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SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti
istoriis, arqeologiisა da eTnologiis departamenti
vladimer bibileiSvili
qarTuli reJisoruli xelovnebis formirebis
ZiriTadi principebi
(XX saukunis 10iani wlebi)
specialoba: xelovnebis istoria da Teoria
xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
disertacia
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vasil kiknaZe
baTumi – 2012
2
S i n a a r s i
Sesavali: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tavi I. qarTvel mweralTa da msaxiobTa reJisura –
gardamavali etapi -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. mweralTa reJisura -------------------------------------------------------------
2. msaxiobTa reJisura -------------------------------------------------------------
Tavi II. aleqsandre wuwunavas reformistuli Ziebebi ------------------
1. aleqsandre wuwunava qarTul dramaSi -----------------------------------
2. aleqsandre wuwunava qarTul operaSi -----------------------------------
3. aleqsandre wuwunava qarTuli mxatvruli
kinos fuZemdebeli ----------------------------------------------------------------
Tavi III. brZola sinTezuri TeatrisaTvis
1. valerian SalikaSvili ----------------------------------------------------
Tavi IV. brZola profesiuli reJisoruli
principebis damkvidrebisaTvis ----------------------------------------------------
1. mixeil qoreli -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. akaki faRava ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
daskvna ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gamoyenebuli literatura --------------------------------------------------------
3
Sesavali
sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba. me_20 saukunis 900-iani 10_iani wlebi
didi gardatexebisa da revoluciuri cvlilebebis epoqaa. ilias, akakis
da sxva moRvaweebis brZola erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis
upirvelesad swored Teatris asparezze gamoCnda. mwerlebma da
msaxiobebma garkveuli Teoriuli winamZRvrebi Seqmnes da farTod
daamkvirdes reJisoris funqciis gazrdis aucileblobis idea. sakvlevi
Tema emyareba konkretul istoriul realobebs, ruseTis imperiis
sinamdvileSi erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas, radgan
samxatvro Teatris meTodologiuri principebis gamoyeneba pirvel
profesionalebs swored erovnuli kulturis warmosaCenad surdaT.
Cveni SexedulebiT, aRniSnuli epoqis mecnieruli kvleva
aqtualuria, upirveles yovlisa, imis gamo, rom am periodidan iwyeba
qarTul TeatrSi reJisoris profesiis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis
procesi. Aaseve, mniSvnelovania, im TvalsazrisiT, rom es periodi
naklebad aris Seswavlili qarTul TeatrmcodneobaSi.
axalma saukunem Teatris winaSe axali esTetikuri da
sazogadoebrivi problemebi daayena. upirvelesad ki wina planze
warmoCnda fsiqologiuri realizmis problema, romelic dakavSirebuli
iyo ansamblur TeatrTan da saerTod axlebur reJisorul azrovnebasTan.
me_20 saukunis 900-iani 10_iani wlebidan qarTul TeatrSi gaizarda
speqtaklisadmi profesiuli midgomis aucilebloba. warmodgenis
ansamblis Seqmna erT-erTi upirvelesi problema iyo reJisoris
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. ansamblis sakiTxi ar iyo marto wminda
mxatvruli problema. msaxiobTa urTieTobebisa da reJisuris bevri
problema gadaexlarTa erTmaneTs. SemoqmedebiTi da organizaciuli
sakiTxebi moiazreboda erT mTlianobaSi, ris gamoc kidev ufro
izrdeboda Teatris reJisor-mmarTvelisa da reJisor xelovanis
funqciebi.
qarTulma Teatrma didi gza gaiara sul raRac oc weliwadSi. es
iyo mZafri winaaRmdegobebis wlebi. TeatrSi xdeboda axlis Zieba, Zvelis
konservacia, maTi kontrastuli Sepirispirebebi, rwmenis ganmtkiceba,
imedgacrueba, daSveba da amaRleba, realizmis, naturalizmis,
4
simbolizmis tradiciebis ucnauri Sereva da ,,saerTo planSi~ gaTqvefa.
maTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobani, Zveli scenuri aqseqsuarebis ganaxlebis
mcdeloba, mayureblis ganwyobilebaTa xSiri monacvleoba, gastro-
liorTa speqtaklisagan warmoqmnili impulsebi, qarTvel moRvaweTa
aqtiuri saqmianoba _ yvelaferi es arsebiTad warmoadgenda qarTuli
Teatris modernistul _ ganmanaxlebel moZraobas.
dasavleT evropis reJisurisagan gansxvavebiT qarTuli Teatris
reJisuram profesiuli formirebis da ganviTarebis igive safexurebi
gaiara, magram ufro neli tempiT da mogvianebiT, Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom droSi gansxvavebac istoriulad ar aris didi,
daaxloebiT 25-30 wels moicavs.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gaZlierda reJisoris profesiuli
damoukideblobisaTvis brZola, romelsac did impulss aZlevda rusuli
Teatri. kerZod, moskovis samxatvro Teatri. saqarTvelo nawili iyo didi
rusuli imperiisa da es niSnavda, ara mxolod, Cvens saxelmwifoebriv
qveSevrdomobas, aramed did kulturul urTierTobasac. saqarTvelo
peterburgisa da moskovis gziT ukavSirdeboda dasavleT evropul
civilizacias.
aseTi midgoma exeba ara mxolod rusul-qarTul Teatralur
urTieTobebs, aramed zogadad erebs Soris kulturuli
urTierTmimarTebis process. igi Tanabrad exeba globalizaciis
Tanamedrove epoqasac, rodesac udidesia kulturaTa gavrcelebis areali
da qveynebs Soris interkulturuli kontaqtebi. faqtiurad, es aris
disertaciis erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxi, romelic ase mniSvnelovania
kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlis da gamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. sadisertacio Sromis ,,qarTuli
reJisoruli xelovnebis formirebis ZiriTadi principebi~ mTavari
mizania, mecnierulad iqnas gaazrebuli pirvel profesional reJisorTa
istoriuli damsaxureba qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebis saqmeSi, maTi
Rvawli Teatris sinTetizaciis procesSi msaxiobebisa da reJisorebis
urTierTobebis, winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevisa da mxatvruli harmonizaciis
miRwevis saqmeSi, speqtaklis mTlian gadawyvetaSi.
pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis a. wuwunavas, m.
qorelis, v. SalikaSvilis da a. faRavas (e. w. ,,qarTveli mxatelebi.”)
5
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad xdeba reJisoris profesiis axleburi gaazreba.
swored, am periodidan iwyebs damkvidrebas axali Teatralur-esTetikuri
principebi, amieridan axali reJisuris mTavar mizans warmoadgens
msaxiobis xelovnebis ukeT warmoCena, profesiuli ostatobis amaRleba
da rac mTavaria, speqtaklis ansambluroba.
aRniSnuli kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani da amocanaa im winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse epoqis warmoCena_analizi, romelic xasiaTdeba mwvave
dapirispirebiT Zveli Taobis msaxiobebsa da axali Taobis reJisorebs
Soris. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom reJisura qarTul TeatrSi mwvave brZoliT
ikvlevda gzas profesiuli unar-Cvevebis damkvidrebisaTvis, magram
msaxiobebi advilad ar Tmobdnen poziciebs, radgan tradiciulad
TeatrSi isini liderebi iyvnen, da aqeadan gamomdinare, reJisorebSi isini
metoqesa da mociles xedavdnen. qarTul TeatrmcodneobaSi, am epoqis
realiebidan arsebobs istoriuli masalebi, imis naTelsayofad Tu
rogor mZvinvarebdnen Zveli Taobis msaxiobebi, roca reJisori moiTxovda
damorCilebodnen mis nebas.
faqtiurad, me_20 saukunis 900-iani 10_iani wlebi - es aris
gardamavali etapi qarTul Teatris ganviTarebis gzaze, sadac,
TandaTanobiT mweralTa da msaxiobTa reJisuris adgils ikavebs
profesiuli reJisura.
istoriuli simarTle moiTxovs, rom srulad garkveviT aRiniSnos
me-20 saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi rusul-qarTuli Teatraluri
urTieTobebis roli da mniSvneloba. igi arc Semdeg wlebSi Sewyvetila,
magram Cveni sadisertacio Tema uSualo kavSirSia am urTier-
TobasTan swored pirvel ocwleulSi.
es aris moskovis samxatvro Teatris didi warmatebis epoqa. igi
moskovs aqcevs msoflio Teatrebis yuradRebis centrSi. Uunda
aRiniSnos, rom samxatvro Teatris fuZemdeblebs k. stanislavskisa da
nemirov-davCenkos imdenad didi avtoriteti hqondaT, rom isini TavianTi
avtoritetiTac ki did gavlenas axdendnen ruseTis koloniebis
Teatrebze, maT Soris qarTulze. miT ufro didi iyo gavlena, roca
swored samxatvro TeatrSi gaiares staJireba pirvelma qarTvelma
profesionalma reJisorebma a. wuwunavam, m. qorelma, v. SalikaSvilma da
a. faRavam. amdenad gasagebia, rom maT xSirad moixseniebdnen, rogorc
6
qarTvel ,,mxatelebs~. maT SeiTvises da Rrmad gaiazres fsiqologiuri
realizmis principebi da mxatiseuli gamocdileba.
aRsanaSnavia, rom disertaciis farglebSi, aseve, safuZvlinad aris
gamokvleuli pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis a. wuwunavas,
m. qorelis, v. SalikaSvilis da a. faRavas baTumSi moRvaweobis periodi.
axalma Taobebma gaafarToes Teatris Tvalsawieri, aamaRles misi
profesiul-esTetikuri kultura. modernizaciis procesSi kidev ufro
mkafiod gamoCnda qarTuli Teatris didi SesaZleblobebi. Cemi
disertaciis mizania, am farTo SesaZleblobaTa gaanalizeba_warmoCena,
Ziebebis rTuli kompleqsidan gamoyofa, rasac aramarto didi esTe-
tikuri, aramed Rrma erovnuli mniSvnelobac aqvs.
kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi. Cveni kvlevis meTodi
SedarebiT analizs emyareba. pirvel etapze SeviswavleT qarTuli
profesiuli reJisuris ganviTarebis winapirobebi. disertaciis
farglebSi aqtiurad aris dasmuli speqtaklis ansamblurobis problema.
sadisertacio Temis irgvliv gavecani didZal masalas, samecniero
Sromebs, reJisorTa werilebs, presas. qarTul TeatrmcodneobaSi am
periodze arsebuli mecnieruli literaturis safuZvliani damuSavebisa
da maTi SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze gamovikvlie me-19 saukunis
bolos da me-20 saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi mwerlobasa da TeatrSi
mimdinare reformistuli procesebi. sadisertacio TemaSi warmodgenilia
SedarebiTi analizi da kvleva, romelic moicavs gardamaval etaps
reJisuris profesionalizaciis rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
gzaze. speqtaklis erT mTlianobaSi gaazreba, misi sinTetizacia
upirobod qarTuli Teatris pirveli profesionali reJisorebis
damsaxurebaa, risi warmoCena warmoadgens sadisertacio kvlevis
meTodologiur safuZvels.
SromaSi gamoyenebulia Temis kvleva-Ziebis winare istoria, wignebi
da sxva publikaciebi, rogorc Cemi sakvlevi Temis fundamentaluri
mniSvnelobis wyaroebi, rac mecnieruli keTilsindierebiT aris
damowmebuli da miTiTebuli.
mecnieruli siaxle. dRemde es Tema ar yofila sagangebod Seswav-
lili da gamokvleuli. wimamdebare sadisertacio naSromis farglebSi
pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli me_20 saukunis 900-iani - 10_iani wlebis
7
qarTuli Teatris reJisuris Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra,
misi kvleva da gaanalizeba. aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli Teatris
Seswavlis safuZvelze sadisertacio TemaSi gamoikveTa is
winaaRmdegobebi, romelic xels uSlida profesiuli reJisuris
damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas. Aaseve, TemaSi gamokvleulia da srulad
warmoCinda pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis roli da
Rvawli qarTuli Teatrisa da zogadad reJisuris profesiis
ganviTarebaSi, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, udidesi gavlena moaxdina da gza
gaukvala Tanamedrove reJisuras.
naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. sadisertacio
naSromi sasargeblo iqneba XX saukunis 900-iani 10-iani wlebis
mkvlevarTaTvis. aseve, maTTvis, vinc dainteresdeba am epoqis saqarT-
velos Teatralur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebiT. masala SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebiT leqciebis,
seminarebisa da specialuri kursebis momzadebisas.
disertaciis struqtura da Sinaarsi.
disertaciis struqtura. sadisertacio Tema moicavs kompiuterze 177
nabeWd gverds. igi Sedgeba Sesavalis, 4 Tavis, 8 qveTavisa da daskvniTi
nawilisgan. teqsts erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (77
dasaxeleba).
naSromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi.
Sesavali. naSromis SesavalSi saubaria sakvlevi Temis aqtualobaze,
kvlevis miznebze da amocanebze, kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebul meTodebze,
mecnieruli siaxleze, naSromis Teoriul da praqtikuli mniSvnelobaze,
disertaciis struqturaze da Sinaarsze, naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebis
amsaxvel publikaciebze.
Tavi I. qarTvel mweralTa da msaxiobTa reJisura _ gardamavali
etapi
qveTavi I. mweralTa reJisura. pirvel qveTavSi aRwerilia qarTuli
profesiuli reJisuris ganviTarebis winapirobebi. Pprofesiuli
reJisuris winamZRvrebis kvleva warmoadgens qveTavis mTavar Temas.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im mweralTa Rvawli, romlebmac reJisoris
funqcia iTaves. am periodis moRvaweebs Soris pirvel rigSi unda
8
davasaxeloT gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlebi: qarTuli profesiuli
Teatris aRmdgeneli giorgi erisTavi, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli.
Teatris istoriis am etapze reJisoris roli jer kidev ver amaRlda
damoukidebeli xelovnebis donemde, igi ufro organizatoris, menejeris,
mmarTvelis rols asrulebda.
qveTavSi farTod ganxilulia mweralTa (g. erisTavis, a. wereTelis,
i. WavWavaZis) reJisuris Taviseburebebi: ,,remarkebis reJisuris~ sakiTxi,
erTsaxovneba, literaturuli Teatris principebis mZlavroba da a. S.
g. erisTavma itvirTa qarTuli profesionaluri Teatris aRdgena.
sagulisxmoa, rom erisTavs Tavidan ar hyavda profesionali msaxiobebi.
man dasi TandaTanobiT Tavis principebs aziara. repeticiebis parale-
lurad aswavlida sasceno xelovnebas, Teatris istorias, scenis
teqnikas. g. erisTavi rogorc organizatori da speqtaklis SemoqmedebiTi
xelmZRvaneli, qmnida reJisuras. masSi gaerTianda Teatris direqtoris,
piesis avtoris, pirveli msaxiobis Sroma sxvadasxva elementebis
erToblivi moazreba, maTi erT garkveul organizaciul principebze
dafuZneba saSualebas iZleoda ukeT warmoCeniliyo reJisor-
organizatoris roli.
XІX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi mudmivmoqmedi profesiuli Teatris
Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ilia WavWavaZesa da akaki wereTels
Tavisi werilebiT fsiqologiuri atmosfero ar SeeqmnaT axali
TeatrisaTvis. profesiuli Teatri moiTxovda, rom mas saTaveSi yoloda
niWieri reJisor-organizatori, speqtaklebi unda momzadebuliyo
profesionalurad, Teatrs unda hqonoda repertuari. pirvel rigSi
saWiro iyo, rom profesiuli Teatri ganTavisuflebuliyo scenis
moyvareTa Cvevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo msaxiobis
ostatobas da sasceno metyvelebis daxvewas. wina planze wamoiwia
ansamblis problemam, speqtaklis scenografiis sakiTxebma.
gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs Teatris Teoriis sferoSi. igi
ufro maRal safexurze dgas vidre praqtikuli reJisura. qarTvel
mweralTa da msaxiobTa naazrevSi meti siRrme da mravalmxrivobaa. ufro
metadac igrZnoba azrovnebis maStabebi. ase magaliTad: ilia WavWavaZem da
akaki wereTelma TiTqmis yovelmxriv ganixiles reJisuris sferosTan
9
dakavSirebuli problemebi. Tanadroulobis doneze gaanalizes qarTul
TeatrSi mimdinare procesebi.
profesionaluri daostatebisaTvis brZola, msaxiobTa da reJisorTa
urTierToba gaivlis sxvadasxva safexurebs, magram maT mudmivad aqvT
erTnairi problemebi. igi TiTqmis mTels istorias gasdevs sxvadasxva
formiTa da masStabebiT. am brZolaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
movlena iyo `mudmivi Teatris piroba~, romelsac xeli moawera Teatris
damfuZnebel msaxiobTa jgufma. es aris xelSekruleba, romelmac
gansazRvra msaxiobTa da reJisorTa ufleba-movaleobebi. reJisuris
istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dokuments, sadac
naTlad Cans reJisoris didi funqcia Teatris cxovrebaSi. aq
erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli rogorc administraciul-
organizaciuli, aseve SemoqmedebiTi sakiTxebi. isini erTmaneTSia
gadajaWvuli.
qveTavi II. msaxiobTa reJisura.
pirveli Tavis meore qveTavSi gamokvleulia qarTuli reJisuris
istoriaSi erT-erTi gardamavali etapi, romelic cnobilia `msaxiob-
reJisorTa~ epoqis saxeliT. Aam epoqas safuZveli Caeyara me-19 saukunis
80-ian wlebSi da ,,msaxiobTa reJisuris~ periodi gagrZelda me-20
saukunis 10-ian wlebamde. me-19 saukuneSi masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda
`msaxiobTa reJisuris~ praqtikas, arsebiTad es aris msaxiobis da
reJisoris, am ori profesiis Tanaarsebobis, urTierTSerwymis epoqa,
sadac lideris mdgomareoba ukaviaT cnobil msaxiobebs v. abaSiZes, l.
mesxiSvils, k. mesxs, k. yifians, v. gunias da sxvebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SesaniSnavad xelmZRvanelobdnen dasebs. didi warmatebiT
reJisorobdnen da qarTul reJisuras amdidrebdnen praqtikuli da
Teoriuli moRvaweobiT.
me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan v. abaSiZe mogvevlina, ara marto,
rogorc msaxiobi da reJisori, aseve is SesaniSnavi reJisor-pedagogic
gaxldaT. igi Tvlida, rom garkveuli meTodologiis gareSe SeuZlebeli
iyo msaxiobTa aRzrda - ,,msaxiobTa gawvrTna~. igi msaxiobebs ,,simarTlis
xelovnebas~ aswavlida. misi Sexedulebebi, praqtikuli saqmianoba xels
uwyobda reJisuris poziciis ganmtkicebas, Tumca wuTiTac ar iviwyebda
msaxiobis udides rols TeatrSi.
