡_¡ Apbpv$ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ dpfp Tìhpf R>¡ sp¡



Myiplpg A¡ b„v$p_p¡ L$¡ S>¡ `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ slpfs (hTyNykg hu0)

L$fu dpfp Ofdp„ dp„fu Tuepfs L$f¡ (_dpT `X$¡) sp¡ S>¡_u Tuepfs

L$f¡ s¡_¡ kTphpf R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_u Tuepfs L$fhphpmp D`f bnuk L$f¡.

A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ApMf Tdp_pdp„ dpfu

Dçds_p gp¡L$p¡ dõÆv$dp„ b¡ku_¡ vy$Þep_u hpsp¡ L$fi¡, A_¡ vy$Þep_¡

v$p¡õs fpMi¡ s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ _ b¡kp¡ L$¡ Myv$p_¡ s¡Ap¡_u L$p„C S>ê$fs

_\u.

19 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ sglprb_ iebp aMf L$fsp¡

lsp¡ L$¡ ly„ AaTg Ry„> L$pfZ L$¡ Mp_A¡ L$pbp_u Qphu dpfu `pk¡ R> ¡;

A_¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ ly„ AaTg Ry„> L$pfZ L$¡ ly„

lpÆep¡_¡ pZu uhfphy„ Ry„>, A_¡ Ap dS>Ly$f bÞ_¡ S>Zp s¡ bpbsdp„

sL$fpf L$fsp lsp; `Z R>¡hV$¡ A¡hy„ W$fpìey„ L$¡ Ap`Z¡ Al]ep\u

ApNm Qpgue¡, A_¡ S>¡ L$p¡C dpZk Ap`Z_¡ `l¡gp¡ dm¡ s¡_¡

Ap`Zp¡ dy_kua W$fphue¡. sp¡ s¡Ap¡ Ðep„\u fhp_p \ep sp¡ lTfs¡

Agu A. \u fõspdp„ dygpL$ps \C sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡d_¡ dy_kua

W$fpìep; lTfs¡ Agu A. afdpìey„ L$¡ ly„ sdp¡ bÞ_¡\u AaTg Ry„>

L$pfZ L$¡ sdpfu `l¡gp ly„ Myv$p D`f Cdp_ gpìep¡ Ry„> A_¡

èNçbf_u A_¡ L$epds_u skv$uL$ L$fu R>¡, A_¡ d¢ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„

S>¡lpv$ L$ep£ R>¡ A_¡ Äep„ kyû sdp¡A¡ Ckgpd L$byg L$ey¯ _l] Ðep„

kyû d¢ dpfu sghpf sdp¡ bÞ_¡ D`f\u `pR>p¡ M¢Qu _\u, `R>u



s¡Ap¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. klus lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„

Nep L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ dy_kua _ud¡ L$¡ Adp¡ ÓZdp„ L$p¡Z AaTg R>¡. `Z

S>epf¡ lTfs_u `pk¡ Nep sp¡ lTfs¡ L$p„C S>hpb Apàep¡ _l] A_¡

Alg¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs_p hpl¡v$u _pd_p Apgud¡ Apesp¡ _pTug

\hp_p L$pfZ_u sakufdp„ A_¡ L$ìhpiue¡ `p¡sp_u sakufdp„ A_¡

lyke_u sakuf hpm¡ `p¡sp_u sakufdp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ s¡dS> lTfs¡

Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$¡f s¡dS> Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. afdpìey„ R>¡

L$¡ A¡ rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ lTfs Agu A. _p L$p¥g_u skv$uL$ L$fu

Ap Apes _pTug L$fu S>¡dL$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ lpÆep¡_¡

`pZu ùhfphhphpmp A_¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd_¡ Apbpv$

L$fhphpmpAp¡_¡ iy„! sdp¡A¡ A¡ i¿k S>¡hp W$¡fpìep L$¡ S>¡ Myv$p A_¡

L$epds_p v$uhk kp\¡ Cdp_ gpìep¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡Z¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„

dyifuL$p¡ kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu R>¡; sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ Myv$p_u _S>v$uL$ bfpbf

A_¡ A¡L$ kfMp _\u bëL$¡ Myv$p A_¡ L$epds_p v$uhk D`f Cdp_

gphhphpmp¡ A_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ S>¡lpv$ L$fhphpmpp¡ s¡Ap¡\u AaTg

R>¡, A_¡ Tygd L$fhphpmu L$p¥d L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dyifuL$p¡ R>¡ L$¡ iuL®$ L$fu_¡

`p¡sp_p _ak D`f Tygd L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$p luv$pes L$fsp¡ _\u

A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ luv$pes `pd¡gp i¿k_u bfpbf L$v$u \_pf _\u.

20 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡ gp¡L$L$¡ Myv$p D`f

A_¡ A¡ QuS> L$¡ S>¡ Myv$pA¡ _pTug L$fu s¡_p D`f Cdp_ gpìep A_¡



s¡Ap¡A¡ luS>fs L$fu A¡V$g¡ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k._u afdp bfv$pfudp„

`p¡sp_p hs__¡ sfL$ L$ep® A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡

`p¡sp_p dpg \L$u S>¡lpv$ L$fu A¡V$g¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhphpmp Nfubp¡_¡

Ap`hp A_¡ S>¡lpv$_p¡ kpdp_ g¡hp `p¡sp_p¡ dpg hpèp£, A_¡

`p¡sp_p _akp¡ \L$u fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ Myb kpbus flu_¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu sp¡

Myv$p_u `pk¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ dpV$¡ blyS> dp¡V$p v$fÅ R>¡; A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡

lpÆep¡_¡ `pZu ùhfphsp lsp s\p dõÆvy$g lfpd _¡ Apbpv$

L$fsp lsp s¡Ap¡\u Ap gp¡L$p¡_p¡ byg„v$ dfsbp¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$

dyfpv$_¡ `lp¢Qhphpmp A_¡ fõsNpfu `pdhphpmp R>¡ A_¡ A¡ âdpZ¡

iuApl A_¡ kyÞ_u bÞ_¡_u L$uspbp¡dp„ A¡_¡ gNsu lv$uk `Z R>¡ L$¡

Agu A. A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p iuApl dyfpv$_¡ lp¢Qhphpmp A_¡ fõsNpfu

`pdhphpmp R>¡.

21 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ `fhfv$uNpf

`p¡sp_u sfa_u flds A_¡ `p¡sp_p sfa_u Myi_yv$u A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

dpV$¡ S>Þ_s_u MyiMbfu Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ b¡luísdp„ ld¡ip_u

_¡Adsp¡ R>¡ L$¡ L$p¡C v$uhk Ap¡R>u \_pf _\u.

ff du Apes- A_¡ s¡ b¡luísdp„ s¡Ap¡ ld¡ip„ fl¡hphpmp R>¡.

slL$uL$ Myv$p A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡_u `pk¡ dp¡V$p¡ AS>f R>¡. ÅZhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡

""ip¡Abu'' A_¡ ""lk_bkfu'' A_¡ ""dp¡lçdv$ bu_¡ L$pAb''

A_¡ ""lpL$ud Abyg L$pkud¡ MkL$p_u'' L$¡ A¡ sdpd Alg¡ kyÞ_s



S>dpAs_p Apgudp¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ `Z g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ Ap ÓZ¡ Apesp¡

l. Agu A._u ip_dp„ _pTug \C R>¡ A_¡ D`f dyS>b lTfs¡

Agu A. A_¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk s\p sglprb_ iebp_p¡ hpv$

rhhpv$ bep_ L$ep£ R>¡.

23 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ l. fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

luS>fs_p¡ lyL$d \ep¡ sp¡ L$¡V$gp„L$ Aklpbp¡ `p¡sp_u Myiu\u dL$L$¡\u

dv$u_¡ fhp_p \ep, A_¡ hs_ dyL$u v$¡hy„ s\p bpg bÃQpAp¡_u Sy>v$pC

fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ AaTg ÅZsp lsp. A_¡ L$¡V$gpL$ A¡hp lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

dp-bp` s\p kNpìlpgp s\p dpg_u dlp¡åbs luS>fs L$fhp\u

ApX$u \su lsu. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. s\p lTfs¡

Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$¡f A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. d½$p as¡l L$fhp_p¡ r_òe L$ep£ Ðepf¡ s¡ bpbs_u

Mprsbbu_ AbusbuL$pA¡ Ly$f¡i_¡ Mbf L$fu s¡ rhj¡ Ap Apes

_pTug \C S>¡dL$¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ gp¡L$ S>¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gpìep R>p¡

sdp¡ p¡sp_p bp` A_¡ cpCep¡_¡ v$u__p L$pddp„ v$p¡õs _ fpMp¡ ANf

s¡Ap¡ Cdp_ dyL$u_¡ Ly$af_¡ v$p¡õs fpMsp lp¡e A_¡ s¡Ap¡ sdp¡_¡

luS>fs\u AV$L$ph¡, dsgb A¡ L$¡ A¡hp gp¡L$_¡ sdp¡ v$p¡õs fpMp¡ R>p¡.

A_¡ sdpfpdp„\u S>¡ L$p¡C s¡Ap¡_¡ v$p¡õs fpMi¡ sp¡ A¡ v$p¡õs

fpMhphpmp `p¡sp_p _akp¡ D`f Tygd L$fhphpmp R>¡ L$¡ dlg hNf



v$p¡õsu L$fu R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ v$p¡õsu dp¡Ad¡_u_\u L$fhu Å¡CA¡ _ Ly$aapf\u

ANfQ¡ s¡ kNp lp¡e.

24 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ A¡ `l¡gu Apes luS>fs

L$fhp_p lyL$ddp„ _pTug \C sp¡ S>¡ gp¡L$L$¡ luS>fs L$fhp_¡ `k„v$

L$fsp _ lsp s¡Ap¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ lh¡ sp¡ Adp¡ p¡sp_u L$p¥d A_¡ L$bugpdp„

R>uA¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u kp\¡ g¡Zv$¡Z A_¡ h¡l`pf L$fu `p¡sp_y„ NyS>fp_

QgphuA¡ R>uA¡. A_¡ ANf Å¡ luS>fs L$fuiy„ sp¡ dpbp` A_¡

Ap¥fsp¡ s\p R>p¡L$fp Ry>V$u S>i¡, A_¡ s¡dS> Adpfp lp\dp„\u h¡`pf

`Z Qpëep¡ S>C Adp¡ b¡L$k A_¡ gpQpf \C S>Ciy„. A_¡ A¡L$

fuhpesdp„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ S>_pb¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. d½$pdp„

S>C Ål¡f L$ey® L$¡ Ap hfk `R>u L$p¡C dyifuL$ dõÆvy$g lfpddp„

v$pMg \hp _ `pd¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡ Ly$f¡iuep¡A¡ OZuS> ApÆTu A_¡

gpQpfu\u L$üy„ L$¡ gp¡L$p ¡ Al]ep h¡`pf sfuL$¡ Aph¡ R>¡ sp¡ lh¡ Adpfp¡

h¡`pf b„^ \C S>C Adpfp bpgbÃQp„ bfbpv$ \C S>hp_p A¡V$gy„

S> _l] `Z Adpfp Of `Z `X$u S>hp_p s¡ hMs¡ lL$sApgpA¡

s¡Ap¡_p S>hpbdp„ Ap Apes _pTug afdphu L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. sy„

L$l¡ L$¡ ANf sdpfp v$uL$fp A_¡ sdpfp cpC A_¡ sdpfu Ap¡fsp¡ A_¡

sdpfp kNpìlpgp A_¡ sdpfp¡ A¡ dpg L$¡ S>¡_¡ sdp¡A¡ L$kb L$fu

c¡Np¡ L$ep£ R>¡ s\p h¡l`pf L$¡ s¡_¡ sdp¡ bfbpv$ \C S>hp_p¡ Mp¥a L$fp¡

R>p¡ A_¡ sdpfu lh¡guep¡ L$¡ s¡_¡ sdp¡ `k„v$ L$fp¡ R>p¡ A¡ sdpd QuÅ¡_¡



Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p¡ fkyg k. s\p fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp\u h^pf¡

v$p¡õs fpMp¡ R>p¡, sp¡ sdp¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû CÞs¡Åf L$fp¡ A_¡ hpV$ Å¡hp¡

L$¡ sdpfp dpV$¡ vy$_uep s\p ApM¡fsdp„ Myv$p ATpb_p¡ lyL$d Ap ¡,

A_¡ Myv$p luv$pes L$fsp¡ _\u A¡ L$p¥d_¡ L$¡ S>¡ Myv$p_p lyL$d\u bpl¡f

\C S>hphpmu R>¡ L$¡ ÅZu byTu_¡ vy$íd_u_p kbb\u Myv$p_u

Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uep¡_p¡ BÞL$pf L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡V$gpS> dpV$¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp s¡Ap¡ D`f\u `p¡sp_u dl¡fbp_u_u _S>f A_¡

shauL$_¡ D`pX$u gue¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p lpg D`f dyL$u Ap`¡

R>¡, A\hp A¡L$ s¡Ap¡_¡ ApM¡fsdp„ b¡luís_p¡ fõsp ¡ _l] v$¡MpX$¡ A_¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ b¡luísdp„ _l] gC Åe bëL$¡ _pafdp_u_p kbb\u s¡Ap¡_¡

v$p¡TM_u sfa v$p¡fi¡. A_¡ Ap Tdp_p_p OZp gp¡L$p¡_p¡ A¡S> lpg

R>¡ L$¡ Ahgpv$ A_¡ dpg A_¡ L$dpZu A_¡ dpg c¡Np¡ L$fhp_u

v$p¡õsudp„ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k._¡ cygu Åe R>¡, L$¡ _dpT_p hMs_¡

`Z Av$p L$fsp _\u. A_¡ Myv$p_p lyL$d rhê$Ù p¡sp_u ipv$u Ndudp„

A_¡ buÆ QuÅ¡dp„ _L$pdy„ MfQ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡lspS> dp¡Ad¡_u__u

Mbf g¡sp _\u; A_¡ Å¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p fkyg k._u v$p¡õsu lh¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡_p lyL$d âdpZ¡ hs®s¡, ldZp„ sp¡ Nags_u JOdp„ JO¡ R>¡ Äepf¡

dfi¡ Ðepf¡ Ap„M DOX$i¡ A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ Aakp¡k L$fi¡ L$¡ Adp¡A¡ Ap

iy„ L$ey® `Z s¡ hMs_y„ Aakp¡k L$fhy„ L$p„C L$pd _l] Aph¡.



25 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ d½$p as¡l \hp `R>u l¡hpT_

A_¡ kL$ua_p b¡ V$p¡mp lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. kp\¡ S„>N L$fhp dpV$¡

s¥èepf \ep A_¡ lTfs_¡ s¡Ap¡_u s¥èepfu_u Mbf \C A_¡ s¡ Mbf

kp„cmu_¡ lTfs `Z s¥epf \ep. A_¡ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ bpf lTpf

dpZkp¡ gC s¡Ap¡ sfa fhp_p \ep, A_¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ Qpf lÅfp¡

dpZkp¡ lsp. l. AbybL$f¡ Äepf¡ Ly$aapfp¡ \p¡X$p A_¡ dykgdp_p¡

OZp Å¡ep sp¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ApS> s¡Ap¡ \p¡X$p lp¡hp\u Adp¡ lpfuiy„ _l]

sp¡ lTfs¡ Ap L$gpd_¡ `k„v$ L$ep£ _l] A_¡ s¡ L$gpd_p L$pfZ\u

dykgdp_p¡A¡ dp¡V$u lpf Mpû A_¡ s¡ `R>u ÆÐep. sp¡ s¡ S„>N_u

dv$v$_¡ Myv$p epv$ A`ph¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_

AgbÐsp slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$pA¡ OZuS> S>Áep¡A¡ sdpfu dv$v$ L$fu S>¡dL$¡

bv$f, Ap¡lp¡v$, M„v$L$, d½$p, Mebf, b_uL$fuTp, A_¡ S„>N¡ b_u

_Tuf, `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ iuhpe S„>N¡ ""lp¡_¥_'' _u A„v$f dv$v$

L$fu L$¡ s¡ d½$p A_¡ spCa_u hQdp„ A¡L$ dp¡Vy„$ rhipm d¥v$p_ R>¡, L$¡

Ðep„ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. l¡hpT_ A_¡ kL$ua_p gíL$f kp\¡ S„>N

L$fu lsu. d½$p as¡l \hp R>u A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ A¡L$ds \C lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. s\p dykgdp_p¡ kp\¡ gX$hp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ sp¡ s¡ rhj¡

Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ðep„ sdpfu dv$v$ L$fu lsu, S>¡ hMs¡ L$¡ sdpfp

OZp lp¡hpA¡ sdp¡_¡ AQ„bpdp„ _p„¿ep lsp S>¡dL$¡ `l¡gp MguapA¡

dykgdp_p¡ OZp A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡ \p¡X$p Å¡C L$üy„ lsy„ L$¡ ApS>¡ Adp¡



lpfuiy„ _l], sp¡ s¡ rhj¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ sdpfp OZp lp¡hpA¡

vy$íd_p¡_p v$bv$bp\u L$p¡C QuS> v$a¡ A_¡ Ap¡R>u L$fu _l], A_¡ A¡

dykgdp_p¡ s¡ S>Áep¡ OZu blp¡mu lp¡hp R>sp„ sdpfp D`f s„N \C

NC lsu L$¡ sdp¡_¡ `_pl g¡hp_u L$p¡C S>Áep¡ dmsu _ lsu L$¡ k¿su

A_¡ Mp¥au\u ip„Þsu d¡mhp¡, `R>u sdp¡A¡ vy$íd_p¡ sfa\u `pR>p

lW$u_¡ gX$pC\u hp„kp¡ a¡fìep¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p ldgp\u cpNu Nep.

26 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

d½$p as¡l L$fhp dpV$¡ _uL$ýep sp¡ `l¡g¡ Ål¡f L$ey¯ L$¡ l¡hp T__u

gX$pCdp„ S>Ce¡ R>uA¡ A_¡ Äepf¡ l¡hp T_p¡_¡ A¡ Mbf `lp¢Qu sp¡

s¡Ap¡ `Z gX$pC_u s¥epfuep¡ L$fhp gpÁep A_¡ Afb_p L$p¥d

L$bugpAp¡A¡ A¡L$ k„` \C l\uepf c¡Np L$ep®; A_¡ l¡hp T__p

fCk dprgL$bu_ Aha_ Tfu_u pk¡ c¡Np \C s¡_¡ p¡sp_p¡ kfv$pf

b_pìep¡, A_¡ p¡sp_p bCfp„ s\p bpgbÃQp s\p dpg kp\¡ gu^p¡.

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ s¡Ap¡_u s¥epfu_u Mbf `X$u sp¡ lTfs

`Z `p¡sp_u kp\¡ bpf lTpf dp„Zkp¡ gC s¡Ap¡ sfa S>hp dpV$¡

_uL$ýep A_¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. _¡ `p¡sp_y„ _uip_ Apàey„, A_¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ dpg s\p bpgbÃQp„ s\p bpeX$uAp¡ hu0

lp\ gpNi¡ s¡hu lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ Mbf Apù lsu s¡\u

Aklpbp¡_¡ gX$hp_u h^pf¡ CÃR>p \C, A_¡ bÞ_¡ gíL$f_p¡ dyL$pb¡gp¡

\ep¡ A_¡ Vy„$L$dp„ A¡L$ dykgdp_ gp¡L$p¡ Ly$aapfp¡ D`f Npgub \ep



A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ lfphu _kpX$u v$u^p„ A_¡ dykgdp_p¡ N_uds gyV$hpdp„

diNyg \ep sp¡ `R>u dyifuL$p¡_¡ ifd Aphu A_¡ A¡L$ buÅ_¡ lp„L$

dpfu L$l¡hp gpÁep L$¡ L$ep„ ÅAp¡ R>p¡ iy„ sdp¡A¡ bCfp„ R>p¡L$fp„

dykgdp_dp„ L$bÅdp„ Apù v$u^p„? L$¡ `pR>m\u s¡Ap¡ L$v$u dyL$s

\_pf _\u, s¡d L$lu kfh¡ c¡Np \ep A_¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ dykgdp_p¡ D`f

lydgp¡ L$ep£, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f `X$ep A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ dykgdp_ N_uds

gy„V$hpdp„ diNyg lsp. A_¡ Äepf¡ A¡L$v$d (Ly$aapfp¡) dykgdp_p¡

D`f Vy$V$u `X$ep sp¡ s¡Ap¡ NcfpC S>C _piu Nep, A_¡ S>_pb¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u `pk¡ b_u lpid_p _h dpZkp¡ s\p

A_kpfdp„\u ""Aed_'' _pd_p¡ Dçd¡ Aed__p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ dmu A¡

v$k iuhpe buSy„> L$p¡C bpL$u fley„ _l], A_¡ dS>L$yf ""Aed_''

A_¡ s¡ s¡S> gX$pCdp„ dpep£ Nep¡ lsp¡; A_¡ s¡ b_u lpid_p _h

kpl¡bp¡ lTfs¡ Agu A., lTfs¡ Aåbpk, A_¡ Abykyaep_

bu_lpfuk, A_¡ _p¥aug bu_lpfuk, A_¡ aTgrb_ Aåbpk, A_¡

fbuAprb_yg lk®, A_¡ Abvy$ëgplbu_ Tp¡b¡f, A_¡ Abyglb_p

v$uL$fp Asbp, A_¡ dp¡Asb A¡ kfh¡ lsp. A_¡ lTfs¡ Agu A.

lp\dp„ _uip_ gC_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u ApNm S>¡lpv$ L$fsp

lsp A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡\u gX$sp lsp, A_¡ Aåbpk lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. _u S>dZu bpSy>A¡ A_¡ aTgrb_ Aåbpk X$pbu bpSy>A¡ A_¡

bykyaep_ bu_ lpfuk `pR>m Dcp¡ lsp¡, A_¡ bpL$u_p lTfs_u



Apk`pk lsp, A_¡ Aåbpk lTfs_p MÃQf_u gNpd `L$X$u_¡

Dcp lsp A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `p¡sp_u `n_p dpZkp¡_¡

AhpS> Apù_¡ bp¡gphsp lsp A_¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ L$ep„ _piu ÅAp¡

R>p¡? Al]ep Aphp¡ ly„ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Ry„> A¡L$gp¡ dyL$u L$ep„ ÅAp¡

R>p¡? `Z s¡Ap¡dp„Zu L$p¡C `pRy„> aey¯ _l]. A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡A¡ lTfs

D`f ldgp¡ L$ep£ A_¡ lTfs `Z `X$¡ A¡L$gp ldgp¡ L$fsp lsp A_¡

afdphsp lsp L$¡ ly„ èNçbf Ry„>, A_¡ lTfs¡ s¡ hMs¡ OZu

iyÅA„s (blpvy$fu) L$fu L$¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$gp vy$íd_p¡_u kpd¡ dyL$pb¡gpdp„

Dcp lsp, A_¡ Aåbpk A_¡ Abykyaep_ bu_ lpfuk lTfs_u

khpfu_u gNpd `L$X$u Dcp lsp A_¡ vy$íd_p¡_p V$p¡mpdp„ lTfs_¡

S>hp Ap`sp _lsp; Äepf¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk¡ lTfs_¡ vy$íd_p¡_p

V$p¡mp A„v$f S>hp v$u^p„ _l] sp¡ lTfs¡ Aåbpk_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡ A¡L$

JQp V$¡L$fp D`f OY$u S>C dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpf_¡ bp¡gphp¡.

s¡Ap¡_p¡ AhpS> OZp¡ dp¡V$p¡ lsp¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡L$ V$¡L$fp D`f QX$u

AhpS> Apàep¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡ A_kpf A¡ beAs¡

fuThp_hpmp S>¡ hQ_ sdp¡A¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ Apàey„ lsy„

s¡_¡ _ sp¡X$p¡. Äepf¡ Aklpbp¡A¡ lTfs Aåbpk_u AhpS> kp„cmu

sp¡ `pR>p afu lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ lpTuf \ep,

lTfs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Aphsp Å¡C `yR>ey„ L$¡ Ap gp¡L$p¡ L$p¡Z R>¡? sp¡ lTfs¡

Aåbpk¡ L$ü y„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Ap`_p Aklpb R>¡; sp¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡



lh¡ Adpfu dv$v$ \i¡. A_¡ Ly$dL$ dpV$¡ aufuísp _pTug \ep A_¡

L$pãafp¡ lpfu S>C _piu Nep A_¡ Tdu_ A_¡ Apkdp_ hÃQ¡

l\uepfp¡_p¡ AhpS> k„cmpsp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ gy„V$dp„ OZp¡

dpg A_¡ ÷uep¡ A_¡ R>p¡L$fp„ lp\ gpÁep„, A_¡ iS>fulrb_ fbuAl

_pd_p¡ dpZk L$¡ S>¡ dykgdp_p¡_u L$¥v$dp„ lsp¡ s¡Z¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ `¡gp

L$pbfQusfp Op¡X$p A_¡ ka¡v$ L$`X$phpmp khpf L$ep„ R>¡? Adp¡ s¡Ap¡_p

lp\\u L$Ðg \ep R>uA¡; L$üy„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ aufuísp lsp. A_¡ Å¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡_p OZp dpZkp¡ L$Ðg \ep„ lsp„ s¡ D`fp„s s¡Ap¡_u ÷uep¡ R>p¡L$fp

R>p¡L$fuep¡ hu0 dmu R> lTpf S>Z L$¥v$ `L$X$pep lsp, A_¡ s¡ gy„V$dp„

Qp¡huk lTpf JV$ A_¡ Qpf lTpf Npep¡ A_¡ Qpmuk lTpf\u h^pf¡

bL$fp„ dykgdp_p¡_¡ lp\ gpÁep lsp„, A_¡ Qpmuk dpZkp¡ lTfs¡

Agu A. d¢ L$Ðg L$ep® lsp; A_¡ Äepf¡ L$pãafp¡ _pW$p Ðepf¡

dykgdp_p¡_¡ v$ugpkp¡ dýep¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ R>u Myv$pA¡ p¡sp_p

èNçbf A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ D`f ""kL$u_p'' A¡V$g¡ flds_¡ _pTug

L$fu L$¡ s¡ Apfpd A_¡ v$ugpkp_u QuS> R>¡ A_¡ s¡ A¡ hMs lsp¡ L$¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Ly$aapfp¡_p dyL$pb¡gpdp„ A¡L$gp Dcp flep

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ OZp lp¡hp_p¡ A„v$¡ip¡ L$ep£ _l]; A_¡ s¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ D`f

kL$u_p _pTug \C L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ lTfs Aåbpk_u AhpS> kp„cmu_¡

`pR>p Qpëep Apìep, `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ aufuísp_p gíL$f_¡

dp¡L$ëey„ L$¡ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Å¡sp _lsp A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Å¡sp lsp.



A_¡ kpAv$rb_ dp¡kèeb¡ fuhpes L$fu R>¡ L$¡ A¡L$ dyifuL$¡ d_¡

luL$pes L$lu k„cmphu L$¡ lp¡_¥__u gX$pCdp„ S>¡ hMs¡ dykgdp_p¡

A_¡ Adpfpdp„ gX$pC \C A_¡ Adp¡A¡ dykgdp_ D`f ldgp¡ L$fu

s¡Ap¡_¡ rhM¡fu _p„¿ep sp¡ ka¡v$ MÃQf_p khpf A¡V$g¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _u `pk¡ Adp¡ `lp¢Ãep sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ Adp¡A¡ L$¡V$gp„L$

Myb kyfs dpZk ka¡v$ L$`X$p„ `l¡f¡gp„ Å¡ep„ sp¡ Adp¡_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Å¡C

sdpfp dp¡Y$p Mfpb \pe A¡d L$lu Adpfp D`f ldgp¡ L$fu Ad_¡

_kpX$u dyL$ep. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$pãaf \ep s¡Ap¡_¡

Myv$pA¡ ATpb L$ep£ A_¡ Ap A¡V$g¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$¡ \ey„ s¡ Ly$af

L$fhphpmp_p¡ bv$gp¡ R>¡. A_¡ d_Ly$g R>¡ L$¡ l¡hp T_dp„\u A¡L$ i¿k

JV$ D`f khpf lsp¡ A_¡ s¡_p lp\dp„ L$pmy„ _uip_ lsy„ A_¡ s¡

i¿k L$pãaf_p gíL$f ApNm Dcp¡ flu dykgdp_p¡ kp\¡ gX$sp¡

lsp¡ A_¡ S>¡ dykgdp_ D`f `p¡s¡ aphu S>sp¡ lsp¡ s¡ dykgdp__¡

L$Ðg L$fsp¡ lsp¡, A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ ayfkv$ _ `pdsp¡ lsp¡ sp¡

cpNhphpmpAp¡_u pR>m X$sp¡ lsp¡ s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. s¡_p

D`f Âep_ L$fu A¡L$ hpf dpep£ s¡\u s¡ JV$ D`f\u Tdu_ D`f `X$u

Nep¡ s¡ `R>u s¡_p dp¡Y$p D`f A¡L$ sghpf dpfu s¡\u s¡ v$p¡TMdp„

fhp_p \ep¡. A_¡ A¡ iuhpe lTfs¡ buÅ Qpmuk Ly$aapfp¡_¡ L$Ðg

L$ep® Äepf¡ L$pãafp¡A¡ Ahp¡ lpg Å¡ep¡ sp¡ lpfu Nep A_¡



dykgdp_p¡A¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f ldgp¡ L$ep£. A_¡ `p„Q lTpf aufuísp

Myv$pA¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__u dv$v$ dpV$¡ dp¡L$ëep.

27 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ luhpT_ s\p kL$ua_p L$¡V$gp„L$ gp¡L$p¡

lp¡_¥__u gX$pC `R>u lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ lpS>f

\C dykgdp_ \C Nep lsp, s¡Ap¡_p lL$dp„ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ap

Apes _pTug L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ gX$pC `R>u S>¡ i¿k dpV$¡

Qpl¡ s¡_u Myv$pA¡sApgp sp¥bp L$byg L$f¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ Ckgpd_¡

L$byg L$f¡, A_¡ sp¥bp L$fhphpmp_p Ny_pl_¡ Myv$p bnhphpmp¡ R>¡

A_¡ dl¡fbp_ R>¡ L$¡ sp¥bp L$ep® `R>u bv$gp¡ g¡sp¡ _\u. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡

Äepf¡ s¡ gp¡L$ dykgdp_ \ep sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ AfS>

L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. sdp¡ sdpd dpZkp¡\u b¡lsf A_¡ _¡L$sf

R>p¡. A_¡ Adpfu ÷uep¡ A_¡ Ahgpv$ gy„V$dp„ Aphu R>¡; sp¡ lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ sdp¡ sdpfu ÷uep¡ A_¡ Ahgpv$_¡ Qplp¡ R>p¡ A\hp sdpfp

dpg_¡ Qplp¡ R>p¡? sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ Adp¡ dpg_¡ Qplsp _\u

_ Adp¡ JV$ CÃR>ue¡ R>uA¡ _ bL$fp„, dpÓ Adp¡ sp¡ Adpfp dpZkp¡_¡

CÃR>ue¡ R>uA¡. sp¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C dpfu A_¡ b_ulpid_u

`pk¡ R>¡ s¡ sdpd ly„ sdp¡_¡ Ap`y„ Ry„> A_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ buÅ

d¡Ad¡_u__¡ kapfui L$ê„$ Ry„>, S>¡dL$¡ lTfs¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ L$p„C

`Z AZNdp iuhpe S>¡ L$p¡C Qpl¡ s¡ `p¡sp_u fpÆ Myiu\u s¡Ap¡_u

÷uep¡ A_¡ Ahgpv$_¡ `pR>u kp¢ù Ap`¡; A_¡ S>¡ L$p¡C_¡ das `pR>p



kp¢`hp_u dfÆ _ lp¡e s¡ dpfu `pk¡\u s¡_p¡ auv$uep¡ g¡e. sp¡

kOmp„Ap¡A¡ `p¡sp_u fpÆ Myiu\u s¡Ap¡_u ÷uep¡ A_¡ bpgbÃQp„

`pR>p kp¢ù Apù L$p„C auv$uep¡ gu^p¡ _l] `Z \p¡X$pL$ S>ZpAp¡A¡

auv$uep¡ gu^p iuhpe s¡Ap¡_u Ahgpv$ hu0 `pR>u Apù _l].

28 du Apes- A_¡ Ap\u `l¡g¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ly$aapfp¡\u

v$p¡õsu L$fhp_u d_pC L$fu lsu A_¡ lh¡ bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

dõÆvy$g lfpd L$¡ S>¡ Mp_pA¡ L$pAbp_u Apk`pk R>¡ s¡dp„ _ S>hp

Ap`p¡ L$pfZ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ ""_ÆykgAp_'' R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ gp¡L$

L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gpìep R>p¡ Sy>hp¡ L$¡ buSy„> L$p„C _\u `Z dyifuL$ gp¡L$p¡

_Æk R>¡ A¡V$g¡ dyifuL$ gp¡L$p¡ _p`pL$ R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ bpsu_ Mfpb

A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ A¡s¡L$pv$ _p`pL$ R>¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡_y„ A„N `Z _Æk A_¡

_p`pL$ R>¡ sp¡ Ap hfk `R>u s¡ gp¡L$p¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd_u `pk¡ S>hp

`pd¡ _l], A¡V$g¡ k_¡ _h luS>fu L$¡ S>¡ hfkdp„ lTfs¡ Agu A.

kyfA¡ bfpAs gC d½$pdp„ Ly$aapf_u ê$bê$ `X$ep lsp A_¡ lS>

s\p Ddfp L$fhp_u s¡Ap¡_¡ d_pC L$fu lsu. Ap Apes\u dpgyd

\pe R>¡ L$¡ v$f¡L$ dyifuL$ _p`pL$ A_¡ _Æk R>¡, `Z s¡ hMs¡ d½$p

A_¡ dv$u_p A_¡ s¡_u Apk`pk_p dyifuL$p¡ b¡ Ås_p lsp. s¡dp„\u

A¡L$ bys`fõs A_¡ buÅ Alg¡ L$uspb L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ elyv$ A_¡ _kpfp

rh0 R>¡. A_¡ bys`fõsp¡_u _p`pL$u A_¡ `guv$udp„ sp¡ L$p¡C`Z

âL$pf_u i„L$p _\u L$pfZ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_u slpfsdp„ L$p¡C fuhpes Aphu



_\u A_¡ Ap Apes s¡Ap¡_u _Åks D`f v$gpgs L$f¡ R>¡. lp

AgbÐsp Alg¡L$uspbp¡_u slpfsp¡ A_¡ _Åksdp„ L$¡V$guL$

dsc¡v$hpmu fuhpesp¡ hpfuv$ \A¡gu R>¡ sp¡ `Z s¡Ap¡ hui¡ `Z

_Åks_p¡S> lyL$d kpbus R>¡, S>¡dL$¡ s¡ bpbs s¡Ap¡_p lp\_u QuS>

Mphp hui¡_p bep_dp„ Aphu NC R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apesdp„ _Æk

iåv$ Aph¡g R>¡ s¡ A¡L$ hQ_ A\hp blyhQ_ dpV$¡ h`fpe R>¡ s¡_p

A\® gyNs (L$p¡j) _u L$uspbp¡dp„ _p`pL$ A_¡ `guv$ gM¡g R>¡, A_¡

A¡\u dAgyd \ey„ L$¡ dyifuL$p¡ ""_ÆkygA¥_'' R>¡ A_¡ _Åks_pS>

L$pfZ\u s¡Ap¡_¡ dõÆv$dp„ S>hp_p¡ lyL$d _\u. S>¡dL$¡ dS>Ly$f

Apesdp„ Myv$pA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ dõÆvy$g lfpddp„ S>hp Ap`hp

_l]. A_¡ d½$p as¡l L$fhp_p L$uõkpdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ Abykyaep_

`p¡sp_u v$uL$fu lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u bubu Dçd¡ lbubp `pk¡

Nep¡ A_s¡ s¡_p buR>p_p D`f b¡khp gpÁep¡ sp¡ s¡ZuA¡ DW$u_¡

buR>p_p_¡ D`pX$u gu^y„, sp¡ Abykyaep_¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ `yR>ey„, sp¡ L$üy„

L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _y„ Ap buR>p_y„ R>¡ A_¡ sy„ dyifuL$ lp¡hp\u

_Æk R>p¡ s¡V$gp dpV$¡ d¢ buR>p_y„ D`pX$u gu^y„. A_¡ L$¡V$guL$ Afbudp„

gp¡Nps (L$p¡j) dp„ _Æk_p A\® L$Tuf`Z gM¡gp R>¡ A_¡ L$Tuf_p

A\® _p`pL$u s\p AZNdp¡ bÞ_¡ \pe R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ dS>dDg blf¥_

_pd_u gp¡Nsdp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡. `Z Ap Apes_u A„v$f Myv$p afdph¡

R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd_u _ÆL$ \pe _l] sp¡ s¡\u AZNdp_p



A\® \sp _\u bëL$¡ _p`pL$u_p A\® \pe R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. _p L$p¥gdp„ `Z L$Tuf\u dyfpv$ _p`pL$u A_¡

`guv$u R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdpd `pZu `pL$ R>¡ `Z A¡L$¡ slL$uL$

sy„ ÅZ¡ R>¡ L$¡ `pZu L$Tuf A¡V$g¡ _Æk R>¡ A_¡ dyifuL$p¡ _Æk

lp¡hp\u S> s¡Ap¡_¡ dõÆvy$g lfpddp„ S>hp_p¡ lyL$d _\u L$pfZ L$¡

dyifuL$ gp¡L$p¡ _Åksdp„ kyìhf s\p Ly$sfp ê$ù R>¡. A_¡ dõÆv$dp„

sp¡ gNpf `Z _Åks fpMhp_p¡ lyL$d _\u Å¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ gugu

A\hp kyL$u lp¡e, bëL$¡ dõÆv$dp„ sp¡ _Åks v$pMug L$fhp_p¡ `Z

lyL$d _\u Å¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ _Åks dõÆv$_u S>du__¡ AX$¡ A\hp _

AX$¡, L$¡ _Åks_¡ L$p¡C L$`X$pdp„ A\hp ifufdp„ gNphu_¡ dõÆv$dp„

Åe Å¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ gugu lp¡e A\hp kyL$u lp¡e sp¡ `Z vy$ê$õs _\u,

S>¡dL$¡ ifpeDg Ckgpd A_¡ ÅdA¡ Aåbpku rh0 dp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡

L$¡ dõÆv$dp„ _Åks AX$¡ A\hp _ AX$¡ sp¡ `Z s¡ v$pMg L$fhu

ÅeT _\u. A_¡ bpAT Dgdp L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ _Åks¡ dp¡AA„v$uep_¡

dõÆv$dp„ gC_¡ _ Åe sp¡ s¡\u dsgbA¡ R>¡ L$¡ ifuf D`f A\hp

L$`X$pdp„ _Åks gC_¡ A\hp sp¡ L$p¡C`Z âL$pf¡ _Åks `pk¡

fpMu_¡ dõÆv$dp„ _ Åe L$¡ L$v$pQus s¡ _Åks dõÆv$_u S>du_

kyû `lp¢Qu S>C s¡_¡ _Æk L$f¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ QuS> gugu lp¡e

A\hp kyL$u lp¡e; L$pfZ L$¡ sA„v¹$u_p A\® A¡L$ QuS>\u buÆ QuS>_¡

Akf L$fhp_p R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ ""kp¡fpl'' dp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ ANf _Åks



gugu lp¡e A\hp kyL$u lp¡e `Z s¡_¡ dõÆv$dp„ _ gC Åe L$¡ s¡

s¡_u `pk¡\u NyS>fu_¡ dõÆv$_u S>du_ kyû `lp¢Qu Åe; A_¡ Ap

sA„v¹$u\uA¡ dyfpv$ _\u L$¡ gugu _Åks_¡ dõÆv$_u S>du_ kyû _

`lp¡QpX$p¡ A_¡ kyL$u_¡ `lp¢QpX$hp\u L$p„C lfL$s _ lp¡e; A_¡ Ap A¡

dõÆv$p¡_p¡ lpg R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd iuhpe_u dõÆv$p¡ R>¡.

A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp sp¡ dõÆvy$g lfpd L$¡ S>¡ sdpd dõÆv$p¡ L$fsp„

AaTg R>¡ s¡dp„ dyifuL$p¡_¡ `¡khp v$¡hp_u d_pC L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ Alg¡

kyÞ_s S>dpAs_p Apgudp¡dp„ dyifuL$p¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ bys`fõs R>¡

s¡Ap¡_u _Åks huj¡ dsc¡v$ R>¡. sakuf¡ beTphudp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ A_¡

lTfs¡ Aåbpk\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ dyifuL$ gp¡L$p¡ Ly$sfp S>¡hp

""_ÆkygA¥_'' R>¡ A_¡ A¡S> dTlb ipaC_p¡ R>¡, g¥L$u_

Abyl_uap `pk¡ dyifuL$ gp¡L$ `pL$ A_¡ `pL$uTp R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

AX$¡gu QuS> `Z `pL$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u A¢W$u QuS> `Z `pL$ R>¡, A_¡

dy_slug Afbdp„ Ddf rb_Abvy$g ATuT_p¡ L$p¥gg¿ep¡ R>¡ L$¡

dyifuL$ gp¡L$p¡ kyìhf A_¡ Ly$sfp S>¡hp ""_ÆkygA¥_'' R>¡ A_¡ s¡S>

L$p¥g lk__p¡ R>¡. A_¡ dpguL$_u `pk¡ dyifuL$_y„ A¡Wy„$ _Æk R>¡ A_¡

aMf¡fpTue¡ sakuf¡ L$bufdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ dyifuL$p¡ _Æk lp¡hp huj¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ap Apesdp„ õ`óV$ A_¡ Qp¡Mp¡ lyL$d afdpìep¡ R>¡.

A_¡ iuAplp¡_p dTlbdp„ dyifuL$p¡ ""_ÆkygA¥_'' R>¡ sp¡ A¡hp

lpgdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ AX$¡gu gugu QuS> ifuf_¡ A\hp L$`X$p_¡ QX$u Åe



sp¡ s¡_¡ Äep„ kyû `pL$ _ L$f¡ Ðep„ kyû s¡ _Æk ifuf A_¡ _p`pL$

L$`X$p\u _dpT klul _l] \pe, A_¡ s¡ D`fp„s _Åks\u _dpT

bpsug \i¡. blyS> AS>b R>¡ L$¡ lTpfp¡ iuep dyifuL$_y„ AX$¡gy„ Mphy„

A\hp Ou A\hp v$l] A\hp duW$pC hu0 Mpe R>¡ A_¡ `pL$ L$ep®

iuhpe s¡ _Æk lp\ `N\u A_¡ _Æk dp¢l\u _dpT `X$¡ R>¡ A_¡

bugLy$g rhQpf L$fsp _\u L$¡ Adp¡_¡ Ny_pl \pe R>¡ A_¡ Adpfu

_dpT vy$ê$õs \su _\u, sp¡ Aakp¡k R>¡ L$¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡_p

lp\_u cu_u QuS> MpCe¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p dTlb A_¡ v$u__u L$iu

`Z gpNZu fpMue¡ _l]. A_¡ OZp dykgdp_p¡A¡ lp\¡ L$fu_¡

Ly$aapfp¡_u `pk¡ `p¡sp_¡ lgL$p L$fu gu^p R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p lp\_u L$p¡C

QuS> Mphp\u `fl¡T L$fsp _\u, A_¡ A¡ kbb\u A¡V$g¡ v$fS>¡

bpbs `lp¢Qu NC R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ bpAT dykgdp_ dyifuL$$_p lp\_u

QuS> Mphp\u `fl¡T L$f¡ R>¡ s¡\u dyifuL$p¡ AQ„bp¡ L$fu L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Af¡

sdp¡ L$¡hp `pL$ R>p¡ L$¡ Adpfp lp\_y„ Mpsp _\u? Adpfp lp\_y„ sp¡

OZp dykgdp_p¡ Mpe R>¡! A_¡ d_Ly$g R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ dyifuL$p¡_¡

dõÆvy$g lfpddp„ v$pMg \hp_u d_pC \C sp¡ dykgdp_p¡A¡ AfS>

L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. lS>_u dp¡kddp„ ANf dyifuL$p¡ _l] Aph¡

s¡dS> v$pZp _l] gph¡ sp¡ Adpfp¡ h¡`pf bfpbf Qpgi¡ _l] A_¡

Mphp rhj¡ Adpfp D`f s„Nu \i¡ A_¡ Adp¡_¡ _ap¡ dmi¡ _l]; s¡

hMs¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_p S>hpbdp„ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu



S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ d½$phpmpAp¡ dyifuL$p¡_¡ dõÆvy$g lfpddp„

v$pMg \hp_u d_p L$fhp\u sdp¡ `p¡sp_u dyaguku\u ANf X$fp¡ R>p¡

sp¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p p¡sp_p aTg\u Qpli¡ sp¡ buÅ fõsp\u sdp¡_¡

N_u L$fu Apì¡; slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p `p¡sp_p b„v$pAp¡_p Alhpg_¡

ÅZhphpmp¡ A_¡ luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ p¡sp_u luL$ds

A_¡ dkg¡ls âdpZ¡ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ ANf A¡L$ v$fhpÅ¡ b„^ L$f¡ sp¡

buÅ¡ v$fhpÅ¡ Mp¡gu Ap`¡ R>¡, A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡

ANf s¡ Qpli¡ sp¡ sdp¡_¡ sh„Nf L$fu Apì¡ A¡ dyS>b A¡V$gp dpV$¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ gp¡L$p¡ N_u \C S>hp_u sdpAdp„ h¡l`pf L$fhpdp„ kyõsu

_ L$f¡, A_¡ A¡ bpbs\u A¡ rhj¡ Q¡shZu R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p aTg

L$fhphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡C L$p¡C_¡ sh„Nfu_p¡ hpev$p¡ Apàep¡ R>¡, s¡dS>

L$p¡C L$p¡C hj®dp„ `Z sh„Nfu Ap`hp_p¡ hpev$p¡ R>¡. lpkg L$gpd

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ `p¡sp_p hpev$p D`f hap L$fu blyS> hfkpv$

hfkpìep¡ A_¡ ed__p gp¡L$p¡_¡ sp¥auL$ Apù L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gphu

d½$pdp„ A_pS> gC_¡ Apìep, A_¡ s¡ `R>u buÅ il¡fp¡ as¡l \ep

L$¡ s¡\u N_uds lp\ gpNu A_¡ Qpf¡ sfa\u A_pS> hu0

kp¡v$pNfu_u QuÅ¡ gpìep.

29 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Alg¡ L$uspb kp\¡ gX$pC

L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡ R>¡S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ S„>N L$fp¡

L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Myv$p A_¡ L$epds kp\¡ Cdp_ gphsp _\u A¡V$g¡ elyv$uep¡



L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ b¡ Myv$p_p A_¡ _kpfp L$¡ s¡Ap¡ ÓZ Myv$p_p L$peg R>¡. A_¡

elyv$uep¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ b¡luísdp„ Mphy„ ùhy„ _l] lp¡e, A_¡ _kpfp L$l¡

R>¡ L$¡ L$epdsdp„ ApA¡S> A„N\u _l] DW$ue¡, A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ b¡luís

Mpk Adpfp dpV$¡S> R>¡ A_¡ v$p¡TM_u ApN Adp¡_¡ AX$i¡ _l]; sp¡

A¡ bpbsp¡\u kpbus \ey„ L$¡ L$epds D`f s¡Ap¡_y„ lL$uL$sdp„ Å¡CA¡

s¡hy„ Cdp_ _\u. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ S>¡ QuS> L$¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p

fkyg k.A¡ lfpd L$fu R>¡ s¡_¡ s¡Ap¡ lfpd L$fsp _\u S>¡dL$¡ ifpb

A_¡ kyìhf A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Ly$fAp_ A_¡ lv$uk\u lfpd QuS> kpbus R>¡

s¡_¡ `Z lfpd NZsp _\u A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `Z s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p

èNçbf_u `¥fhu L$fsp _\u A_¡ S>¡ bpbsp¡ s¡Ap¡_p dTlbdp„

lfpd R>¡ s¡_¡ Adgdp„ gph¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ lL$v$u_ L$¡ S>¡ Ckgpd R>¡

s¡_¡ `Z L$byg L$fsp _\u; A_¡ s¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_¡ L$uspb

Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ shf¡s A_¡ CÞÆg sp¡ dsgb A¡ L$¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ sdp¡ gX$p¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû gX$p¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ s„N

\C_¡ `p¡sp_p lp\\u S>Tuep¡ Ap`¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ S>qTep_p¡ dpg

`p¡sp_p lp\ \L$u Ap`¡ A_¡ `p¡sp sfa\u buÅ \L$u A`ph¡ _l],

L$¡dL$¡ p¡sp_p lp\¡ S>Tuep¡ Ap`hp¡ s¡ h^pf¡ b¡ BTTsu A_¡ ¿hpfu_y„

L$pfZ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ lL$uL$s lpg A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Tgug

\hphpmp \pe L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ b¡kpfu_¡ s¡Ap¡_p lp\\u S>Tuep¡ guep¡ L$¡

Äep„ kyû s¡Ap¡ S>Tuep¡ _ Ap`¡ Ðep„ kyû b¡ku fl¡ A_¡ S>Tuep¡



Apàep iuhpe S>hp _ `pd¡, sp¡ S>¡ i¿k v$pê$g Ckgpddp„1 lp¡e

s¡_u pk¡\u S>Tuep¡ g¡hpdp„ Aphi¡ A\hp s¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡

s¡ iuhpe buÆ bpbs L$byg L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡ _l]. A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡

S>Tuep¡ L$byg L$f¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$¥v$ L$fhp A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ dpg g¡hp¡

lfpd R>¡, A_¡ s¡ L$p¥d_u Ap¡fsp¡ kp\¡ _uL$pl L$fhp ÅeT R>¡ `Z

ld¡ip_p _uL$pl L$fhp rhj¡ ds c¡v$ R>¡. A_¡ S>¡Ap¡ ""v$pê$g lb®''2

dp„ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_u Ap¥fsp¡ kp\¡ _uL$pl ÅeT _\u. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. _¡ L$p¡CA¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ iy„ dSy>kuep¡ dpV$¡ `Z L$p¡C

èNçbf lsp¡? sp¡ afdpìey„ lp, iy„ s_¡ Mbf _\u lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. d½$p_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ g¿ey„ L$¡ Ckgpd_¡ L$byg L$fp¡ A\hp gX$p¡

sp¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ S>hpbdp„ g¿ey„ L$¡ sdp¡ Adpfp\u S>Tuep¡ gC gp¡ A_¡

Adp¡_¡ bysp¡_u `yÅ L$fhp v$p¡, sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s¡Ap¡_¡

g¿ey„ L$¡ Alg¡ L$uspb kuhpe buÅAp¡ `pk¡\u S>Tuep¡ g¡sp¡ _\u,

sp¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ lTfs_u sL$Tub L$fhp_p Cfpv$p\u g¿ey„ L$¡ ANf sy„

Alg¡ L$uspb `pk¡\uS> S>Tuep¡ g¡ R>¡ sp¡ dSy>kuep¡ `pk¡\u ip dpV$¡

g¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Alg¡ L$uspbdp„\u _\u? sp¡ lTfs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ g¿ey„ L$¡

dSy>k_p¡ A¡L$ èNçbf lsp¡ L$¡ S>¡_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ L$sg L$ep£ lsp¡ A_¡

s¡_u A¡L$ L$uspb lsu L$¡ s¡ èNçbf s¡ L$uspb_¡ gC_¡ Apìep¡, A_¡

1. Bõgpd_p¡ dyëL$

2. Ly$ãapf_p¡ dyëL$ L$¡ S>¡ Bõgpd_¡ spb¡ _ lp¡e.



s¡ L$uspb Npe_p bpf lTpf QpdX$pdp„ lsu s¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ bpmu _p„Mu

sp¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z Alg¡L$uspbdp„\u R>¡. A_¡ buÆ fuhpesdp„ R>¡ L$¡

Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ s¡dS> R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡ D`f S>Tuep¡ _\u L$pfZ L$¡ lS>fs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. ""v$pê$glb®'' dp„ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$sg L$fhp_u d_pC L$fu

R>¡, `Z Å¡ s¡Ap¡ dfv$p¡_u kp\¡ \C gX$¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z L$sg L$fhp

Å¡Ce¡ A_¡ S>Tuep¡ g¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡; A_¡ Äepf¡ ""v$pê$glb®'' dp„

s¡Ap¡_y„ L$sg L$fhy„ ÅeT _ lp¡e sp¡ v$pê$gCkgpddp„ L$ep„\u lp¡e?

A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$sg L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d _ lp¡e sp¡ S>Tuep¡ `Z s¡Ap¡

D`f gpNy \i¡ _l] A_¡ ANf s¡ dfv$p¡ S>Tuep¡ Av$p _ L$f¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡_y„ My_ dybpl \i¡. A_¡ A`„N s\p Ap„^mp s\p OfX$pAp¡_p¡

`Z S>Tuep¡ g¡hpdp„ Aphsp¡ _\u L$¡dL$¡ ""v$pê$glb®'' dp„ s¡Ap¡_¡

L$Ðg L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d _\u A_¡ L$¡V$gp¡ S>Tuep¡ g¡hp¡ s¡ s¡ hMs_p

Cdpd_u dy_kau D`f Ap^pf¡ fpM¡ R>¡.

30 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ dv$u_p_p elyv$u lTfs¡ Ap¡Tef

èNçbf_¡ Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡sp lsp `Z _ sdpd elyv$uep¡ L$l¡ R>¡

L$¡ A¡ elyv$uep¡ dfu Nep lh¡ s¡dp„_p L$p¡C _\u. A_¡ Ap¡Tef_¡

Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡hp_y„ L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Ap¡Tef

b¿s_kf_u L$¥v$\u dyL$s \C `p¡sp_u L$p¥ddp„ S>C _byìhs_p¡ v$php¡

L$ep£ `Z gp¡L$p¡A¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ kpQp _ ÅÎep, A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ dp¡AÆTp¡

A¡ lsp¡ L$¡ `p„Q¡ Ap„Nmuep¡dp„ `p„Q L$gd bp„û_¡ `p„Q¡ L$gd\u



shf¡s_¡ hNf Å¡e¡ gMu Ap`sp lsp, A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

shf¡s_¡ hNf Å¡A¡ gMu Apù sp¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ iL$ L$fu_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡_¡

iy„ Mbf `X$¡ L$¡ Ap shf¡s R>¡ Adpfpdp„ L$p¡C shf¡s `X$hphpmp¡ _\u

s¡ hMs¡ A¡L$ i¿k¡ L$üy„ L$¡ d¢ dpfp bp`\u kp„cýey„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Z¡

`p¡sp_p bp`\u kp„cýey„ R>¡ L$¡ b¿s_kf_p Tdp_pdp„ b¿s_kf¡

shf¡s_¡ A¡L$ hpkZdp„ fpMu_¡ A¡L$ `lpX$_u `p¡gpZdp„ fpM¡gu R>¡.

sp¡ L$¡V$gp„L$A¡L$ dpZk c¡Np \C Ðep„ S>CA¡ shf¡s_¡ L$pY$u gphu

lTfs¡ Ap¡Tef¡ gM¡gu shf¡s kp\¡ dyL$pb¡gp¡ L$ep£ A_¡ A¡L$ iåv$_p¡

`Z a¡fapf Å¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ _lu s¡\u s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ApV$gu dp¡V$u

ApMu L$uspb_¡ Æc D`f epv$ L$fu g¡hu s¡ dpZk_y„ L$pd _\u L$¡dL$¡

s¡ OZu dyíL$ug bpbs R>¡, sp¡ Ap\u A¡ gp¡L$ A¡d kdÄep L$¡

lL$sApgpA¡ kp¡ hfk `R>u shfs¡s_¡ Ap¡Tf_p v$ugdp„ _p„Mu s¡\u

s¡ Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ R>¡ (S>¡dL$¡ kyfA¡ bL$fdp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡ Alhpg gMpC

QyL$ep¡ R>¡) ÅZhy„ Å¡Ce¡ L$¡ Ap¡Tef iflep_p v$uL$fp gphurb_

eALy$b A._u Ahgpv$dp„\u lsp, A_¡ S>_pb¡ lpê$_rb_ Cdfp_

A. kyû s¡Ap¡_u Qp¥v$du `¡Y$u R>¡. A_¡ elyv$uep¡ lTfs¡ Ap¡Tef_¡

D`f gM¡gp L$pfZ\u Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡sp lsp A_¡ _kpfp l.

Ckp A. _¡ A¡ Nydp_\u v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ bp` hNf v$uL$fp¡ \C

iL$¡ _l], A\hp sp¡ Myv$p_p lyL$d\u s¡Ap¡ dyfv$pl_¡ Æhsp L$fsp

lsp A_¡ Ap„^mp s\p L$p¡Y$uepAp¡_¡ kpfp L$fsp lsp s¡\u s¡Ap¡_¡



Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡sp lsp S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ lL$sApgp Ap Apesdp„

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ elyv$uep¡A¡ L$üy„ Ap¡Tef Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ R>¡ A_¡

_kfp_uep¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ dkul Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ R>¡ sp¡ Ap s¡Ap¡_y„ L$l¡hy„

dpÓ dp¡Y$p_y„S> R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ luL$L$sdp„ L$p„C _\u, sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u `l¡g¡ S>¡

gp¡L$p¡ L$pãaf \ep R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p L$l¡hp_¡ dmsy„ Ap gp¡L$p¡_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡, sp¡

Myv$p s¡Ap¡_¡ lgpL$ L$f¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_u flds_¡ s¡Ap¡\u vy$f L$f¡; A¡

gp¡L$p¡ lL$\u bpsug sfa L$¡hu fus¡ afu Åe R>¡? L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp_u

hlv$p_ues s\p s¡ ld¡ip lp¡hp_u v$gugp¡ dhSy>v$ A_¡ Ål¡f lp¡hp

R>sp„ Ap¡Tef A_¡ Ckp_¡ Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ L$l¡ R>¡ A¡ R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ `Z

Myv$p_p b„v$p R>¡.