10
msaxiobebi grZnoben reJisoris saWiroebas, magram misi uflebebis
gazrdasac ver eguebian. v. abaSiZis da k. yifianis Sexedulebebi
reJisuris Sesaxeb mxardaWeras pouloben sxva msaxiob – reJisorTa
SromebSi, magaliTad v. gunia ,,mxars uWerda reJisoris rolis zrdas
axal TeatrSi~, magram amasTanave ,,icavs msaxiobis individualobis
SenarCunebas rogorc pirobas axali Teatris ganviTarebisas. v. gunia iyo
didi Teatraluri moRvawe, msaxiobi, reJisori, kritikosi, dramaturgi.
man ganmarta reJisoris roli da adgili TeatrSi da misi
uflebamosileba. Mmagram, miuxedavad imisa, rom emxroboda reJisoris
uflebebis gazrdas, mis damoukideblobas, praqtikaSi, rogorc msaxiobi,
mainc ver egueboda reJisoris diqtats.
Cveni SexedulebiT, Teatris xelmZRvaneli unda iyos maRali
esTetikuri gemovnebis, kritikuli azrovnebis, mcodne da ganviTarebuli,
ese igi reJisori, romelic artistebis da sazogadod scenis sruli da
damoukidebeli batoni unda iyos. unda sufevdes saocari simorCile da
gagoneba. ese igi disciplina.
pirveli, vinc daundobli brZola gamoucxada scenis moyvareobas
da msaxiobur individualizms, TeatrSi ganamtkica disciplina da
daamkvidra rolze saerTo muSaobis praqtika iyo kote mesxi. mas
icnobdnen, rogorc SesaniSnav msaxiobs da am periodisaTvis is ukve
daxelovnebuli reJisoric iyo. k. mesxi kargad erkveoda literaturisa
da xelovnebis sakiTxebSi. iyo farTod ganaTlebuli adamiani da aqedan
gamomdinare, dasi angariSs uwevda mis Sexedulebebs.
didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris profesiis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi
lado mesxiSvilma cnobilma msaxiobma da reJisorma. mas ar
akmayofilebda mxolod speqtaklis garegnuli mxare. wina planze
wamoswia speqtaklis mTlianoba, misi ansambluroba. l. mesxiSvilisTvis
axlobeli iyo gmiris Ziebis Tema, amitom mas itacebda fsiqologiuri
Janris nawarmoebi. rac mTavaria, mesxiSvilis reJisorul praqtikaSi
mniSvne-lovani adgili eWira ansamblurobis sakiTxs. Tavis speqtaklebSi,
did Tu patara rolebze muSaobis dros erTnair yuradRebas uTmobda.
uyuradRebod arc masobriv scenebs tovebda.
Tavi II. aleqsandre wuwunavas reformistuli Ziebebi
qveTavi I. al. wuwunava dramaSi
11
meore Tavis pirvel qveTavSi ganxilulia aleqsandre wuwunavas
reformistuli Ziebebi dramaSi da gaanalizebuli misi udidesi
obieqturi roli dramis raJisuris profesiul ganviTarebaSi.
aleqsandre wuwunava swored maSin movida qarTul TeatrSi,
rodesac XIX saukunis Teatri icvleboda, asparezze gamodioda axali
Taoba, romelsac mxatvruli ideebi epoqis Sesabamisad unda gamoexata.
wuwunava Zalian axalgazrda movida qarTul TeatrSi da Tan
novatoruli suli moitana. is iyo pirveli qarTveli profesionali
reJisori romelmac meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTul dramaSi,
operasa da kinoSi Rrma kvali datova. amiT, man qarTvel reJisorTa
Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra. reJisura axali xelovneba
iyo qarTul Teatralur sivrceSi jer ar gamoCeniliyvnen marjaniSvili
da axmeteli, swored wuwunavam moumzada niadagi profesiuli reJisuris
Teatris sazogadoebriv avtorirets.
wuwunavasTvis iseve rogorc sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebisaTvis~
speqtaklis ansamblurobisaken swrafvas erovnuli safuZveli gaaCnia.
aRsaniSnavia al. wuwunavas axalgazrda profesionali reJisoris mier
dadgmuli pirveli piesa, italieli dramaturgis gabriele d’ anuncios
,,iorios asuli~. axalgazrda reJisoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man
scenismoyvareni SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmna. dadga ansambluri speqtakli,
scenaze yvela cxovrobda da batonobda koleqtiur TamaSSi. aseve,
reJisorma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia mxatvrobas. izruna
speqtaklis ara marto teqnikur, aramed esTetikur mxareze.
,,saxalxo saxlSi~ muSaobis periodSi wuwunava arc erovnul drama-
turgias iviwyebs dgams qarTvel dramaturgTa piesebs: paulo ireTelis
,,qristines” (ninoSvilis mixedviT), i. gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpls”, tr.
ramiSvilis ,,mezoblebs”, n. SiukaSvilis ,,megobrebs”, n. nakaSiZis ,,vin
aris damnaSave”. marTalia, es speqtaklebi erTnairi mxatvruli donis ar
iyo magram am dadgmebSi profesionali reJisori ar Ralatobs mis mier
arCeul mxatvrul_esTetikur princips.
a. wuwunava Tbilisis qarTuli dramis TeatrSi iwyebs i.
gedevaniSvilis eqspresionistul piesis ,,msxverplis~ dadgmas. Ees
speqtakli sayuradReboa, imitom rom brwyinvale dekoracia, mxatvruli
ostatobiT Seqmnili mizanscenebi, rolis ze amocanis gamWol
12
moqmedebaSi efeqturi gaxsna, specialurad Seqmnili musika, metyveli
aqtoiorTa saxeebi, sceniuri gamomsaxvelobis axali saSualebebi da
ansambluroba warmoadgens al. wuwunavas reformistuli ideebis,
Tetaris sinTetizaciis brwiyvane magaliTs.
,,msxverplma~ kidev erTxel daamtkica reJisoris, rogorc
speqtaklis erTaderTi organizatoris udidesi mniSvneloba.
al. wuwunavam profesiul qarTul TeatrSi daamkvidra reJisoris
hegemoniis roli. man daimorCila aqtioruli individualizmi gadawyvita
mizanscenebis problema da speqtakli erT mTlian mxatvrul azrs
dauqvemdebara.
qarTul TeatrSi kote marjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis
mosvlamde iyo al. wuwunavas epoqa.
qveTavi II. al. wuwunava qarTuli saopero reJisuris fuZemdebeli
meore Tavis pirvel qveTavSi ganxilulia aleqsandre wuwunavas
fuZemdebluri roli qarTul saopero reJisuraSi.
imdroisaTvis, rodesac wuwunava, 1918 wlis 18 maiss, menSevikuri
mTavrobis mier Tbilisi operis Teatris komisrad dainiSna, ar
arsebobda qarTuli erovnuli saopero xelovnebis tradiciebi.
wuwunava iwyebs zrunvas qarTuli musikaluri kulturis
asayvaveblad. Tavdauzogavad Sromobs erovnuli kadrebis gamosavlenad
da maTi aRzrdisaTvis. misi iniciativiT iqmneba saopero komisia. aseve,
wuwunavam Tavi mouyara dasis potenciur Zalebs. Aamave periodSi misi
Zalisxmevis Sedegad, qarTuli operis saZirkvelis Cayris mizniT, qarTul
enaze iTargmna rubinSteinis opera ,,demoni~, romelic Tematurad axlos
idga saqarTvelosTan.
pirveli qarTuli operis dimitri arayiSvilis ,,Tqmuleba SoTa
rusTavelze~ dadgmiT reJisori wuwunava da mxatvari zalcmani
upirispirdeba Zvel saopero Teatris pompezur dekoraciebs. reJisorma
saopero dadgmaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia istoriuli
personaJebis gaadamianurebas.
zaqaria faliaSvilis operam ,,abesalom da eTeri~ udidesi
adgili daimkvidra Cveni eris kulturul cxovrebaSi. wuwunavas
SemoqmedebiTi biografia ,,abesalom da eTeris~ or erTmaneTisagan
13
gansxvavebul dadgmas moicavs. pirveli daidga 1919 wels, xolo meore
1936 wels. am or speqtakls erTmaneTisagan marto drois faqtori ar
ganasxvavebs. mTavari mainc reJisoris gansxvavebuli konceptualuri
gadawyvetaa. pirveli dadgma reJisorma legendad warmosaxa. wuwunavas
amgvari reJisoruli interpretacia nawarmoebis, bunebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.
pirvel dadgmaSi reJisorma mxatvrul simarTles miaRwia, rasac im
droisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan is
daupirispirda maSindel saopero TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel pompezur
butaforiulobas. ,,abesalom da eTeris~ meore dadgma ki antikur
tragediis principiT gadawyvita.
zaqaria faliaSvilis ,,daisis~ reJisorul interpretaciaSi
wuwunavam moaxdina lirikul-intimuri da gmirul-patriotuli Janrebis
gawonasworeba da saxalxo warmodgenaSi ganxorcieleba. wuwunavas
dadgma axal sityvad, axal etapad iqca ,,daisis~ scenur cxovrebaSi.
wuwunavas mier dadgmuli viqtor doliZis opera ,,qeTo da kote~
Cveni qveynis kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca.
warmatebis mTavari faqtori, operis komikur sawyisebSi unda veZeboT.
doliZis operis Zlieri mxare, upirveles yovlisa misi dauSreteli
iumoria. operis mTavari Rirseba mis mkveTr komediurobaSia. ,,qeTo da
kote~ komikur-satiruli operaa. mas ideur simaxviles aniWebs
momxibvleli satira Zveli Tbilisis mesCanur sazogadoebaze, romelic
pirvelad viqtor doliZem gamoiyena qarTuli saopero Teatris scenaze.
kompozitori da reJisori ,,xanumas~ siuJets SemoqmedebiTad miudgnen da
axali originali nawarmoebi miiRes.
wuwunavas operis TeatrSi mravalwliani moRvaweobis periodSi
samma operam z. faliaSvilis ,,abesalom da eTerim~, ,,daisma~, v. doliZis
,,qeTo da kotem~ mis reJisorul biografiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
daikava. misi SemoqmedebiTi energia erovnuli operis aRorZinebisken iyo
mimarTuli da uazarmazari wvlili Seitana saopero xelovnebis
ganviTarebaSi.
qveTavi III. Aal. wuwunava qarTuli mxatvruli kinos fuZemdebeli
meore Tavis mesame qveTavSi saubaria aleqsandre wuwunavas
fuZemdeblur rolze qarTul mxatvrul kinomatografiaSi. aleqsandre
14
wuwunava iyo pirveli reJisori, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara qarTul
mxatvrul kinos.
al. wuwunavam 1917 wels gadaiRo pirveli qarTuli
srulmetraJiani filmi ,,qristine~. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom filmi
,,qristine~ Tavisi realizmiTa da fsiqologiurobiT gansxvavdeboda
mdare gemovnebisa da mxatvruli mwiri melodramebisagan. reJisorma
filmSi gadmosca gmiris sulieri drama, piradi gancdebi, romelic didi
fsiqologiuri simarTliT aris naCvenebi.
wuwunava filmSi ,,vin aris damnaSave~ kinoxelovnebis SesaZleb-
lobebis gamoyenebiT mayurebels ekranze uCvenebs soflis dResaswaulze
gurul cxenosanTa jiriTs, cxenosnur triukebs. gurulebis gamgzavrebas
amerikaSi da cirkSi guruli cxenosnebis gamosvlas.
Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos montaJuri kinoxelovnebis principebi
danergili ar iyo am filmSi, kinomontaJis mxriv raime axali migneba ar
igrZnoba, magram filmSi gvaocebs msaxiobis ostatoba, kinematografiuli
saxis Seqmnis realisturi manera da xasiaTis gaazrebuli siRrme.
reJisori garegnul plastikur saSualebebs ar kmayofildeboda da
msaxiobebisagan Sinagan wvas moiTxovda da aqcenti TvalebiT
metyvelebaze gadahqonda. aseve, reJisoris gamarjvebiT SeiZleba
CaiTvalos film ,,vin aris damnaSavis~ ansambluroba.
wuwunava 1926 wels avqsenti cagarelis piesis mixedviT iRebs
pirvel qarTul kinokomedias ,,xanumas~, manamde mas ,,xanuma~ dadgmuli
hqonda dramatul TeatrSi da operis TeatrSi viqtor doliZis ,,qeTo da
kote~. al. wuwunavas filmi ,,xanuma~ umTavresad qarTuli Teatris
msaxiobTa gamofenaa. swored Teatris msaxiobebma Semoitanes
TviTmyofadobis damaxasiaTebeli is SemoqmedebiTi elementebi, romelic
ase Zalian sWirdeboda ociani wlebis qarTul kinoxelovnebas.
,,qristines~ gadaRebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg wuwunava kvlav
ubrundeba fsiqologiur dramas da 1927 wels iRebs films ,,ori
monadire~ i. elifTeriZis (zurabiSvili) amave saxelwodebis moTxrobis
mixedviT. filmSi maqsimaluri koncentrireba personaJis sulis
moZraobaze, qcevis Taviseburebaze, instiqtur movlinebazea mimarTuli.
yovelive es mowmobs, rom wuwunava pirveli Seexo fsiqoanalizis Temas
qarTul kinoSi. filmSi ikveTeba rogorc eqspresionizmis, aseve
15
siurealizmis motivebi. kamera ,,ixedeba~, ,,iWreba~ personaJis sulier
samyaroSi da codviT damZimebuli adamianis qvecnobier, farul nakads
gamoavlens. ZiriTadi epizodebi eTmoba personaJis sizmrebs, avadmyofur
xilvebs, halucinaciebs, amgvarad, danaSaulis Tema erT-erTi gamWoli
motivi xdeba wuwunavas SemoqmedebaSi.
,,ori monadiris~ Semdeg a. wuwunava iwyebs socialuri mxatvruli
filmis ,,janyi guriaSi~ gadaRebas. manamde a. wuwunavam am nawarmoebis
inscenireba da warmatebuli dadgma ganaxorciela TeatrSi. speqtaklSi
masiuri scenebis saintereso reJisorul gadawyvetas erTxmad
aRniSnavdnen kritikosebi.
kinonawarmoebis ,,janyi guriaSi~ scenari, iseve rogorc danarCeni
mis mier gadaRebuli filmebis scenari Tavad reJisorma dawera.
romanisagan gansxvavebiT filmSi ukana planze gadaitana calkeul
gmirTa piradi cxovreba, xolo wina planze xalxis masa gamoiyvana.
xalxis erTianobaSi ikveTeba calkeul gmirTa portretebi. romanis
zogierTma gmirma filmSi sruliad axali Tvisebebi SeiZines. reJisori
icavs nawarmoebis fabulas, peripetiebs, magram dramatul moqmedebebs
xalxis SuagulSi, masobriv scenebSi warmarTavs. originalurad da
dinamiurad CarTo filmis siuJetSi uZvelesi xalxuri sanaxaoba: xatoba,
jvarze daficeba, nadimi, alaia, jiriTi, lelo da a.S.
al. wuwunavam mxolod xuTi filmi gadaiRo ,,qristine~, ,,vin aris
damnaSave~, ,,xanuma~, ,,ori monadire~ da ,,janyi guriaSi~. aRnaSnivia, rom
arcerTi maTgani ar aris tipiuri sabWoTa Tematikis da socialisturi
realizmis meTodiT Seqmnili.
Tavi III. brZola sinTezuri TeatrisaTvis.
mesame TavSi ganxilulia valerian SalikaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis is ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSveloba
hqonda qarTuli profesiuli Teatris ganviTarebisaTvis. valerian
SalikaSvili iyo Teatraluri moRvawe, mas mravalmxrivi niWi hqonda. iyo
msaxiobi, reJisori, pedagogi, dramaturgi, publicisti da sazogado
moRvawe. sul raRac TxuTmeti weli imoRvawa qarTul scenaze da
samudamod daimkvidra sapatio adgili qarTul xelovnebaSi.
16
Cveni azriT, SalikaSvils Tavisi niWierebiTa da aqtioruli
ostatobis wyalobiT SeZlo gadaelaxa ampluis sazRvrebi da mieRwia
Janrul mravalferovnebisaTvis. amaze mis mier gansaxierebuli rolebi
metyveleben: iago (,,otelo~), Stokmani (,,doqtor Stokmani~), tirezia
(,,oidipos mefe~), lefevri (,,madam sen Sermeni~), darispani (,,darispanis
gasaWiri~), suleiman xani (,,Ralati~), elizbar erisTavi (,,Tamar
batoniSvili~) da sxva. man Tavisi xanmokle samsaxiobo karieris manZilze
asamde roli Seasrula.
v. SalikaSvili fsqologiur-realisturi tipis msaxiobi iyo. mis
aqtiur bunebas organulad Serwya samxatvro Teatris stili. misi
mniSvnelovani namuSevrebi mainc fsiqologiur realizms ganekuTvneba.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ibsenis ,,doqtori Stokmani~, dimovis ,,ismine
israel~, kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWiri~ da sxva.
v. SalikaSvili ufro grZnobis aqtiori iyo vidre garegani
formebisa, magram kargad esmoda, rom mayurebelTa emociebisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda Sesafer formiT ametyvelebul grZnobebs, amitom
mudam zrunavda, rom es ori momenti Sexmatkbilebulad gamoeyenebina da
am mxrim, dasaxul mizans yovelTvis aRwevda.
SalikaSvili cdilobda ufro Rrmad Cawvdomoda Teatraluri
xelovnebis arss, radgan xedavda Teatris ganaxlebis aucileblobas da
am sapasuxismgeblo saqmeSi reJisoris adgils da mniSvnelobas. rogorc
sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebi~ SalikaSvilic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobda speqtaklis ansamblurobis sakiTxs. v. SalikaSvilis Rirseba
rogorc reJisorisa, is aris, rom ,,epizoduri rolebi wina planze
wamoiwia da sazogadoebis yuradRebis Rirsi gaxda~. marTlac Zneli iyo
gastroliori msaxiobis survilebis Sefardeba speqtaklis
interesebisaTvis, magram SalikaSvili am brZolaSi marto ar iyo,
ansamblis sakiTxSi erT poziciaze idgnen sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebic~,
isini erTad ibrZodnen axali Teatraluri principebis danergvisaTvis.
SalikaSvili iyo axali tipis, axali yaidis reJisori. Tavisi
moRvaweobis manZilze cdilobda praqtikul saqmianobiT daemtkicebina
stanislavskis formula: ,,ar arsebobs didi da patara rolebi, arseboben
didi da patara msaxiobebi~.