31 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ elyv$u A_¡

_kfp_uAp¡A¡ lgpg A_¡ lfpd_p dyL$v$dpdp„ Myv$pA¡ bflL$_¡

dyL$u_¡ `p¡sp_p Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡_¡ `p¡sp_p `fhfv$uNpf dyL$f®f

L$ep®, L$¡ lgpg A_¡ lfpd hui¡ Myv$p_u afdp bfv$pfu L$fhu Å¡CA¡

s¡hu afdpbfv$pfu s¡Ap¡_u L$fu, A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ lgpg L$ey® s¡ lgpg

ÅÎey„ A_¡ lfpd L$ey¯ s¡ lfpd ÅÎey„; A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ dfed_p v$uL$fp

dkul_¡ Myv$p W$fpìep¡. A_¡ s¡ elyv$u s\p _kpfp A\hp s¡Ap¡_p

Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡ A\hp l. Ckp A. _¡ buÆ L$p¡C bpbs_p¡

lyL$d Apàep¡ _\u `Z A¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dpbyv$¡ bflL$ s¡ A¡L$S> R>¡ s¡_u

Cbpv$s L$f¡ s¡_p iuhpe Cbpv$s_¡ gpeL$ L$p¡C _\u, A¡ dpbyv$ A¡



QuS>\u `pL$ A_¡ `pL$uTp R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ iuL®$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$¡f A. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. afdpìey„

L$¡ elyv$u A_¡ _kpfp `p¡sp_p Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡ dpV$¡ _dpT

A_¡ fp¡Tp L$fsp _ lsp `Z s¡Ap¡ s¡Ap¡_p lgpg L$f¡g_¡ lgpg

ÅZsp lsp A_¡ lfpd L$f¡g_¡ lfpd kdS>sp lsp, A_¡ lyL$d s\p

d_pC_u sdpd bpbsp¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡Ap¡_u èfhu L$fu R>¡ sp¡ A¡

fus_u s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡Ap¡_u Cbpv$s L$fu. A_¡ lTfs Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡

kpv$uL$ A. afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p_u L$kd A¡ Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡A¡

`p¡sp_u Cbpv$s A_¡ `yÅ L$fhp rhj¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡g _\u, A_¡ ANf

s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_u b„v$Nu A_¡ `yÅ_y„ L$l¡s¡sp¡ s¡Ap¡ L$byg `Z L$fs¡ _l]

`Z s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡_p lgpg L$f¡gp_¡ lgpg ÅÎey„ A_¡ lfpd L$f¡gp_¡

lfpd W$¡fpìey„. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf A. afdpìey„ R>¡

L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ lTfs¡ Ckp A. _u _pafdp_u L$fu A_¡ `p¡sp_p

v$ugp¡dp„ s¡Ap¡_¡ blyS> dp¡V$p¡ kdÄep A ¡V$g¡ ky u L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Nydp_

L$ep£ L$¡ Myv$p_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ V$p¡mpA¡ L$üy„ L$¡ s¡ ÓZdp„_p¡ ÓuÅ¡

R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡dp„_p A¡L $V$p¡mpA¡ L$üy„ L$¡ s¡ Myv$p R>¡. A_¡ Apgudp¡

s\p Apbuv$p¡_u s¡Ap¡A¡ afdpbfv$pfu L$fu A_¡ S>¡ QuS> sfa s¡Ap¡_¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ bp¡gpìep s¡ QuS> s¡Ap¡ bÅhu gpìep, sp¡ s¡ Apgudp¡ A_¡

Apbuv$p¡_u A¡ fus_u afdp„ bfv$pfu L$fhp_p kbb\u A_¡ Myv$p_p¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ lyL$d sfL$ L$fhp\u s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p `fhfv$uNpf W$¡fpìep



dsgb A¡ L$¡ lL$uL$sdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡_¡ L$p„C Myv$p

W$¡fh¡gp¡ _\u Z s¡Ap¡_u A¡hu hs®ÏL$\u afdp bfv$pfu L$fu L$¡ Np¡ep

s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p `fhfv$uNpf W$¡fpìep, A_¡ Myv$p_u L$uspb A_¡

èNçbfp¡_p lyL$dp¡_¡ `pR>m _p„Mu Apàep.

32 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ s¡ elyv$u A_¡ _kpfp

Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p_p _yf A¡V$g¡ s¡_u hlv$p_ues A\hp ApMf

Tdp_p_p èNçbf_u _byìhs A\hp Ly$fbp__¡ `p¡sp_p dp¡Y$p\u

iuL®$_u hpsp¡ L$fu_¡ byTphu _p„M¡, A_¡ Myv$p A¡ bpbs_¡ Qplsp¡

_\u A_¡ BÞL$pf L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ `k„v$ L$fsp¡ _\u, `Z A¡ L$¡ Myv$p s¡

`p¡sp_p _yf_¡ sdpd L$f¡ A¡V$g¡ L$g¡dA¡ sp¥luv$_¡ byg„v$ L$fu_ ¡ A_¡

dykgpd_¡ CÄS>s Apù_¡ v$u__¡ fp¡i_ L$f¡ ANfQ¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡ Ap

bpbs_¡ dL$ê$l ÅZ¡ A_¡ _p `k„v$ L$fuA¡ v$u_\u _pfpS> lp¡e.1

33 du Apes- lh¡ A¡ _yf_¡ sdpd L$fhp huj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p¡ èNçbf L$¡ s¡ lS>fs¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. R>¡

s¡_¡ s¡ _yf sdpd L$fhp dpV$¡ luv$pes (Ly$fAp_) A_¡ lL$ v$u__u

kp\¡ dp¡L$ëep¡ L$¡ s¡\u s¡ v$u_ Ckgpd_¡ sdpd v$u_ A_¡ ^fd D`f

Npgub L$f¡ R>¡ ANfQ¡ A¡ bpbs_¡ dyifuL$p¡ dL$ê$l ÅZ¡ A_¡

1. ÅZhy„ Å¡BA¡ L$¡ Ap Apes_u sphug OZu g„bpZ\u R>¡ s¡ B0 f8dp„ `pfpdp„ s¡_p Mygpkp klus gMhpdp„ Aphi¡.



AZNdp¡ bsph¡ s\p s¡ v$u_\u _pfpS> lp¡e, A_¡ A¡ bpbs bpfdp

Cdpd lTfs¡ d¢lv$u A. Å¡lyf \ep `R>u s¡dS> lTfs Ckp A.

_pTug \hp `R>u R>¡ L$¡ s¡ hMs¡ v$u_¡ dp¡lçdv$u k. iuhpe vy$Þepdp„

buÅ¡ L$p¡C v$u_ L$¡ ^fd bpL$u fl¡i¡ _l]; A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Ckgpd_p¡ Ngbp¡ sdpd

v$u_p¡ D`f lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ d¢lv$u Agerlõkgpd_p Ål¡f \hp hMs¡

\i¡ L$¡ s¡ hMs¡ L$p¡C A¡hp¡ dpZk _l] lp¡e L$¡ lTfs¡ dp¡lçdv$ k.

_u _byìhs_p¡ L$peg _l] lp¡e. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$

A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ L$kd R>¡ Myv$p_u Ap Apes_y„ `fuZpd lSy>

kyû Ål¡f \ey„ _\u A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ lTfs¡ Bdpd dlv$u A. Sy>lyf

L$f¡ s¡ hMs¡ fuZpd Ål¡f \i¡ L$¡ Myv$p_u kp\¡ L$p¡C Ly$af L$fhphpmp¡

A_¡ Cdpd_u kp\¡ L$p¡C ifuL$ L$fhphpmp¡ bpL$u fl¡i¡ _l] `Z A¡

L$¡ s¡ s¡_p Ål¡f \hp_¡ dL$ê$l ÅZi¡, A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ Ckgpd A¡V$gy„

Npgub \i¡ L$¡ ANf s¡ hMs¡ L$pãaf A\hp dyifuL$ `Õ\fdp„ li¡

sp¡ s¡ `Õ\f L$l¡i¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡Ard_ dpfp `¡V$dp„ L$pãaf R>¡ dpV$¡ d_¡

s¡X$u s¡_¡ L$Ðg L$f. A_¡ lS>fs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. _u

lv$ukdp„ R>¡ L$¡ aufAp¥_¡ lTfs dykp A. _p¡ _pi L$fhp dpV$¡ Nc®hsu

÷uep¡_p `¡V$ Qufphu _„Mpìep s¡huS> fus¡ b_u Ddèep s\p b_u

Aåbpk Äepf¡ ÅZusp \ep L$¡ s¡Ap¡dp„\u Ddfph A_¡ Tpgudp¡_p

dyëL$_u X$su v$ip lTfs¡ ""L$ped'' (bpfdp Cdpd) A. _p lp\\u



\i¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Adpfu kp\¡ Av$phs Dcu L$fu A_¡ Alg¡b¥s¡

fkyg k._¡ L$Ðg L$fhp dpV$¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u _kg_u S>X$ L$p„`hp dpV$¡

s\p lTfs¡ L$ped A. _¡ L$Ðg L$fhp_u gpgQ\u sghpfp¡

b_phfphu, sp¡ Myv$pA¡ A¡ bpbs _ Qplu L$¡ Tpgudp¡dp„\u L$p¡C \L$u

`p¡sp_p Ad°_¡ Ål¡f L$f¡ `Z A¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_p _yf_¡ sdpd L$f¡ ANfQ¡

dyífuL$ gp¡L$p¡ dL$ê$l ÅZ¡ A_¡ lTfs¡ Bdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$ bpL$uf A.

afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ Adpfp ""L$ped'' p¡sp_p fp ¡b\u dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g

R>¡, A_¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ S>du_ h]V$mC hmi¡, A_¡ S>¡ MTp_p S>du_dp„

Ry>`p R>¡ s¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ Ål¡f \i¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ Ngbp¡ `yh®\u `qòd kyû

a¡gpi¡, A_¡ Myv$p s¡_p \L$u Ap`Zp v$u__¡ kh£ v$u_p¡ D`f Npgub

L$fi¡, A_¡ S>du_dp„ L$p¡C DS>X$ S>Áep bpL$u fl¡i¡ _l] `Z A¡ L$¡

s¡_¡ s¡ Apbpv$ L$fi¡, A_¡ Apkdp_\u lTfs¡ Ckp A. _pTug \i¡

`R>u s¡ lTfs¡ ""L$ped'' A. _u `pR>m _dpT `X$i¡.

34 du Apes- A_¡ lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp elyv$u A_¡ _kpfp_p

Apgudp¡ A_¡ Apbuv$p¡_u Mbf Ap`¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$L$¡

S>¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gpìep R>p¡ slL$uL$L$¡ elyv$u A_¡ _kpfpdp„_p OZp

Apgudp¡ Apbuv$p¡ s\p Tpl¡v$p¡ AgbÐsp gp¡L$p¡_p¡ dpg _plL$ fus¡

Mpe R>¡ A¡V$g¡ gue¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ AlL$pd¡ Myv$p bv$gu _p„Mhp_u ê$ihs

R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Myv$p_p fõsp A¡V$g¡ v$u_ Ckgpd\u AV$L$ph¡

A_ ¡ b„^ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ _ Ckgpddp„ v$pMug \pAp¡



s¡dS> _ dykgdp_p¡_u kp¡lbsdp„ b¡kp¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A¡

dp¡lçdv$ k. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Alg¡ L$uspb s\p dykgdp_p¡dp„\u bMugu

A_¡ luk®_p kbb\u kp¡_p A_¡ Qp„v$u_¡ c¡Ny„ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ fpl¡

Myv$pdp„ hp`fsp _\u A¡hp gp¡L$p¡_¡ vy$:Mv$peL$ ATpb_u MyiMbfu

Ap`.

35 du Apes- `R>u D`f_u bpbs hui¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡

v$uhk¡ S>lÞ_d_u ApNdp„ s¡ MTp_p Nfd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ \L$u

s¡Ap¡_p L$`pm D`f A_¡ `X$Mp D`f A_¡ hp„kp D`f X$pd v$¡hpdp„

Aphi¡ A_¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ L$¡ ApA¡ kbb\u sdp¡A¡ `p¡sp_p _akp¡

dpV$¡ c¡Ny„ A_¡ MÅ_p L$fu fpMu dyL$ey„ lsy„ A¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$fu_¡ L$¡ s¡\u

Adp¡_¡ ApCv$pl apev$p¡ \i¡; A_¡ Adpfp _ak_¡ Apfpd A_¡

gÄS>s dmi¡.A_¡ s¡ L$`pm rh0 D`f X$pd v$¡hp huj¡ gM¡ R>¡ L$¡

dp¡lspÅ¡_¡ L$`pm D`f L$fQgu QY$phsp lsp (MpVy„$ dp¡Yy„$ L$fsp

lsp) A_¡ X$Mp s\p hp„kp a¡fhu g¡sp lsp, R>u afdph¡ R>¡ QpMp¡

sdp¡ A¡ QuS>_p¡ ATpb L$¡ sdp¡ c¡Ny„ L$fsp lsp. A_¡ Ap Apes

aL$s dpg c¡Np¡ L$fhp rhj¡ R>¡ L$¡ dpg_¡ c¡Np¡ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„\u fpl¡

Myv$pdp„ _ Ap`¡ Å¡Ce¡ sp¡ s¡dp„\u TL$ps Apù lp¡e A\hp _ Apù

lp¡e, Å¡Ce¡ sp¡ s¡ ku½$¡v$pf lp¡e A\hp b¡ ku½$¡v$pf lp¡e, L$pfZ L$¡

Ly$fAp_dp„ aL$s kp¡_p A_¡ Qp„v$u_p¡ TuL$f R>¡. A_¡ L$¡V$gp„L$ L$l¡ R>¡

L$¡ Ap Apes TL$ps_p dyL$v$dpdp„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k dpg c¡Np¡ L$f¡ A_¡



TL$ps L$¡ S>¡ Myv$p_p¡ lL$ R>¡ s¡_¡ s¡dp„\u Av$p _ L$f¡ sp¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ Ap

ATpb R>¡, g¥L$u_ s¡ hMs¡ Mpk kp¡_y„ A_¡ Qp„v$uS> NZhu `X$i¡,

A_¡ s¡\u A¡ \i¡ L$¡ s¡ Qp„v$u kp¡_y„ ku½$¡v$pf lp¡e A_¡ s¡_¡ c¡Ny„ L$ey®

lp¡e A_¡ s¡dp„\u TL$ps Apù _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ Ap ATpb R>¡.

A_¡ fuhpesp¡ A¡ bÞ_¡ L$p¥g âdpZ¡ R>¡. A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ dpg_u TL$ps Av$p L$fhpdp„ _ Aph¡ s¡ ""L$ÞT''

(k„N°l) R>¡ ANfQ¡ s¡ Ål¡fdp„ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡g lp¡e. A_¡ S>¡

dpg_u TL$ps Av$p L$fhpdp„ _ Aph¡ s¡ ""L$ÞT'' _\u ANfQ¡ s¡

S>du_dp„ v$pV$¡g lp¡e. A_ ¡ AbyTf\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ afdpìey„ - L$¡

d¢ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. \u kp„cýey„ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ afdphsp lsp L$¡

Ap Apes TL$ps _ Ap`hphpmp_p lL$dp„ _pTug \C R>¡, L$¡ S>¡

v$ufld v$u_pf_u TL$ps Apù _l] li¡ s¡ \L$u s¡Ap¡_¡ X$pd v$¡hpdp„

Aphi¡, A_¡ s¡ v$uhk `Qpk lTpf hfi S>¡V$gp¡ gp„bp¡ R>¡; A_¡

ANf JV$hpmpA¡ JV$_u TL$ps Apù _l] lp¡e sp¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡

dlif_p d¥v$p_dp„ J^p _p„Mhpdp„ Aphi¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f s¡ JV$

Qgphhpdp„ Aphi¡ A_¡ Äepf¡ kOmp„ JV$ s¡_u D`f afu fl¡i¡ Ðepf¡

afu hmu s¡Ap¡ D`f JV$ Qgphhpdp„ Aphi¡ A_¡ ld¡ip s ¡S> ATpb

Åfu fl¡i¡. A_¡ A¡S> âdpZ¡ Npe A_¡ bL$fuep¡_u S>¡Z¡ TL$ps _l]

Apù li¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f `Z s¡ Npe A_¡ bL$fuep¡_¡ a¡fhhpdp„ Aphi¡

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ s¡_¡ gps A_¡ i]NX$p dpfi¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp



MgpA¡L$_p lukpb\u apfuN \pe. A_¡ kybp_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. \u fuhpes L$fu R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p¡C dpZk dpg c¡Np¡ L$f¡ A_¡ s¡_u

TL$ps _ Ap`¡ sp¡ Myv$p¡A¡sApgp s¡ dpg_p¡ kp„` `¥v$p L$fi¡ L$¡ s¡_p

dp\p D`f L$pmp ÓZ d]X$p li¡ A_¡ s¡ i¿k S>¡ W$¡L$pZ¡ S>i¡ s¡_u

kp\¡ s¡ kp„` `Z S>i¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u Sy>v$p¡ _l] \pe, s¡ hMs¡ s¡

i¿k L$l¡i¡ L$¡ hpe \pe spfp D`f L$¡ sy„ L$p¡Z R>¡ L$¡ dpfp¡ k„Np\

dyL$sp¡ _\u? s¡ hMs¡ kp„` s¡_¡ S>hpb Apì¡ L$¡ ly„ spfp¡ A¡ MTp_p¡

Ry„> L$¡ s¢ d_¡ c¡Np¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ lh¡ Äep„ kyû s_¡ ly„ dpfu Ly$V$u MpC

_ ÅJ Ðep„ ky u spfp\u Sy>v$p¡ \Ci _l], `R>u s¡_p bÞ_¡ lp\

`p¡sp_p dp¡Y$pdp„ gC sp¡X$u _p„Mi¡, A_¡ s¡S> âdpZ¡ s¡_p sdpd

Ahehp¡ dp¡Y$pdp„ gC cp„Nu_¡ Nmu S>i¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ s¡_p¡ sdpd

cpN lp¡Cep L$fu S>i¡, A_¡ `R>u s¡_¡ blpf L$pY$u_¡ `l¡gp„_u S>¡d

MpC S>i¡ A_¡ ld¡ip s¡_¡ A¡S> dyS>b ATpb \ep L$fi¡. A_¡

lTfs fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡ v$ufld A_¡ v$u_pf¡ sdpfu

`l¡gp_p gp¡L$p¡_¡ lgpL$ L$ep® A_¡ sdp¡_¡ lgpL$ L$fhphpmp R>¡. A_¡

Ly$çduA¡ `p¡sp_u sakufdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ l.Dkdp_¡ L$pAbyg Albpf

sfa _S>f L$fu_¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ A¡ AbyCklpfL$ S>¡ i¿k¡ `p¡sp_p

dpgdp„\u TL$ps Av$p L$fu lp¡e s¡ i¿i_p lL$dp„ sy„ iy„ L$l¡ R>¡? L$¡

s¡ `R>u `Z s¡_p D`f L$p„C hpÆb R>¡? s¡ hMs¡ L$pAb¡ L$üy„ L$¡

hpÆb _\u ANfQ¡ A¡L$ IV$ kp¡_p_u A_¡ A¡L$ IV$ Qp„v$u_u



b_phu_¡ dpg c¡Np¡ L$f¡ sp¡ `Z s¡_p D`f L$p„C _\u, Ap kp„cmu_¡

S>_pb¡ AbyTf¡ NaapfuA¡ `p¡sp_u gpL$X$u L$pAbp_p dp\p D`f

dpfu_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ A¡ elyv$pZu L$pa¡fp_p R>p¡L$fp spfu iy„ iL$su R>¡ L$¡ sy„

dykgdp__p AlL$pddp„ v$Mg v$C iL$¡? Af¡ spfu hps\u Myv$p_p¡

L$p¥g blyS> kpQp¡ R>¡, A¡d L$lu_¡ kp¡_y„ A_¡ Qp„v$u c¡Ny„ L$fhp rhj¡_u

dS>Ly$f Apes `X$u k„cmphu L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ dpg rhj¡ A¡

bpbs L$l¡g R>¡ Å¡Ce¡ sp¡ TL$ps Apù lp¡e A_¡ Å¡Ce¡ sp¡ TL$ps

Apù _ lp¡e, A_¡ s¡_¡ c¡Np¡ L$f¡ A_¡ s¡dp„\u fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ _ Ap`¡

s¡_p dpV$¡ A¡ ATpb R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ dS>Ly$f Apesdp„ bep_ \ep¡. gM¡ R>¡

L$¡ Äepf¡ dS>Ly$f b¡ Apesp¡ _pTug \C sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

afdpìey„ L$¡ kp¡_y„ A_¡ Qp„v$u lgpL$ \Å¡, A_¡ ÓZ hMs A¡S> L$g¡dp¡

afdpìep¡; Ap kp„cmu_¡ Aklpbp¡A¡ blyS> `f¡ip_ \C AfS> L$fu

L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Adp¡ dpg c¡Np¡ L$fhp rhj¡ iy„ L$fue¡? L$¡ s¡_p¡

A„Åd _¡L$ \pe A_¡ s¡_u dTuçds _ lp¡e; Ap kp„cmu_¡ lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ iy¾$ L$fhphpmy„ v$ug A_¡ A¡ dp¡Adu_p Ap¥fs L$¡ sdpfp

v$u__p L$pddp„ sdpfu dv$v$Npf lp¡e, A_¡ A¡ k„N°l L$¡ S>¡_u A„v$f

hbpg _ lp¡e, s¡ _¡L$ Apdpg R>¡, sp¡ A¡ v$u_v$pf AL$gd„v$ A¡ R>¡

L$¡ ANf gp¡L$p¡ îZNpf A_¡ dpg c¡Np¡ L$fhp¡ S>ê$f L$f¡ sp¡ `p¡s¡ _¡L$

Apdpg_¡ MTp_pdp„ c¡Np¡ L$fhp¡ iê$ L$f¡, dsgb A¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf

lfpd dpg c¡Np¡ L$f¡ sp¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ ATpb R>¡, Å¡CA¡ sp¡ TL$ps



Apù lp¡e A\hp _ Apù lp¡e, A_¡ ANf lgpg dpg c¡Np¡ L$ep£

lp¡e A_¡ hpÆb TL$ps s¡dp„\u Av$p L$fu _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p D`f `Z

ATpb R>¡, lp ANf TL$ps s\p Myv$pA¡ hpÆb L$f¡g lL$ Apàep¡

lp¡e sp¡ `R>u s¡_p D`f buÆ L$p„C QuS> _\u `Z s¡_p¡ lukpb

Ap`hp¡ `X$i¡, A_¡ A¡ `R>u s¡_p D`f buSy„> L$p„C hpÆb _\u `Z

kyÞ_s R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_p kNpAp¡ A_¡ dp¡lspS> dp¡Ad¡_p¡_¡ s¡dp„\u

Ap`sp¡ fl¡ L$¡ khpbdp„ h^pfp¡ \pe. `Z A¡h„y _ b_¡ L$¡ dpg c¡Np¡

L$fu_¡ vy$Þepdp„ dyL$u_¡ Qpgsp \pe A_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ L$p„C hp`f¡ _l]

sp¡ ANfQ¡ TL$ps Apàep `R>u ATpb sp¡ _l] \pe `Z Aakp¡k

L$fu_¡ `õsphp_y„ \i¡ S>¡dL$¡ lv$ukp¡\u kpbus R>¡. ""_pÆ'' L$l¡ R>¡

L$¡ ANfQ¡ D`f_u bpbsdp„ Myçk_y„ bep_ Apìey„ _l] L$¡dL$¡ ApA¡

ku`pfp_u iê$Apsdp„ s¡ bep_ \C Q|L$ey„ R>¡, sp¡`Z Âep_dp„ fl¡ L$¡

S>¡d TL$ps _ Ap`hp\u ATpb R>¡ s¡dS> Myçk _ Ap`hpdp„ `Z

ATpb R>¡, lh¡ TL$ps A_¡ Myçk _ Ap`hp_p ATpbdp„ L$¡V$gp¡

saphs R>¡ s¡ sp¡ Apgudp¡ ÅZ¡, `Z A¡L$ Cipfp¡ L$ê„$ Ry„> L$¡ TL$ps

Dçdsu A¡V$g¡ kpv$ps iuhpe buÅ Nfub dp¡Ad¡_p¡_p¡ lL$ R>¡, A_¡

Myçk s¡ Mpk Cdpd s\p s¡Ap¡_u Ahgpv$_p¡ lL$ R>¡, sp¡ s¡ _

Ap`hp_p ATpbdp„ L$¡V$gp¡ a¡f L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡?

36 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dlu_p_u NZsfu rhj¡

TuL$f L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ hfi_p L$¡V$gp dlu_p R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ L$¡V$gp„ dlu_p



lfpd (byTyN®) R>¡ L$¡ s¡dp„ S„>N L$fhu ÅeT _\u S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p_u _ÆL$ Myv$p_u L$uspbdp„ L$¡ s¡ ghl¡

dlayT R>¡ A\hp l¡gu L$uspbp¡dp„ A\hp s¡_p lyL$ddp„ bpf dlu_p

R>¡, A_¡ Ap W$¡L$pZ¡ dlu_p_u NZsfu Q„Ö_p lukpb\u R>¡, A_¡

lL$sApgpA¡ dykgdp_p¡_p OZp Apdpg S>¡dL$¡ fp¡Tp lS> A_¡ Cv$

rh0 A¡S> dlu_p D`f dyL$f®f L$f¡g R>¡, R>u afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs\u

Apkdp_ A_¡ Tdu__¡ `¥v$p L$f¡g R>¡ s¡ hMs\u A¡ bpf dlu_p R>¡,

A_¡ s¡ bpf dlu_pdp„ Qpf dlu_p lfpd R>¡ L$¡ s¡ dlu_pdp„ v$u__p

vy$íd_p¡ kp\¡ gX$pC L$fhu Å¡Ce¡ _l], `Z s¡Ap¡ `l¡g L$f¡ sp¡ `R>u

lfL$s _\u, A_¡ s¡ Qpf dlu_p fS>b, TugL$pAv$pl, A_¡

TuglÄS>l, A_¡ dp¡lffd R>¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ Qpf

dlu_p_¡ lfpd dyL$f®f L$fhp s¡ L$ped A_¡ Mfp v$u_\u R>¡ L$¡ s¡ v$u_

l. Cbfplud A_¡ l. CkdpCg A. _p¡ R>¡, L$¡ s¡ Afb gp¡L$p¡_¡

dufpkdp„ `lp¢Q¡g R>¡; A_¡ iuApl iuhpe buÅ gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡

Myv$pA¡ `p¡sp_p b„v$pAp¡ dpV$¡ v$u_ vy$Þep_u bpbs b„v$p D`f dyL$u

_l] L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ dlu_p `Z `p¡s¡S> dyL$f®f L$fu Apàep R>¡,

sp¡ Äepf¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ dlu_p bpf b_pìep A_¡ Apkdp__p

byS®> `Z s¡Z¡ bpf b_pìep A_¡ b_u CkfpCg_p _L$ubp¡ `Z

`p¡s¡S> bpf b_pìep A_¡ lTfs¡ dykp A. _p lp\\u bpf Qídp

`p¡s¡ Åfu L$fphfpìep, sp¡ Äepf¡ Ahu Ahu bpbsp¡ Myv$pA¡ dyL$f®f



L$fu sp¡ S>¡ dlp dp¡V$u bpbs L$¡ sdpd MgL$s D`f lpL$ud \C

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p¡ v$u_ Qgphhp dpV$¡ lTfs_p hkuèep¡_¡

Myv$p `p¡s¡ dyL$f®f _ L$fsp„ gp¡L$p¡_p C¿suepfdp„ kp¢`¡ Mfp¡? L$¡ s¡Ap¡

S>¡_¡ Qpl¡ s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ Cdpd L$f¡, _p s¡d _\u, bëL$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _p bpf hku S>¡ bpf Cdpd bflL$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z Myv$pA¡

sApgpA¡S> dyL$f®f L$f¡g R>¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dS>Ly$f Qpf

dlu_p_u lyfds sp¡X$u_¡ p¡sp_p _akp¡ D`f Tygd L$fp¡ _l], A\hp

A¡ L$¡ s¡ bpf¡ dlu_pdp„ sdp¡ Tygd L$fp¡ _l], A¡V$g¡ lfpd L$pd L$fp¡

_l]. S>¡dL$¡ Cå_¡ Aåbpk_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ bpf¡ dlu_pdp„ Tygd

L$fhp_u d_pC R>¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ sdp¡ sdpd dyifuL$p¡ kp\ S„>N

L$fp¡ S>¡hu fus¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpd c¡Np \C A¡L$ k„ \u sdpfu kp\¡ S„>N

L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ ÅZp¡ sdp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p dv$v$ A_¡ luapTs L$fhp dpV$¡

`fl¡TNpfp¡_u kp\¡ R>¡.

37 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ål¡gues_p hMsdp„ Ly$aapfp¡_u

Apv$s lsu L$¡ ld¡ip gX$sp gy„V$sp A_¡ Npfs L$fsp lsp, A_¡ lfpd

dlu_pdp„ S„>N L$fsp _lsp, A_¡ s¡ Apv$s l. Cbfplud A. _p

Tdp_p\u Åfu lsu, s¡ `R>u s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡hp¡ ^pfp¡ fp¿ep¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡

s¡Ap¡ S„>Ndp„ diNyg lp¡e _¡ lfpd dlu_p¡ Aphu S>sp¡ sp¡ s¡

dlu_p_¡ lgpg L$fu _pMsp lsp, A_¡ s¡_p bv$gpdp„ buÅ L$p¡C

dlu_p_¡ lfpd L$fsp lsp, A¡ âdpZ¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ hfkdp„ Qpf



dlu_p_¡ lfpd L$fsp lsp, `Z Mpk A¡hy„ W$¡fphsp _lsp L$¡¡ L$ep¡

dlu_p¡ lfpd R>¡; sp¡ A¡ L$pev$p_y„ _pd s¡Ap¡A¡ ""_kul'' fp¿ey„ lsy„,

s¡ rhj¡ Ap Apesdp„ Myv$pA¡sApgp bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ buSy„> L$p„C _\u

`Z A¡L$¡ ""_kul'' L$¡ S>¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ W$¡fph¡g R>¡ s¡ Ly$af`Zpdp„ h^pfp¡

R>¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ Myv$p_p lfpd_¡ lgpg L$fhy„ A_ ¡ lgpg_¡ lfpd

L$fhy„ Ly$af R>¡, sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ `p¡sp_p Akgu Ly$afdp„ Ap Ly$af_p¡ h^pfp¡

L$ep£ R>¡, sp¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ Adg_u kp\¡ Nydfpl \pe R>¡. A_¡ buÅ

L$pev$p âdpZ¡ s¡_p A\® A¡ \pe R>¡ L$¡ s¡ Adg \L$u Nydfpl L$ep®

Åe R>¡, A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$L$¡ L$pãaf \ep s¡Ap¡ s¡ ""_kul'' _¡ lgpg L$f¡

R>¡ L$¡ lfpd dlu_p_¡ Y$ugdp„ _p„Mu lfpd dlu_p_¡ lgpg L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡

s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ hfkdp„ lgpg L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ buS>¡ hfk s¡_¡ lfpd L$f¡ R>¡

L$¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡A¡ Myv$pA¡ lfpd L$f¡gp Qpf dlu_p_u NZsfu `yfu L$f¡,

sp¡ s¡Ap¡ s¡ Myv$pA¡ lfpd L$f¡gu QuS>_¡ lgpg L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ aL$s

NZsfu d¡mhhp\u L$pd fpM¡ R>¡ `Z hMs_¡ kp„Qhsp _\u, sp¡

s¡Ap¡_p A¡ Mfpb Apdpgp¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ iZNpfu (iesp_¡) s¡Ap¡_¡

kpfp v$¡MpX$ep R>¡, A_¡ Aëgpl Ly$aapf_u L$p¥d_¡ luv$pes L$fsp¡ _\u

L$¡ ÅZu Å¡C_¡ fp¡i_ v$gugp¡_p¡ BÞL$pf L$f¡ R>¡ s¡\u Myv$p s¡Ap¡_¡

s¡Ap¡_p lpg D`f dyL$u Ap`¡ R>¡, A\hp A¡_p A\® A¡ R>¡ L$¡

ApM¡fsdp„ s¡Ap¡_¡ b¡luís_p¡ fõsp¡ v$¡MpX$sp¡ _\u bëL$¡ s¡Ap¡_p

Ly$af_p kbb\u s¡Ap¡_¡ S>lÞ_d_p¡ fõsp¡ bsph¡ R>¡.