17
SalikaSvilma moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi iswavla gmiris
socialuri yofis asaxvisas detalebis sizustis mniSvneloba da gmiris
Rrma fsiqologiuri gancdebis gadmocema. piesis dadgmis dros zogjer
mogzaurobda kidec zogierTi tipaJisa da adgilis Sesaswavlad, magram
samxatvro Teatris principebs fanatikurad rodi misdevda zogjer
ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec, amis naTeli magaliTia ioseb gedevaniSvilis
,,sinaTle~. reJisorma speqtaklSi gamoiyena musika, sabaleto nomrebi.
SalikaSvilis speqtakli ,,sinaTle~ Teatraluri simbolizmis
Taviseburi gamovlena da amave dros, modernizaciis seriozuli cdaa.
rodesac amas vambobT, viTvaliswinebT garemoebaTa mTel rigs, romlebic
mimarTulebis ganviTarebaze axdendnen zegavlenas da iwvdnen erovnul
niadagze mis uCveulo transformacias. pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis mZlavri da amouSreteli
romantikuli tradicia, romlis kvali naTlad ikiTxeba originaluri
dramaturgiis yvela mimarTulebis, maT Soris simbolistur nimuSebSic.
,,sinaTlis~ poetikis mxatvruli Taviseburebani qarTuli kulturis
siRrmidan modioda da mWidrod da erwymoda qarTul literaturul
tradicias, xalxur Semoqmedebasa da saukunis msoflmxedvelobas. aq
nacnobi simboloebis saxiT gvevlinebian da eris SegnebaSi
damkvidrebuli cxovrebiT ganagrZoben arsebobas.
SalikaSvili did yuradRebas aqcevda dekoratiul mxatvrobas.
maSindel Teatrs ar hqonda saSualeba yvela piesa sxvadasxva
dekoraciebSi daedga, magram Teatris mZime materialuri mdgomareobis
miuxedavad SalikaSvili mainc axerxebda, rom speqtakls Tavisi
dekoraciuli samyaro hqonoda.
SalikaSvili didi enTuziazmiTa da siyvaruliT dgamda qarTul
piesebs, aqezebda axalgazrda qarTvel mwerlebs piesebis dasawerad da
sixaruliT dgamda maT nawarmoebebs. aseve, SalikaSvils hqonda unari
amoecno axalgazrda msaxiobebSi talanti da gabedulad niSnavda maT
wamyvan rolebze.
1918 wels dramatulma sazogadoebam daarsa sasceno xelovnebis
studia. studias xelmZRvanelobda g. jabadari. damdgmel reJisorad
miwveul iqnen v. SalikaSvili da k. SaTiriSvili. studielebi iyvnen v.
anjafariZe, m. Wiaureli, a. vasaZe, S. RambaSiZe, S. aRsabaZe, g. sarCimeliZe
18
SalikaSvili samxatvro TeatrSi miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZ-
velze cdilobs danergos iseTi sarepeticio Cvevebi da meTodebi,
romlebic saqarTveloSi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda: piesis wakiTxva, misi
ganxilva, ideis amoxsna, rolebis swori ganawileba, calkeul xasiaTebze
muSaoba. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda msaxiobis saerTo
ganaTlebis gafarToebas, kulturul zrdas, sceniuri gemovnebis
Camoyalibebas da profesiuli SezRudulobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
SalikaSvili niWieri artisti, reJisori da amasTanave nayofieri
dramaturgi iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnis Svidi piesa: ,,gadaWrili muxa~ drama
oTx moqmedebad, ,,uniadagoni~ komedia oTx moqmedebad, ,,upretenzio
komedia~ komedia sam moqmedebad, ,,ojaxi~ drama xuT moqmedebad, ,,Cvenebi~
komedia sam moqmedebad, ,,gawyvetili jaWvi~ drama sam moqmedebad,
,,moqalaqis sizmari~ SarJi erT moqmedebad. hqonda naTargmni mravali
piesa: riJkovis ,,pirveli mercxali~, hauptmanis ,,feiqrebi~, mirbos ,,Jan da
madlena~ da sxva. maT Soris bevri komediebi da vodevilebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni azriT, SalikaSvilis werilebi Teatris
Sesaxeb dResac ar aris interess moklebuli. SalikaSvili ocnebobda,
rom saqarTveloSi Seqmniliyo ,,idealuri~ Teatri. radgan, SalikaSvili
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatris rols eris sulier cxovrebaSi,
Tvlis, rom qarTul Teatrs unda hqondes marto misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
,,namdvili saxe, viwro nacionaluri mimarTuleba~.
v. SalikaSvilis kalams ekuTvnis statiebi, narkvevebi, originaluri
da Targmnili piesebi. magram is pirvelyovlisa mainc reJisori da
msaxiobi iyo. igi axl gzebs eZebda SemoqmedebaSi da am ZiebaSi
daiferfla kidec. misi reJisura aRorZinebuli qarTuli Teatris
winadRea.
Tavi IV. brZola reJisoruli principebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
meoTxe TavSi ganxilulia mixeil qorelisa da akaki FfaRavas
Semoqmedeba.
qveTavi I. mixeil qoreli. meoTxe Tavis pirvel qveTavSi gaanalizebulia
miexeil qorelis reJisoruli moRvaweobis is ZiriTadi aspeqtebi,
romlebmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli qarTuli profesiuli reJisuris
principebis damkvidrebas. mixeil qoreli im Taobis pirveli
19
profesionali reJisorebis warmomadgenelia, romlebmac qarTul TeatrSi
brZola gamoucxada aqtiorul individualizms da cdilobdnen
daenergaT koleqtiuri Semoqmedeba.
qorelma pirvelad quTaisSi daiwyo moRvaweoba, man dasadgmelad
gorkis ,,ukanasknelni~ airCia (es piesa im dros ruseTSi akrZaluli iyo,
qorelma ki gabeda misi dadgma). ,,ukanasknelis~ arCeva ganapiroba erTi
mxriv piesis aqtualobam, meores mxriv Teatraluri interesiT piesa
warmoadgenda SesaniSnav masalas msaxiobis piesaze muSaobis im meTodis
Sesaswavlad, romelsac moskovis samxatvro Teatrma daudo safuZveli da
romlis mimdevari da praqtikaSi ganmxorcielebeli qoreli gaxlda.
marTalia mas moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi ar umuSavia, magram moskovSi
swavlis dros misi xSiri stumari iyo da xSirad repeticiebsac
eswreboda.
quTaisis TeatrSi qorelma Semoikriba axalgazrdoba da samxatvro
Teatris gamocdilebis momarjvebiT daiwyo namdvili profesiuli
reJisoruli muSaoba. dasi metwilad axalgazrdebidan Seadgina,
romlebsac mTeli guliT ,,axali wesiT~ muSaoba ewada. aRsaniSnavia, rom
piesaze muSaobas mixeil qoreli yovelTvis magidasTan iwyebda da
scenaze maSin gadadioda, rodesac msaxiobisaTvis garkveuli iyo
TviTeuli rolis saxe. is rolebis zepirad codnas moiTxovda
msaxiobebisagan. harmoniuli dialogisTvis rom mieRwia, msaxiobebisagan
moiTxovda partnioris rolis ara mxolod replikebis, aramed mTeli
teqstis codnas da partnioris mTeli yuradRebiT mosmenas. msaxiobebs
aswavlida Tu am wess daicavdnen, scenaze TiToeuli sityva
gacocxldeboda da speqtaklis mxatvrul mTlianobas miaRwevdnen.
speqtaklSi yvela msaxiobTa TamaSSi igroZnoboda reJisoris mier
daculi mxatvruli zomiereba.
1920 wlis ivnisSi akaki faRavas iniciativiT Seiqmna axali
dramatuli dasi. dasSi reJisorebad muSaobdnen m. qoreli, al. wuwunava,
k. andronikaSvili da axalgazrda al. axmeteli. 1920 wlis 15 oqtombers
dRevandeli rusTavelis Teatris SenobaSi gaixsna qarTuli dramis
sezoni. S. dadianis ,,guSindelniT~, romlis reJisura m. qorels
ekuTvnoda.
20
marjaniSvilis mosvliT 1922 wels rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi
axali era daiwyo. marjaniSvili afasebda qorelis reJisuras da pativs
scemda, rogorc erudirebul da kulturul adamians. 1923 wels mixeil
qoreli iwyebs muSaobas germaneli eqspresionisti dramaturgis ernest
toleris ,,kaci masaze~. qorels toleris piesaze muSaoba TiTqmis
damTavrebuli hqonda, roca k. marjaniSvili Caeria repeticiebSi.
marjaniSvilma ar miiRo qorelis dadgmis gaazreba da rogorc Teatris
samxatvro xelmZRvanelma, radikalurad Caeria piesis interpretaciaSi.
Seitana ra garkveuli koreqtivebi dadgmaSi da faqtiurad gansazRvra
speqtaklis ideuri mizandasaxuloba da azrobrivi aqcentebi.
qveTavi II. akaki faRava
mesame Tavis meore qveTavSi aRwerilia akaki faRavas reJisoruli
da pedogiuri moRvaweoba da ZiriTadi aqcetdebi dasmulia mis obieqtur
rolze qarTuli profesiuli Teatraluri skolis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
akaki faRava aris qarTuli Teatrisa da saTeatro ganaTlebis
uaRresad didi damsaxurebis mqone moRvawe, romelic ara marto erT-erTi
pirveli profesionali reJisoria, aramed aris umaRlesi saTeatro
ganaTlebis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi.
Teatris siyvarulma da Teatris saSualebiT Tavisi qveynisa da
xalxis samsaxuris ideam gadaawyvetina moskovis universitetis
filologiuri fakultetis studenti akaki faRava 1909 wels Sesuliyo
moskovis samxatvro Teatris studiaSi da samxatvro Teatris
fuZemdeblebisa da nemiroviC-danCenkos xelmZRvanelobiT daxelov-
nebuliyo reJisuraSi. faRavas inteleqtualur da reJisorul
SemoqmedebiT zrdaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula maSindelma moskovis
samxatvro Teatrma. swored im periodSi (1908-1915 w.w.) yalibdeboda
stanislavskis e. w. ,,sistema~. studiis damTavrebis Semdeg igi muSaobas
iwyebs samxatvro TeatrSi reJisoris TanaSemwed.
akaki faRava ori umaRlesi ganaTlebiT sareJisoro da
pedagogiuriT saqarTveloSi brundeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis
moskovis samxatvro Teatris principebi fesvebs imagrebs qarTul scenaze.
1914 wlis 12 ivniss Teatraluri sazogadoebis yrilobaze faRavas
moxsenebam ,,sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ didi interesi gamoiwvia. Tavis
21
moxsenebaSi akaki faRava aRniSnavda, rom arsebobs Teatri warmodgenis
da Teatri gancdis. warmodgenis Teatri ar eZebs gmiris Sinagan gancdas,
xolo gancdis Teatrma jer unda gaigos gmiris azrebi da ganicados
gmiris grZnobebi da Semdeg igive azrebi da grZnobebi gaagebinos da
ganacdevinos mayurebels. faRava upiratesobas mxatvrul realizms
aniWebda.
1920 wels akaki faRavas SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqti moxda. dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobam
daqsaqsuli msaxiobebisagan qarTuli dramatuli dasis Seqmna daavala,
agreTve samxatvro xelmZRvaneloba da mTavari reJisoroba Tavad unda
ekisra. axalgazrda reJisorma Tavisi Cveuli energiiT Seudga dasis
Sekrebas. moiwvia sxvadasxva Taobis msaxiobebi. dasis organizeba
mxatvruli tipis safuZvelze ar momxdara, magram dramis Camoyalibebis
faqti ki mniSvnelovani iyo im xanad. male Seikriba sxvadasxva mxares
daqsaqsuli saukeTeso Zalebi. sazogadoebac dainteresda TeatriT.
akaki faRavam daviT kldiaSvilis Teatris axal etaps daudo
safuZveli. man ,,irines bedniereba~ dadga orjer 1920-1922 wlebSi. A
pirvel dadgmaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro speqtaklis
ansamblurobam. aqtiorebi TamaSobdnen bunebrivad, koleqtiurad. Mmeore
dadgmaSi Warbobs naturalizmis xazebi. faRavas mier d. kldiaSvilis
dramaturgiis gamosaxatavad mignebul iqna gansxvavebuli scenuri forma
da saSualebebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasodes manamde ar yofila
qarTul scenaze ase kargad gadmocemuli ,,naturalisturi Teatris~
elementebi.
d. kldiaSvilis piesa ,,irines bednierebaSi~ Cndeba axali Strixi,
naturalizmis elementebi.
a. faRavas, rogorc k. stanislavskis Tayvanismcemel reJisors,
kargad esmoda repeticiebis mniSvneloba. mudmivi wvrTnis roli
msaxiobis cxovrebaSi. Aamitom igi xangrZlivad, da sistematiurad
muSaobda repeticiebze.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom akaki faRavas speqtakli ,,samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~ rusTavelis Teatris istoriaSi Sevida rogorc
mniSvnelovani dadgma, romelmac faqtiurad realistur stils Cauyara
safuZveli.
22
1921 wels respublikis mTavroba iwyebs saTeatro ganaTlebis
mogvarebas saxalxo komisariatis davalebiT. akaki faRava mTeli weli
mounda saorganizacio sakiTxebs da 1922 w. studia gaixsna. 1923 wlidan
studiis safuZvelze Seiqmna Teatraluri instituti, romlis pirveli
reqtori iyo a. faRava, xolo 1939 wlidan proreqtori saswavlo-
samecniero dargSi, agreTve Teatris istoriis kaTedris gamge.
a. faRavam mTeli Tavisi niWi da energia erovnuli Teatris
aRorZinebasa da warmatebisTvis brZolas Sealia. mas moaxmara Tavisi
didi gamocdileba da mTeli sicocxle.
* * *
a. wuwunava, v. SalikaSvili, m. Qqoreli, a. faRava is reJisorebi
iyvnen, romlebic qarTul TeatrSi amkvidrebdnen ,,gancdis xelovnebas~.
isini bolomde erTgulni darCnen ,,sulieri realizmisa~. Kk. marjaniS-
vilisa da s. Aaxmetelis mosvlis Semdeg, pirobiTi Teatris aRzevebis
procesSi isini rusTavlis Teatridan wavidnen. wasvlas win uZRoda am
ori tendenciis praqtikuli dapisrispireba.
7. naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebis amsaxveli publikaciebi.
1. SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebis 75
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
doqtorantTa pirveli samecniero konferencia. SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti. Mmoxseneba: ,,msaxiobTa reJisura,” 2010w. 30
oqtomberi
2. baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo universitetis profesor-
maswavlebelTa samecniero konferencia. Mmoxseneba: ,,akaki faRavas
pedagogiuri moRvaweoba”.
3. axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor - maswavlebelTa
samecniero konferencia. Mmoxseneba: ,,qarTuli saopero reJisuris
saTaveebTan”.
publikaciebi:
23
1. ,, msaxiobis Sinagani fsiqoteqnika” SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universiteti. samecniero Sromebis krebuli
,,xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi etiudebi~ 2009w.
2. ,,akaki faRavas pedagogiuri moRvaweoba~ baTumis xelovnebis
saswavlo universitetis samecniero Sromebis krebuli
,,xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi etiudebi~ 2011w.
3. ,,mweralTa reJisura~ baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo universitetis
samecniero Sromebis krebuli xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi etiudebi 2011
w.
4. ,,aleqsandre wuwunava – qarTuli mxatvruli kinos fuZemdebeli~.
baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo universitetis samecniero Sromebis
krebuli xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi etiudebi 2011w.
5. ,,lado mesxiSvili qarTuli reJisuris saTaveebTan~ (rusul enaze).
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti. sant-peterburgis
saxelmwifo universiteti. istoriul-filologiuri Ziebani 2011w.
6. ,,m. gorkis ,,ukanasknelni~ quTaisis Teatris scenaze~ (rusul enaze).
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti. sant-peterburgis
saxelmwifo universiteti. istoriul - filologiuri Ziebani 2011w
Tavi I. qarTvel mweralTa da msaxiobTa reJisura _
gardamavali etapi
1. mweralTa reJisura
24
XІX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli Teatri amzadebs
safuZvels da gzas ukvalavs reJisuris ganviTarebas, ra gind
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse ar unda yofiliyo es gza, qarTuli reJisura
mainc progresulad viTardeboda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im
mweralTa da msaxiobTa Rvawli, romlebmac reJisoris funqcia iTaves, am
periodis moRvaweebs Soris pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT
mwerlobidan qarTuli profesiuli Teatris aRmdgeneli giorgi erisTavi,
ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, xolo samsaxiobo xelovnebidan v.
gunia da l. mesxiSvili. Teatris istoriis am etapze reJisoris roli
jer kidev ver amaRlda damoukidebeli xelovnebis donemde, igi ufro
organizatoris, menejeris, mmaarTvelis rols asrulebda.
,,g. erisTavma pirvelma dadga misive ,,gayra~ igi msaxiobic
gaxldaT speqtaklisa, am faqtSi kargad ikiTxeba mTeli XІX saukunis
reJisuris Tavisebureba, misi evoluciis sawyisi etapi. sacnauria
mravalsaxeoba Semoqmedisa, romelic Semdeg Tavis TavSi gaaerTianebs ara
marto msaxiobs da dramaturgs, aramed mxatvarsa da kompozitorsac _
erTi sityviT warmoadgens urTules sinTezs~ (kiknaZe 1982: 47).
roca g. erisTavma itvirTa qarTuli profesionaluri Teatris
aRdgena, is pirveli speqtaklis dramaturgic iyo msaxiobica da reJisor-
organizatoric. rTuli da winaaRmdegibebiT savse iyo pirveli nabijebi.
piesis, (,,gayra~) dasadgmelad ar hyavda profesionali msaxiobebi, iyvnen
mxolod Teatris gaxsnis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier daSinebuli
scenismoyvareni. pirveli warmodgenis dadgma aristokratiam iTava,
xolo Semdeg g. erisTavma provincias mimarTa. momavali dasis wevrTa
umetesoba goridan da goris mazridan iyvnen. isini Tavis sofel
xidisTavSi waiyvana da dauwyo wvrTna, repeticiebis paralelurad
aswavlida sasceno xelovnebas, Teatris istorias, scenis teqnikas. ase
grZeldeboda naxevari weli, Semdeg man dasi TbilisSi Camoiyvana da aq
ganagrZo maTTan muSaoba. amgvari muSaobis stili warmodgenis
mzadebasTan erTad profesiul aRzrdasac isaxavda miznad, amitom
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. erisTavma Taviseburi studia Seqmna. dasi Tavis
principebs aziara. g. erisTavis SemoqmedebiTi principi, cxovrebis
sinamdvilis asaxva da misi naklovanebebis Cveneba, maTze dafiqrebis da
gamosworebis mizniT. amas naTlad ambobs ,,gayris~ epilogSi.