38 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ luS>fs_p _hd¡ hfk¡ S>¡ hMs¡ l.

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. S„>N¡ lp¡_e_\u `pR>p aep® sp¡ S„>N¡ sybyL$_p¡ Cfpv$p¡

L$ep£, A_¡ s¡ v$uhkp¡dp„ lhp blyS> Nfd lsu A_¡ dv$u_p_p gp¡L$p¡

vy$L$pm A_¡ hfkpv$ _ lp¡hp\u blyS> `f¡ip_ lsp, sp¡ S>¡ hMs¡

Aklpbp¡_¡ dyifuL$p¡ kp\¡ S„>N L$fhp sybyL$ sfa S>hp_p¡ lyL$d \ep¡

sp¡ h^pf¡ gp„bu dykpafu s\p Nfdu A_¡ fõsp_y„ cpsy„ OÏ„ \p¡Xy„$

s\p vy$íd_p¡ h^pf¡ lp¡hp\u S>hp dpV$¡ AZNdp¡ bsphu l. fkyg¡

Myv$p k. kp\¡ S>hp_u Apmk L$fu sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ S>hp rhj¡ spL$uv$_u

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡½$¡

S>¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gpìep R>p¡ sp¡ sdp¡_¡ iy„ \ey„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ sdp¡_¡

L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ L$¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ sdp¡ v$u__p L$g¡dp_¡ byg„v$ L$fhp dpV$¡

bpl¡f _uL$mp¡ sp¡ sdp¡ cpf¡ \C S>C kyõsu L$fp¡ R>p¡, A_¡ S>du_

sfa Qpl_p L$fp¡ R>p¡ L$¡ s¡ S>du_\u sdp¡ bpl¡f _uL$msp _\u, sp¡

iy„ sdp¡ ApM¡fs_¡ dyL$u_¡ vy$_uep_u Æ„v$Np_u dpV$¡ fpÆ \ep R>p¡ L$¡

vy$_uep_¡ v$u_ D`f dyL$L$v$d ÅZp¡ R>p¡? sp¡ vy$_uep_u T]v$Np_u_p¡

ApM¡fs A_¡ s¡_u _¡Ads_p âdpZdp„ L$p„C apev$p¡ _\u `Z \p¡X$p¡

L$¡ s¡ _ÆL$dp„ a_p \C S>hphpmp¡ R>¡, sp¡ S>¡ L$ped A_¡ v$ped_p¡

b¡iydpf apev$p¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ dyL$u_¡ vy$_uep_p¡ S>¡ OZp¡S> \p¡X$p¡S> A_¡ ap_u

\hphpmp¡ apev$p¡ L$p¡C AL$gd„v$ L$¡hu fus¡ C¿suepf L$fi¡?



39 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ sp¡ sdp¡_¡ S>¡ gX$pC_p¡

lyL$d \ep¡ R>¡ s¡ dpV$¡ sdp¡ bpl¡f _l] _uL$mp¡ sp¡ Myv$p sdp¡_¡ CÅ

Ap`_pf kMs ATpb L$fi¡, L$¡ sdpfp D`f vy$íd_p¡_¡ as¡l Ap`¡

A\hp vy$L$pm\u sdp¡_¡ lgpL$ L$f¡ A_¡ sdp¡_¡ A¡L$ L$p¡d_u kp\¡ bv$gu

_p„Mi¡ L$¡ s¡ sdpfp kuhpe buÆ L$p¥d A¡hu lp¡e L$¡ s¡ sdpfp L$fsp„

b¡lsf A_¡ h^pf¡ afdp„ bfv$pf lp¡e. ÅZhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡ s¡ b¡lsf

L$p¥d S>_pb¡ kgdp_¡ apfku_u L$p¥d_u apk®_u L$p¥d R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ s¡ huj¡

lv$ukdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. A_¡ `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ sdp¡ s¡_¡ L$p„C`Z _yL$kp_

`lp¢QpX$u iL$ip¡ _l] L$¡ s¡ Myv$p N_u A_¡ Npgub R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$

QuS> D`f Ly$v$fs ^fph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ Qpl¡ s¡¡ L$f¡ A_¡ sdpfu dv$v$_p¡

dlp¡spS> _\u s¡ `p¡sp_p fkyg k._u `p¡s¡ dv$v$ L$fi¡. A_¡ bpAT

fuhpesp¡dp„ A¡ Apesp¡ _pTug \hp_p L$pfZdp„\u gM¡ R>¡ L$¡ ipd\u

L$¡V$gpA¡L$ dpZkp¡ A_pS> huN¡f¡ h¡`pf_p¡ dpg gC_¡ dv$u_pdp„

Apìep lsp A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ dv$u_pdp„ dilyf L$e®y L$¡ ê$d_p gp¡L$p¡ c¡Np

\ep R>¡ A_¡ l. fkyg¡ Myv$p k. kp\¡ S„>N L$fhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡

A_¡ A¡L$ dlp cpf¡ gíL$f c¡Ny„ \ey„ R>¡ A_¡ ê$d_p¡ lfLy$g bpv$ipl

`p¡sp_p gíL$f_¡ kp\¡ gC fhp_p \ep¡ R>¡ A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `Z s¡Z¡

`p¡sp_u kp\¡ OZu L$p¥dp¡_¡ guû R>¡ A_¡ s¡_y„ gíL$f bgL$p D`f

Aphu lçk D`f Dsey® R>¡. A¡ kp„cmu l. fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `p¡sp_p

Aklpbp¡_¡ S>¡lpv$_p¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ kpdp_ sCepf L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d Apàep¡



A_¡ Afb_u L$p¥d L$¡ S>¡ Asfpa A_¡ d½$p sfa fl¡su lsu A_¡ S>¡

Afb L$¡ dykgdp_ \C Nep lsp s¡ kfh¡_¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d

L$ep£, sp¡ Afbp¡_u sdpd S>dpAs c¡Nu \C `Z dy_pauL$p¡ A_¡ s¡

rkhpe S>¡ kyõs Cdp_hphpmp lsp s¡Ap¡ b¡ku flep.

40 du Apes- sp¡ lTfs_p Aklpbp¡dp„\u kyõsu A_¡

Apmk L$fu S>¡Ap¡ b¡ku flep s¡Ap¡ D`f L$fX$u _S>f L$fu Myv$p

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf sdp¡ s¡ èNçbf_u dv$v$ _l] L$fp¡ A_¡ A¡L$gp¡

dyL$u Apìp¡ sp¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p s¡_u dv$v$ L$fi¡, A_¡ s¡_¡ b¡ epfp¡

dv$v$Npf s¡_¡ _l] fpM¡ S>¡dL$¡ A¡\u `l¡g¡ `Z b¡epfp¡ dv$v$Npf

dyL$ep¡ _\u sp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ A¡\u `l¡g¡ Myv$pA¡ s¡_u dv$v$ L$fu R>¡ sp¡ S>¡

hMs¡ s¡_¡ d½$p L$¡ s¡_y„ L$v$ud hs_ R>¡ Ðep„\u s¡_¡ L$pãaf gp¡L$p¡A¡

L$pY$u dyL$hp_p¡ A_¡ L$Ðg L$fhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡_¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ _uL$mu S>hp_p¡ lyL$d Apàep¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ b¡dp„\u

buÅ¡ lsp¡ s¡ huj¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ hMs¡ lTfs_u kp\¡ `l¡gp Mguap

l. AbybL$f lsp, s¡\u Myv$pA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ b¡dp„_p¡ buÅ¡ lsp¡, L$¡

S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ bÞ_¡ Npfdp lsp A¡V$g¡ S>¡ hMs¡ lTfs_u kp\¡ `l¡gp

Mguap kuhpe buSy„> L$p¡C _lsy„ s¡ hMs¡ Myv$pA¡ fkyg k._u dv$v$

L$fu. A_¡ s¡ Npf kyf _pd_p `lpX$dp„ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ d½$p\u S>dZu sfa

A¡L$ afkM R>¡V$¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ `lpX$_u V$p¡Q D`f _p_p Nyçdbv$ S>¡hp¡

A¡L$ `\fp¡ R>¡ A_¡ A„v$f\u s¡ `\fp¡ `p¡gp¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ Myv$pA¡ Npf



afdph¡g R>¡ A_¡ s¡_y„ dp¡Yy„$ A¡L$ h¢s A_¡ Qpf L$¡ `p„Q ApNm `lp¡my„

R>¡ A_¡ Apif¡ s¡V$gp¡S> gp„bp¡ R>¡, sp¡ s¡ kp„L$X$p dp¡Y$pdp„ \C l.

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s\p `l¡gp Mguap s¡ `Õ\f_u A„v$f v$pMg \ep

lsp A_¡ vy$bmp `psmp dpZkp¡ lSy> `Z s¡_u A„v$f Åe R>¡. A_¡

l. fkyg¡ Myv$p k. v$pMug \hp `R>u s¡ s„N fõsp_u kpd¡ s¡ L$fsp„

`Z S>fp `lp¡mp¡ buÅ¡ fõsp¡ b_pìep¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ Akgu s„N fõspdp„

v$pMug \C_¡ b_ph¡gp dp¡V$p fõsp\u bpl¡f _uL$mpe R>¡, A_¡ s¡_u

A„v$f p¡gpZ Apif¡ A¡V$gu R>¡ L$¡ kp^pfZ dpZk s¡dp„ p„kfp¡ Dcp¡

flu iL$sp¡ _\u. A_¡ Ap A¡ hMs_y„ bep_ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Ly$aapfp¡A¡

lTfs_¡ L$sg L$fhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡\u lTfs Myv$p_p lyL$d\u

S>_pb¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. _¡ `p¡sp_p buR>p_p D`f kyhfphu

Npfdp„ Nep lsp S>¡dL$¡ A¡ bep_ ""kyfA¡ A_apg'' _u Óukdu

Apes_u sakufdp„ Mygpkp\u gMu QyL$ep R>uA¡. lp„kg L$gpd S>¡

hMs¡ lTfs `l¡gp Mguap_¡ kp\¡ gC Npfdp„ Nep sp¡ Myv$p_p

lyL$d\u s¡ Npf_p v$fhpÅ D`f L$p„V$phpmy„ A¡L$ bphm_y„ TpX$ DÁey„,

A_¡ Myv$p_p lyL$d\u s¡ v$fhpÅ D`f L$bysfuA¡ IX$p dyL$ep, A_¡

L$fp¡muepA¡ Åmy„ spÎey„. A_¡ Apd¡f rb_ alf `p¡sp_p bL$fp„ Ðep„

Qfphhp S>sp¡ sp¡ A¡ bÞ_¡ kpl¡bp¡ s¡_y„ vy$^ usp lsp A_¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡

lTfs_u `pR>m ip¡^hp Aph¡gp `Z _ dmhp\u `pR>p Nep. A_¡

L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Mguap kpl¡b¡ Äepf¡ s¡ Npf_p¡ v$fhpÅ¡ Å¡ep¡ sp¡ blyS>



X$fep sp¡ lTfs_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. L$p¡C dyifuL$ ANf _uQu

_S>f L$fi¡ sp¡ AgbÐsp Ap`Z_¡ Å¡C g¡i¡ s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ rhj¡ f„S> _ L$f L$ Myv$p Ap`Zp¡ _uN¡lbp_ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡

s¡ rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ eNçbf A¡V$g¡ lTfs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `p¡sp_p kp\hpmp A¡V$g¡ `l¡gp Mguap_¡ afdphsp

lsp L$¡ sy„ f„S> _ L$f slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p Ap`Zu kp\¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ Ap`Zp

lpg_¡ Sy>h¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Ly$aapfp¡_p Mp¥a\u Mguap kpl¡b_¡ f„S> A_¡

Nd lsp¡; A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. lp\ JQp¡ L$fu_¡ v$p¡Ap L$fu L$¡

A¡ Myv$ph„v$p Adp¡_¡ Å¡hp\u Ap Ly$aapfp¡_¡ Ap„^mp L$f sp¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Å¡hp\u A¡ Ly$aapfp¡_¡ Ap„^mp L$ep® s¡\uS>

s¡ gp¡L$p¡ sdpd `lpX$dp„ afsp afsp Npfdp„ sgpi L$ep® `Z s ¡

Npf_u A„v$f s¡Ap¡ Nep _l]. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ sp¡ Myv$pA¡ s¡

A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_p èNçbf D`f ""kL$u_p'' A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_u flds

_pTug L$fu L$¡ s¡\u v$ug_¡ Apfpd dm¡ R>¡ sp¡ A¡ lTfs_¡ eL$u_ \C

Ney„ L$¡ Ly$aapf gp¡L$p¡ Adpfp D`f as¡l _l] `pd¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡

R>¡ s¡ èNçbf_¡ A¡hp gíL$f \L$u dv$v$ A_¡ Ly$ìhs Apù L$¡ s¡_¡

sdp¡ Å¡sp _ lsp A¡V$g¡ dgpA¡L$p_p gíL$f_¡ _uN¡lbp_u dpV$¡ Npf

D`f dp¡L$ëep lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u _uN¡lbp_u

L$fsp lsp. ÅZhy„ L$¡ Alg¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs Ap Apes\u `l¡gp

Mguap_u byTyN} kpbus L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡ iuApl gp¡L$p¡ s¡dp„ `l¡gp



Mguap_u aTugs NZsp _\u S>¡_p¡ rhõspfu_¡ blyS> h^pf¡

Mygpkp¡ dy_pT¡fp rh0 _u L$uspbp¡dp„ dhSy>v$ R>¡, s¡dS> sakuf¡

Ddv$syg bep_dp„ Ap S>Áep¡A¡ L$¡V$gp¡L$ Mygpkp¡ gM¡gp¡ R>¡ s¡dp„\u

Vy„$L$ A¡ L$¡ Alg¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ `l¡gp

Mguap_¡ b¡dp„_p¡ buÅ¡ L$lep¡ sp¡ Äepf¡ b¡ i¿k lp¡e sp¡ buÅ

i¿k_¡ s¡dp„_p¡ buÅ¡ L$l¡hpeS>, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ `l¡gp

Mguap_¡ èNçbf_p¡ kpl¡b L$lep¡ sp¡ kpl¡b `p¡sp_p kp\hpmp

s\p `pk¡hpmp_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

L$üy„ L$¡ Myv$p Ap`Zu kp\¡ R>¡ sp¡ kp\¡_p¡ A\® A¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p

_uN¡lbp_ R>¡ sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp `p¡sp_p sdpd b„v$pAp¡_p¡

_uN¡lbp_ R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ d¢

s¡_p D`f ""kL$u_p'' _pTug L$fu sp¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡ A¡d kdS>¡ R>¡ L$¡

`l¡gp Mguap D`f ""kL$u_p'' _pTug \C Z s¡ Apesdp„ Myv$pA¡

A¡L$hQ_ hpèy® R>¡ sp¡ s¡ A¡L$hQ_\u dyfpv$ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ A¡ Apesdp„ S>¡V$gp A¡L$hQ_ Apìep s¡ sdpd lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. dpV$¡S> R>¡. A_¡ ANf Å¡ bÞ_¡ D`f ""kL$u_p'' _pTug

L$fs¡ sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp A¡L$hQ_ _ hp`fs¡ `Z afdphs¡ L$¡ s¡ bÞ_¡

D`f kL$u_p _pTug L$fu. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ Myv$pA¡ s¡_u AÖíe

gíL$f\u dv$v$ L$fu sp¡ s¡dp„ `Z Myv$pA¡ A¡L$hQ_ hpèy® R>¡ L$¡ s¡_u

dv$v$ L$fu s¡dp„ `Z s¡ bÞ_¡_u dv$v$ L$fu A¡d afdpìey„ _\u, sp¡ A¡



Apes\u Mguap kpl¡b_u L$iu aTugs kpbus \su _\u. A_¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `p¡sp_u kp\¡ gC S>hp `l¡g¡\u s¡Ap¡_¡ L$üy„

_lsy„ `Z s¡Ap¡ fõspdp„ dmhp\u lTfs dkg¡ls kdÆ kp\¡ gC

Nep. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Myv$pA¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$¡ L$pãaf \ep R>¡

s¡Ap¡_p L$g¡dp_ _uQp L$fu _p„¿ep L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Ly$af sfa bp¡gphsp lsp

A_¡ lTfs_¡ L$sg L$fhy„ Qplsp lsp, Mygpkp¡ A¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ Tgug A_¡ ¿hpf L$ep® A_¡ Myv$p_p¡ L$g¡dp¡ L$¡ s¡

Ckgpd sfa bp¡gphhp_y„ A\hp s¡ Myv$p_u shluv$ R>¡ A\hp s¡

ilpv$s_p¡ L$g¡dp¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡S> blyS> byg„v$ A_¡ dlp dp¡V$p

dfsbphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u dsgb A¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

_¡ s¡ L$pãafp¡_p lp\\u _Ås Apù_¡ dv$u_¡ `lp¢QpX$ep A_¡

Ckgpd_u Ly$ìhs_u Ap iê$Aps R>¡. A_¡ Myv$p Npgub R>¡ L$¡

dykgdp_p¡_¡ CÄS>s Ap`¡ A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡_¡ Tgug L$f¡ s¡dS>

luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ `p¡sp_u luL$ds A_¡ dkg¡ls

âdpZ¡ L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ ""sybyL$'' _u gX$pC_u v$fduAp_ Ap Npf_p

L$uõkp_¡ bep_ L$fhp_y„ L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡

A¡ dykgdp_p¡ ANf sdp¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp\u A_¡ ""sybyL$'' dp„ S>hp\u

L$fpls A_¡ ANZdp¡ fpMp¡ R>p¡ A_¡ dpfp èNçbf_u _ykfs s\p

dv$v$ _l] L$fp¡ sp¡ L$p„C `fhp _\u L$¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$gp lsp s¡ hMsdp„



Adp¡A¡ dv$v$ Apù R>¡ (Npfdp„) A_¡ lSy> `Z Adp¡ s¡_u dv$v$ L$fu

iL$ue¡ R>uA¡.

41 du Apes- A¡ D`f dyS>b Myv$pA¡sApgp dykgdp_p¡_¡

_kuls L$fu QyL$ep¡ sp¡ afu_¡ S„>N dpV$¡ ""sybyL$'' dp„ S>hp_y„ L$l¡ R>¡

S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ sdp¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ lgL$p \C_¡

Å¡CA¡ sp¡ cpf¡ \C_¡ A¡V$g¡ khpf \C_¡ A\hp `¥v$g A\hp

sÞvy$fõs A\hp budpf A\hp S>hp_ A\hp OfX$p A\hp sh„Nf

A_¡ v$fhui A\hp l\uepfhpmp A\hp l\uepf hNf_p A\hp

A¡L$gp L$¡ Muv$dsNpfhpmp A\hp vy$bmp A\hp `psmp A\hp

Ap¥fshpmp A\hp Ap¥fs hNf_p dsgb A¡ L$¡ A¡hu lpgsdp„

bpl¡f _uL$mp¡; A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ L$¡V$gp„L$ gp¡L$p¡A¡ M¡su A_¡ dpg bfbpv$

\hp_y„ blp_y„ L$fu_¡ ""sybyL$'' dp„ _ S>hp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ sp¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ DTf L$byg _ L$fsp„ ly„L$d Apàep¡ L$¡ sdp¡

sdpd bpl¡f _uL$mp¡ Å¡CA¡ sp¡ sdpfu `pk¡ lgL$p¡ A\hp cpf¡

kpdp_ lp¡e. R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ sdp¡ sdpfp dpg \L$u fpl¡ Myv$pdp„

S>¡lpv$ L$fp¡ A¡V$g¡ S>¡lpv$_p L$pddp„ kpdp_ hp`fp¡, A_¡ sdp¡ p¡sp_p

_akp¡ \L$u dyifuL$p¡ kp\¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ S>¡lpv$ L$fp¡, Ap A¡V$g¡ ANf

Å¡ sdp¡ _¡L$ bpbs A_¡ S>¡lpv$_p khpb_¡ A_¡ s¡ sfL$ L$fhp_p

ATpb_¡ ÅZs¡ sp¡ S>¡lpv$ sfL$ L$fhp L$fsp Ap sdpê„$ S>¡lpv$ dpV$¡

bpl¡f _uL$mhy„ sdpfp dpV$¡ b¡lsf R>¡.



42 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

gp¡L$p¡_¡ ""sybyL$_u'' gX$pCdp„ S>hp_p¡ lyL$d Apàep¡ sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„

ÓZ V$p¡mp \C Nep; A¡L$ V$p¡mpA¡ `p¡sp_p v$ugp¡ Å_\u lTfs_p

lyL$d_¡ dp_u S>ëv$u s¥epfu L$fu L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dp¡lpS>¡fu_ A_¡

A_kpfdp„\u dp¡V$¡fp lsp, A_¡ L$¡V$gp„L$ AiL$s dp¡Ad¡_p¡_¡ Ðep„ S>hy„

cpf¡ dpgyd `X$ey„ R>sp„ gpQpf \C_¡ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k._p¡ lyL$d

C¿suepf L$ep£, A_¡ A¡L$ V$p¡mpA¡ gX$pC L$fhp _ S>sp„ Of¡ fl¡hp_u

fÅ dp„Nu L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dy_pauL$ lsp; sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p lL$dp„ Myv$pA¡sApgp

Ap Apesdp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$pd sfa A¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ bp¡gphhpdp„ Aph¡

R>¡ ANf s¡ dpg A_¡ kpdp_ _ÆL$ lp¡s¡ L$¡ d¡l_s hNf s¡Ap¡_¡

lp\ gpNs¡ A_¡ s¡ kaf kp^pfZ lp¡s¡ A¡V$g¡ h^pf¡ R>¡V$¡ _ lp¡s¡ sp¡

A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. s¡ gp¡L$p¡ AgbÐsp spfu èfhu L$fs¡ `Z s¡Ap¡

D`f s¡ fõsp¡ R>¡V$¡ A_¡ vy$f R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ k¿su\u fõsp¡ L$p`¡ R>¡. A_¡

_ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ sy„ sybyL$_u gX$pC\u `pR>p¡ afui sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡

A¡hu fus¡ L$kd Mpi¡ L$¡ ANf Adpfpdp„ i[L$s ls¡ sp¡ AgbÐsp

Adp¡ sdpfu kp\¡ _uL$ms¡ A_¡ sdpfu kp\¡ flu blyS> L$p¡iui A_¡

dv$v$ L$fs¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p S>hpbdp„ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_p

_akp¡_¡ lgpL$ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ Mp¡V$u L$kd MpC_¡ `p¡sp_¡ ATpb_p

dykslL$ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡ S>¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ANf Adp¡ iL$su fpMs¡

sp¡ AgbÐsp Adp¡ sybyL$dp„ fhp_p \s¡ A¡ rhj¡ Myv$p ÅZ¡ R>¡ L$¡



slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Sy>W$p R>¡, A_¡ Ap Apes `Z Ly$fAp_dp„

dp¡AÆTpdp„\u R>¡ L$¡ s¡ b_ph b_hp_u `l¡g¡S> Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡

Mbf Apù L$¡ Äepf¡ sy„ kaf\u `pR>p¡ Aphui sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ dp¡V$u

L$kdp¡ Mpi¡ A_¡ ApMf A¡hy„S> \ey„ L$¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡ lTfs_u kp\¡ Nep

_l], A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Åhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ sp¡ dy_pauL$p¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ S>¡

hMs¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. `p¡sp_p Aklpbp¡_u kp\¡ Al]ep\u fhp_p \i¡

A_¡ ""sybyL$'' Al]ep\u blyS> R>¡V$¡ ê$d_u kflv$ `pk¡ R>¡ Ðep„ s¡

`lp¢Qi¡ A_¡ dv$u_p Mpgu \C S>i¡ s¡ hMs¡ Adp¡ dp¡lçdv$ k.

A_¡ s¡_p Aklpbp¡_p Of_¡ gy„V$u gC s¡Ap¡_u Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ bÃQp_¡

L$¥v$ L$fuiy„; sp¡ lL$sApgpA¡ Æb°Cg A._¡ dp¡L$gu_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _¡ A¡ hui¡_u Mbf Apù s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Æb°Cg A._¡

`yR>ey„ L$¡ s¡_p¡ ip¡ D`pe L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡? s¡ hMs¡ Æb°Cg A. A¡ L$üy„

L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ðep„ sghpf Qpghp_p¡ hMs _l]

Aph¡ bëL$¡ kyg¡l \C Åi¡ dpV$¡ sdp¡ `p¡sp_u S>Áep¡A¡ lTfs¡ Agu

A. _¡ _pA¡b L$fu_¡ dyL$u ÅAp¡ A_¡ Alg¡b¥s s\p d¡lfpb s\p

duçbf (_dpT `X$phhu A_¡ hpA¡T L$fhu) s¡_¡ lhpg¡ L$fp¡ L$¡

Al]ep s¡ sdpfp¡ Mguap¡ A_¡ _pA¡b \C_¡ fl¡i¡ A_¡

dv$u_phpmpAp¡_u dv$v$ A_¡ ludpes L$fi¡; A_¡ Äepf¡ Agu A.

sdpfu Æ„v$Np_udp„ sdpfp¡ _pA¡b \hp_u gpeL$u fpM¡ R>¡ sp¡ sdpfu

Ap vy$r_ep\u ê$Mksu bpv$ `Z s¡S> sdpfp¡ _pA¡b R>¡, sp¡ lTfs¡



fkyg¡ Myv$p k. lTfs¡ Agu A. _¡ `p¡sp_p _pA¡b L$fu sybyL$ sfa

fhp_p \ep sp¡ Äepf¡ dy_pauL$p¡A¡ Ap lpg Å¡ep¡ sp¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep

L$¡ Adpfp¡ dL$f bpsug \C Nep¡, lTfs¡ Agu A. AfS> L$fu L$¡

dy_pauL$p¡_p dpfp A_¡ sdpfp lL$dp„ sp_p A_¡ d¡Zp d_¡ s¡Ap¡ Aphy„

Aphy„ L$l¡sp lsp; Ap kp„cmu_¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ sy„ A¡ bpbsdp„

fpÆ \sp¡ _\u L$¡ sy„ dpfp¡ hku A_¡ hTuf A_¡ Mguap¡ lp¡e? A_¡

spfp¡ Np¡ís dpfp¡ Np¡ís R>¡ A_¡ spê„$ gp¡lu dpê„$ gp¡lu R>¡, A_¡ S>_pb¡

lpê$_ S>¡d lTfs¡ dykp A. _¡ lsp s¡d sy„ `Z d_¡ R>p¡, `Z afL$

A¡V$gp¡ R>¡ L$¡ dpfu `pR>m L$p¡C èNçbf _\u. Ap kp„cmu_¡ lTfs¡

Agu A. L$üy„ L$¡ ly„ fpÆ Ry„>.

43 du Apes- A_¡ ""sybyL$'' _u gX$pCdp„ S>su hMs¡

dy_pauL$p¡A¡ S>hp\u DTf L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡\u lTfs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ p¡sp_u kp\¡

gu^p _l] s¡ rhj¡ lL$sApgp Ap Apesdp„ `p¡sp_p lbub¡

dl¡fbp_u sfuL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Myv$p s_¡ dpa L$f¡ ip

dpV$¡ s¢ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡_¡ _ S>hp_u fÅ Apù? L$¡ s¡\u spfp D`f A¡

gp¡L$p¡_p¡ lpg L$¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p DTfdp„ kpQp R>¡ L$¡ Mp¡V$p s¡ Ål¡f

\C S>s¡ A¡V$gp dpV$¡ spf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ kp\¡ _ Aphhp rhj¡ fÅ Ap`hu

_lsu, A_¡ h^pf¡ kpê„$ A¡ lsy„ L$¡ sy„ s¡Ap¡_¡ fl¡hp_u fÅ _ Ap`s¡.

A_¡ Cå_¡ Aåbpk\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ lS>fs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

s¡Ap¡_p _uapL$_u Mbf _lsu s¡\u lTfs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ fÅ Apù A_¡



Ap Apesdp„ Apìey„ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ afdpìey„ L$¡

s_¡ dpa L$ey¯ sp¡ s¡\u dApT Aëgpl A¡hy„ gpTud \sy„ _\u L$¡

lTfs¡ L$p¡C Ny_pl L$ep® lp¡e bëL$¡ Afb gp¡L$p¡_p dlphfp âdpZ¡

A¡ hpL$e afdpìey„ L$¡ Afb gp¡L$p¡ ""Aah'' (dpa L$fhy„) A_¡ fl„ds

A¡hp iåv$p¡\u v$p¡Ap L$fsp lsp, A_¡ L$p¡C Ny_pl L$¡ Msp \ep hNf

A¡hp iåv$ hp`fhp_u s¡Ap¡_u Apv$s lsu S>¡dL$¡ L$p¡C sfíep_¡ pZu

ùhfphsy„ sp¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p s_¡ bnu Ap`¡, A_¡ L$p¡C_¡ R>]L$ Aph¡

sp¡ kp„cmhphpmp¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ spfp D`f Myv$p fld L$f¡ sp¡ A¡

L$l¡hphpmp s¡ hMs¡ A¡hu _uèes A_¡ rhQpf\u L$l¡sp _\u L$¡

s¡_p\u Nyp_pl \ep¡ R>¡ bëL$¡ s¡ dpÓ spTud A_¡ shL$uf dpV$¡ R>¡.

A_¡ buÅ¡ Ap_u A„v$f Myigsuap¡ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ W$`L$p_u `l¡g¡ dpa

L$fhp_p¡ iåv$ Apìep¡ R>¡. A_¡ bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ A¡ R>¡ L$¡

s¢ fÅ Apù dpV$¡ ld¡ip spfp dpV$¡ Myv$p bnui fpM¡. A_¡ bpAT

fuhpesdp„ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ Muspb lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. sfa R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u

dyfpv$ lTfs_u Dçds_p gp¡L$ R>¡. A_¡ Ap `R>u_u Apesp¡\u Ål¡f

\pe R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ `Z s¡Ap¡_¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ S>hp_y„ Qpley„ _l] s¡\u `Z

dAgyd \ey„ L$¡ lTfs¡ fÅ Apù s¡ Mfpb _lsy„ `Z CT_ _

Ap`s¡ s¡ h^pf¡ kpê„$ lsy„. A_¡ Ap W$¡L$pZ¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Afbu Cëd A_¡

L$dpg_p¡ v$php¡ L$fhp R>sp„ sakufdp„ gM¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ Msp L$fu

lsu s¡ blyS> AS>b L$fhp gpeL$ R>¡.



44 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_u__u kuapsp¡

bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$¡ Myv$p A_¡ ApM¡fs D`f

Cdp_ gpìep R>¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p dpg A_¡ Å_\u S>¡lpv$ L$fhp huj¡

spfu `pk¡ fÅ dp„Nsp _\u bëL$¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p dpg A_¡ Å_\u

S>¡lpv$ L$fhp dpV$¡ dhSy>v$ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ s_¡ S>¡lpv$_p kpdp__u

s¥epfudp„ Sy>h¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z S>ëv$u s¥epf \C Åe R>¡ A_¡ spfu

fÅ A_¡ lyL$d Å¡hp_u fpl Å¡sp _\u A_¡ Myv$p `fl¡TNpfp¡_¡

ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ khpb Asp afdphi¡.

45 du Apes- `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ buSy„> L$p„C _\u `Z A¡ L$¡ S>¡

gp¡L$ L$¡ Myv$p A_¡ L$epds kp\¡ Cdp_ _\u gpìep A_¡ Ckgpd lL$

lp¡hp hui¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ iL$ A_¡ Y$Qy`Qy„ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ spfu `pk¡

S>¡lpv$dp„ _ S>hp_u fÅ Qpl¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ p¡sp_p iL$ A_¡ Y$Qy`Qydp„

l¥fp_ A_¡ kfNfv$p_ R>¡ L$¡dL$¡ ANf Å¡ s¡Ap¡ Mpguk dp¡Adu_

ls¡ A_¡ ApM¡fs_y„ klul A¡s¡L$pv$ fpMs¡ A_¡ Myv$p_u

hlv$p_uesdp„ iL$ _ L$fs¡ sp¡ ApM¡fs_p khpb_u Dçd¡v$\u S>¡lpv$

dpV$¡ s¥èepf \s¡ A_¡ b¡ku fl¡hp_u spfu `pk¡ fÅ dp„Ns¡ _l].

46 du Apes- A_¡ ANf s¡ dy_pauL$p¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp dpV$¡

_uL$mhp_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$fs¡ sp¡ AgbÐsp s¡Ap¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p kaf dpV$¡

kpdp_ c¡Np¡ L$fs¡ `Z Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ kaf dpV$¡ DW$hy„

dL$ê$l ÅÎey„ L$¡dL$¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ S>s¡ sp¡ byfpC iuhpe buSy„> L$p„C kpê„$



\s¡ _l] A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ Ahp¡ lpg R>¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f Mp¥a

Npgub L$fu_¡ AV$L$phu fp¿ep A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ L$¡ Of¡

b¡ku fl¡hphpmp kp\¡ sdp¡ b¡ku flp¡ A¡V$g¡ Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ R>p¡L$fp

s\p budpf A_¡ Ap„^mp s\p g„NX$p rh0 S>¡Ap¡ b¡ku fl¡ s¡Ap¡

kp\¡ sdp¡ `Z b¡ku flp¡.


sybyL$ sfa fhp_p \ep sp¡ Abvy$ëgpl rb_ Abudy_pauL$ `Z

dy_pauL$p¡_u A¡L$ S>dpAs kp\¡ gC_¡ _uL$ýep¡, A_¡ Tp¡bpb L$¡ S>¡_¡

hpv$uA¡ S>v$p L$l¡ R>¡ Ðep„ `X$ph _p„¿ep¡. A_¡ Ckgpdu gíL$f Äepf¡

buÆ d_Tug L$¡ S>¡_¡ lb® L$l¡ R>¡ Ðep„ `lp¢Ãey„ s¡ hMs¡ dS>Ly$f

Abvy$ëgpl `p¡sp_p kp\hpmpAp¡_¡ gC `pR>p¡ afu Nep¡. Äepf¡ A¡

bpbs_u lTfs_¡ Mbf `X$u sp¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ ANf s¡dp„

Cdp_ ls¡ sp¡ s¡ Adpfu kp\¡ Aphs¡ A_¡ sdp¡ N_uds ÅZp¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡_u bv$u\u sdp¡ _Ås `pçep S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ lL$sApgp afdph¡

R>¡ L$¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ sdpfu kp\¡ _uL$ms¡ sp¡ sdpfpdp„ h^pfp¡ _ \s¡

`Z s¡Ap¡ sd_¡ bfbpv$ A_¡ Mfpb L$fs¡ A_¡ dL$f A_¡ af¡b A_¡

Nydfplu\u sdp¡_¡ _pdfv$ A_¡ luQL$pfp b_phu v$¡s¡, A_¡ AgbÐsp

s¡Ap¡ sdpfu v$fduep_dp„ akpv$_p Op¡X$p v$p¡X$phs¡ L$¡ sdpfp\u A¡L$

i¿k_u QyNgu Mps¡ A_¡ Ap`kdp„ TNX$p¡ A_¡ akpv$ L$fphs¡; A_¡

s¡Ap¡ sdpfpdp„ akpv$ A_¡ aus_p_¡ Qpl¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdpfp Ap`k_u



A„v$f A¡L$ buÅ\u DgV$p \C ÅAp¡ A_¡ sdpfu v$fduep_

s¡Ap¡dp„_p Åkyk R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfu Mbf s¡Ap¡_¡ `lp¢QpX$¡ R>¡. A_¡

Myv$p Tpgudp¡_p lpg_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡ A_¡

s¡Ap¡_p v$ug_u hps_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p âdpZdp„ s¡d_¡ kÅ

Apì¡.

48 du Apes- slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap\u l¡g¡ sdpfpdp„ aus_p¡

CÃR>¡g R>¡ L$¡ Aklpbp ¡_¡ rhM¡fu _p„Mhp Qpl¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ `l¡g¡ S„>N¡

Ap¡lp¡v$dp„ _piu Nep lsp A_¡ M„v$L$dp„ Aphu_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ DTf ¿hplu

L$fu A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. s¡Ap¡A¡ spfp L$pd bNpX$u _p„Mhpdp„ lugp A_¡

sbv$ufp¡ L$fu A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ lL$ Apìey„ L$¡ s_¡ dv$v$ lpkug \C A_¡

Myv$p_p¡ Adf s¡Ap¡_p L$pd D`f Npgub \ep¡ L$¡ s¡ v$u_ Ckgpd_u

QY$su \C A_¡ Ly$af_u `X$su \C. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ bpbs\u _pfpS>

\_pf A_¡ spfu dv$v$ A_¡ v$p¥gs\u AZNdp¡ fpM_pf R>¡. A_¡

kCv$ rb_¡ Å¡bef\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ sybyL$_u gX$pCdp„ fps_p hMs¡

`lpX$_u Ops_u S>Áep¡dp„ bpf dp¡_pauL$p¡A¡ b¡iu_¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ L$¡

Äepf¡ eNçbf Al]ep\u _uL$m¡ sp¡ A¡L$v$d Al]ep\u_uL$mu_¡ s¡_¡

lgpL$ L$fue¡ `Z s¡Ap¡_p¡ dL$f L$ip¡ L$pd Apìep¡ _l] A_¡ lTfs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u _ykfs A_¡ dv$v$ \C A_¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡ Tgug \ep.


Sy>Þv$ub¡ L$¥k_¡ Å¡ep¡ sp¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ spfu A¡hu ¿hplui R>¡ L$¡ sy„



ê$duep¡_u kp\¡ gX$pC_p¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡\u Mybkyfs gp¦X$uep¡

gue¡? s¡ hMs¡ Sy>Þv$ub¡ L$üy„ L$¡ A_kpf ÅZ¡ R>¡ L$¡ ly„ Ap¥fsp¡ D`f

ApiL$ \C Nep¡ Ry„> sp¡ X$ê„$ Ry„> L$¡ ANf Np¡fu Ap¥fsp¡_¡ Å¡Ci sp¡ ly„

kbf L$fu _l] iL$ui A_¡ bgp s\p aus_pdp„ Nufuaspf \C

S>Ci sp¡ s¡_p rhj¡ lL$sApgpA¡ Ap Apes _pTug afdphu L$¡ A¡

dp¡lçdv$ k. A¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„\u L$p¡C A¡ R>¡ L$¡ L$l¡ R>¡ sy„ d_¡ fÅ Ap` L$¡

ly„ gX$pC L$fhp dpV$¡ _ ÅJ A_¡ sy„ d_¡ aus_pdp„ _ _p„M. A_¡

bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ aus_p\u dyfpv$ dpg A_¡ bpgbÃQp R>¡ A¡V$g¡

dy_pauL$p¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Adp¡_¡ sy„ gX$pCdp„ _ S>hp_u

fÅ Ap` A_¡ Adp¡_¡ aus_pdp„ _ _p„M. A¡V$g¡ Å¡ Adp¡ gX$pCdp„

Aphue¡ sp¡ Adpfu Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ bÃQp A_¡ dpg bfbpv$ \C S>i¡

L$¡dL$¡ Adpfu `pR>m s¡Ap¡_u L$p¡C Mbf g¡hphpmy„ _\u. `R>u Myv$p

afdph¡ R>¡ Mbfv$pf \pAp¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡S> aus_pdp„ `X$¡gp R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_y„

S>¡lpv$ L$fhp _ S>sp„ b¡ku fl¡hy„ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p _uapL$_y„ Ål¡f \hy„

s¡S> aus_p¡ R>¡. A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ AgbÐsp L$pãafp¡_¡ L$epds_p v$uhk¡

v$p¡TM O¡fu g¡hphpmy„ R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡ _uL$mhp _l] `pd¡.

50 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. S>¡

hMs¡ ANf s_¡ L$p¡C _¡L$u `lp¢Q¡ S>¡dL$¡ as¡l A_¡ N_uds S>¡hu fus¡

bv$fdp„ dmu lsu sp¡ A¡ bpbs dy_pauL$p¡_¡ lkv$ A_¡ _uapL$_p

kbb\u Mfpb gpN R>¡, A_¡ ANf s_¡ L$p¡C dykubs `lp¢Q¡ R>¡



S>¡dL$¡ lpfu S>hy„ A\hp L$p¥C dp¡Adu__y„ TMdu \hy„ sp¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡

Myiu \C_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Adp¡A¡ `l¡g¡\uS> `p¡sp_p L$pd_¡ L$fu

gu^y„ lsy„ L$¡ Adp¡A¡ vy$f A„v$¡iu L$fu A¡ls¡eps L$fu gX$pC dpV$¡ Nep

_l] A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Myiu \sp `p¡sp_p Ofp¡ sfa afu Åe R>¡.

51 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. A¡

gp¡L$p¡_¡ sy„ L$l¡ L$¡ Adp¡_¡ L$p„C bpbs \hphpmu _\u `Z A¡ L$¡ S>¡

Myv$pA¡ Adpfp dpV$¡ ""ghl¡ dlayT'' dp„ gM¡g R>¡ A¡V$g¡ as¡l A_¡

N_uds A\hp ilpv$s A\hp b¡luís_p byg„v$ v$fÅ S>¡ dmhp_p

R>¡ s¡ dmi¡, s¡ Myv$p Adpfp¡ dhgp A_¡ ApL$p R>¡. sp¡ Cdp_

gphhphpmpAp¡_¡ Å¡CA¡ L$¡ Myv$p D`f S> shL$L$g L$f¡ _ buÅ D`f,

A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ Cdp__p¡ lL$ A¡S> R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p iuhpe buÅ D`f

sh½$g _ L$fsp„ Myv$pS> D`f sh½$g L$f¡ L$¡ s¡\u sdpd dL$kv$

lpkug \pe R>¡ A_¡ bgp s\p Apas\u _Ås dm¡ R>¡. lTfs¡

Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf A. afdpìey„ L$¡ Ap Apesdp„ ""lk_pl''

\u dyfpv$ N_uds A_¡ Apaues R>¡. A_¡ ""dykubs'' \u dyfpv$

bgp A_¡ k¿su R>¡.

52 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. L$l¡sy„

L$¡ sdp¡ Adpfu kp\¡ CÞs¡Åf _\u L$fsp `Z b¡dp„\u A¡L$ _¡L$u_p¡,

L$¡ A¡L$ _ykfs A_¡ buSy„> A¡ L$¡ ANf dpep® S>CA¡ sp¡ ilpv$s R>¡.

A_¡ Adp¡ `Z sdpfu kp\¡ CÞs¡Åf L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ b¡dp„\u A¡L$



bpbs_p¡ L$¡ Myv$p `p¡sp_u `pk¡\u sdp¡_¡ L$p¡C ATpb `lp¢QpX$¡,

A\hp A¡ L$¡ sdpfp lp\ \L$u sdp¡_¡ ATpb `lp¢QpX$¡ L$¡ sdp¡_¡

sdpfp Ly$af A_¡ _uapL$_p kbb\u Adp¡ L$Ðg L$fuA¡, sp¡ sdp¡

CÞs¡Åf L$fp¡ A¡ bpbs_p¡ L$¡ S>¡ sdpfp¡ A„Åd R>¡, A_¡ slL$uL$ Adp¡

`Z sdpfu kp\¡ CÞs¡Åfu L$fhphpmp R>uA¡ L$¡ sdp¡_¡ bv$u `lp¢Q¡.

53 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. L$l¡sy„

S>¡ hMs¡ sdp¡ Myiu\u A\hp _pfpÆ\u S>¡d Qplip¡ s¡d MfQ

L$fip¡ sp¡ s¡ QuS> lfNuT sdpfp\u L$byg L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡ _l]. L$l¡

R>¡ L$¡ Sy>Þv$ub rb_¡ L$¥k¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. d_¡ b¡ku fl¡hp_u

fÅ Ap`p¡ L$¡dL$¡ ê$duep¡ kp\¡ gX$hp dpV$¡ dpê„$ Aphhy„ OÏ„ dyíL$ug

R>¡, `Z lp ly„ dpfp dpgdp„\u sdpfp gíL$f_u dv$v$ L$fui; s¡ hMs¡

lL$sApgpA¡ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡

L$¡ sdpê„$ hp`fhy„ Myv$pA¡sApgp_u v$fNpldp„ L$byg _\u. A¡ ipdpV$¡

L$byg_\u s¡ huj¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ sdp¡ auõL$ L$fhphpmu L$p¥d

A¡V$g¡ Myv$p_p lyyL$d\u blpf _uL$mu S>hphpmp R>p¡, A_¡ L$pãaf

gp¡L$p¡_u Mefps L$byg _\u bëL$¡ `fl¡TNpfp¡_u Mefps L$byg \pe

R>¡.

54 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R> ¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$¡

hp`f¡ s¡ L$byg L$fhpdp„ _l] Aph¡ A¡ bpbs A¡V$gp dpV$¡ d_p

L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p fkyg k.



kp\¡ Ly$af L$ey® R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ èNçbf_u kp\¡ S>dpAs_u _dpT

`X$sp _\u `Z s¡Ap¡ AZNdp„\u kyõsu L$fu_¡ `X$¡ R>¡ _ kpQu

_uèes A_¡ eL$u_\u. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p dpg_¡ MfQ _\u L$fsp

`Z A¡L$¡ AZNdp„\u MfQ L$f¡ R>¡; dsgb A¡ L$¡ _dpT A_¡ TL$ps

Av$p L$fhp\u khpb_u L$du_u A_¡ sfL$ L$fhp\u ATpb_u buL$

fpMsp _\u.

55 du Apes- sp¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_1 sdp¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ dpg A_¡

s¡Ap¡_u Ahgpv$ AS>bdp„ _ _p„M¡ L$¡dL$¡ dpg A_¡ Ap¥gpv$ h^pf¡

lp¡hp\u hbpg R>¡. buSy„> L$p„C _\u `Z A¡ L$¡ Myv$p Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡

A¡ dpg A_¡ Ahgpv$_p \L$u s¡Ap¡_¡ vy$Þep_u Æ„v$Np_udp„ ATpb

L$f¡ L$¡ dpg c¡Np¡ L$fhp A_¡ s¡_¡ kpQhhpdp„ iL$su cp¡Nh¡ A_¡

Ahgpv$_p kbb\u s¡Ap¡_¡ dykubs `lp¢Q¡ A_¡ Ly$af_u lpgsdp„

s¡Ap¡ df¡ L$¡ _ s¡Ap¡_p¡ dpg lp\ `L$X$¡ _ afT„v$p¡ afuepv$_¡ `lp¢Q¡.

56 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ Myv$p_u

kp\¡ A¡hu L$kdp¡ Mpe R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfpdp„\u R>¡ A¡V$g¡

s¡Ap¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Adp¡ `Z sdpfpdp„\u sdpfu S>¡hp

R>uA¡, A_¡ lL$uL$s lpg A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfpdp„\u _\u L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡

1. Ap Apesdp„ Muspb l0 fkyg¡ Myv$p k0sfa R>¡ `Z s¡\u dyfpv$ dp¡Ad¡_u_ R>¡ s¡\u Adp¡A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ g¿ey„ R>¡.



`p¡sp_p v$ugp¡dp„ Ly$af_¡ Ry>`y fpM¡ R>¡ A_¡ g¥L$u_ s¡ A¡L$ A¡hu L$p¥d

R>¡ L$¡ sdpfp\u X$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$Ðg A\hp L$¥v$ L$fp¡ A_¡ A¡S>

buL$\u s¡Ap¡ Ckgpd Ål¡f L$f¡ R>¡.

57 du Apes- ANf s¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ L$p¡C `_pl_u S>Áep S>¡dL$¡

L$uëgp¡ A\hp S>Tufp¡ (b¡V$) A\hp L$p¡C MpX$p¡ A\hp L$p¡C cp¢eê„$

s¡Ap¡_¡ dms¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ _piu_¡ AgbÐsp s¡dp„ Qpëep Åe A_¡

sdpfp Mp¥a\u Ðep„ Ry>ù Åe; A_¡ s¡Ap¡ S>ëv$u L$fu_¡ dõsp_

Op¡X$p_u S>¡d v$p¡X$¡ R>¡ g¥L$u_ s¡Ap¡_¡ `_pl_u L$p¡C S>Áep dmsu _\u

s¡\u gpQpf \C_¡ sdpfu kp\¡ Ckgpd Ål¡f L$fu_¡ d¡mp` fpM¡ R>¡

L$¡ s¡\u sdpfp\u s¡Ap¡_¡ L$p„C CÅ _ `lp¢Q¡.

58 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. l¡hpT__u

N_uds dpV$¡ N_udsdp„\u _hp dykgdp_p¡_¡ v$ugdp„ dp¡låbs

`¡khp dpV$¡ L$p„C h^pf¡ Apàey„ lsy„, sp¡ lfL$p¡kbu_ Tluf L$¡

MpfÆep¡_p¡ kfv$pf lsp¡ s¡Z¡ A¡ rhj¡ sp_ L$ep®. A\hp A¡L$¡ S>_pb¡

Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. ed_dp„\u S>¡ Qp¡My„ kp¡_y„ dp¡L$ëey„ lsy„ s¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Afb_p Aifpap¡dp„\u Qpf S>Z_¡ Apàey„ s¡

hMs¡ lfLy$k¡ Av$b _ fpMsp L$üy„ L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. sdpf¡ BÞkpa

L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡; s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ ANf ly„ BÞkpa _l] L$ê„$

sp¡ buÅ¡ L$p¡Z BÞkpa L$fi¡? s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ s¡_y„ A_¡ s¡_u L$p¥d_y„

dA„f¡L$u_ _pd fp¿ey„ A_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ Agu A. sy„ Ap gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡



gX$ui. A_¡ _¡lfhp__u gX$pC S>¡ dilyf R>¡ s¡dp„ A¡S> gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡

lTfs¡ Agu A. `p¡sp_u Ål¡fu Mugpas_p hMsdp„ gX$ep. A_¡

lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡ kpv$uL$ A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ S„>N¡ _¡lfhp__p

gp¡L$p¡ S>¡ MpfÆep¡ lsp s¡dp„\u b¡ cpN Ap Apesdp„ gM¡gp gp¡L$

R>¡. sp¡ dS>Ly$f i¿k¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. D`f sp_ L$f¡g s¡_p

dyL$v$dpdp„ Myv$pA¡sApgp Ap Apesdp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡

dy_pauL$p¡dp„\u L$p¡C A¡ i¿k R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. s_¡ kv$L$p_u

bpbsdp„ A¥b gNpX$¡ A_¡ sp_p dpf¡ R>¡. A_¡ L$p¡C fuhpesdp„ Apìey„

R>¡ L$¡ AbygMef _pd_p dy_pauL$_p bpfpdp„ Ap Apes Aphu R>¡ L$¡

S>¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. N_uds_¡ hl¢Qu sp¡ s¡Z¡ L$üy„ L$¡

`p¡sp_p kpl¡b_¡ Sy>Ap¡ R>p¡ L$¡ sdpfp kv$L$pdp„\u dh¡iuhpmp1 gp¡L$p¡_¡

Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Nydp_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ ly„ BÞkpa L$ê„$ Ry„>. A_¡ A¡ d¡Zp dpfhp

`p¡sp_p _ap A_¡ dsgb dpV$¡ lsp S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡

L$¡ s¡ kv$L$pdp„\u s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_u dfÆ âdpZ¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡

fpÆ \pe A_¡ s¡ hl¢QZu_¡ `k„v$ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ ANf Å¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

s¡Ap¡_u dfÆ âdpZ¡ Ap`hpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ Nyõk¡ \C fpÆ

\sp _\u.

59 du Apes- A_¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡ dy_pa¡L$u_ S>¡Ap¡ spfp\u

kv$L$p¡ dp„N¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$pA¡ A_¡ Myv$p_p fkyg k.A¡ N_udsdp„\u

1. dh¡iuhpmp A¡ gp¡L$ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ `pk¡ Op¡X$p MÃQf Npe hu0 lp¡e.



S>¡ L$p„C Apàey„ s¡_p\u s¡Ap¡ fpÆ \s¡ A_¡ s¡ gC_¡ s¡Ap Myi \s¡

A_¡ `k„v$ L$fs¡ A_¡ L$l¡ s ¡ L$¡ Adp¡_¡ Myv$p A¡V$g¡ s¡_p¡ aTg bk

R>¡, A_¡ kpQp v$ug\u A_¡ Mfp A¡s¡L$pv$\u L$l¡s¡ L$¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp `p¡sp_p aTg\u Ap iuhpe buÅ¡ kv$L$p¡ A_¡

N_uds Apì¡, A_¡ s¡_p¡ èNçbf `Z Ap L$fsp„ Adp¡_¡ h^pf¡

Apì¡; slL$uL$ Adp¡ Myv$p_u sfa Qpl_p L$fhphpmp R>uA¡ A_¡

Dduv$hpf R>uA¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_p aTgp¡ L$fd\u sh„Nf A_¡ N_u L$f¡ sp¡

A¡ L$l¡hy„ s¡Ap¡_p dpV$¡ AgbÐsp b¡lsf \s¡.

60 du Apes- lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. S>¡ N_uds hl¢Qu lsu

s¡ rhi¡ Myv$p bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ OZu kpfu fus¡ hl¢Qu R>¡. A_¡

kv$L$p S>¡dL$¡ hpÆb TL$ps L$p¡_¡ L$p¡_¡ Ap`hu Å¡CA¡ s¡ rhj¡ Ap

Apesdp„ bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ buSy„> L$p„C _\u `Z A¡L$¡

kv$L$p A¡V$g¡ afT TLps hpõs¡ aL$ufp¡_u R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ dp¡lspS> lp¡e

A_¡ L$p¡C\u khpg L$fsp _ lp¡e, A_¡ hpõs¡¡ duõL$u_p¡_u R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡

aL$ufp¡ L$fsp h^pf¡ `f¡ip_ A_¡ s„N v$õs R>¡, A_¡ Apdug

(Ar^L$pfu) gp¡L$p¡ dpV$¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ kv$L$p `p¡sp_u L$p¡iui\u hkyg

L$fu_¡ c¡Np L$fu èNçbf A_¡ s¡Ap¡ `R>u Cdpd A. `pk¡ `lp¢QpX$¡

R>¡ A_¡ Cdpd A. Npeb R>¡ Ðep„ kyû s¡Ap¡_p _pA¡b A¡V$g¡

dyS>sl¡v$p¡_¡ `lp¢QpX$¡ R>¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ dS>Ly$f kv$L$p¡ A¡ Ly$aapf

gp¡L$p¡ dpV$¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ dlp¡åbs _p„Mhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ L$¡



fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s¡Ap¡_¡ TL$psdp„\u A¡V$gp dpV$¡ Ap`sp lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

v$u_ Ckgpd_u dlp¡åbs `¥v$p \pe A_¡ Ly$aapf_u gX$pCdp„

dykgdp_p¡_u dv$v$ L$f¡. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ rkahp_rb_ Ddèep L$l¡sp¡ lsp¡

L$¡ ly„ `l¡g¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ A¡V$gp vy$íd_ ÅZsp¡ lsp¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡ S>¡hy„ buSy„> L$p¡C ApMu vy$Þepdp„ dpê„$ vy$íd_ _lsy„. A_¡ s¡ `R>u

A¡ lTfs¡ d_¡ A¡V$gy„ Ap`y„ L$¡ ly„ s¡Ap¡_p v$p¡õs \C Nep¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡

S>¡V$gu L$p¡C kp\¡ dlp¡åbs fpMsp¡ _\u. A_¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡

kv$L$p¡ Nfv$_ R>p¡X$phhp dpV$¡ Ap`p¡ A¡V$g¡ S>¡ Nygpdp¡A¡ `p¡sp_p

dpguL$ kp\¡ A¡hu ifs L$fu lp¡e L$¡ Adp¡ AdyL$ fL$d sdp¡_¡ ApùA¡

sp¡ sdpfu Nygpdudp„\u dyL$s \Ce¡, s¡d S>¡ A¡ Nygpd L$¡ s¡_p¡ dpguL$

s¡_p D`f k¿su hp`fsp¡ lp¡e A_¡ sL$gua Ap`sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ TL$ps_p

dpgdp„\u Apù_¡ A¡hp Nygpdp¡_¡ dyL$s L$fphhp, A_¡ ANf buÅ¡

L$p¡C dyõslL$ _ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡ Nygpdp¡ D`f k¿su A_¡ sL$gua _ lp¡e

s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z TL$ps_p _pZp\u R>p¡X$phu iL$pe R>¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡

A¡ TL$ps L$fS>v$pfp¡ dpV$¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ _pÏ„ L$fT gC_¡

lfpddp„ hpèy¯ _ lp¡e bëL$¡ hpÆb A\hp kyÞ_s A\hp dybpl

L$pddp„ MfQ L$ey® lp¡e sp¡ A¡hp L$fS>v$pfp¡_¡ kv$L$pdp„\u Apù_¡ dyL$s

L$fphhp. R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ TL$ps_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ hp`f¡ S>¡dL$¡ S>¡lpv$

L$fhphpmpAp¡_¡ Ap`¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ l\uepf A_¡ gX$pC_p¡ kpdp_ s¥epf

L$f¡ A\hp `yg A_¡ dykpafMp_p A_¡ Ly$hp rhN¡f¡ _¡L$ L$pddp„ hp`f¡,



A_¡ dykpafp¡_¡ A¡ TL$ps Ap`¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p hs_\u v$yf lp¡e

A_¡ s¡ W$¡L$pZ¡ s¡_u `pk¡ fõsp_p¡ MfQ _ lp¡e ANfQ¡ `p¡sp_p

il¡fdp„ sh„Nf lp¡e, `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ TL$ps Myv$p_p sfa\u

afT L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ A_¡ Myv$p dyõslL$p¡_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ A_¡

luL$dshpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_u dkgls âdpZ¡ TL$ps_u hl¢QZu L$f¡

R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ QuS> s¡_p dp¡L$p D`f fpM¡ R>¡. lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ ÅAaf¡

kpv$uL$ A. afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ i¿k S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ `pk¡ khpg L$fsp¡ _\u,

A_¡ duõL$u_ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡_p L$fsp s¡_p¡ h^pf¡ kMs lpg lp¡e. A_¡

""bAk'' A¡ i¿k L$¡ s¡_p¡ duõL$u_ L$fsp `Z h^pf¡ Mfpb lpg

lp¡e. ÅZhy„ Å¡Ce¡ L$¡ TL$ps_p dykslL$p¡ rhj¡ ""sp¡laA¡

A¡ldv$uep'' dp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dyõslL$ ApW$ aufL$p R>¡. 1-2-

aL$uf s\p duõL$u_ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ i¿k R>¡ L$¡ `p¡s¡ s\p `p¡sp_p

bpgbÃQp_p¡ A¡L$ hj® kyû_p¡ MfQ fpMsp¡ _ lp¡e s¡dS> L$p¡C A¡hp¡

^„^p¡ L$¡ _p¡L$fu _ lp¡e L$¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ Mp¡fpL$u hu0 dpV$¡ bk \pe. 3-

A¡ gp¡L$ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Cdpd A. s\p dyS>sl¡v$_u sfa\u TL$ps g¡hp

A\hp A¡L$W$u L$fhp A_¡ lukpb gMhp hpõs¡ dyL$ff lp¡e s¡_¡ Cdpd

A\hp dyS>sl¡v$ S>¡ L$p„C dyL$f®f L$f¡ s¡V$gy„ TL$psdp„\u dmi¡. 4-A¡

L$pãaf L$¡ S>¡_¡ Alg¡ Ckgpd dv$v$ dpV$¡ `p¡sp kp\¡ ifuL$ L$f¡. `Z

Cdpd NpA¡b R>¡ s¡ huj¡ A¡ Tdp_pdp„ L$p„C dsc¡v$ R>¡. -A¡ Nygpd

L$¡ s¡_p D`f s¡_p dpguL$ sfa\u Muv$dsdp„ k¿su A_¡ CÅ



`lp¢Qsu lp¡e s¡_¡ TL$ps_p dpg\u h¡Qpsu gC fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ dyL$s

L$fu iL$pe R>¡, s¡dS> A¡ Nygpd L$¡ S>¡_p dpguL$ kp\¡ A¡hu ifs \C

lp¡e L$¡ AdyL$ fL$d s¡ dpguL$_¡ Ap`¡ sp¡ s¡ dyL$s \pe, A_¡ s¡ Nygpd

A¡ fL$d d¡mhu iL$hp\u gpQpf lp¡e sp¡ s¡ S>ê$fs S>¡V$gu fL$d

TL$ps_p dpgdp„\u Apù_¡ s¡_¡ dyL$s L$fphhp¡ ÅeT R>¡. 6-A¡

L$fTv$pf L$¡ s¡Z¡ Ny_pl_p L$pd dpV$¡ L$fT L$ey® _ lp¡e, A_¡ lh¡ s¡Ap¡

L$fT Av$p L$fu iL$sp _\u sp¡ s¡_y„ L$fT Av$p \hp dpV$¡ TL$ps_p

dpgdp„\u Apù iL$pe R>¡. 7-Myv$p_u fpldp„ S>¡dL$¡ S>¡lpv$ A_¡

ACçdA¡ Aslpf_p Tìhpfp¡_¡ Ap`hpdp„, A_¡ `yg A_¡ dõÆv$

A_¡ dv$f¡kp b_phhp L$¡ S>¡\u Cëd¡v$u_ lpkug \pe s¡dp„ TL$ps_p¡

dpg Apù iL$pe R>¡. 8-A¡ dykpL$f L$¡ `f¡ip_ \C Nep¡ lp¡e, A_¡

`p¡sp_¡ Of¡ S>hp_p¡ MfQ s¡_u `pk¡ _ lp¡e, s¡dS> s¡_u kaf

dpA„kues (Ny_pl) _u _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡ A¡V$gy„ Ap`¡ L$¡ s¡_p dL$pd

D`f `lp¢Qu Åe. A_¡ TL$psdp„ A¡ `Z ifs R>¡ L$¡ Qp¡\u L$ukd

iuhpe bpL$u_p sdpd gp¡L$ iuAeA¡ Ck_pAifu lp¡e A¡V$g¡ bpf

Cdpd_¡ dp_hphpmp iuApl iuhpe buÅ_¡ TL$ps Ap`hu ÅeT

_\u, A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ Apv$ug `Z lp¡e sp¡ Alhs R>¡ `Z Apv$ug

lp¡hy„ gpTud _\u. A_¡ A¡ `Z ifs R>¡ L$¡ S>¡_¡ TL$ps Ap`¡ s¡_u

Mp¡fpL$u hu0 s¡_p D`f hpÆb _ lp¡e S>¡dL$¡ dp, bp`, v$pv$p¡, v$pv$u,

A_ ¡ afT„v$, s\p afT„v$p¡_p afT„v$, s\p Ap¥fs s\p Nygpd L$¡ A¡



i¿kp¡_u Mp¡fpL$u S>¡ i¿k D`f hpÆb R>¡ s¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ TL$ps Apù

iL$sp¡ _\u. A_¡ k¥ev$ iuhpe buÅ_u TL$ps k¥èev$_¡ g¡hu ÅeT

_\u, A_¡ Alhs A¡ R>¡ L$¡ ifua_¡ TL$ps _ Ap`¡. ÅZhy„ Å¡Ce¡ L$¡

S>¡ i¿k_p¡ bp` k¥èev$ _ lp¡e A_¡ dp k¥èev$ lp¡e s¡ kèev$ _\u

`Z s¡_¡ ifua L$l¡ R>¡. `Z S>¡_p dp bp` bÞ_¡ k¥èev$ lp¡e sp¡ s¡

k¥èev$ A_¡ ifua R>¡. A_¡ S>¡_p¡ bp` k¥èev$ lp¡e A_¡ dp k¥èev$

_ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ aL$s k¥èev$ R>¡ _ ifua.