25
mikirtum (avtoris magier) ,,batonebo SemindeT, Tu hpoveT ram
nakluloba, amad vmxneoba, aq brZanebulT yvelasa, gaqvsT ganaTleba, da
amisTvis mapatiebT sustsa amas pirvel Sromas, ar SeismenT romelTame
uswavlelTa wyenas, wyromas, me davwere imazeda, vinc zneobiT aris
mrudi, Cvenc vecadneT da gavdevnoT, raca aris CvenSi cudi!~ ,,g.erisTavi
komediografi iyo, amitom umTavresad uaryofiT mxareebs eZebda da
amJRavnebda. igi kiserSi wvda im pirebs, romelic naklovanebaTa morevSi
izloznebodnen da maTi maxinji saxeebi daurideblad, yvelas
dasanaxavad gamoitana dRis sinaTleze~ (gersamia 1950: 108). maSindeli
saqarTvelo savse iyo mis komediebSi asaxuli personaJTa prototipebiT,
swored maTi cxovrebis saaSkarod gamotana iyo g. erisTavis mTavari
amocana. g. erisTavis piesebis remarkebidan Cans, rom mas ar hqonda imis
imedi, rom misi piesebi gamocdil ostatis xelSi aRmoCndeboda, amitom
is Tavis piesebSi remarkebs xSirad iyenebda, rogorc samoqmedo garemos.
mimniSnebel remarkas, aseve gmiris salaparako sityvebs Soris xSirad
svamda rTul remarkebs, romlebSic gmiris moqmedebas an fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas gadmogvcems. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:L
,,oTaxi gaulesavi fanjara, romelime qaRald gakruli. cal
gverdzed dgas didi taxti~ an ,,asana xarazis duqani. duqanSi dgas taxti
marjvniv mxares aris kari, iqve fanjara, marjvniv mxares kari romelic
Seiyvans meore oTaxSi~.
es remarkebi mxatvrisTvis aris gankuTvnili da moqmedebis
adgils gamoxatavs:
,,oTaxi beglarisa, wignebi kedlebze taxtqveS, stolzed pismeni
stoli dgas, wignebi awyvia areulad, erTi saqme Zevs Zveli da erTi
Rerbois qaRaldebi Zevs zeda~.
am remarkebSi moqmedebis adgilis garda rekvizitic aris
miTiTebuli:
,,sasaxle rusudan dedoflisa varZiaSi, mdidrad ganaTebuli
darbazi: xma sakravisa da simRerisa, darbaiselT siaruli, Sua scenaze
dgas taxti samefo~. es remarka rogorc mxatvarisaTvis aseve musikaluri
gamformeblisaTvis aris gankuTvnili da am scenis atmosferos
gadmogvcems.
26
,,ivane icinis fu kakaia nizost (miva pavlesTan, waarTmevs
xanjals, mere muTaqas gaWris Suazed, erTs gadaugdebs anduyafars) na
tebe, balSoi razboinik! (meores gadaugdebs pavles) na tebe duralei!
(biWebs uyviris) gaitaneT, gadayareT es Cixa-maxoebi, TqvenTvis miCuqebia;
Cems saxls nu aCirqianebT, saxli Cemia, (biWebi krefen siCqariT. ivane
revazs) ati von, isCadie ada! (gava)~ (erisTavi 1950: 163).
g. erisTavi ara marto qmediT sityvas awodebs msaxiobs, aramed
remarkebis saSualebiT miuTiTebs mis yvela qcevaze, mizanscenis mza
naxazs aZlevs. es naxazi zustad rom gadaetana msaxiobs, scenaze misi
gamotana SeiZleboda.
g. erisTavis piesebidan remarkebidan Cans, rom is dramaturgiul
remarkebs xSirad mimarTavs, rogorc samoqmedo garemos mimniSnebelad
aqtis an epizodis dawyebis win, agreTve salaparako sityvebs Soris
aTavsebs maT, rac mxatvrisa da reJisorisTvisac aris gankuTvnili.
,,g. erisTavi, rogorc `rogorc organizatori da speqtaklis
SemoqmedebiTi xelmZRvaneli, qmnida reJisuras. masSi gaerTianda Teatris
direqtoris, piesis avtoris, pirveli msaxiobis Sroma sxvadasxva
elementebis erToblivi moazreba, maTi erT garkveul organizaciul
principebze dafuZneba saSualebas iZleoda ukeT warmoCeniliyo reJisor-
organizatoris roli~ (kiknaZe 1982: 48).
XІX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi mudmivmoqmedi profesiuli Teatris
Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda, ilia WavWavaZesa da akaki wereTels Tavisi
werilebiT fsiqologiuri klimati rom ar SeeqmnaT axali TeatrisaTvis.
profesiuli Teatri moiTxovda, rom mas saTaveSi yoloda niWieri
reJisor-organizatori, speqtaklebi unda momzadebuliyo profesio-
nalurad, Teatrs unda hqonoda repertuari. pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo,
rom profesiuli Teatri ganTavisuflebuliyo scenismoyvareTa
Cvevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo msaxiobis ostatobas da
sasceno metyvelebis daxvewas. wina planze wamoiwia ansamblis problemam,
speqtaklis scenografiis sakiTxebma. k. mesxi igonebs: ,,pirvel
zafxulSive d. erisTavs piesa gadaeTargmna da gadaekeTebina oTxi Tu
xuTi piesa da Camoetana sezonisaTvis. SeudeqiT repeticiebs _ daviTi
jarasaviT datrialda: aq rols arigebda, iq dekoraciebs amzadebda,
erTs intonacias usworebda, meores rolis xasiaTs uxsnida, mesame
27
mkeravTan mihyavda da tansacmels urCevda~ da iqve ,,daviTi metad mkacri
iyo Tu qarTul sityvas daamaxinjebda vinme~ (CxeiZe 1953: 38).
rogorc mogonebebidan Cans d. erisTavi rogorc damdgmeli
reJisori msaxiobebs rolis xasiaTsa da intonaciis Taviseburebas
uxsnida, umartavda Tu romeli gmiri ras warmoadgenda, metad mkacri
iyo, Tu vinme qarTul sityvas daamaxinjebda. rogorc sadadgmo
organizatori dekoraciebs amzadebda da msaxiobebs tansacmels urCevda.
imdroindeli TeatrisaTvis reJisoris aseTi muSaoba bunebrivi iyo,
radgan ar hyavda saTanado teqnikuri personali da yvelaferi mas unda
gaekeTebina. am faqtidan Cans imdroindeli reJisuris sirTuleebi, zogi
ram primitiuli formiT iyo gamoxatuli.
,,gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs Teatris Teoriis sferoSi igi
ufro maRal safexurze dgas vidre praqtikuli reJisura. qarTvel
mweralTa da msaxiobTa naazrevSi meti siRrme da mravalmxrivobaa. ufro
metadac igrZnoba azrovnebis maStabebi ase magaliTad: ilia WavWavaZem da
akaki wereTelma TiTqmis yovelmxriv ganixiles reJisuris sferosTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. Tanadroulobis doneze gaanalizes qarTul
TeatrSi mimdinare procesebi~ (kiknaZe 1982: 51).
ilia WavWavaZem Semounaxa mravali qarTveli msaxiobis sceniuri
portreti maTi Semoqmedebis Rrma analiziT. im periodSi, roca
imarTeboda kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli skolis - ,,gancdis~ Tu
,,warmosaxvis~ warmomadgeneli aris WeSmariti Semoqmedi, i. WavWavaZe
Tvlida, rom mayurebelze emociur zemoqmedebas WeSmariti talanti
axdens. Tavis cnobil werilSi ,,batoni gamyreliZe svimon leoniZis
rolSi~ werda: ,,ar SegviZlia ar aRvniSnoT is friad Wkvianuri
grZnobieri, umetnaklebo aRsruleba rolisa, romlis cxadi magaliTi
Tvalwin gagvitara batonma gamyreliZem~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 195).
werili Seicavs Zvirfas cnobebs ara marto samsaxiobo
xelovnebaze, aramed reJisurazec. radgan is rac msaxiobma leoniZis
rolSi moipova, reJisoris monapovaricaa. reJisori xsnis piesis azrs,
ideas, qmnis movlenaTa da urTierTobaTa rigs, kravs da aerTianebs
scenebs, ibadeba warmodgena romelSic gamyreliZe SesaniSnavad asrulebs
leoniZis rols. ,,Tavidan bolomde erTnairad, Tanasworad, frTxilad da
codniT, namdvili gmiris bunebis SeubRalavad gaatara Tavisi roli~. igi
28
frTxilad da codniT qmnis leoniZis saxes da gmiris samyaroSi SeRwevis
Jini arasodes scildeba zomierebis farglebs. ,,iseTi bunebiT savse
kilo ixmara batonma gamyreliZem, rom pirvelxarisxovan artistsac
xSirad gauWirdeba.~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 195). Tavisi bunebrivobiTa da
sisadaviT, romelSic didi vneba da simarTle iyo damuxtuli, did
zemoqmedebas axdenda mayurebelze.
XІX saukunis 80-ian wlebis qarTuli reJisuris erT-erTi
yvelaze didi sazrunavi speqtaklis ansamblurobis sakiTxi iyo. im
periodSi Zlieri iyo aqtioruli individualizmi, mefobda msaxiobTa
gastroli da premier msaxiobTa instituti, xSirad mTavari gmiris garda
yvelaferi saerTo planSi iZireboda. i. WavWavaZem brZola gamoucxada am
mankierebas, man sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo speqtaklis ansamblurobis
sakiTxs. Seamzada sazogadoebrivi azri, waaxalisa da gaamxneva reJisura.
v. kiknaZis azriT, ,,iliam erT-erT werilSi sagangebod ganixila
,,storoJis~ TiTqmis usityvo roli. man darajis rolis gamorCeviT
mtkiceT daicva ansamblis principebi,~ amdenad igi winamorbedi gaxda im
didi brZolisa, romelic meoce saukuneSi qarTul pirvel profesiul
reJisuras xvda wilad~.
XІX saukunis qarTul TeatrSi gamefebuli iyo speqtaklis
saxeldaxelod momzadebis praqtika, romelic didxans tanjavda qarTul
reJisuras: ,,erTni da igiveni kviraSi erTxel sul sxva piesebs amzadeben,
xandaxan kviraSi orjerac da mere ra rigad hTamaSoben, es rom uTxraT
vismes evropels, ar daijerebs. iq romeli artisti gahbedavs scenaze
gamovides, rom aTi da oci repeticia mainc gamoiaros, sul cota ori da
sami Tve ar emzados~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 84).
evropis umetes TeatrebSi msaxiobebi or-sam Tves zogjer
metxans andomebdnen repeticiebs, xolo qarTul TeatrSi kviraSi erTxel
an kviraSi orjer amzadeben speqtaklebs. miuxedavad amisa zogjer
rigianad da ,,ra rigad hTamaSobdnen.~ ilias azriT, aseTi mavne praqtika
qarTuli TeatrisaTvis SemoqmedebiTad damRupveli iyo. ilia WavWavaZe
ukompromisod ixilavs msaxiobis TamaSs, mas miaCnia, rom msaxiobma roli
kargad unda icodes da gadaeCvios suflioris imediT TamaSs. ,,magram
mainc am codvas vkisrulobT da vityviT, rom batoni safarovisam da
baton abaSiZem rolebi sakmaod ar icodnen kvira dRes~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 84).
29
ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi yvelaze sayvareli artistebic ar
daindo, qarTuli Teatris korifeebsac ar apatia: ,,aqtiorebma rolebi ar
icodnen rigianad ra dagvemarTa, riT ver moviSaleT es uxamsi Cveuleba.
urigo ar iqneba, rom am sagans sastiki yuradReba miaqcios reJisorma,
Torem eg wyeuli Cveuleba presis mweralsac daafrTxobs da
mayurebelsac, imedia, rom bejiTi reJisori mospobs amas.” (WavWavaZe 1955:
59). misi azriT, msaxiobis mier rolis arcodna es uxamsi Cveuleba
daafrTxobs, rogorc mwerals, aseve mayurebelsac. iliam safuZvlianad
ganixila reJisuris sakiTxebi. misi azriT reJisori is adamiania,
romelic movalea izrunos msaxiobis profesionalizmze da pasuxs agebs
msaxiobis moqmedebaze. ilia moiTxovs, rom reJisorma am nakls ,,sastiki
yuradReba~ unda miaqcios. ilias swams, rom principuli reJisori
gamoasworebs am ,,wyeul Cveulebas.~ ,,Cven gvgonia, rom didi Secdomaa
reJisorisagan, rom cotad Tu bevrad sadramo rols akisrebinebs xolme
imisTana artists romelsac sazogadoebam Tvali SeaCvia, rogorc komiks.~
(WavWavaZe 1955: 76).
ilia rolebis ganawilebaSi daSvebul Secdomas miuTiTebs
reJisors. dramatuli roli ar unda daakisros iseT msaxiobs romlis
,,fexis gadadgmaze” mayurebels sicili autydeba.sakiTxi exeba me-19
saukunis qarTuli Teatris erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas –
ampluas. igi ar iyo marto qarTuli Teatris specifikuri movlena.
rogorc rusul, aseve das. evropul TeatrSi didi yuradReba eqceoda
ampluas. misi individualoba urTulesi fenomenia. mas aqvs Rrma
subieqturi da obieqturi safuZvlebi. yoveli msaxiobi gamoirCeoda
Tavisi individualobiT: fizikuri monacemebi, temperamenti, xma, plastika
da sxva TvisebaTa erToblioba reJisors safuZvels aZlevs gansazRvros,
Tu ra roli Seasrulos msaxiobma. gmiris, Janris Taviseburebac
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli msaxiobis monacemebTan. amitom uaRresad
didia ampluis mniSvneloba. reJisura cdilobda misi sazRvrebis
gafarToebas. TandaTan, reJisuris ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze
garRveuli iqna ampluis sazRvrebi, dairRva Stampi. mag. u. CxeiZe
TamaSobda hamletsac da yvaryvare TuTaberis rolsac, magram es moxda
didi reformatori reJisoris k. marjaniSvilis xelSi. manamde ki
reJisuras didi gzis gavla mouxda, xolo me-19 s-Si amplua
30
gabatonebuli formaa Teatris praqtikaSi. amitom akritikebs ilia
reJisors, rom man daarRvia mkacrad gansazRvruli ampluis forma.
konkretulad sakiTxi exeboda v. abaSiZis mier Sahis rolis Sesrulebas.
Sahi, radgan saqarTvelos mteri iyo, amis gamo ar SeiZleboda igi
scenaze sasacilo tipad warmoCeniliyo. mayurebeli ukve SeCveuli iyo v.
abaSiZes, rogorc komediis msaxiobis ampluas.A ampluis, ansamblis,
rolze xangrZlivi muSaobis, teqstis gaTavisebis, metyvelebis sakiTxebi
me-19 s-nis qarTul TeatrSi profesiuli reJisuris damkvidrebisaTvis
brZolis umniSvnelovanesi problemebia. M igi sul ufro da ufro didi
masStabs iZens 80-90-ian wlebSi da grZeldeba me-20 saukuneSic. reJisuris
mudmivi sazrunavia msaxiobTa maRali profesionalizmisaTvis brZola.
profesionaluri daostatebisaTvis brZola, msaxiobTa da
reJisorTa urTierToba gaivlis sxvadasxva safexurebs, magram maT
mudmivad aqvT erTnairi problemebi. igi TiTqmis mTels istoirias
gasdevs sxvadasxva formiTa da masStabebiT. am brZolaSi erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo `mudmivi Teatris piroba,~ romelsac xeli
moawera Teatris damfuZnebel msaxiobTa jgufma. es aris xelSekruleba,
romelmac gansazRvra msaxiobTa da reJisorTa ufleba-movaleobebi.
reJisuris istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dokuments,
sadac naTlad Cans reJisoris didi funqcia Teatris cxovrebaSi. aq
erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli rogorc administraciul-
organizaciuli, aseve SemoqmedebiTi sakiTxebi. isini erTmaneTSia
gadajaWvuli.
reJisori uflebamosilia msaxiobi daajarimos profesiuli, eTikis
an disciplinis darRvevisaTvis. jarimebi sakmaod mkacri iyo, erTi Tvis
xelfasis dakavebasac ki gulisxmobda. didi reaqcia gamoiwvia pirvelive
aseTma SemTxvevam, roca iliam daajarima Teatris msaxiobi-lideri vaso
abaSiZe.
vaso abaSiZe repeticiidan wavida reJisoris nebarTvis gareSe,
miuxedavad megobruli urTierTobisa, iliam didi msaxiobi 50 maneTiT
daajarima. v. abaSiZem presaSi gamoaqveyna saprotesto werili, Tavi imiT
imarTla, rom repeticiaze sufliori ar movida da amitom wavedio. iliam
ki msaxiobis moqmedeba TviTnebobad da disciplinis darRvead miiCnia.