61 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Abv$yëgplrb_ _p¥aug

dy_pauL$ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ b¡W$p¡ lsp¡, A_¡

lTfs_u hpsp¡ kp„cmu_¡ dy_pauL$p¡_u ê$bê$ _L$g L$fsp¡ lsp¡, A_¡

lTfs_u sfa\u kMy_Qu_u- L$fsp¡ lsp¡, sp¡ lTfs¡ Æb°Cg A.

_pTug \ep„ A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ Mbf L$fu L$¡ A¡L$ dy_pauL$

Ap`_u kMy_Qu_u L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap`_u hpsp¡_u dy_pauL$p¡_u ê$bê$

_L$g L$f¡ R>¡; sp¡ lTfs¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ s¡ L$p¡Z R>¡? sp¡ L$üy„ L$¡ s¡ L$pmp

f„N_p¡ A¡L$ dpZk R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p dp\p D`f OZp hpm R>¡ A_¡ s¡

bÞ_¡ Ap„Mp¡\u A¡hy„ Sy>h¡ R>¡ L$¡ ÅZ¡ s¡ L$p„C ip¡^sp¡ lp¡e, A_¡ s¡_u

Æc\u iesp_ bp¡g¡ R>¡. sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s¡_¡ bp¡gphu_¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ sy„ Aphy„ L$l¡ R>¡ A_¡ Aphy„ L$f¡ R>¡? sp¡ s¡Z¡ kp¡N_ Mp^p

L$¡ _p ly„ s¡d _\u L$fsp¡; sp¡ lTfs¡ L$üy„ d¢ L$byg L$ey®. `R>u s¡

`p¡sp_u L$p¥d `pk¡ Nep¡ A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. kp„cmhphpmp L$p_



fpM¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ dpfp sfa\u ly„ S>¡ s¡_u kMy_Qu_u L$ê„$

Ry„> s¡ rhj¡ Mbf Apù R>¡; `Z d¢ s¡_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ly„ A¡hy„ L$pC L$fsp¡

_\u, sp¡ s¡Z¡ s¡ bpbs dp_u guû. s¡ dyL$v$dpdp„ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡

L$¡ A_¡ s¡ dy_pauL$p¡dp„\u L$¡V$gp„L$ A¡ gp¡L$ R>¡ L$¡ èNçbf_¡ CÅ Ap ¡

R>¡ A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ blyS> kp„cmhphpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C s¡_¡ L$lue¡

s¡ sdpd kp„cmu gue¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$byg L$f¡ R>¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡

A¡ dp¡lçd$v$ k. s¡Ap¡_¡ sy„ L$l¡ L$¡ s¡ sdpfp dpV$¡ cgpC_¡

kp„cmhphpmp¡ R>¡ _ L$¡ sdp¡ s¡_u dTuçds L$fp¡ s¡\u sdpfu hps

kpcm¡ R>¡, bëL$¡ s¡ _¡L$ bpbs_¡ kp„cmhphpmp¡ R>¡. lh¡ A¡_p¡ h^pf¡

Mygpkp¡ bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ èNçbf Myv$p_u kp\¡ Cdp_ gph¡ R>¡

A¡V$g¡ s¡_u skv$uL$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__u Mpguk _uèesp¡\u

s¡Ap¡_u hpsp¡_¡ L$byg L$f¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f cfp¡kp¡ fpM¡ R>¡ A_¡

sdpfpdp„\u S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Cdp_ gpìep A¡V$g¡ Cdp_ Ål¡f L$f¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡

dpV$¡ s¡ èNçbf flds R>¡, A¡V$g¡ sdpfp kpQp A_¡ Mp¡V$p_¡ s¡

`p¡s¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ `Z sdp¡ S>¡ Cdp_ Ål¡f L$fp¡ R>p¡ s¡\u `p¡sp_u

flds\u sdpfu bpbsp¡_¡ Ål¡f L$fu_¡ ê$khp L$fsp¡ _\u. `R>u

afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ Myv$p_p fkyg k._¡ CÅ Ap`¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡

dpV$¡ ApM¡fsdp„ kMs CTp Ap`_pf ATpb R>¡. ÅZhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡

kyÞ_u s\p iuApl bÞ_¡_u klul lv$ukp¡dp„ gM¡gy„ R>¡ L$¡ S>_pb¡

aps¡dp A. _¡ CÅ Ap`hu s¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ CÅ Ap`hp



S>¡hy„ R>¡, A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ CÅ Ap`hu s¡ Myv$p_¡ CÅ

Ap`hp S>¡hy„ R>¡.

62 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ dy_pauL$p¡_u A¡L$ S>dpAs sybyL$_u

gX$pCdp„ S>hp\u DTf L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p Ofp¡dp„ b¡ku flu sp¡ Äepf¡

dp¡Ad¡_u_ gp¡L$p¡ sybyL$\u `pR>p Apìep sp¡ dy_pauL$p¡ L$kd Mphp

gpÁep L$¡ s¡\u dp¡Ad¡_u_ fpÆ \C Åe, A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡spdp„\u

kdS>¡ S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhj¡ lL$sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ dy_pauL$p¡

`p¡sp_u kÃQpC dpV$¡ sdpfu `pk¡ Myv$p_u L$kdp¡ Mpe R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u

sdp¡_¡ fpÆ L$f¡, A_¡ Myv$p s\p s¡_p¡ èNçbf h^pf¡ gpeL$ R>¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ fpÆ L$f¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ Cdp_ gphhphpmp lp¡e L$¡

S>¡hu fus¡ `p¡s¡ v$php¡ L$f¡ R>¡.

63 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ s„bul L$f¡

R>¡ L$¡ iy„ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ ÅÎey„ _l]? L$¡ slL$uL$ S>¡ i¿k Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p

fkyg k._u dyMpg¡as L$f¡ A_¡ lv$\u hû Åe sp¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡

iMi dpV$¡ v$p¡TM_u ApN R>¡ L$¡ s¡dp„ ld¡ip fl¡hphpmp¡ R>¡. Ap

A¡V$g¡ v$p¡TMdp„ ld¡ip fl¡hy„ s¡ dy_pauL$p¡ dpV$¡ blyS> dp¡V$u ê$khpC

R>¡.

64 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. S„>N¡ sybyL$

dpV$¡ fhp_p \ep sp¡ dy_pauL$p¡ Ap`kdp„ hpsp¡ L$fsp lsp A_¡ L$l¡sp

lsp L$¡ Ap i¿k A¡V$g¡ lTfs¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. ê$d_u gX$pC_¡ buÆ



gX$pCep¡ S>¡d kdS>¡ R>¡ `Z A¡L$ i¿k s¡Ap¡dp„\u Æhsp¡ `pR>p¡ _l]

Aph¡; sp¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡dp„\u L$p¡CA¡ L$üy„ L$¡ s¡_u dyMpg¡as L$fhu

Å¡Ce¡ _l] L$¡dL$¡ A¡hy„ _ b_¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Ap`Zu hpsp¡_u

lTfs¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. _¡ Mbf L$f¡ A_¡ S>¡ L$p„C Ap`Zp v$ugdp„ R>¡

s¡\u ApNpl L$fu Ap`¡; A_¡ s¡S> âdpZ¡ Ly$fAp__u Apesp¡ _pTug

\pe A_¡ gp¡L$ s¡_¡ hp„Q¡ A_¡ s¡\u Adpfu aT¡su \pe, s¡ hMs¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Apsp¡ Ap`kdp„ lkhp_u hpsp¡ R>¡. R>u lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _¡ s¡ bpbs_u `p¡sp_p Cëd\u Mbf `X$u s¡\u Açdpf¡

epkuf_¡ s¡Ap¡ `pk¡ dp¡L$ëep, sp¡ S>_pb¡ Açdpf¡ S>C_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `yR>ey„

L$¡ sdp¡ iy„ L$l¡sp lsp? s¡Ap¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡ L$p„C L$l¡sp _lsp, `Z

Ap`kdp„ lkhp_u hpsp¡ L$fsp lsp; s¡ rhj¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Ap

Apesdp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ A¡ bpbs\u Mp¥a L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡

dp¡Ad¡_u_ D`f Ly$fAp__p¡ L$p¡C kyfp¡ _pTug \pe L$¡ s¡\u A¡

dy_pauL$p¡_p v$ugdp„ S>¡ QuS> R>¡ s¡_u A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ Mbf Ap`¡;

`R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. L$l¡ s y„ L$¡ sdp¡ W$Ì$p¡ A_¡ dõMfu

L$fp¡ L$¡ AgbÐsp s¡_p¡ sdp¡ bv$gp¡ `pdip¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ bv$gp¡ A¡ R>¡ s¡

slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p Ål¡f L$fhphpmp¡ R>¡ A¡ QuS>_¡ L$¡ s¡ Ål¡f \hp\u

sdp¡ X$fp¡ R>p¡.

65 du Apes- R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ANf sy„ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡_¡

`yR>¡ L$¡ sdp¡ iy„ L$l¡sp lsp sp¡ AgbÐsp s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ buSy„> L$p„C



_\u `Z A¡L$¡ Adp¡ fds Nds A_¡ hpv$rhhpv$ L$fue¡ R>uA¡ S>¡dL$¡

dykpaf gp¡L$p¡ dykpafudp„ v$ug Myi L$fhp l„ksp A_¡ fdsp Qpg¡

R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf A. \u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Ap

Apes A¡ bpf iMkp¡_p lL$dp„ _pTug \C R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡ `lpX$_u

OpV$udp„ Dcp flu Ap`kdp„ díh¡fp¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. _¡ dpfu _p„Mp¡, A_¡ L$p¡CA¡ L$p¡C_¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L$¡ ANf s¡Ap¡_¡ Ap

bpbs_u Mbf X$i¡ sp¡ Adp¡ L$lu iy„ L$¡ Ap`kdp„ lksp lsp, A_¡

ANf v$fuepas _l] L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ dpfu _p„Muiy„. A_¡ ApA¡

hMs_p¡ TuL$f R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. sybyL$_u gX$pC\u `pR>p

aep® lsp sp¡ Æb°Cg A. _pTug \C lS>fs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

dS>Ly$f dy_pauL$p¡_p díh¡fp_u Mbf Apù_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ L$p¡C_¡ dp¡L$gu_¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ Ðep„\u v$a¡ L$fp¡. A_¡ Açdpf¡ epkuf¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

_p Op¡X$p_u gNpd `L$X$u lsu A_¡ lp¡Teap s¡_¡ `pR>m\u lp„L$sp

lsp s¡ hMs¡ lp¡Teap_¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡_u khpfu_p

dp¡Y$p D`f S>C_¡ dpf, s¡\u lp¡TeapA¡ S>C_¡ s¡Ap¡_u khpfu_p

dp¡Y$p D`f dpey® s¡\u s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ sfa \C Nep; sp¡ Äepf¡ _uQ¡ Dsep®

sp¡ lTfs¡ lp¡Teap_¡ `yR>ey„ L$¡ s¢ s¡Ap¡dp„\u L$p¡C_¡ `Z Ap¡m¿ep¡?

s¡Z¡ L$üy„ L$¡ _l], s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ s¡ kfh¡_p _pd gC bspìep, sp¡

lp¡TeapA¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ Ap` Adp¡_¡ ip dpV$¡ dp¡L$gsp _\u L$¡ Adp¡

S>C_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$sg L$fu _p„Mue¡? sp¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ bpbs



d_¡ `k„v$ _\u L$¡dL$¡ Afb gp¡L$ L$l¡i¡ L$¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. `p¡sp_p

Aklpbp¡_¡ L$Ðg L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ A¡S> âdpZ¡ Alg¡ kyÞ_s_u

L$uspbp¡dp„ `Z gM¡gy R>¡. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. A¡

gp¡L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ L$¡ iy„ sdp¡ Myv$p_u Apesp¡ A_¡ s¡_u Ly$v$fs_u _uip_uep¡

A_¡ s¡_p èNçbf kp\¡ díL$fu L$fp¡ R>p¡?

66 du Apes- (A_¡ L$l¡ L$¡) sdp¡ DTf L$fp¡ _l] L$¡ DTf

sdpfp¡ Mp¡V$p¡ R>¡ slL$uL$L$¡ sdp¡A¡ Cdp_ gphhp `R>u Ly$af L$ey® R>¡

A¡V$g¡ `l¡g¡ sdp¡A¡ `p¡sp_y„ Cdp_ Ål¡f L$ey® s¡ `R>u sdp¡A¡ fkyg

k. D`f sp_ L$fu A_¡ s¡_¡ CÅ Apù_¡ Ly$af L$ey®. sdpfpdp„\u A¡L$

V$p¡my„ Mpguk _uèes\u _uapL$ A_¡ díL$fu L$fhp\u sp¥bp L$f¡ sp¡

ANf s¡_¡ Adp¡ dpa L$fu Apùe¡ Z buÅ V$p¡mp D`f Adp¡ ATpb

L$fuiy„ A¡ kbb\u L$¡ slL$uL$ s¡Ap¡ Ny_pl L$fhphpmp R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_p

v$ugp¡dp„ _uapL$ fpM¡ R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$¡ bpL$uf A.

""sdp¡ DTf _ L$fp¡'' s¡_u sakufdp„ afdpìey„ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ `l¡g¡

kpQp dp¡Ard_ lsp s¡ `R>u s¡Ap¡A¡ iL$ L$ep£ A_¡ dy_pauL$ \C

Nep A_¡ s¡Ap¡ Qpf dpZk lsp. A_¡ ""Adp¡ dpa L$fue¡'' s¡_u

sakufdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Z¡ sp¥bp L$fu s¡ A¡ Qpfdp„\u A¡L$ i¿k

alsçbfrb_ lduf _pd_p¡ lsp¡ s¡Z¡ sp¥bp L$fu_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ep fkyg¡

Myv$p k. d_¡ dpfp _pd¡ lgpL$ L$ep£ R>¡, sp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg k.A¡

Myv$pA¡ s¡_y„ _pd Abvy$ëgplrb_¡ Abvy$ffldp_ fp¿ey„, A_¡ s¡



i¿k¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Myv$ph„v$p d_¡ A¡hu fus¡ ilpv$s Asp L$f L$¡ L$p¡C_¡

Mbf _ `X$¡ L$¡ ly„ L$ep„ Nep¡ Ry„>, `R>u s¡ i¿k edpdp_u gX$pCdp„

dpep£ Nep¡ A_¡ L$p¡C_¡ Mbf `X$u _l] L$¡ L$ep„ dpep£ Nep¡ A_¡ s¡ A¡

i¿k R>¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡_¡ dpa L$ey® R>¡.

67 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dy_pauL$p¡_p¡ Alhpg A_¡

s¡Ap¡_p A„Åd_u Mbf Ap`¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dy_pauL$p¡ dv®$

A_¡ Ap¥fsp¡ sdpd _uapL$ `Zpdp„ kfMp„ R>¡. bpAT L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡

dy_pauL$ dfv$p¡ ÓZkp¡ lsp A_¡ dy_pauL$ Ap¥fsp¡ A¡L$kp¡ A_¡ kuÐs¡f

lsu, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ dykgdp_p¡_¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ Adp¡ sdpfpdp„\u R>uA¡.

sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡_p L$p¥g_¡ Sy>Ì$p¡ `pX$ep¡, A_¡ Mbf Apù

L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfpdp„\u _\u. `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ byfpC

A¡V$g¡ Ly$af`Zp_p¡ A_¡ èNçbf_¡ Sy>W$gphhp_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡

Cdp_ s\p èNçbf_u afdp„ bfv$pfu_u d_pC L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡

`p¡sp_p lp\p¡_¡ Mefps A_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ Ap`hp\u b„^ L$f¡ R>¡,

s¡Ap¡ vy$Þepdp„ Myv$p_¡ cygu Nep A¡V$g ¡s¡_u afdp„ bfv$pfu L$fu _l],

sp¡ ApM¡fsdp„ Myv$p s¡_¡ cygu S>i¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ khpb Asp _l]

L$f¡. slL$uL$L$¡ dy_pauL$p¡ dfv$p¡ A_¡ Ap¥fsp¡ apk¡L$u_ R>¡ A¡V$g¡

Cdp__u lv$dp„\u bpl¡f _uL$mu S>hphpmp R>¡.

68 du Apes- A_¡ dy_pauL$p¡ dv®$ A_¡ Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ Ly$aapfp¡

kp\¡ S>lÞ_d_u ApN_p¡ hpev$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡, L$¡ s¡Ap¡ s¡dp„ ld¡ip



fl¡hphpmp R>¡; A_¡ s¡ A¡hu ApN R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpb dpV$¡ bk

R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ gp_s L$fu R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_u

flds\u vy$f L$ep® R>¡, A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `Z s¡Ap¡_¡ Tgug A_¡ ¿hpf

L$ep® R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ L$ped A_¡ v$ped_p¡ A¡hp¡ ATpb R>¡ L$¡ L$p¡C

v$uhk dp¡Ly$a \_pf _\u.

69 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ sdpfu

`l¡g¡ S>¡ `p¡sp_p Ly$afdp„ `pL$p A_¡ dTbys lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡ sdpfp

L$fsp blyS> dTbys A_¡ iL$sudp_ lsp A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ dpg A_¡

Ahgpv$ OZu lsu A¡ gp¡L$ S>¡hp sdp¡ R>p¡, sp¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ vy$Þep_u

gTTs s\p dpg s\p afT„v$p¡dp„\u cpN gC apev$p¡ DW$pìep¡, sp¡

s¡dS> sdp¡A¡ `Z vy$Þep_u A„v$f\u `p¡sp_p cpN_p¡ apev$p¡ DW$pìep¡,

A_¡ sdp¡A¡ bpsug `Zpdp„ hpv$rhhpv$ L$ep£ L$¡ s¡ Ly$af R>¡, A_¡

sdpfu `l¡g¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ hpv$rhhpv$ L$fhpdp„ NyS>fu Nep s¡Ap¡ S>¡hy„

sdp¡A¡ `Z iê$ L$ey®, sp¡ Ap gp¡L$ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p Apdpg vy$Þep

A_¡ ApM¡fsdp„ _uõs A_¡ _pbyv$ \C Nep. vy$Þepdp„ dpg A_¡

Ahgpv$¡ _ hapv$pfu L$fu, s¡dS> _ ApM¡fsdp„ L$p¡C Apdpg_p¡ khpb

lpkug \ep¡, A_¡ ApA¡S> gp¡L$p¡ bÞ_¡ S>lp_dp„ _yL$ip_

`pdhphpmp R>¡. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lp¡T¡apA¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. Ap

vy$r_ep\u ê$Mks \ep `R>u L$üy„ L$¡ Ap Tdp_p_p dy_pauL$ `l¡gp

Tdp_p_p dy_pauL$p¡ L$fsp OZp S> Mfpb R>¡, L$pfZ L$¡ `l¡gp„_p



dy_pauL$p¡ `p¡sp_p _uapL$_¡ Ry>`y fpMsp lsp, A_¡ Ap Tdp_p_p

dy_pauL$p¡A¡ _uapL$_¡ Ål¡f L$f¡g R>¡. A_¡ Alg¡ kyÞ_s S>dpAs_u

lv$ukp¡_u L$uspbp¡ sufduTu rh0 dp„ Abyv$S>Å_p A_¡ Årbf\u

fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ Adp¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p Tdp_dp„ dy_pauL$p¡_¡

Ap¡mMsp _ lsp `Z Agu A._u Av$phs\u, A¡V$g¡ l. Agu A.

kp\¡ vy$íd_u fpMsp lsp s¡\u kdS>sp lsp L$¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡. A_¡

klul dykguddp„ Abylyf¡fp\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

afdpìey„ L$¡ dy_pauL$_u ÓZ _uip_uep¡ R>¡ ANfQ¡ s¡ fp¡Tp¡ fpM¡ A_¡

_dpT `X$¡ A_¡ Nydp_ L$f¡ L$¡ dykgdp_ Ry„>; S>¡ hMs¡ hps L$f¡ sp¡

Sy>Wy„$ bp¡g¡, A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ hpev$p¡ L$f¡ sp¡ Mugpa L$f¡, A_¡ Äepf¡

L$p¡C_u Adp_s guA¡ sp ¡ s¡dp„ Mep_s L$f¡. A_¡ Abvy$gplrb_

Ddf\u fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡dp„ Qpf

QuÅ¡ lp¡e s¡ Qp¡Mp¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡, A_¡ s¡ Qpfdp„\u S>¡dp„ A¡L$ Mkgs

lp¡e s¡ _uapL$_u A¡L$ Mkgs_u R>¡, A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ s¡ s¡_¡ dyL$u Ap ¡,

A_¡ s¡ Qpf Mkgsp¡ Ap R>¡. 1-Äepf¡ p¡sp_u pk¡ L$p¡C_u Adp_s

fpM¡ sp¡ s¡dp„ Mep_s L$f¡. f-Äepf¡ hps L$f¡ Ðepf¡ Sy>Wy$ bp¡g¡. 3-

Äepf¡ hQ_ Ap`¡ sp¡ s¡_p¡ c„N L$f¡. 4-Äepf¡ vy$íd_u L$f¡ Ðepf¡

Mfpb Ny_pl L$f¡. A_¡ _yhue¡ ifl¡ dykrgddp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡

Apgudp¡_u S>dpAs L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u dyfpv$ A¡ dy_pauL$ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡



lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p Tdp_pdp„ lsp, A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„ Ap

_uip_uep¡ S>Zpe s¡Ap¡_¡ s`pku ÅZusp \hy„ Å¡Ce¡.

70 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ iy„ s¡Ap¡ `pk¡ Aphu

_\u? A¡V$g¡ AgbÐsp s¡ dy_pauL$p¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ vy$Þep_u gÄS>sdp„

dNê$f R>¡, A_¡ ApM¡fs_p khpb\u dlê$d R>¡, s¡Ap¡ `pk¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡_u Mbf Aphu R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ s¡Ap¡_u `l¡g¡ lsp; S>¡dL$¡ _ylA. _u

L$p¥d L$¡ s¡ syap_dp„ NfL$ \C, A_¡ Apv$_u L$p¥d L$¡ s¡ lhp\u lgpL$

\C, A_¡ kdyv$_u L$p¥d L$¡ Æb°Cg A._u QuM\u dfu NC, A_¡

l. Cb°plud A. _u L$p¥d L$¡ s¡ ÅsÅs_p ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf \C,

A_¡ _dê$v$ `p¡sp_u L$p¥d kyÙp„ dÃR>fp¡\u lgpL$ \ep¡. A_¡

dv$e_hpmp A¡V$g¡ lTfs ip¡A¡b_u L$p¥d L$¡ s¡ ApN\u lgpL$ \C,

A_¡ lTfs¡ gys_u L$p¥d L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p Npd J^p L$fu _p„Mhpdp„ Apìep,

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f `Õ\f hfkphhpdp„ Apìep lsp; A¡ sdpd L$p¥d A¡

lsu L$¡ s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ èNçbfp¡ v$gugp¡ A_¡ fp¡i_ dp¡AÆTp\u

kp\¡ Apìep, sp¡ Myv$p A¡hp¡ _ lsp¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f Tygd L$f¡ A¡V$g¡

L$p¡C\u Ny_pl \ep hNf ATpb L$f¡ A¡hu Apv$s s¡_u _lsu, `Z

A¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ly$af L$fu A_¡ èNçbf_¡ Sy>W$gphu `p¡sp_p _ak D`f

Tygd L$fsp lsp.

71 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_p¡_p¡ lpg bep_

L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ dfv$ s\p Ap¥fsp¡ A¡L$



buÅ_p v$p¡õs R>¡, L$¡ v$f¡L$ fus\u A¡L$ buÅ dp¡Ad¡_u__u dv$v$ L$f¡

R>¡, A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__p¡ lL$ Av$p L$f¡ R>¡. Ap Apes\u dpgyd `X$¡ R>¡

L$¡ S„>N¡ S>dghpmp gp¡L$p¡ S>¡dL$¡ sglp Tp¡b¡f rh0 L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ lTfs¡

Agu A. A_¡ s¡d_u `n_p dpZkp¡ kp\¡ S„>N L$fsp lsp s¡Ap¡,

A_¡ s¡huS> fus¡ dAphuepl A_¡ s¡_p kp\uep¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ lTfs¡ Agu

A. s\p s¡_p V$p¡mp kp\¡ gX$sp lsp s¡Ap¡ dp¡Ard_ _ lsp. A_¡

A¡hy„ sp¡ \CS> iL$sy„ _\u L$¡ bÞ_¡ sfa_p dpZk dp¡Adu_ lp¡e,

L$pfZ L$¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dp¡Adu_ A¡L$ buÅ_p v$p¡õs lp¡e R>¡.