31
patara dasSi, sadac 10-12 msaxiobi iyo, vaso abaSiZe da mako
safarova varskvlavebi iyvnen. ilia ar moerida col-qmris did
avtoritets. amis gamo mako-safarova-abaSiZe wers: `es Tanxa Cveni
ojaxisaTvisOimdenad sagrZnobi iyo, rom erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSili
mogveloda. mivmarTe ilias jarima moexsna, magram mogexsenebaT misi
mtkice xasiaTis Sesaxeb,- Cemi Txovna ar Seiwynara. me ra Tqma unda,
sityvis Sebruneba ver Sevbede, magram gavmwardi da aRar velaparakebodi~
(safarova-abaSiZe 2009: 63).
ilias ar elaparakeboda Teatris erT-erTi varskvlavi msaxiobi! _
saocari da dramatuli faqtia. ilias ar SeeZlo wesi ar daecva. `rom
ar damejarimebina ar SeiZleboda, radgan wesi dairRva,~ - ganucxadebia
ilias. konfliqtis mosagvareblad el. CerqeziSvilis meuRlem niko
xizaniSvilma Tavisi bavSvis naTlobaSi sadilad moiwvia orTave. `me
naTliad mimiwvia,- igonebs mako safarova, -Turme meore naTliad iliac
mouwvevia, Cven arcerTma ar vicodiT, oriveni mivediT, iyvnen sxva
stumrebic. nikom orives mogvmarTa: aba, rogor SeiZleba ori amxela
moRvawe erTmaneTs emdurodeT. gTxovT SerigdiT. Cven ra Tqma unda,
siamovnebiT SevrigdiT~ (safarova-abaSiZe 2009: 63).
ase rTuli iyo reJisoris uflebebisa da TeatrSi maRali
profesiuli principebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZola. am istoriul etapze,
roca gabatonebulia msaxiobTa Teatris modeli, mas daupirispirda
`mweral-reJisorTa~ da `msaxiob-reJisorTa” sistema. es aris gardamavali
periodi reJisuris profesiuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis gzaze.
rogorc zemoaRniSnuli incidentidan Cans, Teatris reJisura ar Tmobda
poziciebs. `pirobebSi~ pirdapir weria: `Tu reJisoris nebadaurTvelad
wavida moTamaSe Tbilisidan, Tund im dReebSi, roca Tavisufalia, ixdis
jarimas erTi kviris jamagirs~. amasTanave `yovelgvari gancxadeba
mimarTuli reJisorTan unda moxdes werilobiT~. mTavari mainc
SemoqmedebiTi sakiTxebi iyo. Tu msaxiobma `reJisoris SeniSvna ar miiRo
yuradRebaSi, jarima gauordeba.~ Tu msaxiobma TviTneburad Secvala
teqsti, `daumata an Seamokla roli reJisoris daukiTxavad – ixdis
jarimas sami dRis jamagirs.~ TeatrSi ukve didia reJisoris funqcia.
msaxiobi jarimdeba maSinac ki, Tu taSis kvris dros droulad ar gavida
32
scenaze, ar Seasrula reJisoris miTiTeba. es msaxiobis eTikis
sakiTxebia, romlis Sesrulebac savaldebuloa profesionalisagan.
reJisuris mkacri kontrolis qveS iyo qarTuli Teatris
istoriuli misia, - qarTuli enis dacvis sakiTxi. enis dacva ki uSualod
iyo dakavSirebuli metyvelebis problemebTan. ilia WavWavaZe mas
gansakuTrebul rols aniWebda: `grZeli sityvisa da frazis saTqmelad
saWiroa kacma suli, esa igi, haeri imdenad Caigubos, rom mTels frazas
gaswvdes da eyos gamosaTqmelad, Tu uimisod gindaT Tu ar gindaT, xma
ualago alagas gawydeba da fraza waxdeba, amrigad, xmis sagzlis
mopovebas Tavisi kanoni da wesebi aqvs~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 85).
ilia praqtikul miTiTebebs aZlevs rogorc msaxiobs, agreTve
reJisorsac, radgan XІX saukunis qarTul TeatrSi bevr msaxiobs sasceno
gamocdileba ar hqonda. reJisoris movaleobaSi Sedioda saTaveSi
Casdgomoda sasceno metyvelebis srulyofilebisaTvis brZolas. iliam
icis, rom msaxiobs grZeli sityvisa da frazis saTqmelad sWirdeba
Zlieri xma da gavarjiSebuli sunTqva.“ am saganzed mTeli swavlaa da am
swavlas daswavla unda imis mxriT, visac sakuTaris gamocdilebiT da
varjiSobiT ver SesCvevia frazis sigrZes Seuferos aRmosunTqvis da
maSasadame xmis gawvdena, Tqma ar unda, rom gulmodginebiT varjiSoba
da wvrTna xmisac uTeoriodac aswavlis adamians xmisa da frazis
Sezomvasa, amisTvis survilia marto saWiro da bejiToba.~
ilias azriT, am Tvisebebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia sistematiuri
varjiSiT. ilia WavWavaZe specialurad scenisTvis piesebs ar werda,
magram misi nawarmoebebi “qarTlis deda~ nacionalur gamanTavisuflebel
ideebs gamoxatavda da patriotuli dramaturgiis erT-erTi nimuSia,
xolo misi~ glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirveli droebis scenebi”
batonymuri weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. es nawarmoebebi
wlobiT ar Camodiodnen qarTuli Teatris scenidan.
ilia did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs qarTveli xalxis ideuri
aRzrdis da nacionalur-gamanTavisuflebeli suliskveTebis gamoRviZebis
saqmeSi. es kargad Cans oqromWedliSvilisTvis miweril werilSi ,,xom
ici, Teatri ra didi ram aris CvenisTana dacemuli xalxisaTvis. magis
meti nacionalobis niSanwyali jerjerobiT Cven ar gagvaCnia ra, eg erTi
adgilia, roca Cveni ena sajarod ismis da sajarod moqmedebs,esec
33
sakmaoa,rom kacma Tavi gamoidos, Torem Teatrs xom sxva bevri sikeTe
mosdevs.~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 29).
aseTive did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs akaki wereTelic.
,,mxolod erTaderTi asparezi dagvrCenia _ Teatri, saidanac SegviZlia
gavigonoT Cveni deda ena, is ena, romelzedac musikobda rusTveli,
brZaneblobdnen Tamareebi, romelzedac hqadagebdnen ninoebi da
romelzedac wamebulni simdabliT WmerTs adidebdnen qeTevanebi da maTi
msgavsni. Cven am Teatris wyalobiT, SegviZlia gavixsenoT Cveni warsuli,
davinaxoT awmyo da warmovidginoT momavali!~ (wereTeli 1960: 513).
im dros qarTuli ena yvela oficialuri dawesebulebidan
gandevnili iyo, amitom Teatri iyo ,,erTaderTi asparezi,” sadac ismoda `
Cveni deda ena.~
akaki wereTelis Teatralur Sexedulebebsa da mis praqtikul
saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia reJisuris sakiTxebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Teatris dasi erTnairi ar iyo Tavisi samsaxiobo
SesaZleblobebiT, akaki yvelasagan moiTxovda maRal profesiul
pasuxismgeblobas. mas xSirad uwevda TeatrSi muSaoba.
rodesac qarTuli Teatris gamgeobam 1903 wlis seqtemberSi
reJisorad miiwvia miuxedavad xandazmulobisa, is mainc gaxarebulia am
sapasuxismgeblo davalebiT. ,,gonieri muSaki, rodesac gaxednas upirebs
sisxlWarb da janRoniT gatacebul mozvers, gverdSi uRlis calad bebr
xars amouyenebs xolme, rom jer ucadma ganaxednma, TavSi ar gaiwios da
nacadma beberma xarma, romelisac ,,rqanic ki hxnavs.~ sasurvel kalapotSi
Caayenos, mec swored am beber xarad gamaba TqvenTan uRelSi gamgeobam.”
akaki Tavis Tavs beber xars adarebs, romelic sixaruliT ebmeba
xelovnebis uRelSi, SeuZlia axalgazrdobis gawvrTna. sanacvlod
dasisagan Teatrisadmi erTgulebas moiTxovs: ,,Tqven damanaxeT
erTguleba, mxneoba da gamrjeloba qarTul Teatrisadmi da me giCvenebT
magaliTs misi siyvarulisa.~ Tavis sityvaSi mas gverdi ar auvlia iseTi
problemisadmi, romlis gadaWrac, akakis azriT, saWiro iyo namdvili
erovnuli TeatrisaTvis: ,Teatri xelovnebis taZaria, samoZRvro ambioni
da ara ubralo gasarTobi, safunduko ram, scena aris erovnuli sarke,
romelic uSiSrad utyuvarad unda gvisaxavdes Cveni cxovrebis av-kargs,
rom sanaxaobiT moxibluli, mSvenierebisaken siyvaruliT da uSverobas
34
zizRiT gavurbodeT, nu daviviwyebT, rom es Zlieri sarke Tqven unda
daiWiroT xelSi, me, rasakvirvelia, SeZlebisdagvarad vecdebi avasrulo
Cemi Tqvendami movaleoba da Tqvenganac moviTxov Semdegs:
1. gamtkicebul gaspetakebul qarTul enas da ara CiqorTuls.
2. rolebis gazepirebas, rom karnaxis (suflioris) imediT aRar
iyoT.
3. piesebis mTavari azris Segnebas.
4. TavTavisi rolebis dakvirvebiT Seswavlas.
5. reJisoris survilTan Tqveni survilebis SeTanxmebas, rom
araravin sTqvas; “es didi nulia~ ,,es pataraa~ ,,es SemSveniso~ ,,es arao~
,,amas viTamaSeb~ ,,amas arao~ da amgvarebi. xelovneba mSvenierebaa da
mSvenierebam ki TavisTavad didi da patara ar icis!!! (wereTeli 1955: 118).
akakim gabedulad aRiara Teatri xelovnebis taZrad, es is
periodia rodesac Teatrs sayovelTao avtoriteti ar gaaCnda, mis
moTxovnebSi Camoyalibebulia problemebis is farTo wre, romelic im
dros reJisuras awuxebda da TeatrisTvis iyo mniSvnelovani.
1) unda ganviTardes Cveni piesebi da arc sasargeblo ar aris,
gamoigaos repertuaridan.
2) ena gaswordes.
3) reJisorma jer unda waukiTxos artistebs Tvidan bolomde
piesa, gaacnos dedazrs, auxsnas TiToeuli moqmedi piris xasiaTi da
yvelas misTana roli waukiTxos, romelic mis niWs SeSvenis. moTmaSeebma
jer unda gaizepiron TavTavisi rolebi da mere daiwyon repeticiebi.
intrigebsa da kulisebSi miTqma-moTqmas aridon da klakiorebis imedad
ar iyon xolme.~ (wereTeli 1955: 23).
akakis am debulebebiT kargadYCans, Tu ra progresuli iyo
reJisoris funqciis miseuli gageba. warmodgenilia realisturi
xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani debuleba. misi sibrZnis
safuZvelze izrdebodnen msaxiobebi: v. abaSiZe, m safarova, l. mesxiSvili,
k. mesxi, k. yifiani, n. CxeiZe da sxvebi.
akakis farTo amocana aqvs dasaxuli, aq TiTqmis ar aris
arcerTi iseTi sakiTxi, rom yvela drois TeatrisaTvis ar iyos
mniSvnelovani. aq aris repertuaris, msaxiobis aRzrdis, reJisuris,
Teatris SemoqmedebiTi Tu organizaciuli problemebi, magram
35
mTlianobaSi isini metnaklebad dakavSirebulia reJisuris sakiTxebTan.
`akaki wereTeli rogorc reJisori, rodesac is Teatris xelmZRvanelobas
ikisrebda, am Tavis SexedulebaTa cxovrebaSi gatarebas cdilobda~
(gersamia 1949: 79).
rogorc Teatris yvela reJisorisaTvis, akakisTvisac repertuari
mTavari sazrunavi iyo. is Tavis SemoqmedebaSi upiratesobas qarTvel
dramaturgTa piesebs aniWebda da cdilobda qarTvel mwerlebSi piesis
weris survili aReZra. ,,erTi Cven mweralTagans vusayvedure: kaco, ra
aris, rom TeatrisaTvis arasa swer? qarTuli sasceno piesebis niWi ara
gaqvs, magram rac unda iyos, azri mainc iqneba im Sens nawerSi da
namdvili qarTuli ena, _ marTalia, ityvi, raTa vwero saTeatro ram,
rodesac sxavagvari mwerloba ufro memarjvebao, magram magiTi Tavs ver
gaimarTlebo. vin gaamarTlebs im dedas, romelsac mxolod imitom, rom
mzareuloba ar SeuZlia, mSier Svils fafasac aRar umzadebs, sanam
namdvili mzareuli gamoCndebodes da sxvis xelSi agdebs gulgrilad,
rom piri talaxiT gamoutenon xolme meTqi~ (wereTeli 1961: 31).
akakim icoda, rom didi dramaturgi erTbaSad ar daibadeboda,
amisaTvis saWiro iyo niadagis momzadeba da bevri sxva faqtorebi.
erovnuli dramaturgiis siRaribem aiZula akaki wereTeli dramaturgi
gamxdariyo, misi piesebi wlobiT ar Camodioda scenidan. gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas istoriuli piesebis dadgmas aniWebda: ,,qarTvlis dedas,~
,,Ralats,~ ,,patara kaxs,~ ,,Tamar cbiers~ da sxva. amgvari piesebi xalxSi
patriotul grZnobebs aRZravdnen da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli
xalxis ideebs qadagebdnen. akaki ver egueboda ucxouridan
saxeldaxelod gadmokeTebul piesebs. aleqsi mesxiSvilis benefisze
warmodgenil dramis ,,bagrat IV~ Sesaxeb daweril kritikul werilSi
Cveuli ironiiT aRniSnavs: ,,zrasti znakom, gagimarjos, kuda idioS
saiTkenao,~ ase iwyeba erTi muxli arsenas Sairisa da es taepi bevrjer
mogvagonebda xolme zogierTa, viTom-axal Txzulebis wakiTxvis dros,
calmogvi avtorebi aiRebdnen xolme sxvis Txzulebas, SekreW-SemokreWen,
scxeben fer-umarils, saxels gamoucvlian da arwmuneben mkiTxvels Cveni
sakuTari nawarmoebidanaao, _ vinc ar icis, rasakvirvelia, daijerebs,
magram vinc ki icis, raRa unda Tqvas Tu ar ,,maxlaso!~ sworeT
amgvarTagani aris b. mesxis ,,bagrat IV~, es gvagonebs erTi rusi mwerlis
36
b. polonskis uxeiro dramas, romelsac saxelad ,,dareJan~ hqvian,
qarTvel avtors es darejani gaubagratebia: kaba gauxdevnebia, wver-
ulvaSi gamoubams da gauZRvnia mkiTxvelebisTvis ... ,,bagratisaTvis~
ndomebia Tvalebis daTxra da TviTon ki dauTxria Tavis sakuTari
Tvalebi... es piesa iTamaSes qarTul scenaze, ... yvelaze ukeT bat. moxeve
TamaSobda da yvelaze ufro saZaglad b. v. abaSiZe, radganac amisTana
uxeiro piesaSi TamaSoba xelovnebis Seuracyofaa da abaSiZem ki
xelovnurad iTamaSa.~ (wereTeli 1955: 25). Tavis kritikul werilSi akakim
ar daindo arc k. mesxi dramis mkeTeblobisaTvis arc v. abaSiZe cud
piesaSi kargi TamaSisaTvis, radgan uxeiro piesaSi kargi TamaSi akakis
xelovnebis Seuracyofad miaCnia. akaki qarTul scenaze naTargmni
piesebis dadgmis winaaRmdegic iyo, dadgma Tu aucileblobiT ar iyo
gamowveuli ,,naTargmni, umniSvnelo dekandeturi piesebi CvenTvis araferi
xelsayrelia! marTalia, zogierT piesebs, romelnic yvela erovnebisaTvis
erTnairad sagulisxmoa, gverds verc Cven auvliT, magram es unda moxdes
xolme xandaxan da ara yovelTvis. Cveni piesebi SeiZleba wyalwyalac
iyos da ver utoldebodes ucxoeTis piesebs, magram ra uyoT mere? vin ar
icis, rom Sampanuri Rvino jobia wyals? magram Tu arCevanze Sevardeba
saqme da orivesi erTad Sovna da erTsa da erT maTganze samaradisod
xelis aReba saWiro iqneba, wyals miecema upiratesoba, rogorc
aucilebel saWiroebas Cveni cxovrebidan araxelovnurad dawerili
piesebi SedarebiT ,,uriel kostasa~ da ,,hamletis,~ wyalia ... magram ra
vqnaT, uwyloT gaZleba ar SegviZlia”. piesebic rasakvirvelia, bevri
gvaqvs gansakuTrebiT naTargmnebi: ,,meterlinkebma, ibsenebma da sxvaTa
scena moikaves, magram maTi xelovnuri dekandentoba dRevandel
qarTvelis grZnoba _ gonebas bevrs verafers eubneba, radganac axal
piesebze_is Zveli qarTuli antonov_erisTavis nawerebi ufro axlo
arian.~ akaki Tanmimdevruli iyo TeatrSi realisturi mwerlobis
damkvidrebisaTvis brZolaSi. didad afasebda rus klasikosi
dramaturgebis a. griboedovis, n.gogolis, T. ostrovskis da sxvaTa
Semoqmedebas da xels uwyobda maTi piesebis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi.
,,cnobis furcelSi~ gamoqveynebul cilismwameblur werilze (TiTqos
TeatrSi axali qarTuli piesa ar daidgmebao.~ akakim upasuxa redaqcias
,,marTalia dRes ver aris sasurvel mdgomareobaSi qarTuli scena, magram
37
amis mizezi Zvelis codvebia, romlis gamomJRavneba araferi sasurveli
iqneba, radgan saqmes mainc ver moexmareba, rom qarTul scenas
gamobruneba eWirveba da sasurvel safuZvelze dayeneba, es yvelaze umal,
rogorc ufro daaxloebuls scenasTan gamgeobas da reJisors esmis da
imitomac, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelis SemSlelebi bevri hyavT Sin Tu
gareT, Tavis sacadels ar daakleben imedia.~ Tavis pasuxSi ,,werili
redaqciis mimarT~ akaki aRniSnavs, rom Teatris sarepertuaro politikas
reJisori gansazRvravs miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri xelis SemSleli hyavs
,,Tu es gulwrfeli pasuxi ar akmayofilebs ,,cnobis furcels~ da mainc
unda gamoaSkaravebuli iyos dRevandeli scenis nakli, dagvidginos
sakiTxavebi:
1. ratom dRevandeli qarTuli scenaze ar aris mdidari, rom
scenac mdidrulad iyos morTuli, mefe-dedoflis amalac mravali da
sanaqebod morTul-mokazmuli;
2. ratom xandaxan artistebma rolebi ar ician xolme;
3. ratom axal axal piesebs ar vdgamT xolme? ratom uars ara
vyofT istoriul da Cvenis cxovrebidan aRebul piesebs?
4. ratom ara gvjera zogierTi recenzentebis rCeva da sxva
yvelaferi, rac ase aSfoTebs mas!
... es da amgvari sakiTxebi dagvidginos da Cvenc yvelaze pasuxs
gavcemT, gulwrfelad da upirbadoT, magram amasac ki vTxovT, rom
pirbade nu iqneba! ... gulwrfeloba da uSiSroeba moiTxovs, rom
mxilebuli Robe-yores ar efarebodes da Tavs ar imalavdes~ (wereTeli
1955: 132).
1904 wlis Teatraluri sezoniT ukmayofilo akaki Tavis
werilSi ,,gaiZverobis sezoni~ svams aseT kiTxvebs:
,,1) ra mizezia, rom qarTul scenaze amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi
niWieri aRaravin gamoCenila da Zvelebis amara vrCebiT?;
2) risi bralia, rom wminda qarTulis nacvlad raRac
bazarxanuri ena gvesmis scenidan?;
3) ratom ise ar adgenen piesas, rogorc avtorebs uweriaT, ra
neba aqvT moTamaSeebs, rom zogs hkvecaven, zogs Tavisas umateben,
amaxinjeben piesebs da Tavis sakuTar gemoze adgenen? da ara Tu sxvebis,
Seqspiris piesebic ver micvnia: petruCios magivrad viRac kudabzika
38
imerels gvixataven da Stokmanis nacvlad Cvenebur bankobias moTamaSes,
enartala, zuTxis maZiebel mokenWes;
4) ra mizezia, rom artistebs umetesad ara Tu rolebi ara aqvT
Segnebuli, xeirianadac ar swavloben maT saTqmel oriode sityvas da
sufliors ieriqonis sayviriT aRrialeben?