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ sp¡ `p¡s`p¡spdp„ Av$phs fpMsp lsp, L$¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ saf_p

dpZkp¡ buÆ sfa_p dpZkp¡_¡ L$Ðg L$fsp lsp, A_¡ ANf s¡Ap¡_¡

dp¡Adu_ L$lp¡ R>p¡ sp¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u kp\hpmpAp¡_¡

L$lp¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dp¡Adu_ _ lsp. `Z s¡ L$¡d L$l¡hpe? A_¡ Cå_¡

Aåbpk\u fuhpes R>¡ A_¡ khpA¡L$¡ dp¡lfL$pdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡

Agu A. _p OZp dpZkp¡ vy$íd_ lsp. A_¡ ifl¡ _lSy>gbgpNpdp„

Cå_¡ Abuglv$uv$¡ AbyS>Aaf¡ `p¡sp_p i¡M\u fuhpes L$fu R>¡ L$¡

bkfp_p kOmp fl¡hpiu lTfs¡ Agu A. \u vy$íd_pC fpMsp

lsp, A_¡ dv$u_p_p `Z OZp dpZkp¡ Av$phs fpMsp lsp, A_¡

d½$p_p kOmp dpZkp¡ lTfs¡ Agu A. \u vy$íd_u fpMsp lsp,

A_¡ kOmp Ly$f¡i lTfs¡ Agu A. _p vy$íd_ lsp. A_¡ dykrgd

A_¡ rsfduTu A_¡ r_kpCdp„ lTfs¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. \u



fuhpes R>¡ L$¡ ly„ Myv$p_u L$kd MpJ Ry„> L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

dpfp\u Alv$ L$ep¡® R>¡ L$¡ A¡ Agu A. s_¡ v$p¡õs fpMsy„ _\u L$p¡C`Z

dp¡Ard_, A_¡ vy$íd_ _\u fpMsp¡ s_¡ L$p¡C`Z dy_pauL$, sp¡ Ap

Apes A_¡ Ap lv$uk âdpZ¡ S>¡Ap¡ Agu A. kp\¡ L$u_p¡ A_¡

Av$phs fpMsp lsp, s¡Ap¡ L$¡hu fus¡ dp¡Adu_ \C iL$¡ R>¡? lh¡

Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_p¡_u ip_dp„ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ _¡L$u_p¡ lyL$d

L$f¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ hpS>¡bps bÅhu gphhp s\p Myv$p_u afdp„ bfv$pfu

L$fhp_u bufpv$f¡ Cdp_u_¡ spL$uv$ L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ byfpC A¡V$g¡ lfpd

L$pdp¡_u d_pC L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ _dpT_¡ L$ped L$f¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ ld¡ip„

s¡_u ifsp¡ âdpZ¡ hMs D`f bÅhu gph¡ R>¡, A_¡ TL$ps Äepf¡

s¡Ap¡ D`f hpÆb \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ Av$p L$f¡ R>¡, A_¡ Myv$p s\p

fkyg k._u sdpd L$pddp„ afdp„ bfv$pfu L$f¡ R>¡, Ap A¡ gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L$¡

_ÆL$ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p v$u_ A_¡ vy$Þepdp„ s¡Ap¡ D`f flds L$f¡ slL$uL$L$¡

Myv$p v$f¡L$ QuS> D`f Npgub R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ Qpl¡ s¡ L$f¡, A_¡ luL$dshpmp¡

R>¡ L$¡ `p¡sp_u dkg¡ls âdpZ¡ S>¡ Qpl¡ s¡ L$f¡ R>¡.

72 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp dp¡Ad¡_u__p bv$gp huj¡

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ dfv$ s\p Ap¡fs dpV$¡ Myv$pA¡ A¡hu

b¡luís_p¡ hpev$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡ L$¡ s¡_p d¡lgp¡_u A_¡ TpX$p¡_u _uQ¡\u

_¡lfp¡ Åfu R>¡, A_¡ s¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ ld¡ip fl¡hphpmp R>¡, A_¡ A¡hp

`pL$ A_¡ pL$uÅ dL$p_p¡_p¡ hpev$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ Av$_ _pd_u b¡luís



A„v$f R>¡, L$¡ s¡dp„ fl¡hp\u gÄS>s `pd¡. A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ ""Av$_'' Myv$p_y„ b_ph¡gy„ Of R>¡ L$¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C Ap„M¡

Å¡ey„ _\u s¡dS> s¡ L$p¡C_p d_dp NyS>ey® _\u, A_¡ s¡dp„ ÓZ V$p¡mp

iuhpe L$p¡C fl¡i¡ _l], A_¡ s¡ ÓZ V$p¡mp A„buep, A_¡ kuØuL$p¡,

A_¡ iluv$p¡ R>¡. A_¡ Myv$p Av$__¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ i¿k Myi lpg R>¡

L$¡ S>¡ spfpdp„ v$pMug \pe. A_¡ Av$_ `f„`fp_p Of_¡ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.

A_¡ S>_pb¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ R>¡ L$¡ b¡luísdp„ dp¡su_p b_¡gp

dl¡gp¡ R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ dl¡gdp„ fpsp epLy$s_p kuÐs¡f Of R>¡, A_¡ s¡

v$f¡L$ Ofdp„ TbfSy>v$_p rkÐs¡f Of R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ Ofdp„ kuÐs¡f s¿s

R>¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$ s¿s D`f Sy>v$u Sy>v$u Ås A_¡ f„N_p A_¡ _L$iu_p

kuÐs¡f ai® R>¡, A_¡ v$f¡L$ ai® D`f ""lyê$gC_'' R>¡, A_¡ v$f¡L$ Ofdp„

Mphp_p kuÐs¡f ¿hp_ R>¡, A_¡ v$f¡L$ ¿hp_dp„ kuÐs¡f Ås_p MpZp

R>¡. A_¡ lL$sApgp b„v$p_¡ Mphp_u A_¡ kp¡lbs_u A¡V$gu iL$su

Apì¡ L$¡ kyblpdp„ kfh¡ Ås_p Mphp\u A_¡ lyfp¡\u gÄS>s

lpkug L$fi¡. A_¡ Ap ""S>Þ_s¡ Av$_'' dp„ R>¡, A_¡ s¡dp„ Aj®_u

_uQ¡_u Myiu DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfu lhp Qpg¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$õsyfu_p kya¡v$

V$¡L$fpAp¡ D`f\u `kpf \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dl¡gp¡dp„ Myibp¡ âkpf¡ R>¡

A_¡ s¡ Myibp¡ `p„Qkp¡ hj®_p fõsp kyû `lp¢Q¡ R>¡. A_¡ lTfs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡ i¿k_¡ Ap bpbs Myi L$f¡ A¡V$g¡

`k„v$ Aph¡ L$¡ s¡ dpfp S>¡hu Æ„v$Nu cp¡Nh¡ A_¡ dpfu S>¡d s¡ df¡,



A_¡ s¡ dpfu b¡luísdp„ fl¡, L$¡ dpfp\u dpfp `fhfv$uNpf¡ b¡luís¡

Av$__p¡ hpev$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡, L$¡ s¡_¡ Myv$pA¡ `p¡sp_u Ly$v$fs_p lp\\u

s¥èepf L$f¡g R>¡, L$¡ s¡_¡ L$üy„ `¥v$p \p sp¡ s¡ `¥v$p \C Ney„. sp¡ Å¡Ce¡

L$¡ s¡ i¿k lTfs¡ Agu A. kp\¡ A_¡ s¡_u Ahgpv$ kp\¡ v$p¡õsu

fpM¡. A_¡ s¡ R>u lv$uk¡ bugpgdp„ R>¡ L$¡ ""S>Þ_s¡A„v$_'' b¡luís_u

v$fduep_ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u v$uhpgp¡ fpsp epLy$s_u R>¡ A_¡ Ðep„_p L$p„L$fp

dp¡su R>¡. A_¡ A¡L$ elyv$ue¡ lTfs¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. _¡ yR>ey„

L$¡ b¡luísdp„ sdpfp¡ èNçbf L$ep„ fl¡i¡? sp¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ s¡_p î¡óW$

v$fÅdp„ A_¡ kfh¡\u dp¡V$p A_¡ byg„v$ dL$p_dp„ S>Þ_s¡ A„v$_dp„, sp¡

elyv$ue¡ L$üy„ L$¡ kpQy„ L$lp¡ R>p¡ L$kd R>¡ Myv$p_u L$¡ A¡S> âdpZ¡ l.

dykpA¡ S>_pb¡ lpê$_ A. `pk¡ gMph¡gy„ R>¡. A_¡ Ap\u `l¡g¡

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_ps_¡ ""S>Þ_s¡ Av$_'' _p¡

hpev$p¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡, A_¡ lh¡ s¡\u h^pf¡ A_¡ h^pf¡ byTyN® A_¡

b¡lsf QuS>_p¡ hpev$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡ Myv$p_p sfa\u

dp¡Ad¡_u_ dpV$¡ fTpd„v$u blyS> byTyN® R>¡ A_¡ S>Þ_s¡ Av$_\u OZu

byTyN® A_¡ ATud R>¡ L$¡ s¡\u v$f¡L$ Ås_u _¡L$b¿su A_¡ L$fpds

dmhp_p¡ kbb R>¡. `R>u afdph¡ R>¡ Ap A¡V$g¡ Myv$p_u fTpd„v$u

dyfpv$_¡ `lp¢Qhy„ A_¡ OZu dp¡V$u fõsNpfu R>¡. fuhpesdp„ Apìey„ R>¡

L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ b¡luísu b¡luísdp„ S>C_¡ fl¡i¡ sp¡ lL$sApgp afdphi¡

L$¡ sdp¡ fpÆ \ep? sp¡ b¡luísu S>hpb Apì¡ L$¡ Adp¡ L$¡d fpÆ _



\CA¡? L$¡ Adp¡_¡ s¡ A¡hu _¡Adsp¡ Asp L$fu R>¡ L$¡ A¡hu _¡Adsp¡ s¡

L$p¡C dMgyL$ps_¡ Asp L$fu _\u; s¡ hMs¡ lL$sApgp afdphi¡ L$¡

Ap L$fsp„ `Z sdp¡_¡ h^pf¡ b¡lsf byTyN} Asp L$ê„$, b¡luísu L$l¡i¡

L$¡ s¡\u h^pf¡ byTyN® iy„ R>¡? s¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aphi¡ L$¡ly„

sdpfp\u fpÆ Ry„> L$¡ L$p¡C hMs sdpfp D`f Nyõkp¡ _l] L$ê„$. sp¡

dpgyd \ey„ L$¡ Myv$p_u fTpd„v$u\u b¡lsf L$p¡C QuS> _\u. `Z Myv$p

A¡ hMs¡ fpÆ \pe R>¡ L$¡ s¡_u afdp bfv$pfu L$f¡ A_¡ sdpd

hpS>¡bps_¡ bÅhu gph¡ s\p sdpd lfpd bpbsp¡\u `fl¡T L$f¡.

D`f_u Apesp¡\u A¡ `Z dAgyd \ey„ L$¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡

Ap`kdp„ v$p¡õsu L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ ld¡ip„ _dpT `X$¡ R>¡ A_¡ TL$ps Ap`¡

R>¡ A_¡ _¡L$u_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡ R>¡ s\p byfpC_u d_pC L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ Myv$p

s\p èNçbf_u afdp bfv$pfu L$f¡ R>¡, sp¡ S>¡ i¿k L$¡ dp¡Adu_

kp\¡ byÁT fpM¡ A_¡ _¡L$ L$pd_u L$p¡C_¡ d_pC L$f¡ A_¡ L$p¡C_¡ bv$

L$pd_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡ A_¡ L$p¡C_¡ af¡b Apù_¡ bv$L$pd L$fph¡ A_¡ s¡dS>

_ _dpT `X$¡ _ TL$ps Ap`¡ A_¡ Myv$p s\p fkyg k._p lyL$d_u

afdpbfv$pfu L$f¡ sp¡ s¡ i¿k Myv$p_p lyL$d\u bpl¡f _uL$mu

S>hphpmp¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡Adu_`Zp_u kuapsp¡\u vy$f R>¡.

73 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp S>¡lpv$ L$fhp_p¡ lyL$d L$f¡

R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ dp¡V$p dfsbphpmp èNçbf sy„ Ly$aapfp¡ A_¡

dy_pauL$p¡ kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$f; A¡V$g¡ Ly$aapfp¡ kp\¡ sghpf\u A_¡



dy_pauL$p¡ kp\¡ lyÄS>s A_¡ v$gug L$ped L$fhp\u S>¡lpv$ L$f; Cå_¡

Aåbpk¡ L$üy„ R>¡ L$¡ dy_pa¡L$p¡ kp\¡ ÓZ sfpl\u ""S>¡lpv$'' _p¡ lyL$d

\ep¡, 1-sghpf\u; f-A_¡ A¡_ b_u iL$¡ sp¡ Æc \L$u; 3-A_¡

A¡ `Z _ b_¡ sp¡ v$ug\u S>¡lpv$ L$fp¡. A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k.

dy_pauL$p¡ kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu _\u Z s¡Ap¡_¡ dp¡låbs A`phsp lsp.

`Z S>_pb¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. dy_pa¡L$p¡ kp\¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fu R>¡1

`R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡ D`f sy„ kMs \p A_¡ s¡Ap¡\u MpVy„$

dp¡Yy„$ L$fu g¡. A_¡ s¡ L$pãafp¡ s\p dy_pauL$p¡_u S>Áep S>lÞ_dp„ R>¡

A_¡ A¡ S>hp_u S>Áep blyS> Mfpb R>¡.

74 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. dL$p__p

R>pep _uQ¡ b¡W$p lsp s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ Aklpbp¡_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ Ap

hMs¡ A¡L$ i¿k sdpfu `pk¡ Aphi¡, A_¡ s¡ sdp¡_¡ iesp__u

Ap„Mp¡\u Å¡i¡. sp¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡ Aph¡ sp¡ sdp¡ s¡_u kp\¡ L$p„C hps

L$fip¡ _l]. Ðep„ A¡L$pA¡L$ A¡L$ i¿k dp„S>fu Ap„Mhpmp¡ Apìep¡ A_¡

lTfs¡ s¡_¡ `pk¡ bp¡gphu `yR>ey„ L$¡ sy„ A_¡ spfp Aklpbp¡ ip dpV$¡

Adp¡_¡ Npmp¡ Ap`p¡ R>p¡? s¡ hMs¡ `p¡sp_p sdpd Aklpbp¡_¡ c¡Np

L$fu lTfs_u `pk¡ gpìep¡, A_¡ sdpd S>Z¡ L$kd Mpû L$¡ Adp¡

1. l0 fkyg¡ Myv$p k0 dy_pauL$p¡ kp\¡ sghpf\u S>¡lpv$ _ L$fu s¡ Myv$p_u dfÆ dyS>b lsy„. A_¡ lTfs¡ Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A0 dy_pauL$p¡\u S>¡lpv$ L$ep£ s¡ `Z Myv$p_p lyL$d\u lsy„



sdp¡_¡ Npmp¡ v$¡sp _\u, s¡ hMs¡ lL$sApgpA¡ Ap Apes _pTug

L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Myv$p_u L$kdp¡ Mpe R>¡ L$¡ A¡ hps

Adp¡A¡ L$lu _\u A_¡ AgbÐsp slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡

Myv$p k. _u bpbsdp„ Ly$af_p¡ L$g¡dp¡ L$l¡g R>¡. A_¡ Ap Apes_u

sakufdp„ Ap dyS>b dilyf R>¡ L$¡ S>¡gpk rb_ kp¡hev$_p lL$dp„

_pTug \C R>¡ A_¡ sybyL$ Åsu hMs¡ A¡ i¿k `p¡sp_p

kp\hpmpAp¡_¡ kp\¡ NO¡X$p D`f b¡ku L$bpeg sfa\u dv$u_pdp„ A¡

kaf\u gp¡L$p¡_¡ _afs A`phhp dpV$¡ Apìep¡, A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C

dp¡lçdv$ k. L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ ANf lL$ lp¡e sp¡ ly„ Ap N^¡X$p L$fsp Mfpb

Ry„>, sp¡ Ap hps dkAb_u Ap¡fs¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

`lp¢QpX$u, sp¡ lTfs¡ s¡_¡ bp¡gphu_¡ `yR>ey„ sp¡ s¡Z¡ BÞL$pf L$ep£, A_¡

`p¡sp_p Aklpbp¡ kp\¡ L$kd Mpû L$¡ Adp¡A¡ L$üy„ _\u, sp¡

lL$sApgpA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Sy>W$u L$kd Mpe R>¡, A_¡ lL$uL$s lpg

A¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ L$üy„ R>¡. R>u afdph¡ R>¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ p¡sp_p Ckgpd

`R>u Ly$af L$ey® A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Cfpv$p¡ L$ep£ R>¡ A¡ QuS>_u kp\¡ L$¡ S>¡

s¡Ap¡ `pçep _\u, A_¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡_p¡ l¡sy fkyg¡ Myv$p k. A_¡

dp¡lpS>¡fu__¡ dv$u_p\u L$pY$u dyL$u Cå_¡ Abu_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ kfv$pf

dyL$f®f L$fhp_p¡ lsp¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ èNçbf A_¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ kp\¡

A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$u_p¡ fp¿ep¡ L$¡ Myv$pA¡ A_¡ s¡_p èNçbf¡ `p¡sp_p

aTg\u s¡Ap¡_¡ sh„Nf L$ep® L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ `l¡g¡ dp¡lspS> lsp. lTfs¡



fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p L$v$d dybpfL$_u bfL$s\u s¡Ap¡ N_uds_p dpg\u

sh„Nf \C Nep. sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ S>¡ Av$phs L$fu s¡_y„ A¡ L$pfZ lsy„

L$¡ lS>fs¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f A¡lkp_ L$ep£. sp¡ dkg dilyf R>¡ L$¡ A¡

i¿k_u CÅ\u X$fhy„ Å¡CA¡ L$¡ S>¡_p D`f A¡lkp_ L$ep£ lp¡e. A_¡

L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡gpk_p¡ A¡L$ Nygpd lsp¡ s¡_¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ dpfu _p„¿ep¡ lsp¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. lyL$d L$fu_¡ s¡ dS>Ly$f Nygpd_u ""v$ues'' _p

bpf lÅf v$ufld S>¡gpk_¡ A`pìep lsp A_¡ s¡ kbb\u s¡ sh„Nf

\C Nep¡ lsp¡ s¡\u Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ ApL$u_p A_¡

vy$íd_u_y„ buSy„> L$pC `Z _\u `Z A¡S> L$¡ s¡_¡ sh„Nf L$fu Apàep¡.

`R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ ANf s¡ sp¥bp L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ b¡lsf \i¡.

A_¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ afu Åe A_¡ sp¥bp _ L$f¡ sp¡ Myv$p s¡Ap¡_¡ v$u_

A_¡ vy$_uepdp„ kMs vy$:Mv$peL$ ATpb L$fi¡ L$¡ vy$_uepdp„ s¡Ap¡ L$Ðg

\i¡, A_¡ ApM¡sfdp„ v$p¡TM_u ApNdp„ bmi¡ A_¡ S>du__u A„v$f

s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ L$p¡C v$p¡õs A_¡ dv$v$Npf _\u L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ ATpb\u bQph¡

A_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ ATpbdp„ Nufuaspf \pe sp¡ s¡Ap¡_u dv$v$ L$f¡.

A_¡ dS>dDg bep_dp„ Ap Apes_u sakufdp„ g¿ey„ R>¡ L$¡ Ap

Apesp¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡_p lL$dp„ _pTug \C R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡ S„>N¡ sybyL$dp„\u

`pR>p hmhp `R>u dilyf L$ey¯ lsy„ A_¡ CÃR>ey„ lsy„ L$¡ `lpX$_u OpV$u

D`f lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ L$Ðg L$f¡, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ dy_pa¡L$u_dp„\u

bpf dpZkp¡ lsp. Æb°Cg A. A¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ s¡Ap¡_u



^pfZp_u Mbf L$fu. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_u ^pfZp `pf `pX$u iL$ep

_l]. A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `yR>ey„ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Sy>W$u kp¡N_ Mpû L$¡

Adp¡ sp¡ `p¡s`p¡spdp„ lksp lsp.

75 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ kAgbprb_ lpsub A_kpfu

Cbpv$s L$fhpdp„ A_¡ `fl¡TNpfudp„ OZp¡S> â¿eps lsp¡, s¡ A¡L$

v$uhk lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ lpS>f \ep¡ A_¡ p¡sp_p

aL$fp¡ apL$p_u iuL$pes L$fhp gpÁep¡ A_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡

v$fMpõs L$fu L$¡ sdp¡ dpfp dpV$¡ v$p¡Ap L$fp¡ L$¡ Myv$ph„v$¡ sApgp d_¡

sh„Nf b_ph¡, sp¡ lTfs¡ s¡_¡ OZp¡ kdÅìep¡ A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Aphu

bpbs dp„Nhu dyL$u v$¡ L$¡dL$¡ sh„Nfu_y„ `fuZpd kpê„$ _uhX$sy„ _\u,

A_¡ S>¡ L$p„C spfu `pk¡ lp¡e s¡_p D`f k„sp¡j dp_ L$¡ \p¡X$p D`f

iyL$f L$fhp¡ OÏ„ lp¡hp L$fsp b¡lsf R>¡. `Z s¡ lTfs_y„ L$l¡hy„ _

dp_sp \p¡X$p v$uhk `R>u hmu `pR>p¡ Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡S> v$fMpõs L$fu

A_¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg k.ëgpl k. d¢ ÖY$ r_òe L$ep£ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡

L$p„C dpg_p lL$ R>¡ s¡ Av$p L$fui, A_¡ s¡dp„\u kNpìlpgpAp¡_u

`Z Mbf g¡sp¡ flui. Äepf¡ s¡Z¡ Ap bpbsdp„ OZp¡S> ApN°l

L$ep£ sp¡ lS>fs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. v$p¡Ap L$fu L$¡ Myv$ph„v$p kAgbp_¡

s¡_u CÃR>p_p âdpZdp„ dpg Asp L$f. lTfs_u v$p¡Ap L$byg \C

Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ \p¡X$p„S> bL$fp„ L$¡ S>¡\u s¡ k„sp¡j dp_sp¡ _lsp¡ s¡dp„

OZu bfL$s Apù A_¡ s¡ bL$fpAp¡_u k„¿ep A¡V$gu sp¡ hû NC L$¡



s¡ bL$fp„Ap¡_¡ dv$u_p_u Apk`pk b¡khp_u S>Áep bpL$u flu _lu

s¡\u s¡Ap¡_¡ S„>Ngdp„ S>C_¡ fp¿ep. A_¡ s¡ bL$fpAp¡_u k„cpmdp„

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. kp\¡ `p„Q hMs _dpT `X$¡ s¡V$gu ayfkv$ _

flu A_¡ s¡ S>dpAs_p khpb\u dlê$d flu Nep¡ A_¡ Sy>çAp_p

v$uhk iuhpe buÅ¡ v$uhkp¡dp„ dv$u_pdp„ S>C iL$sp¡ _ lsp¡. A_¡

Äepf¡ bL$fpAp¡_u k„¿ep s¡\u `Z h^pf¡ \C sp¡ Ðep„\u `Z ApNm

hÂep¡ A_¡ il¡f\u vy$f \C Nep¡ s¡ A¡V$g¡ kyû L$¡ Sy>çAp_u _dpT

dpV$¡ Z Aphu iL$ep¡ _l]. A¡L$ v$uhk lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. yR>ey„

L$¡ kAgbp ip dpV$¡ Sy>çAp_u _dpT dpV$¡ Aphsp¡ _\u? sp¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡

AfS> L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s¡_u `pk¡ A¡V$gp„ sp¡ bL$fp„ \C Nep

R>¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ S>Áep `Z dmsu _\u s¡\u s¡Z¡ agpZp dL$pddp„

S>C_¡ fl¡W$pZ L$ey¯ R>¡, sp¡ lTfs¡ Ap kp„cmu_¡ ÓZ hMs afdpìey„

L$¡ kAgbp D`f Aakp¡k R>¡. A_¡ TL$ps_u Apes _pTug \C sp¡

S>¡_p dp„\u A¡L$ i¿k_¡ s¡ Apesp¡ Apù A_¡ b_u kguddp„\u A¡L$

i¿k_¡ s¡_p¡ k„Np\u L$fu Apù kAgbp pk¡ dp¡L$ëep¡ L$¡ Ap Apes

s¡_u ê$bê$ hp„Qu k„cmphu s¡_u `pk¡\u TL$ps_p¡ dpg gph¡ A_¡ s¡_¡

A¡L$ L$pNm Z g¿ep¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ kh£ ifsp¡ Z gMu A_¡ s¡ Å¡l_u

_pd_p i¿k_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Äepf¡ s¡_p\u TL$ps gC fl¡ Ðepf¡ agpZp

kgudu i¿k `pk¡ S>sp¡ AphS>¡ L$¡ s¡ `Z OZp JV$ fpM¡ R>¡ A_¡

s¡_u `pk¡\u TL$ps hkyg L$fS>¡. sp¡ s¡ bÞ_¡ S>Zp `l¡gp kAgbp



`pk¡ Nep A_¡ s¡_¡ lTfs_p¡ L$pNm Apàep¡ A_¡ TL$ps_u Apes

s¡_u ê$bê hp„Qu A_¡ TL$ps dp„Nu sp¡ kAgbpA¡ kpa S>hpb Apàep¡

A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. Adpfu `pk¡ S>Tuep¡ dp„N¡ R>¡. sp¡ dpg_u

dlp¡åbs¡ s¡_¡ fpl¡ lL$\u A_¡ lS>fs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u spb¡v$pfu\u

a¡fhu _p„¿ep¡ A_¡ s¡Z¡ TL$ps _ Apù A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡ buÆ

S>ÁepA¡ ÅAp¡ L$¡ ly„ Ap bpbs rhj¡ rhQpf L$fui sp¡ s¡ bÞ_¡ S>Zp

s¡ kgudu `pk¡ Nep A_¡ s¡_u ê$bê$ s¡ Apes_¡ hp„Qu k„cmphu sp¡

s¡Z¡ kp„cmsp„S> L$üy„ L$¡ ly„ lpS>f Ry„> d_¡ Myv$p_u A_¡ s¡_p fkyg

k._u afdp„bfv$pfu L$byg d„Sy>f R>¡. A_¡ sfsS> s¡Z¡ JV$p¡_p V$p¡mpdp„

S>C kpfp A_¡ b¡lsf JV$ L$pY$u Apàep A_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ Ap JV$p¡ lTfs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `pk¡ gC ÅAp¡ sp¡ s¡ bÞ_¡ S>ZpAp¡A¡ L$üy„ L$¡ lTfs¡

Adp¡_¡ A¡d L$üy„ _\u L$¡ sdp¡ TL$psdp„\u kh£\u Ddv$p dpg gC

AphÅ¡, sp¡ s¡Z¡ L$üy„ L$¡ ly„ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _¡ b¡lsf dpgS>

Apùi sp¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡ dpg gu^p¡ A_¡ `R>u kAgbp `pk¡ Nep sp¡

s¡Z¡ s¡S> `l¡gp S>¡hp¡ S>hpb Apàep¡ L$¡ sdp¡ buÆ S>ÁepA¡ ÅAp¡ ly„

s¡ bpbsdp„ rhQpf L$fu gCi sp¡ s¡Ap¡ bÞ_¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ M yv$p k.

_u Muv$dsdp„ Apìep A_¡ kOmp¡ b_ph bÞep¡ lsp¡ s¡ bep_ L$ep£.

A_¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡ dp¡lçdv$ bpL$uf A. \u `Z s¡S> dyS>b fuhpes

R>¡ L$¡ kAgbpA¡ Alv$ L$ep£ lsp¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ ly„ sh„Nf \C S>Ci sp¡

lL$v$pf_p¡ lL$ Av$p L$fui A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡ sh„Nf \ep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Z¡



L„$Sy>ku A_¡ bMugu ^pfZ L$fu A_¡ S>L$ps _ Apù A_¡ Äepf¡ s¡

bÞ_¡ dpZkp¡A¡ kAgbp_p¡ lpg lTfs\u bep_ L$ep£ sp¡ lTfs¡

kp„cmu_¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ hpA¡ \pe kAgbp D`f, A_¡ Ap Apes

_pTug \C S>¡dL$¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡ s¡ dy_pa¡L$p¡dp„\u L$p¡C A¡

i¿k R>¡ L$¡ s¡Z¡ Myv$p_u kp\¡ Alv$ L$ep£ lsp¡ L$¡ AgbÐsp ANf

Myv$p `p¡sp_p aS>g\u L$p„C dpg Apì¡ sp¡ AgbÐsp Adp¡ kv$L$p¡

A_¡ TL$ps L$pY$uiy„ A_¡ AgbÐsp TL$ps Ap`hp\u Adp¡ _¡L$

gp¡L$p¡dp„\u \Ciy„.

76 du Apes- sp¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Myv$pA¡ `p¡sp_p aTg\u Apù_¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ sh„Nf L$ep® sp¡ s ¡Ap¡A¡ s¡_u kp\¡ bMugu`Ï„ L$fu Myv$p_p¡

lL$ s¡dp„\u Av$p L$ep£ _l] A_¡ `p¡sp_p Alv$ A_¡ hpev$p\u dp¡Yy„$

a¡fhu gu^y„ S>¡ hMs¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ TL$ps Ap`hp\u A_¡ Myv$p s\p fkyg

k._p lyL$d\u BÞL$pf L$fhphpmp lsp.

77 du Apes- A_¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ Myv$p_u kp\¡ S>¡ QuS>_p¡

hpev$p¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡\u DgVy„$ L$ey® A_¡ s¡Ap¡ hpev$p¡ hap L$fhp rhj¡

Mp¡Vy„$ bp¡gsp lsp A¡ kbb\u s¡ bMug`ZpA¡ A_¡ TL$ps _

Ap`hpA¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ bv$gp¡ dmhp_p¡ v$uhk A¡V$g¡ L$epds kyû

_uapL$ ApÎey„, A\hp A¡ L$¡ A¡ bÞ_¡ QuS>_u `pR>m Myv$pA¡ s¡Ap¡_y„

_uapL$ Ål¡f L$u^y„.