5) ratom ar xerxdeba qarTul scenaze axal-axali piesebis
dadgma da Zveli repertuariT raT gvabezreben Tavs?
6) rad ase Seupovrad epyrobian sazogadoebas, romelsac
ukanaskneli wvlili Semoaqvs TeatrSi? da bevri ram kidev sxva
amgvarebi”. (wereTeli 1961: 215) am kiTxvebidan Cans qarTuli Teatris
winaSe mdgari problemebi, romlis umravlesoba reJisoris gadasawyvetia.
,,bazarxanuli ena gvesmis scenidan,~ ,,amaxinjeben piesebs da sakuTar
gemoze adgenen,~ ,,rolebi ar aqvT Segnebuli,~ ,,xeirianad ar swavloben,~
,,axal-axali piesebis dadgma,~ ,,Seupovrad epyrobian sazogadoebas~ akaki
am kiTxvebis dasmamde miiyvana qarTul TeatrSi praqtikulma muSaobam.
,,aqtiori igive moZRvaria xalxisa, is aris mwerlis TanaSemwe
mokarnaxe mwerlis suraTebs is axorcielebs da erTad Tavmoyrils
xalxs cocxlad da naTlad gadascems erTsa da imave dros. aqtiors da
aqtrisas SeuZlian amodena xalxs agrZnobinos ise, rogorc TviTona
grZnobs; Tvali auxilos da daanaxos: ra aris cudi da ra aris kargi; ra
aris sagulisxmo, an ra aris saqebi da sasiamovno; erTi sityviT
daafiqsiros, agrZnobinos da aamoqmedos.~ (wereTeli 1955: 75).
akakisaTvis, rogorc ,,Teatri xelovnebis taZaria,~ aseve msaxiobi
,,igive moZRvaria,~ romelsac ZaluZs xalxSi mwerlis ideebi miitanos
,,daafiqsiros, agrZnobinos, amoqmedos.~
,,rogorc sayovelTao, ise saartisto niWic orgvaria: pirveli
,,TavisTaobiTi,~ romelsac qvakuTxedad SemoqmedebiTi Zala udevs da
meore ,,mimbaZvelobiTi,~ romelsac ubralo wamxedurobis meti ara
eWirveba ra. es orive Tviseba ise naTlad arsad Cans, rogorc scenaze,
sadac xSirad wamxeduri msaxiobebi imave rols TamaSobs, romelsac
Semoqmedebis ZaliT aRWurvili~ (wereTeli 1955: 33).
xelosnoba Tu xelovneba akakisaTvis arasodes ar yofila erTi da
igive is Tavis werilebSi da praqtikul saqmianobaSi, rogorc reJisori
xels uwyobda qarTveli artistebis daostatebas.
39
damowmebuli vrceli citatidan naTlad Cans akakis reJisuris
konceptualuri mniSvneloba. mis reJisuraSi gamoikveTa erovnuli
Teatris idea. es iyo pirveli rigis sakiTxi. TiTqmis yvelaferi am ideis
irgvliv trialebs. wminda profesiuli da organizaciuli Temebic ki
erTi didi problemis Senakadebia. misTvis Teatri erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis tribunaa, taZaria. mis irgvli Tavs iyris
didi Tu patar sakiTxebi. qarTuli da ucxouri piesebis dadgmis
problemac am aspeqtiT moiazreba. mTel am process win miuZRvis
msaxiobi, rogorc moZRvari, romelic reJisorTan TanaSemoqmedebis gziT
aRwevs mizans. akaki SesaniSnavad icnobda Teatris praqtikul saqmianobas,
uSualod monawileobda misi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, amitom misTvis
yoveli problema axlobelia da gasagebi.
,,akaki wereTlis Teatri_skola, zneobis amamaRlebeli kera
upirdapirdeboda im drois balagnebs, romlis takimasxarebi uazrod da
ukbilod matrabazobdnen. ilia da akaki yovelive saqmianobas,
moRvaweobas, Semoqmedebas erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis da
miznebis Sesabamisad warmarTavdnen.~ (janeliZe 1990: 244)
akaki detalurad ganixilavs msaxiobis ostatobasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxs. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs piesis gmirisa da misi
Semsrulebeli msaxiobis urTierTobis problema. rogor unda
gardaisaxos msaxiobi, ra scenuri saSualebebi unda gamoiyenos saamisod
da ra roli eniWeba reJisors am urTules SemoqmedebiT procesSi.
a. wereTlis SexedulebiT, gmiris xasiaTis gamoxatvis dros
msaxiobi maqsimalurad adekvaturi unda iyos rolis bunebisa. sakiTxi
exeba interpretaciis problemas. reJisuris ganviTarebis im etapze
msaxiobisa daYreJisoris SemoqmedebisaTvis upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs
teqsts, - `sityva aris pirveli.~ dramaturgebi gansazRvraven Teatris
stils, mis xasiaTs, amitom gmiris Sesruleba maqsimalurad unda
miuaxlovdes originalurs. akakis miaCnia, rom msaxiobma `ise unda
warmoadginos is piri, romelsac axorcielebs, rogorc piesis avtors
hyavs gamoxatuli da ara sxvebs, rogorc mwerals, iseve avtors
warmodgenis dros unda hqondes saxeSi mxolod im piris wina gadmocema
da gamoxatva, romelsac adgens da ara sxva rame, imas ar unda hqondes im
dros mxedvelobaSi publika, misi mowoneba an dawuneba, Tavisi azrisa da
40
grZnobebisagan erTi fioric ar unda dauTmos mayurebels, imisTvis, vai
Tu es ar eamoso da es kio, da sxva.~ (wereTeli 1955: 71). akaki kidev erT
did problemas ixilavs. mayureblisa da Teatris urTierTobis sakiTxs:
`is artisti ar aris: visac Tavisi xeloba ar uyvars da Tavis Rirsebas
mxolod mayureblebis awoniT afasebs, sasiamovno maSin aris taSi
artistisaTvis rodesac is grZnobs Tavisi xelovneba da grZnoba
agrZnobina sxvebsac da Zalauneburad gaitaca, Torem motyuebiT an
fokusiT gamowveuli artistis Rirsebas bRalavs.~ akaki msaxiobebs
uyenebs principul moTxovnebs, romlebic dResac aqtualuria: ,,amgvarad
artistis bedi Dda ubedoba bevris xelSia Cavardnili: 1. reJisoris
xelSi, rom Sesaferi rolebi aZlios; 2. mokarnaxis xelSi, rom karnaxi
ar aurios; 3. Tan moTamaSeebis xelSi, rom ar gaafuWon ganzraxiT
TamaSi xSirad rodesac iseTi saTamaSo aqvs erT artists, romelic nel-
nela moiTxovs mayureblis yuradRebas, im dros meore ganZraxviT iseT
raimes Caidens, rom mayureblebs gaacinebs, magaliTad an cxvirs
daaceminebs gangeb, an sasacilo moZraobas izams da sxva rames, romelsac
piesa da misi roli ar Txoulobs da miTi ufuWebs TamaSs.~ (wereTeli
1955: 82). am statiidan Cans akakis, rogorc reJisoris Teatris kulisebs
miRma cxovrebis Rrma codna, is msaxiobebs afrTxilebs im
saSiSroebebze, romelic maT moelis. misi azriT axalgazrda
msaxiobebisaTvis mavnebelia rogorc usamarTloT daCagvra, aseve uzomo
waxaliseba. CamoTvlilia yvela is problema, romelic msaxiobebs
ufuWebs TamaSs. isev da isev dgeba provincializmis problema, romelic
uSualod ukavSirdeba msaxiobis ganaTlebis sakiTxs. akakis miaCnia, rom
saerTod ,,msaxiobis (aqtiori an aqtrisa) naswavli Wkua-goneba
ganviTarebuli unda iyos Torem marto niWi veras uSvelis! umecari
msaxiobi, camdinac rom niWieri iyos, veras gaxdeba, maSin rodesac
saWiro aris sxvadasxva gvaris sulis moZraoba da Zlieri kveTebis
gadmocema. is mxolod imas warmogvidgens kargad, rac TvaliT unaxavs da
rasac misi ganuviTarebeli goneba moereva. ase, rom akaki, rogorc
reJisori, msaxiobebisagan swavlas da ganviTarebas moiTxovs, umecari
msaxiobi niWieric rom iyos, ver gadmogvcems gmiris sulier moZraobas
,,zogierT artistebsa hgoniaT, rom TamaSi mxolod maSin unda, rodesac
TviTon sufliorisagan miwodebul sityvebs imeoreben da irxevian da
41
rom gaaTaveben Tavis saTqmels, mere aqeT-iqeT iyurebian. Tavi da Tavi
Rirseba artistis sxvebTan SeTamaSebaa, rodesac usityvoT, mxoloT
saxis gamometyvelebiT ukavSirdeba sxvebs da saxiblav Zafs ara swyvets.~
aq akaki, rogorc praqtikosi reJisori ganixilavs aqtioris xelovnebis
erT-erT yvelaze rTul sakiTxs. ,,ra aris niWi, Tu kaci xels ar
Seuwyobs da Sromas moerideba? marTalia, marto SromiT Tu uniWoa kaci,
bevrs versa gaarigebs, magram patara niWis patrons ki SeuZlia gaadidos
misi niWi, gazardos da gaanayofieros.~ radgan ,,rac ufro maRali da
Zlieri rolia, imas ufro Zlieri niWi esaWiroeba, magram miuxedavad
amisa, pirvel rolebs yvelani etanebian ,,aqao da kargi rolia da
gamoitans Cven uniWo TamaSso? aviwydebat, uniWo aqtiorisaTvis yvela
roli miuwvdomelia didicaa da patarac da niWierisaTvis ki sul erTia:
didSiac da pataraSiac gamoaCens Rirsebas.~
ansamblurobis problema akakisaTvisac mTavar sazrunavs
warmoadgenda. im periodis qarTul TeatrSi mcire droSi axal-axali
piesebis dadgmis tendencia speqtaklis ansamblurobis xelisSemSleli
piroba iyo. ,,esec rom ar iyos, sxva qveynebis artistebi erT piesas rom
moamzadeben aTisa da asis repeticiiT, mere didxans Sesvenebuli arian,
Cvenma artistebma_ki drois uqonlobisa gamo, TiTqmis urepeticiod unda
acxon axal-axali piesebi, da sad aris samarTali?~ – gulistkiviliT
wers akaki.
XІX saukunis evropaSi warmoiqmna axali mimdinareoba fsiqologiuri
realizmi. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda igi saukunis bolos, romelmac
axalgazrdebs Soris didi popularoba moixveWa. am TvalsazrisiT
aRsaniSnavia fsiqologiuri realizmis damcvelis m. javaxiSvilis
polemika - ,,pativcemul qarTvelTan.~ prof. v. kiknaZem gamokvlia da
specialuri Sroma uZRvna, Tu vin iyo `pativcemuli qarTveli.~ daadgina,
rom m. javaxiSvilis adresati iyo akaki.
akakisa da m. javaxiSvilis polemika mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani
istoriuli dokumentia. me-20 s-nis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda
reJisuris avtoriteti. moskovis samxatvro Teatris Seqmnam (1898) udidesi
biZgi misca reJisuris ganviTarebas aramarto ruseTis imperiaSi, aramed
mTels msoflioSi. Teatris yuradRebis centrSi moeqca ansambluri
speqtaklebis sakiTxi, romelic moiazreboda fsiqologiuri Teatris
42
ganviTarebis konteqstSi. es procesi daemTxva akakis, rogorc Teatris
xelmZRvanelis moRvaweobis axal etaps. akakim ar gaiziara Teatris
modernizaciis javaxiSviliseuli pozicia, miaCnda, rom igi daamcirebda
Teatris erovnul-patriotul pozicias. rac Seexeba reJisuris
ganviTarebas, misi moTxovnilebebidan bevri ram emTxveva k. stanislavskis
naazrevs. mag. k. stanislavskis miaCnda, rom ar arsebobs didi da patara
roli _ arseboben didi da patara msaxiobebi. akakis ufro farTo
masStabSi aqvs gamoxatuli igive azri, roca sakiTxi didsa da patara
rolebs exeba. xelovneba mSvenierebaa da ar arsebobs didi da patara
mSvenierebao.
m. javaxiSvili ixsenebs polemikis detalebs ,,pativcemuli
qarTveli marigebda, mekiTxeboda, Cems magivrad Tavis kiTxvebs pasuxs
TviTonve iZleoda da Semdeg am pasuxs arCevda, stanjavda, awamebda da
fexqveS sTelavda. ibsen-mibsenebi, ,,hauptmanebi,~ strindbergebi, da
drierebi Cven ar gvargian_ganagrZno iman_Cveni gvaqvs ,,javaxiani,~ ,,daviT
aRmaSenebeli,~ ,,rusTaveli,~ ,,medea~ da sxva. Tqven ki ambobT eg Zveli
piesebia, Cven ,,xalxis mteri,~ ,,nora,~ ,,moCvenebani,~ ,,avadmyofi xalxi,~
,,vaniuSnis Svilebi,~ da romeliRac ,,damRrCvali zari gvaCveneTo.~ akaki
axalgazrdebs erTad-erTi qarTuli dawesebulebis ,,qarTuli Teatris~
mimarT umadurobaSi debs brals: ,,Tqven yvelani egeTebi xarT; sanam
axalgazrdobT_kidev araferi giSavT, qarTuli Teatri da qarTuli
piesebic giyvarT, magram roca wamoizrdebiT da sxva Teatrebsac
gaicnobT, maSin ki aramc Tu qarTul TeatrSi arasdros ar SemodixarT,
aramed mzaT xarT Cveni repertuari daswvaT da zarbaznebiT daangrioT
qarTuli Teatri _ es Cveni erTad-erTi erovnuli dawesebuleba~
(javaxiSvili 1964: 6).
v. kiknaZis azriT, akaki wereTlisa da m. javaxiSvilis Teatraluri
poziciebis sxvadasxvaobaSi naTlad ikiTxeboda qarTuli Teatris wiaRSi
mimdinare procesebis siRrme da sirTule. erTi ram aSkara iyo: Teatri
iswrafvoda ganaxlebisaken eZebda axal gzebs, amdidrebda scenur
saSualebebs.
akaki wereTeli qarTul TeatrSi nergavda erovnul
ganmanTavisuflebel brZolis suliskveTebas. misi Sexedulebani sasceno
xelovnebaze da ilia WavWavaZis werilebi safuZvlad daedo realisturi
43
qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebas. `ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma da sxva
moRvaweebma niadagi Seumzades reJisuris damoukideblobas, Seuqmnes
erTgvari ,,ideologia~ da aRiares reJisuris roli, Teoriulad
gaaformes misi mniSvneloba TeatrSi. da es yvelaferi imdenad
safuZvliani iyo, imdenad Zlieri biZgi misca Teatralur azrs, rom meoce
saukunis qarTuli reJisura ,,msoflio standartebis~ doneze amaRlda~
(kiknaZe 1982: 56).
2. msaxiobTa reJisura
qarTuli reJisuris istoriaSi erT-erTi gardamavali periodi
iyo `msaxiob-reJisorTa~ epoqa, romelic warmoiqmna me-19 saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi da gagrZelda didxans, `msaxiobTa reJisura~ arsebobda me-20
saukuneSi. reJisoris, rogorc profesiuli xelovnebis, rogorc
msoflmxedvelobis ayvavebis drosac da misi gamoZaxili aris 21-e
saukuneSic, magram me-19 saukuneSi masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda `msaxiobTa
reJisuris~ praqtikas, arsebiTad es aris am ori profesiis Tanaarsebobis,
urTierTSerwymis epoqa, sadac lideris mdgomareoba ukaviaT v. abaSiZes,
l. mesxiSvils, k. mesxs, k. yifians, v. gunias da sxvebs.
wlebis manZilze cnobili msaxiobebi: v. abaSiZe, l. mesxiSvili, v.
gunia, k. yifiani SesaniSnavad xelmZRvanelobdnen dasebs. didi
warmatebiT reJisorobdnen da qarTul reJisuras amdidrebdnen
praqtikuli da Teoriuli moRvaweobiT. v. abaSiZe marto msaxiobi da
reJisori ar yofila, agreTve is reJisor-pedagogic gaxldaT. ,,v. abaSiZe
qarTul scenaze mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi muSaobis ganmavlobaSi
dauRalavad uwyobda xels axali artistuli Zalebis gamovlinebas da
Seqmnas. misi Rvawli am dros daufasebelia.~ (gersamia 1943: 92).
me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan iqmneboda misi ,,skolis tradicia,~
igi Tvlida, rom garkveuli meTodologiis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo
msaxiobTa aRzrda ,,msaxiobTa gawvrTna.~ ,,srulsa da saamur moqmedebas
mxolod maSin iqoniebs msaxiobi mayurebelze, roca igi scenaze
cxovrobs da ar adgens~ (abaSiZe 1951:37).
44
is swori meTodologiis safuZvelze zrdida msaxiobebs, misi
azriT mxatvrul saxes scenaze warmateba ar eqneboda, Tu msaxiobi rols
cocxlad da saintereso formiT ar gamoxatavda. is did adgils uTmobda
rolis momzadebis process. is aswavlida axalgazrdebs ,,rolis
ucodinroba Seuracyofaa xelovnebisa~ da gulis tkiviliT dasZenda
,,xSirad xdeba xolme amgvari uwesoba Cvens scenaze.~ man kargad icoda,
rom speqtaklze muSaobis procesi moiTxovda xangrZliv da gulmodgine
Sromas, repeticiebis raodenobis gazrdas ,,repeticia suli da gulia
yvela saqmeSi da gansakuTrebiT ki dramatul xelovnebaSi, msaxiobi
valdebulia repeticiazedac ise iTamaSos, rogorc TviT warmodgenis
dRes.~ (abaSiZe 1951: 34). misi droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani azri
gamoTqva. msaxiobTa umravlesoba repeticiebs uyurebda, rogorc teqnikur
process da rols warmodgenis dRes TamaSobdnen. v. abaSiZe ekiTxeba aseT
msaxiobebs: ,,Tuki warmodgenis dRes iTamaSeb, repeticiaze ratom ar
SegiZlia? ... repeticiis dros msaxiobma yvelaferi unda ukuagdos da
daiviwyos, mTlad yuradRebad gadaiqces da Seisisxorcos cxovreba,
xasiaTi da Tvisebebi im kacisa, romlis warmodgenasac apirebs, yuri
miapyros, rogor ekideba sxva moqmedni da amis gvarad gamoxatos Tavisi
grZnobani... erT wuTsac nu daiviwyebs, rom igi esa da es moqmedia da ar
gadaaWarbos, erti sityviT scenaze cxovrobdes.~ (abaSiZe 1951: 35). es
uaRresad saintereso problemaa, romelmac im dros praqtikaSi ver hpova
ganviTareba. v. abaSiZe Teatrs xelmZRvanelobda 1881-1885 wleebSi, aq
daidga ,,hamleti,~ ,,mefe liri,~ ,,venecieli vaWari,~ ,,revizori,~
,,samSoblo,~ ,,xanuma,~ ,,arsena~ da sxva. Ees periodi mudmivmoqmedi,
Teatris cxovrebaSi saukeTeso iyo. Mmagram mis TeatrSi upirveles
yovlisa msaxiobebi iyo da frTxilad ekideboda reJisuris warmoCenis
problemas . miuxedavad amisa, misi Sexedulebebi, praqtikuli saqmianoba
xels uwyobda reJisuris poziciis ganmtkicebas, Tumca wuTiTac ar
iviwyebda msaxiobis udides rols TeatrSi. aq sainteresoa ganvixiloT
,,werili redaqtorTan,~ romelsac mudmivmoqmedi dasis msaxiobebi aweren
xels maT Soris v. abaSiZec, am werilSi msaxiobebi moiTxovdnen reJisor
g. TumaniSvilis gadayenebas. `msaxiobebi TandaTan midian im azramde, rom
reJisori ufro Rrma moazrovne unda iyos, maT unda aswavlos
,,gamoTqma,~ ,,mixra-moxvra~ piesis azrisamebr da Tu ver asrulebs Tavis
45
movaleobebs, igi Teatridan unda wavides. mniSvnelovania ara imdenad g.