78 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ iy„ s¡ Alv$

sp¡X$hphpmpAp¡A¡ ÅÎey„ _l]? L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ Myv$p s¡Ap¡_u Ry>ù A_¡

c¡v$_u bpbs_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ L$¡ TL$ps_¡ s¡Ap¡ S>Tuep¡ L$l¡ R>¡. slL$uL$L$¡

Myv$p N¥b_u bpbs_¡ ÅZhphpmp¡ R>¡. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Äepf¡ Ap Apes

_pTug \C Ðepf¡ kAgbp_p kNpAp¡dp„\u A¡L$ dpZk Ðep„ lpTuf

lsp¡, s¡ Ap Apesp¡ kp„cmu_¡ kAgbp `pk¡ Nep¡ A_¡ s¡Z¡ L$üy„

A¡ kAgbp hpA¡ \pA¡ spfp D`f L$¡ spfp lL$dp„ ÓZ Apesp¡

_pTug \C R>¡ L$¡ spfp Ly$af A_¡ _uapL$ D`f v$gpgs L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡

kAgbp lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ lpS>f \C L$l¡hp

gpÁep¡ L$¡ A¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. S>¡hu fus¡ Ap` afdphp¡ s¡hu fus¡ TL$ps

lpTuf L$ê„$? A_¡ S>¡ âdpZ¡ Qplp¡ MfQ L$fp¡, lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ s¢

TL$ps_¡ S>Tuep¡ L$l¡g R>¡, Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ ly„ s¡_u

TL$ps_¡ L$byg L$fui _l]; sp¡ kAgbp Ðep„\u DW$ep¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p

dp\p D`f ^ym DfpX$sp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ afuepv$ L$fsp¡ lsp¡. lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ ly„ s_¡ L$l¡sp¡ _ lsp¡ L$¡ aL$ufu D`f kbf L$f A_¡ sh„Nfu

sgb _ L$f? Z s¢ dpfp L$l¡hp_¡ dpÞey„ _l] s¡\u sy„ Aphp TNX$pdp„

k`X$pC Nep¡. `R>u s¡ _ufpi \C `p¡sp_u S>ÁepA¡ Nep¡. A_¡

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. A¡S> v$uhkdp„ ApA¡ vy$ÞepA¡ ap_u_¡ dyL$u

Apgd¡ bL$p sfa sifua gC Nep.



79 du Apes- A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ kpgudbu_ Ap¡d¥f A_kpfu

A¡L$ ""kpA''1 Myfdp lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u Muv$dsdp„ gpìep¡

A_¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p k. d¢ b¡ ""kpA'' Myfdp_u dSy>fu

L$fu lsu, s¡dp„\u A¡L$ ""kpA'' sp¡ d¢ dpfp Ly$Vy„$buep¡ dpV$¡ fp¿ep¡ R>¡,

A_¡ A¡L$ ""kpA'' Myv$p_¡ L$fT Ap`y„ Ry„>. Ap kp„cmu_¡ lTfs¡

afdpìey„ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ OZp Myfdp Apàep R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p Myfdp D`f

spfp Myfdp„ rhM¡fu _p„Mu a¥gphu Ap`; sp¡ dy_pa¡L$u_ Ap bpbs

Å¡C_¡ W$Ì$p¡ L$fhp gpÁep A_¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep ""hëgpl''

Myv$pA¡sApgp s¡_p ""kpA'' \u b¡`fhp R>¡, A_¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp

s¡_p kpA Myfdp_¡ gC_¡ iy„ L$fi¡? A_¡ s¡hu fus¡ lTfs¡ Cdpd¡

Aduê$g dp¡Ad¡_u_ A. `Z dTvy$fu L$fu_¡ Myfdp¡ gpìep A_¡ s¡_¡

kv$L$pdp„ Apàep¡. A_¡ Abvy$f fldp_¡ kv$L$pdp„ v$ufld Apàep sp¡

dy_pa¡L$p¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ A¥b gNpX$sp lsp. A_¡ S>¡Ap¡ OÏ„ Ap`sp lsp

s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ v$¡MpX$hp dpV$¡ Ap`¡g R>¡, A_¡

S>¡Ap¡A¡ \p¡Xy„$ Apàey„ lsy„ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡sp lsp L$¡ ApV$gy„ gC_¡ Myv$p iy„

L$fi¡? s¡ `p¡s¡S> N_u A_¡ sh„Nf R>¡. sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ s¡Ap¡

rhj¡ Ap Apes _pTug L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_dp„\u S>¡

gp¡L$p¡ kv$L$p_u A„v$f h^pf¡ Ap`¡ R>¡ sp¡ A¡ kv$L$pdp„ fNbs L$fhp

1. ""kpA''- L$gv$pf bkp¡ Qpguk ê$ùep Qpf dip A_¡ A¡L$ fsucpf \pe R>¡. S>_pb¡ L$ubgp duf ApNpkpl¡b_p ashp dyS>b.



hpmp dp¡Ad¡_u__u A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ A¥b gNpX$u_¡ dõMfu L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡

S>¡ dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ kv$L$p¡ Ap`hp dpV$¡ _\u dmsy„ `Z `p¡sp_u iL$su

dyS>b, A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_u Ly$ìhs âdpZ¡ d¡l_s L$fu_¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$dpe R>¡

A_¡ s¡_¡ fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ Ap`¡ R>¡ sp¡ A¡hp dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ `Z A¡

dy_pauL$p¡ A¥b gNpX$¡ R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p s¡Ap¡_p¡ kv$L$p¡ gC_¡ iy„ L$fi¡? sp¡

A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ kp\¡ dõMfu L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡ A¡ dõMfu_p¡

bv$gp¡ Myv$p s¡Ap¡_¡ Apì¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p dpV$¡ vy$:Mv$peL$ ATpb R>¡.

80 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Abvy$ëgpl Cå_¡Abu_p¡g R>p¡L$fp¡

L$¡ s¡_y„ _pd `Z Abvy$ëgpl lsy„ s¡ Mpguk dp¡Ad¡_u_dp„\u \C

Nep¡ lsp¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p¡ bp` L$¡ S>¡ dy_pauL$ lsp¡ s¡_u budpfudp„

lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. `pk¡ S>C_¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ dpfp bp`_u bnui

dpV$¡ v$p¡Ap L$fp¡ sp¡ s¡ hMs¡ Ap Apes _pTug \C, S>¡dL$¡ Myv$p

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ dy_pauL$ dpV$¡ sy„ bnui dp„N A\hp s¡_p dpV$¡ bnui

_ dp„N s¡ bÞ_¡ bfpbf R>¡, L$¡dL$¡ ANf sy„ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ kuÐs¡f hMs

bnui Qpl¡ sp¡ `Z Myv$p lfNuT s¡Ap¡_¡ bni¡ _l]. A_¡ Ap

W$¡L$pZ¡ Afbp¡_p dlphfpdp„ kuÐs¡f hMs\u dyfpv$ OZu hMs R>¡

L$p„C Mpk dS>Ly$f NZsfuS> dyfpv$ _\u, sp¡ dsgb A¡L$¡ b¡iydpf

Å¡Ce¡ s¡V$gu s¡_p dpV$¡ bnui dp„Nui sp¡`Z Myv$p s¡_¡ bni¡ _l].

Ap A¡V$g¡ s¡ dy_pauL$p¡_y„ _ bnphy„ A¡ kbb\u R>¡ L$¡ slL$uL$L$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p èNçbf kp\¡ Ly$af L$ey® R>¡. A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ bv$L$pf



A_¡ Cdp_\u bpl¡f _uL$mu S>hphpmp R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$p b¡luís_u

sfa luv$pes L$fsp¡ _\u.

81 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp S>¡ dy_pauL$p¡ sybyL$dp„ _

S>hp\u Myiu \ep lsp s¡Ap¡_p¡ lpg bep_ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡

sybyL$dp„ _ S>sp„ `pR>m flu Nep s¡Ap¡ gX$pCdp„ _ S>sp„ b¡ku

fl¡hp\u Myiu \ep L$¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u `pR>m flu_¡ A\hp

S>¡lpv$dp„ _ S>sp„ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _u _pafdp_u L$fu_¡ b¡ku flep

A_¡ p¡sp_u Å_ A_¡ dpg \L$u fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp\u s¡Ap¡A¡

dL$ê$l ÅÎey„ bëL$¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ fpls A_¡ Apkp_u C¿suepf L$fu A_¡

Myv$p_u fTpd„v$u D`f `p¡sp_p Apfpd_¡ dp¡L$v$d fp¿ep¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡

dp¡Ad¡_u__¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sdp¡ Nfdu_u A„v$f blpf _ _uL$mp¡, A¡V$g¡

s¡Ap¡ `p¡s¡ `Z Nep _l] A_¡ Qplsp lsp L$¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ `Z _

Åe, `R>u Myv$pA¡sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. A¡

dy_pauL$p¡_¡ L$l¡ L$¡ vy$Þep_u ApN_u Nfdu\u S>lÞ_d_u ApN_u

Nfdu blyS> kMs R>¡ ANf s¡Ap¡ kdS>sp lp¡e L$¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ A„Åd

s¡S> ApN sfa R>¡.

82 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ Ap vy$ÞepA¡ _p

`pev$pfdp„ s¡ dy_pauL$p¡ \p¡Xy„$ l„k¡ L$¡dL$¡ Ap_u A„v$f Myiu_p L$pfZ

L$fsp Ndu_p OZp L$pfZ R>¡, A_¡ ApM¡fs dpV$¡ s¡Ap ¡_¡ blyS> fp¡hy„

Å¡Ce¡ L$¡ Ðep„_p¡ f„S> ld¡ip_p¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ðep„ f„S>_p OZp L$pfZp¡ R>¡.



`R>u afdph¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡ L$p„C L$kb L$fsp lsp A¡V$g¡ _uapL$ A_¡

byfpC L$fsp lsp A_¡ DTf hNf S>¡lpv$\u b¡ku fl¡sp lsp s¡_p¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ Myv$p bv$gp¡ Apì¡. A_¡ lS>fs¡ fkyg¡ M yv$p k. afdpìey„ R>¡

L$¡ S>¡ L$p„C ly„ ÅÏ Ry„> s¡ ANf sdp¡ ÅZp¡ sp¡ blyS> \p¡Xy„$ l„kp¡ A_¡

OÏ„S> fp¡hp¡.

83 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡lçdv$ k. ANf

Myv$p s_¡ sybyL$\u A¡ dy_pauL$p¡dp„ A¡L$ V$p¡mp sfa a¡fh¡ A_¡ sy„ dv$u_p

sfa fhp_p \p, A_¡ S>¡ dy_pauL$p¡ DTf hNf b¡ku flep R>¡ A_¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ sp¥bp L$fu _\u s¡Ap¡_¡ sy„ Sy>h¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡lpv$dp„\u _

_uL$mhp_y„ spfu `pk¡ CT_ dp„Ni¡ A¡V$g¡ Ap sybyL$_u gX$pC `R>u

buÆ L$p¡C S>ÁepA¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ S>hp dpV$¡ s¡Ap¡ dp„NZu L$f¡ sp¡ lfNuT

L$byg L$fu _l]; A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$l¡ L$¡ sdp¡ lfNuT dpfu kp\¡ ld¡ip„

_uL$mp¡ _l], A_¡ lfNuT sdp¡ dpfu kp\¡ \C vy$íd_p¡ kp\¡ gX$p¡

_l], L$¡dL$¡ sdp¡ `l¡gu hMs¡ sybyL$_u gX$pCdp„ _ Aphsp„ b¡ku

fl¡hp fpÆ \ep R>p¡, sp¡ lh¡ `Z b¡ku fl¡hphpmAp¡_u kp\¡ sdp¡

b¡iu flp¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ R>p¡L$fp b¡ku fl¡ R>¡, L$¡ s¡Ap¡ S„>N

L$fhp_u gepL$s fpMsp _\u.

84 du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p¡ v$õsyf

lsp¡ L$¡ dy_pauL$_p S>_pTp D`f _dpT `X$sp lsp, A_¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f

dykgdp_p¡_p AlL$pd Åfu L$fsp lsp; A_¡ lTfs_p¡ A¡ `Z



L$pev$p¡ lsp¡ L$¡ L$bf D`f Dcp flu_¡ s¡ L$bfhpmp dpV$¡ v$p¡Ap L$fsp

lsp sp¡ Myv$pA¡sApgpA¡ A¡ rhj¡ d_p L$fu S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡

A¡ dy_pauL$p¡dp„\u ANf L$p¡C dfu Åe sp¡ s¡_p D`f sy„ ld¡ip _dpS>

`X$ _l] A¡V$g¡ L$p¡C hMs sy„ s¡Ap¡_u dCèes D`f _dpT `X$ _l],

A_¡ s¡_¡ v$a_ L$fhp dpV$¡ A_¡ Tepfs s\p CõsuNapf s\p v$p¡Ap

L$fhp dpV$¡ s¡_u L$bf D`f sy„ Dcp¡ fl¡ _l], A¡V$gp dpV$¡ L$¡ slL$uL$

s¡ dy_pauL$p¡A¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p fkyg k. kp\¡ Ly$af L$ey® R>¡ L$¡ Myv$p_u

kp\¡ ifuL$ b_pìep¡ A_¡ èNçbf_u _pafdp_u L$fu A_¡ s¡Ap¡

apkuL$`Zpdp„ dep®. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Abvy$ëgplrb_ Abu dy_pauL$_u

Aepv$s dpV$¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡ dp„v$p¡ lsp¡ s¡_¡ `yR>hp dpV$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. sifua gC Nep sp¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_y„ L$a_ L$fhp lS>fs_y„ `¡lfZ

dp„Áey„, A_¡ `p¡sp_p S>_pTp D`f lTfs _dpT `X$¡ A¡hu dp„NZu

L$fu, sp¡ Äepf¡ s¡ dfu Nep¡ Ðepf¡ lTfs fkyg¡ Myv$p k. s¡_p S>dpTp

D`f _dpT `X$hp dpV$¡ Dcp \ep sp¡ Æb°Cg A. A¡ lTfs_y„

v$pd_ M¢Qu L$üy„ L$¡ s¡_p D`f _dpT _ `X$p¡; A_¡ s¡ hMs¡ Ap

Apes `X$u k„cmphu. `R>u gp¡L$p¡A¡ `¡lfZ dpV$¡ `yR>ey„ sp¡ afdpìey„

L$¡ ly„ ÅÏ„ Ry„> L$¡ dpê„$ `¡lfZ s¡_¡ L$p„C apev$p¡ _l] `lp¢QpX$¡ `Z

Myv$p\u Dd¡v$ A¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ahp b_ph\u gp¡L$p¡ Ckgpddp„ v$pMg \pe.

A_¡ buÆ fuhpesdp„ R>¡ L$¡ Abvy$ëgplrb_ AbuA¡ sbê$L$ dpV$¡

lTfs_y„ `¡lfZ dp„Áey„ A_¡ lTfs¡ Apàey„; MTfS>_u L$p¡d¡ Äepf¡



kp„cýey„ L$¡ lTfs¡ fkyg¡ Myv$p k. _p `¡lfZ\u Abvy$ëgpl¡ iap

sgb L$fu R>¡, s¡\u s¡Ap¡dp„_p lTpf dpZkp¡ dykgdp_ \C Nep.

85 du Apes- S>Zphy„ Å¡Ce¡ L$¡ Ap Apesdp„ ANfQ¡ lS>fs¡

fkyg¡ Myv$p k. sfa Muspb R>¡ `Z s¡\u dp¡Ad¡_u_ dyfpv$ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡

Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ s_¡ AS>bdp„ _ _p„M¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡ dp¡Ad¡_u_ s¡

dy_pauL$p¡_p¡ dpg A_¡ Ahgpv$ sdp¡_¡ AS>bdp„ _p„M¡ _l] ANfQ¡

s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ OZp¡ dpg R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_u Ahgpv$ iL$suhp_ R>¡.

`R>u afdph¡ R>¡ buSy„> L$p„C _\u `Z A¡L$¡ Myv$p Cfpv$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡

dpg A_¡ Ahgpv$ \L$u s¡Ap¡_¡ vy$Þepdp„ ATpb L$f¡ L$¡ s¡Ap¡ ld¡ip

A¡ dpg fpMhp A_¡ D`pX$hp A_¡ MfQ \C S>hp A_¡ bfbpv$ \C

S>hp A_¡ kp„Qhhp_u dykubs A_¡ uX$pdp„ fl¡, s¡dS> L$dphp Mphp

A_¡ Ahgpv$_u `fhfuidp„ d¡l_s A_¡ diL$L$s M¢Qsp fl¡, A_¡

lkfs s\p Aakp¡kudp„ s¡Ap¡_u Å_ A¡h¡ hMs¡ _uL$mu Åe L$¡

s¡Ap¡ Ly$af L$fhphpmp lp¡e. bpAT Apfuap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dpgv$pf

dpZk blyS> iL$u A_¡ bv$b¿s R>¡ L$¡ blyS> diL$L$s A_¡ d¡l_s

A_¡ `f¡ip_u\u s¡_¡ c¡Np¡ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u _uN¡lbp_u A_¡

kpQhhp dpV$¡ blyS> f„S> M¢Q¡ R>¡ A_¡ R>¡hV$¡ s¡_¡ Al]epS> dyL$u

Qpëep Åe R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ L$p¡C ipA¡f¡ L$l¡g R>¡ L$¡-

Å¡ L$p¡C S>çA L$fsp l¥ vy$Þepd¡ dpgL$p¡ = Q¿M¡Np fp¡T¡ lî hp¡l

DõL$¡ hbpgL$p¡



dpg¡ lfpd g¡L$¡ S>lÞ_ddp„ ÅA¡Np = Ap¥f MsfA¡ lukpb l¥ dpg¡

lgpgL$p¡

86 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Ly$fAp__u

L$p¡B kyfs _pTug L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ dS>Ly$f lp¡e L$¡ sdp¡

Myv$p_u kp\¡ Bdp_ gphp¡ A_¡ s¡_p èNçbf_u kp\¡ \B S>¡lpv$

L$fp¡, sp¡ A¡ dp¡l„dv$ k. S>¡Ap¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡dp„\u dpg A_¡

iqL$shpmp gp¡L$p¡ b¡ku fl¡hp_u spfu `pk¡ fÅ dp„N¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡A¡ s_¡ L$üy„ L$¡ sy„ Adp¡_¡ Ofdp„ b¡kufl¡hphpmpAp¡_u kp\¡ dyL$u_¡

Å.

87 du Apes- A_¡ A¡ dy_pauL$p¡ A¡ bpbs\u fpÆ R>¡ L$¡

s¡Ap¡ `pR>m fl¡hphpmpAp¡\u \pe S>¡dL$¡ Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ bÃQpAp¡ A_¡

budpf A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p _uapL$_p kbb\u s¡Ap¡_p v$ugp¡ `f dp¡lf

L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡, A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ lL$hps Akf L$fsp„ _\u

sp¡ Np¡ep s¡Ap¡_p v$ugdp„ lL$ sfa\u dp¡lf L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡, sp¡

s¡Ap¡ _\u ÅZsp L$¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ v$u_ A_¡ vy$r_ep_p L$¡hp L$¡hp apev$p

A_¡ b¡ku fl¡hpdp„ L$¡hp L$¡hp _yL$ip_ R>¡.

88 du Apes- lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp èNçbf_u A_¡

dp¡Ad¡_u__u spfua L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ g¡L$u_ eNçbf A_¡

A¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ Bdp_ gpìep R>¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡Ap¡_u kp\¡ \B `p¡sp_p

dpg A_¡ Å_ \L$u fpl¡ Myv$pdp„ S>¡lpv$ L$fu, A_¡ Ap gp¡L$ A¡ R>¡ L$¡



s¡Ap¡_p dpV$¡ vy$r_ep A_¡ ApM¡fs_u _¡L$u (MybuAp¡) R>¡, L$¡ vy$r_epdp„

sp¡ dv$v$ A_¡ N_uds R>¡, A_¡ ApM¡fsdp„ b¡luís A_¡ _¡Adsp¡

R>¡, A_¡ Ap A¡S> gp¡L$p¡ fõsNpfu `pdhphpmp A_¡ `p¡sp_u dyfpv$_¡

`lp¢Qhphpmp R>¡.

89 du Apes- sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ dpV$¡ Myv$pA¡ b¡luís_¡ s¥epf L$f¡g

R>¡ L$¡ s¡_p TpX$p¡_u _uQ¡\u _¡lfp¡ hl¡ R>¡, s¡Ap¡ b¡luísdp„ l„d¡ip

fl¡hphpmp R>¡, Ap bpbs dyfpv$ `pdhp_u A_¡ dp¡V$u fõsNpfu_u

R>¡ L$¡ s¡_p S>¡hp¡ L$p¡B dL$kv$ A_¡ dyfpv$ _\u. Myv$ph„v$p Adp¡_¡ `Z

A¡ QuÅ¡ Asp L$f.

90 du Apes- ÅZhy„ Å¡BA¡ L$¡ OZp sakuf gM_pfpAp¡

L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ Ap Apes A¡ h_hpkuAp¡_u ip_dp„ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡Ap¡ sbyL$_u

gX$pBdp„ S>hp\u DTf L$fsp lsp, A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ DTf A¡V$gp dpV$¡

lsp¡ L$¡ ANf Adp¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ S>Biy„ sp¡ ""b_usB'' _p gp¡L$p¡ Adpfp

bpg bÃQp A_¡ Y$p¡f Y$p„Mf_¡ gy„V$u g¡i¡. A_¡ Bå_¡ Aåbpk L$l¡ R>¡

L$¡ s¡Ap¡ dpV$¡ DTf lsp¡ A_¡ s¡ DTf L$fhp hpmp b_u Nãapf_p

gp¡L$ lsp A_¡ s¡Ap¡_p¡ `l¡g¡ Tu¾$ \B QyL$ep¡ R>¡, L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Akv$ A_¡

Nv$ap__p L$bugp_p lsp, A_¡ L$¡V$gpL$ A¡hp lsp L$¡ s¡Ap¡ Apìep

_l] s¡d s¡Ap¡A¡ DTf `Z L$ep£ _l], A_¡ L$¡V$gp„L$p¡A¡ Aphu_¡ DTf

L$ep£, sp¡ s¡ kOmp„Ap¡_p¡ lpg Myv$pA¡sApgp bep_ L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡dL$¡

afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A_¡ h_hpku Afbp¡dp„\u DTf L$fhphpmp A¡V$gp dpV$¡



Apìep L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ b¡ku fl¡hp dpV$¡ fÅ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡. A_¡ A¡

gp¡L$p¡ b¡ku füp L$¡ S>¡Ap¡A¡ Myv$p A_¡ s¡_p fkyg k._u kp\¡ Sy>Wy„$

L$üy„ L$¡ Adp¡ Bdp_ gpìep R>uA¡ bëL$¡ s¡Ap¡ dy_pauL$ R>¡, L$¡ s¡Ap¡

Apìep `Z _l] A_¡ DTf `Z L$ep£ _l]; sp¡ vy$r_epdp„ sp¡ L$Ðg

A_¡ Npfs \pe A_¡ ApM¡fsdp„ v$p¡TM_u ApNdp„ bm¡.

91 du Apes- A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ lL$uL$sdp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡ Mfp¡ DTf

R>¡ A¡V$g¡ s¡Ap¡ budpf R>¡ A\hp fõsp_p¡ MQ® A_¡ khpfu_p¡ dL$vy$f

_\u L$¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ S>B iL$¡, sp¡ A¡hp gp¡L$p¡_¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ _ S>hp_u fÅ

R>¡, S>¡dL$¡ s¡ rhi¡ lL$sApgp afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ L$¡ Ai¼s R>¡

s¡dS> S>¡Ap¡ budpf R>¡ A_¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_u `pk¡ MQ® _\u s¡Ap¡ D`f

L$p¡B Ås_u s„Nu _\u A¡V$g¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ _ S>sp„ b¡ku fl¡

sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$p¡B Ås_u lfL$s L$¡ Ny_pl _\u; `Z A¡ bpbs A¡

hMs¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ Myv$p A_¡ fkyg k._u M¥f ¿hplu A_¡

afdp„bfv$pfu L$f¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p Apdpg_¡ Mpguk L$f¡, sp¡ A¡ _¡L$u

L$fhphpmpAp¡ M¥f ¿hpl gp¡L$p¡ dpV$¡ L$iu Ås_p¡ W$`L$p¡ _\u; A_¡

Myv$p A¡ i¿k_¡ bnhphpmp¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ DTf_p kbb\u S>¡lpv$dp„ S>B

iL$sp¡ _\u s¡dS> DTfhpmp gp¡L$p¡ D`f dl¡fbp_ R>¡ L$¡ b¡ku

fl¡hp_u fÅ Ap`¡ R>¡.

9f du Apes- L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ AÞkpfdp„ kps dpZk A¡hp lsp L$¡

s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ khpfu _ lsu L$¡ s¡ \L$u S>¡lpv$dp„ Åe s¡dS> s¡Ap¡



`pk¡ fõsp_p¡ L$p„B MQ® `Z _ lsp¡, s¡\u s¡Ap¡A¡ l. fkyg¡ Myv$p

k._u Muv$dsdp„ fp¡sp fp¡sp lpS>f \B_¡ AfS> L$fu L$¡ ep fkyg¡ Myv$p

k. Adp¡ S>¡lpv$ L$fhp dpV$¡ Aphhp QpluA¡ R>uA¡ `Z Adp¡ `N¡

Qpgu_¡ Aphu iL$sp _\u, sp¡ Adp¡_¡ khpfuAp¡ Ap`p¡ sp¡ Adp¡

khpf \B_¡ QpguA¡, s¡ hMs¡ lTfs¡ afdpìey„ L$¡ dpfu `pk¡ khpfu

_\u. Ap kp„cmu_¡ A¡ S>¡lpv$_p dyíspL$ gp¡L$p¡ fp¡sp fp¡sp lTfs_u

`pk¡\u `pR>p Nep, `Z s¡dp„\u Bå_¡ Ap¡d¡f_¡ lTfs¡ fõsp_y„ cpsy„

s\p khpfu Apù `p¡sp_u kp\¡ gB Nep. L$l¡ R>¡ L$¡ s¡ hMs¡

lTfs_u kp\¡ Óuk lÅf dpZkp¡ lsp A_¡ s¡dp„ v$k lÅf `¥v$g

lsp, sp¡ A¡ gpQpf A_¡ Nfub `pR>p afu Nep s¡Ap¡ hui¡ Ap

Apesdp„ Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ A¡ dp¡l„dv$ k. S>¡ gp¡L$ L$¡ spfu `pk¡

Apìep A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ spfu `pk¡ khpfu_u dp„NZu L$fu L$¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

khpf L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ gB Åe, s¡ hMs¡ s¡ s¡Ap¡_¡

L$üy„ L$¡ dpfu `pk¡ khpfu dpV$¡ L$p„B _\u L$¡ sdp¡_¡ khpf L$fu_¡ gB

ÅJ; sp¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ Ndu_u A¡hu lpgsdp„ `pR>p afu Neep L$¡

s¡Ap¡_u Ap„Mp¡dp„\u Ap„ky V$`L$sp lsp; L$¡dL$¡ s¡Ap¡_u `pk¡ S>¡lpv$dp„

S>hp_p¡ kpdp_ _ lsp ¡, sp¡ A¡ S>¡lpv$dp„ _ S>sp„ b¡ku fl¡hphpmp

gp¡L$p¡ D`f L$p„B Ny_pl _\u.

93 du Apes- `R>u Myv$p afdph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ dpgv$pf R>¡

A_¡ s¡Ap¡ `pk¡ khpfu s\p kaf_p¡ kpdp_ dp¥Sy>v$ R>¡ s¡ R>sp„ s¡Ap¡



`pR>m b¡ku fl¡hphpmpAp¡_u kp\¡ \pe S>¡dL$¡ Ap¥fsp¡ A_¡ bÃQp

A_¡ budpfp¡ b¡ku fl¡ R>¡, sp¡ buSy„> L$p„B _\u `Z A¡hp gp¡L$p¡ b¡ku

fl¡hp_u fÅ dp„N¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f W$`L$p¡ R>¡, A_¡ A¡ kbb\u Aëgpl¡

Np¡ep s¡Ap¡_p v$ugp¡ D`f dp¡lf L$fu v$uû R>¡, A¡V$g¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p

Bëd\u ÅÎey„ L$¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ vy$íd_u A_¡ lkv$_p L$pfZ\u Bõgpd_u

lL$uL$ss Ål¡f \hp R>sp„ Bdp_ _l] gph¡, sp¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_p

A„Åd_¡ s\p Ap _pafdp_u_p kbb\u S>¡ L$p„B ATpb dyL$f®f R>¡

s¡ kdS>sp _\u.

Av$v$_p _yL$sp

v$kdp„ `pfpdp„ ""kyfA¡ AÞapg''_u 7f du Apesdp„ R>¡ L$¡

""AëgTu_ Apd_ h lpS>ê$ h Ålvy$'' sp¡ s¡_p Qp¡huk lfa

R>¡, s¡_p bèe¡_ps_¡ rlkpb¡ 1174 Av$v$ \pe R>¡, A_¡ s¡V$gpS>

Av$v$hpmu Ap Bbpfs _uL$m¡ R>¡. ""Argèey_ kèe¡vy$g

AhkuepA¡, kghpsyëgpl¡ h kgpdp¡ly Agel¡'' A¡V$g¡ l. Agu A. sdpd hkuep¡_p kfv$pf R>¡ s¡Ap¡ D`f Myv$p_u

kghps \pe.



_pv$¡ Argèe_ dTlfg AÅA¡b, sÆv$lp¡

Ah_ëgL$ raÞ_hpA¡b, Ly$ëgp¡ ldrd_ h Ndrd_ keÞS>gu-

b¡ _byìhs¡L$ ep dp¡lçdv$, b¡ hugpes¡L$ ep Agu

dS>Ly$f `pfpdp„ ""kyfA¡ sp¥bp'' _u 36 du Apesdp„ R>¡ L$¡

""Bõ_pAif ilf_'' s¡_p ArNepf lfa _uL$m¡ R>¡, s¡_p

Tp¡bp¡f_¡ L$pev$¡ 16f8 Av$v$ \pe R>¡, A_¡ s¡\u Ap Bbpfs _uL$m¡

R>¡, ""Argèey_ h Apg¡rlg lyke_p_¡, h Agu, h

dp¡lçdv$, h S>Aaf, h dykp, h Agu, h dp¡lçdv$,

h Agu, hg lk_, hg dlv$u'' dsgb A¡ L$¡ A¡

Apesdp„ bpf drl_p_p¡ qT¾$ R>¡, sp¡ s¡ hpL$e_p Av$v$\u bpf

Bdpd_p _pd _uL$m¡ R>¡.

v$kdp¡ `pfp¡ MÐd \ep¡

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v$kdp¡ `pfp¡€¦ · kyfA¡ AÞapg A_hpê$g bep_ 1 A¡d.A¡ `bguif 41 du Apes-lh¡ Myv$pA¡sApgp Myçk rhj¡ sdpd dykgdp_p¡_¡ lyL$d Ap`¡ R>¡ S>¡dL$¡ Ap Apesdp