TumaniSvilis pirovneba, aramed procesi msaxiobTa da reJisoris
urTierTobisa. v. abaSiZes polemika mouxda k. mesxTan, amis mizezi gaxda
msaxiobi svimoniZe, man kargad ar icoda roli da warmodgenis dros
scenaze daeca, amis gamo daajarimes. v. abaSiZis azriT msaxiobi
usamarTlod dasajes, radgan rolis mosamzadeblad mas mxolod ori
dRe hqonda, es SemTxveva marto svimoniZis ki ara mTeli dasis
Seuracyofad miaCnia, man mimarTa qarTuli Teatris mmarTvel amxanagobas:
,,amgvari TviTneboba da uwesoba ar ganmeordes SemdegSi, rom Rirseba da
pativi rogorc mTelis dasisa, saTiTaod misi wevrisa ar iqneba Selaxul
–Seginebuli, amisaTvis veswrafviT Tqvendami da mivmarTavT Tqvens
marTmsajulebas Semdegi TxovniT:
1. davalebuli iqnas batoni reJisori, rom ar SeeZlos mas aravis
dayvireba repeticiis dros, arca uzrdelad mopyroba da Tu ukeTu
daaSaos rame msaxiobma, moxsendes dauyonebliv Teatris mmarTvel
amxanagobas.
2. davalebul iqnas batoni reJisori, rom yovelTvis droze
urigdebodeT msaxiobT Tavisi rolebi, radgan sakmarisad aris amaze
damokidebuli, erTis mxriv, msaxiobis mier sruli Tavisi niWisa da Snos
gamoCena da meore mxriv mozidva Teatris sazogadoebisa.
3. akrZaluli eqnaT srulad gareSe mayurebelTa da
cnobismoyvare pirTa daswreba repeticiebze.~ radgan maTi yofa aviwroebs
da nametnavi maTi xmauroba uSlis da abrkolebs saqmis rigisamebr
warmarTvas. (abaSiZe 1951: 62).
v. abaSiZe, rogorc didi msaxiobi, grZnobs, rom TandaTan frTebi
ekveceba msaxiobTa srul Tavisuflebas, msaxiobi morCili xdeba
mTavrdeba artistuli kaprizebis saukune.
Ddidi winaaRmdegobebiT ikvlevda gzas qarTuli reJisura. Amis
dasamtkiceblad moviyvanT kidev erT faqts: 1879 wlis 22 seqtembers e.i.
mudmivmoqmedi Teatris daarsebis Semdeg kote yifianis meTaurobiT
werili misweres redaqcias saTauriT ,,reJisoris movaleoba da adgili
TeatrSi~ k. yifiani da sxva msaxiobebi oc kiTxvas aZleven reJisors. am
kiTxvebSi aSkarad Cans imJamindeli msaxiobebis damokidebuleba
reJisurisadmi sainteresoa me-7 kiTxva: ,,raT aCens Tavs reJisori Tavis
46
kerZo moqmedebiT, viTom imas aqvs raime gansazRvrebiTi Zala mTel
trupazed,~ xolo me-9 kiTxvaSi weria: ,,piesebis amorCeva marto
reJisurisagan _ aris darRveva Cveni wesdebisa, amxanagobisa.~ aSkarad
Cans, rom msaxiobebs uWirT Seeguon erTmmarTvelobis princips. maTTvis
ucxoa erTi kacis diqtati. msaxiobebs koleqtiuri xelmZRvaneloba
miaCniaT umTavres formad, Teatris xelmZRvanel msaxiobTa konfliqtis
dros yovelTvis wina planze wamoiweva koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis
idea. am xerxs kargad icnobs Zveli da axali Teatris istoria msoflio
radiusiT. bunebrivia, rom igi ufro mwvave xasiaTs miiRebda me – XІX
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.
erT-erT kiTxvaSi weria: ,,cota mainc gonebagaxsnili
aqtiori ver darCeba trupaSi amisTana reJisorTan, romelsac ar gaegeba
Tavisi saqme.~ aqve CamoTvlilia Tu ra Seadgens reJisoris
movaleobas: 1) artistebs aswavlos TamaSoba; 2) mixra-moxra; 3)
sazogadod scenuri xelovneba; 4) misces garegani lazaTi da simSveniere
warmodgenas,” amis garda, reJisori valdebulia 1. iyos Tavjdomare
trupis sxdomisa, 2. xelmZRvaneloba misces maT morigeobaTa Sesaxeb
piesis amorCevisa, 3. rolebis darigebisa, 4. warmodgenis dRis daniSvnisa
araviTari gadawyvetilebiTi xma da Zala ar unda hqondes sxdomaSi.~
werilidan Cans msaxiobTa survili, damyardes disciplina, amaRldes
samsaxiobo teqnika, speqtaklebi gaxdes sanaxaobiTi, magram werilidan
isic Cans, Tu rogor ebrZvis dasi reJisoris uflebebs. Aaq saqme gvaqvs
absurdul situaciasTan. Mmsaxiobebi grZnoben reJisoris saWiroebas,
magram misi uflebebis gazrdasac ver eguebian. v. abaSiZis da k. yifianis
Sexedulebebi reJisuris Sesaxeb mxardaWeras pouloben sxva msaxiob –
reJisorTa SromebSi, magaliTad v. gunia ,,mxars uWerda reJisoris rolis
zrdas axal TeatrSi,~ magram amasTanave ,,icavs msaxiobis individualobis
SenarCunebas rogorc pirobas axali Teatris ganviTarebisas~ (gunia 1953:
20).
v. gunia iyo didi Teatraluri moRvawe, msaxiobi, reJisori,
kritikosi, dramaturgi. ,,mas mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba ergo Cvens
kulturul cxovrebaSi da am mravalferobnebam, SeiZleba damfasebelTa
TvalSi gunia-msaxiobi daCrdila (dadiani 1962: 274). misi werilebiT bevri
ram SegviZlia gavigoT imdroindel qarTul Teatrze, man ganmarta
47
reJisoris roli da adgili TeatrSi da misi uflebamosileba, igi werda,
rom saWiroa ,,piesebis marTebulad Sesworeba, enis gasufTaveba, rolebis
jerovnad ganawileba, moTamaSeTa Soris rolebis momzadeba da
safuZvlianad Seswavla tipisa Tu xasiaTisa, Semdeg saWiroa da metad
saWiro repeticiebi. magram iseTi repeticiebi ki ara ,,sadac moTamaSeni
rolebs swavlobdnen,~ aramed iseTi, sadac Sin bejiTad gazepirebuli
piesa xelovnurad mzaddeba. moTamaSeni erTmaneTSi Sesafer
damokidebulebas iZenen, mixvra-mixvras, Sesvla-gamosvlas, adgoma-
dajdomas, sityva-pasuxs da sxva mraval aucilebel wvrilmanebs erTad
SeimuSaveben, ris Sedegadac gamodis xelovnuri warmodgena, sruli
Tanxmoba yvelaferSi, TandaTanoba moqmedebaTa msvlelobaSi da
bunebrivoba moZraobaSi moqmed pirTa Soris, yvela amisaTvis saWiroa
Teatris xelmZRvaneli iyos yovelmxriv daxelovnebuli esTetikuri
gemovnebis, kritikuli Wkuis, codnis da ganviTarebuli gonebis patroni,
ese igi reJisori, romelic artistebis da sazogadod scenis sruli da
damoukidebeli batoni unda iyos. unda sufevdes saocari simorCile da
gagoneba. ese igi disciplina mzad unda iyos yoveli wvrilmani
saWiroebani, tanisamosi, samkauli da sxva mravali morTuloba artistisa
da scenisaTvis~ (gunia 1953: 80).
v. gunia rogorc didi Teatraluri moRvawe moiTxovs reJisoris
uflebebis gazrdas, mis damoukideblobas, magram praqtikaSi, rogorc
msaxiobi, mainc ver egueba reJisoris diqtats. me-19 saukunis 80-90 ian
wlebSi TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi iyo aqtiuri Teatraluri cxovreba
metnaklebi xarisxiT. Teatris Zlieri kera iyo quTaisSi kote mesxis
xelmZRvanelobiT, mas kargad icnobdnen, rogorc SesaniSnav msaxiobs. am
periodisaTvis is ukve daxelovnebuli reJisoric iyo. Mmisi reJisuris
Sesaxeb cnobebi nuca CxeiZem mogonebebSi Semogvinaxa: ,,rodesac
dasadgmel piesas da rolebis axsna-ganmartebas Seudgeboda, Tvalebi
ubrwyindeboda da misi damajerebeli kilo msaxiobs rwmenasa da
gabedulebas unergavda. repeticiebis dros yovelTvis fexze idga,
msaxiobebs TvalebSi Sescqeroda, mimoxvras, azris swor gamoTqmas
aswavlida, msaxiobebisagan did yuradRebas moiTxovda da vai imis brali,
visac misi naswavli da gasworebuli daaviwydeboda~ (CxeiZe 1953: 155).
48
n. CxeiZis mogonebebidan Cans, rom k. mesxi iyo reJisor-
diqtatori is daundoblad ebrZoda scenismoyvareobas da msaxiobur
individualizms, TeatrSi ganamtkica disciplina da daamkvidra rolze
saerTo muSaobis praqtika. efemia mesxi werda: ,,sazogadod, kote sastiki
iyo reJisorobis dros, Cvens repeticiebze yovelTvis sruli disciplina
iyo. gareSes aravis uSvebda TeatrSi da msaxiobebma kargad icodnen misi
xasiaTi. Segnebuli hqondaT imis manera da siamovnebiT ugdebdnen yurs
imis swavlebas~ (CxeiZe 1953: 27).
daviT mesxi igonebs: ,,icoda yvirili, CiCini, kaco rogor
dabajbajeb, adamianurad gaiare.~ xSirad iatakze carciT
Semoufarglavda msaxiobs dasadgom Tu gasasvlel adgils. es, cxadia,
msaxiobis nebis Seborkva iyo, magram im dros uamisoba ar ivargebda.
mogonebebidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom msaxiobTa Soris bevri iyo
gamoucdeli scenismoyvare maT aRzrdas da msaxiobTa Camoyalibebas k.
mesxi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda, magram sjeroda, rom mtkice
disciplinis gareSe Teatri ver SesZlebda ganviTarebas da winsvlas n.
CxeiZe igonebs: ,,am dros TeatrSi ori banakia axalgazrdoba, romelsac
siaxle, winsvla swyuria, ukeTesi momavlisaken gzas ikafavs da Zveli
Taoba, romelsac Zveli wesebis, Zveli mimarTulebebis da
sazogadoebrivad Zveli azrebis Semnaxvelni arian. radikalebis meTauri
da beladi yovelTvis kote iyo brZolis sababs umTavresad TviTon kote
aZlevda: ,,brZola uyvarda, ibrZoda sixaruliT, xalisiT, medgrad.~
mogonebebidan Cans, rom k. mesxi axalgazrdebs edga saTaveSi, medgrad
ebrZoda dromoWmul wesebs da azrebs, romelic Teatris ganviTarebas da
winsvlas uSlida xels. k. mesxi farTo diapazonis reJisori iyo, mis
repertuarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTulTan erTad ekava rusul,
dasavleT evropel avtorTa piesebs: ,,revizori,~ ,,vai Wkuisagan,~
,,maskaradi,~ ,,ernani,~ ,,Zalad eqimi~ da sxva. is kargad icnobda frangul
Teatrebs aRfrTovanebuli iyo sara bernaris TamaSiT, magram rogorc
realisti msaxiobi akritikebda imdroindel frangul TeatrSi gamefebul
galobiT laparakis maneras, magram rogorc reJisors moswonda frangul
TeatrSi piesaze xangrZlivi da gulmodgine muSaobis tradicia.
,,rolebis codnas yvelaze upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs scenaze. erTma
moTamaSem rom ar icodes roli, SeuZlia yvela aqtioris TamaSisa da
49
piesis CafuSva. amas garda, Tu aqtiorma roli icis, imas SeuZlia niadag
TamaSi da ara marto maSin, rodesac TviTon laparakobs.~ (CxeiZe 1953: 41).
aq mesxi exeba msaxiobis teqnikis erT-erT urTules sakiTxs
,,dumilis zonebs,~ ,,siCumis TamaSi~ umniSvnelovanesi momentia reJisorisa
msaxiobis TanaSemoqmedebaSi. k. mesxi kargad erkveoda literaturisa da
xelovnebis sakiTxebSi. igi farTod ganaTlebuli reJisori iyo. mis
Sexedulebebs angariSs uwevdnen. Teatris xelmZRvanelad muSaobda
TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baqoSi. gansakuTrebiT didi roli Seasrula
qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi.
v. abaSiZesTan, v. guniasTan, k. mesxTan erTad lado mesxiSvilma
cnobilma msaxiobma da reJisorma, didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris
profesiis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. mas ar akmayofilebda mxolod
speqtaklis garegnuli mxare. wina planze wamowia speqtaklis mTlianoba,
misi ansambluroba. l. mesxiSvils didi gamocdileba hqonda, _
araerTxel imoRvawa ruseTSi, xelmZRvanelobda quTaisis Teatrs wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. es iyo quTaisis Teatris saukeTeso periodi.
l. mesxiSvilisTvis axlobeli iyo gmiris Ziebis Tema, amitom mas
itacebda fsiqologiuri Janris nawarmoebi: ibseni, hauptmani, guckovi da
Seqspiris tragediebi. roca ,,hamleti~ dadga, is Tavis ubis wignakSi wers:
,,hamletis~ dadgmas Zlier aqeben gazeTebi, gansakuTrebiT dass ver
scnoben, radgan am mokle xanSi gamosworda, Zalian mwyins, rom Cvenma
gamgeobam daadgina: Tu aleqsi mesxiSvili ar daTaxmda aiRos Tavis
Tavze reJisoroba, mTlianad gadadgeba~ (faRava 1938: 185).
l. mesxiSvils sazogadoeba icnobda rogorc did msaxiobs,
rogorc reJisoric saTanadod daafasa da Seiyvara. ,,mesxiSvilis Teatrs
rogorc msaxiobisas, ise reJisorisas mudam axasiaTebda gmiruli
paTosi.~ mesxiSvilis reJisorul praqtikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira
ansamblurobis sakiTxs. Tavis speqtaklebSi, did Tu patara rolebze
muSaobis dros erTnair yuradRebas uTmobda. uyuradRebod arc masobriv
scenebs tovebda. xSirad mimarTavda farTo masStabis masobriv scenebs.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ,,hamleti,~ ,,konstantine batoniSvili~ da sxva. XІX
saukunis qarTuli TeatrSi ansamblis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli
problema iyo. l. mesxiSvilis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom is, rogorc
reJisori, cdilobda am rTuli problemis gadaWras.
50
,,qarTuli reJisuris formirebis rTuli gza ver warmoidgineba
msaxiobTa reJisuris gareSe. erTi mxriv, es iyo msaxiobTa uflebebis
gafarToebis, samsaxiobo ostatobis triumfis periodi, xolo meore
mxriv, missave wiaRSi warmoiSva axali Zala, romelsac unda SeezRuda
msaxiobTa ganusazRvreli uflebebi. Teatrs Tan dasdevda es Sinagani
gaoreba da winaaRmdegoba, sul ufro da ufro metad igrZnoboda axali
dabadebis tkivili istoriuli aucilebloba moiTxovda, rom TandaTan
unda ,,erTmaneTs daSordnen~ erT pirovnebaSi moqceuli msaxiobebi da
reJisori.~ (kiknaZe 1982: 63).
Tavi II. aleqsandre wuwunavas reformistuli Ziebebi
1. aleqsandre wuwunava qarTul dramaSi.
aleqsandre wuwunava swored maSin movida qarTul TeatrSi,
rodesac XIX saukunis Teatrs niadagi ecleboda. dro icvleboda,
asparezze gamodioda axali Taoba, romelsac mxatvruli ideebi epoqis
Sesabamisad unda gamoexata. wuwunava Zalian axalgazrda movida qarTul
TeatrSi da Tan novatoruli suli moitana. is iyo pirveli qarTveli
profesionali reJisori, romelmac meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTul dramaSi, operasa da kinoSi Rrma kvali datova da qarTvel
reJisorTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra. reJisura axali
xelovneba iyo qarTul Teatralur sivrceSi. jer ar gamoCeniliyvnen
marjaniSvili da axmeteli, swored wuwunavam moumzada niadagi
profesiuli reJisuris sazogadoebriv avtoritets.
,,a. wuwunava da saerTod, misi Taobis reJisura didad aris
davalebuli l. mesxiSvilisagan. amboben, rom n. gogolis ,,Sinelidan~
daibada rusuli literaturis mTeli Taobao igive SeiZleba gavimeoroT
51
l. mesxiSvilzec. misi ,,xelidan~ gamovida qarTvel ,professional
reJisorTa mTeli Taoba: a. wuwunava, v. SalikaSvili, m. qoreli~.... (kiknaZe
1982: 120).
l. mesxiSvilma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa wuwunavas
mxatvruli esTetikis CamoyalibebaSic. samxatvro Teatri axalgazrda
wuwunavas izidavda gardasaxvis, gancdis Teatris aRiarebiTi da
ansambluri speqtaklebi. mesxiSvili ansamblurobis ideis erT-erTi
pirveli-gamtarebeli iyo saqarTveloSi. ,,Tavisi droisaTvis, warmodgenis
mTlianobaSi danaxva, ansamblis grZnoba, scenografiis rolis amaRleba,
patara rolis SesrulebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, msaxiobis
yuradReba, siCumis mosmena, urTierTSeTanxmeba-yvelaferi es speqtaklebis
erTian reJisorul gadawyvetaze metyvelebda~ (kiknaZe 1982: 84).
ansamblis promlemebi jer kidev XIX saukunis 80-ian wleebSi
awuxebda ilias, rodesac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas meorexarisxovan
rolebze amaxvilebda. gavixsenoT akakis mier dasmuli sakiTxi didi da
patara rolebis Tanabari mxatvruli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, gunias
Sexeduleba ,,saWiroa meore, mesame da meoTxe xarisxis moTamaSenic,~ rac
Seexeba gancdas, gardasaxvas msaxiobis SemoqmedebaSi, gavixsenoT vaso
abaSiZis sityvebi ,,scenaze cxovrobs da ar adgens.~ samxatvro Teatris
Seqmnamde zemoTqmuli sakiTxebi qarTul TeatrSi ufro adre iyo
dasmuli ,,saerTod unda SevniSnoT: qarTul TeatrmcodneobaSi aqa-iq
SeiniSneba tendencia, rom yoveli qarTuli rogorme daukavSiron
ucxours, ucxouris gavlenis Sedegad miiCnion esa Tu is Teatraluri
movlena. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, es qarTuli Teatris istoriis Rrma codnis
Sedegi ar unda iyos. saWiroa mkveTri gamijvna, Tu ra warmoiqmneba
kulturul urTierTobaTa Sedegad da ra aris is, rac Sinagani
erovnuli wyaroebidan modis~ (kiknaZe 1982: 85).
wuwunavasTvis iseve rogorc sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebisaTvis~
speqtaklis ansamblurobisaken swrafvas erovnuli safuZveli gaaCnda.
didia lado mesxiSvilis damsaxureba, rogorc pedagog aRmzrdelisa.
misi skola erovnul sawyisebs efuZneboda, mis saxels ukavSirdeba
samsaxiobo xelovnebis srulyofa da reJisoris profesiis safuZvlis
Cayra.
52
1901 wels wuwunavas samsaxiobo kariera Sewyda, radgan is jarSi
gaiwvies, jars Tavi daaRwia, magram daapatimres da sasjels ixdida
baTumis, quTaisis da Tbilisis cixeebSi. oTxkedelSi SeiZina wuwunavam
didi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, mas urTierToba uxdeboda, rogorc
politpatimrebTan, aseve kriminalebTan. aseT pirobebSi yofnam kidev
ufro Rrmad Caaxeda adamianis fsiqikaSi, maT gancdebSi. cixeSi TiTqmis
erTi weli imyofeboda. ganTavisuflebulma miiRo lado mesxiSvilsa da
alioSa jafariZis rCeva reJisuris Sesaswavlad moskovSi
gamgzavrebuliyo, magram saamiso materialuri pirobebi ar gaaCnda da
amitom baTumSi wavida.
1902-1903 wleebSi baTumel scenismoyvareebTan dgams d. erisTavis
,,samSoblos,~ al. yazbegis ,,arsenas,~ avq. cagarelis vodevils ,,oinbazs,~
romlebSic Tavad msaxiobobs, speqtaklebidan Semosul Tanxas moskovSi
gasamgzavreblad inaxavs.
1904 wels wuwunava moskovSia. valerian gunias sarekomendacio
baraTiT daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa ruseTSi cnobil msaxiobsa da
Teatralur moRvawes aleqsandre sumbaTaSvils, magram stanislavskis
dramatul studiaSi mainc ver moxvda. wuwunava SeuerTda qarTvel
studentTa jgufs, romelic revoluciuri saqmianobiT iyo dakavebulni.
jgufs xelmZRvanelobda yaraxani, xolo misi moadgile iyo vasil
arabiZe, SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi cnobili Teatraluri moRvawe, romelic
qarTvel studentebs ,,rusi xalxis kavSiris~ winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
mouwodebda. kavSiri ,,pogromebs~ awyobda nacionalur niadagze, agreTve
ganzraxuli hqonda revoluciurad ganwyobili didi rusi mwerlis maqsim
gorkis likvidacia. gorkis ojaxSi wuwunava waradgines, rogorc
,,droJonis~ wevri. mwerali simpatiiT ganewyo axalgazrda qarTvelis
mimarT. simpatia imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom m. gorkis
saqarTvelosTan da mis inteligenciasTan bevri mniSvnelovani mogoneba
akavSirebda. gorkis ojaxSi yovel SabaT_kviras ikribeboda xelovnebis
da rusuli kulturis iseTi didi moRvaweebi rogorebic iyvnen:
Saliapini, bunini, kuprini, balmonti, andreevi, markovi. wuwunavam
xelovnebisa da mwerlobis korifeTa skola gaiara, rac mTavaria, wilad
xvda bedniereba, yofiliyo mowme didi rusi mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
procesisa. wuwunava am bednier wuTebs ase igonebs: ,,gorki zogjer
53
gamoaRebda xolme Tavis kabinetis kars, gamovidoda oTaxSi da
mohyveboda siaruls, TiTqos arc ki varsebobdi misTvis... Semdeg
ubrundeboda kabinets, kidev erTi-ori saaTi muSaobda da kvlav
gamodioda aRfrTovanebuli, mohyveboda Tavis gmirebze laparaks,
romlebic axla gamohyavda ama Tu im moTxrobaSi, ise sainteresod
gadmogvcemda, TiTqos moTxroba ukve dawerili aqvso, maSin rodesac igi
Cvens Tvalwin Txzavda, Semdeg am ambavs Cven dawerili vkiTxulobdiT.~
(kasraZe 1957: 29).
mogonebidan Cans Tu ra Zlieri zegavlena unda moexdina gorkis
pirovnebas, mis saubrebs axalgazrda wuwunavas cnobierebaze. gorkis
davalebiT moskovis samxatvro Teatris msaxiobma m. andreevam wuwunava
meierxoldis studiaSi miaRebina. stanislavskis da nemiroviC-danCenkos
mowafe meierxoldi, SemdgomSi, marTalia ,,pirobiTi Teatris~ kredos
emxroboda, magram maSin samxatvro TeatrSi gamomuSavebul principebs
iziarebda. studiaSi cota xans dahyo, radgan wuwunava qarTvel
studentTa razmTan erTad ivanovo_voznesenskSi gaemgzavra. moskovSi
politikuri situacia garTulda, mokles gorkis damcveli studentebi
qarTveliSvili da baxtaZe. gadawyda qarTvel studentTa razmi
samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. 1905 wels samSobloSi dabrunebul
wuwunavas mZime situacia daxvda alixanov_avarskis damsjeli eqspedicia
aRarafers indobda. quTaisi cecxlis alSi iyo gaxveuli, amitom
aleqsandre wuwunava naTesavebTan baTumSi gaemgzavra. aq man Sekriba
axalgazrda scenismoyvareebi da daiwyo speqtaklebis dadgma.
rogorc aRvniSneT axalgazrda wuwunavasaTvis samxatvro
TeatrSi moxvedra cxovrebis umaRles mizans warmoadgenda. 1906 wels is
kvlav moskovSia, samxatvro TeatrSi iwyebs TanamSromlobas, aqedan
moyolebuli wuwunavas cxovrebaSi axali etapi iwyeba, male is gadadis
Teatralur kursebze, sadac oTxi wlis gamanmavlobaSi swavlobda.
SesaniSnavad gaerkva SemoqmedebiT problemebSi. mowme xdeba novatoruli
eqsperimentebisa. reJisuris sruluflebianobisa da axali tipis
msaxiobis Camoyalibebis, ansamblurobis magaliTi iyo ,,samxatvro
Teatris~ speqtaklebi: h. ibsenis ,,brandi~ (1906), a. griboedovis ,,vai
Wkuisagan~ (1906), k. hamsunis ,,cxovrebis drama~ (1907), l. andreevis
,,cxovreba kacisa~ (1907), ibsenis ,,rosmerholmsi~ (1908). es is wlebia roca
54
stanislavski imarjvebda, rogorc novatori reJisori, roca praqtikaSi
inergeboda ,,stanislavskis sistema.~ ,,al. wuwunava ara marto momswre da
mowame, aramed monawilec iyo am gamarjvebebis. did TeatrTan da did
mweralTan sixlovem ganapirobes misi moqalaqeobrivi da SemoqmedebiTi
principebi_xeli Seuwyves msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. wuwunavam
Seisislxorca da Tavis SemoqmedebiT mrwamsad aRiara samxatvro Teatris
principebi... Semdeg ki qarTuli scena aziara am novatoruls, rac
ganasxvavebda mis aRmzrdel Teatrs sxva Teatrebisagan da amiTaa swored
qarTuli Teatri gansakuTrebiT davalebuli wuwunavasagan~ (mumlaZe 1963:
49).
samxatvro TeatrSi wuwunavam gaiara didi da saintereso skola.
miRebuli codniTa da gamocdilebiT 1909 wels brundeba da sul mokle
xanSi gadatrialeba moaxdina qarTul Teatralur sferoSi.
,,samxatvro Teatridan wuwunava SemoqmedebiTi gznebiT dabrunda.
meocnebe, qarTul miwas danatrebuli axali Teatraluri gzebis Ziebas
Seudga. faqizad mosinja Zveli Teatris tradiciebi da misi susti
adgilebi. sxvagvarad verc warmoedgina axali Zieba. jer unda gaerkvia
Tu ra iyo dromoWmuli da sad iyo tradiciis cocxali nervi. rogor
unda SebrZoleboda imas, rac ukve ar akmayofilebda moTxovnebs, da es
maSin, roca mis sulSi cocxlobda qarTuli scenisadmi mokrZalebuli
siyvaruli. isev adidebda l. mesxiSvilsa da v. abaSiZes, n. gabunias da m.
safarovas Semoqmedebas. bolomde ganuxiblavi darCa siWabukis dros
miRebuli STabeWdilebebisagan!~ (kiknaZe 1967: 8).
imxanad ,,dramatuli sazogadoebis TeatrSi~ qarTuli scenis
korifeebi iyvnen Tavmoyrili da Zveli Teatris tradiciebi mefobda,
rogor unda SebrZoleboda individualizms, rogor unda Caetarebina
eqsperimentebi, rom maT ar Sexeboda. amitom Tbilisis ,,dramatuli
sazogadoebis TeatrSi~ reJisoris Tanamdebobaze uari ganacxada.
,,batonma wuwunavam uari ganacxada Tbilisis dramatul dasSi reJisoris
Tanamdebobaze~ gazeTSi araferia naTqvami namdvil mizezebze, mxolod
mogvianebiT somxur gazeTebSi daibeWda namdvili mizezi: ,,man uaryo
Tbilisis da quTaisis dramatuli amxanagobis winadadeba, romeliTac
SeaZlies didi jamagiri, magram uyuradRebod datova, radgan misi Sroma
da energia uqmad Caivlis iq, sadac moipovebian iseTni msaxiobni, sadac
55
mis sityvas araviTari mniSvneloba ar eqneba.~ werilis avtori mwerali
ovanes Tumaniani sityva ,,msaxiobSi~ rasakvirvelia, gulisxmobs Teatris
premier msaxiobebs. (aRniSnuli citatis amonaWeri somxuri gazeTebidan
da misi Targmani inaxeba Teatr. muzeumSi, saqme 121 xelnaweri 14469)~
(kobaxiZe 2010: 196).
profesiul Teatrs saxalxo Teatri amjobina da 1909 wels
,,saxalxo saxlSi~ daiwyo Teatraluli moRvaweoba. saxli ufro
demokratiuli iyo Tavisi principebiT da ufro dabal mxatvruli Tavisi
speqtaklebiT, magram didi SemarTeba da mgznebare suli hqonda
wuwunavas. samxatvro Teatris xelovnebiT ganebivrebuli mainc
sixaruliT wavida ,,saxalxso saxlSi,~ Semdeg WiaTuraSi muSaTa TeatrSi.
pirveli piesa, romelic airCia axalgazrda profesionalma
reJisorma iyo cnobili italieli dramaturgis gabrieli da anuncios
piesa ,,iorios asuli,~ romelic Targmna ioseb imedaSvilma. piesa asaxavs
italiis mTianeTis mwyemsTa cxovrebas: Zlieri xasiaTebiT,
temperamentiTa da grZnobebiT axlos dgas qarTveli kacis bunebasTan.
moyvarulTa TeatrSi aseTi rTuli piesis dadgma gabeduli eqsperimenti
gaxldaT.
,,es eqsperimenti unda daefuZnebina iseT fsiqologiur
simarTleze, romelic gamoamJRavnebda ,,premierobis eSxiT~ SeubRalavi
msaxiobebis erovnul Tvisebebs. SeZleben ki isini TiTqosda ucxo, magram
msgavsi xasiaTebiT piesis azris asaxvas da samoqmedo aris gadaqcevas
maqsimalurad cxovrebiseulad? aseTi eqsperimenti rasakvirvelia, arc
interess iyo moklebuli da arc gamarjvebis im did imeds, romelsac
aleqsandre wuwunava gulis siRrmeSi atarebda~ (SvangiraZe 1986: 23).
,,iorios asuli~ Zalian rTuli piesaa da es sirTule unda
gadaelaxaT scenismoyvareebs, romelTagan zogi pirvelad gamodioda
scenaze, magram axalgazrda reJisoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man
scenismoyvareni SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmna. dadga ansambluri speqtakli,
scenaze yvela cxovrobda da batonobda koleqtiur TamaSSi.
,,aq iyo koleqtiuri TamaSi da ara kerZo msaxiobebisa. TviT
statistebic cocxal adamianebs hgavdnen da ara tikinebs da sadekoracio
masalas... yvelani Tavis adgilebze idgnen. saerTo mwyobri TamaSis
STabeWdileba faravda kerZo pirebis xelovnur TamaSs. TamaSi mxatvruli
56
iyo. ,,axali mxatvruli saxelovno principebiT~ dadgmul speqtaklSi
wuwunavam ,,daamkvidra ansambli~, rogorc koleqtiuri msaxiobi~ (kiknaZe
1967: 12).
,,ara tikinebs~, ,,sadekoracio masalas~, ansamblis principebze
dadgmul masobriv scenebSi napovni muxti Semdeg mTeli Semoqmedebis
manZilze aRarasodes daukargavs.
,,iorios asulSi~ gamoCndnen axali aqtioruli Zalebi. Sesustda
wamyvani msaxiobebis kaprizebi. Semcirda gastrolioroba. aseTi Sedegi
gamoiRo wuwunavas axalma Teatralur-esTetikurma principma, romelsac
udidesi moraluri mniSvneloba hqonda. gazeTi ,,klde~ werda: ,,aqamde
erTi tendencia iyo, sruliad ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas saerTos, mTlian
STabeWdilebas, ansambls; yuradRebas ipyrobda umTavresi gmiri,
danarCeni viTomda maTTvis TamaSobdnen, mis garSemo unda SeeqmnaT
pirovnebis wasawevi pirobebi. es didi nakli iyo Cvens scenaze da al.
wuwunavas dauRalavi energiis wyalobiT es nakli saxalxo saxls
moSorda~.
gazeTi ,,fiqri~ werda: ,,qarTuli sasceno xelovneba mxolod
saxalxo saxlSia. es cxadad amtkicebs, rom qarTuli demokratia ukve
Sesdgomia Tavisi didi istoriuli misiis Sesrulebas~ (,,saxalxo
saxlis~ demokratiuli principebi ebrZoda qarTul TeatrSi gamefebul
konservatuls. swored aseT BbrZolebSi iWedeboda qarTuli Teatris
momavali. speqtaklis warmatebis erT-erTi mizezi simarTlis grZnoba,
msaxiobebis Sinagani moqmedebaTa mTlianoba iyo, romelic reJisorma
cxovrebiseuli simarTliT gamoxata speqtaklSi.
,,marto ansambliT ar gansazRvrula reJisoris warmateba.
mTavari mainc is didi simarTle, Sinagani sisavse da ganwyobilebaTa
mTlianoba iyo, romelic ase Zalumad gamoixateboda speqtaklSi. aq
yvelani cocxlobdnen scenaze. yvelas moqmedeba SeTanxmebuli da
bunebrivi gamodga, TiTqos scenaze ki ara, cxovrebaSi xdeboda . yoveli
xma, siaruli, yvirili, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rasac vxedavdiT da
vismendiT, piesis SinaarsTan Sewonil-Sezomili iyo, yvelafers
bunebrivobis beWedi esva. aq TiTqos yvelaferi TavisiT mimdinareobda~
(kiknaZe 1967: 13).
57
al. wuwunavas dadgmaSi kidev erTi siaxle gamoCnda. reJisorma
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia mxatvrobas. izruna ara marto
teqnikur, aramed esTetikur mxarezec. es advili saqme ar iyo
moyvarulTa TeatrSi, romelsac mwiri materialuri SesaZlebloba
hqonda. imdroindeli gazeTebi werdnen: ,,Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
batonma wuwunavam gaamarTla Cveni molodini ara Tu saxalxo saxlis
scenaze, qarTul nafic msaxiobTaganac arasodes gvsmenia aseTi mwyobri
TamaSi, ar gvinaxavs aseTi gemovneba scenis mowyoba-dekoraciebSi~.
,,iorios asulis~ warmatebis Semdeg wuwunava gaagzavnes
moskovSi, reJisorTa yrilobaze, sadac sityviT gamovida. ,,laparakobs
qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT, amcnobs damswreT qarTuli Teatris
mdgomareobas, yveba carizmis represiebze e. w. ,,inorodcebis” mimarT,
romelTac viTomda ar sWirdeba Teatri. Semdeg reJisoris movaleobaze
Cerdeba. is ambobs: _ reJisoris valia daazustos ideologiurad
Seafasos yvela piesa da arCevanSi demokratiuli mimarTulebis piesas
misces upiratesoba. Tu gindac misi mxatvruli done ufro dabal
safexurze idges vidre im piesisa, romelic miuRebelia TqvenTvis.
yrilobaze am sityvebs nemiroviC-danCenko usmenda. didi iyo
maswavleblis sixaruli moswavlis publicisturi mgznebarebiT
warmoTqmuli sityvebis gamo. nemiroviCi ulocavs wuwunavas. masSi
progresuli xelovnebis principebis erTgul xelovans xedavs.
sixarulis miuxedavad nemiroviCi iqve SeniSnavs ,,ar
gagabriyvivoT am gamarjvebam, axalgazrda reJisorisaTvis metad
saxifaToa sazogadod d. anuncios Teatri, miT umetes misi ,,iorios
asuli~
_ratom, ratom? _gulficxad SeekiTxa a. wuwunava, _ saxifaTo
rato, saxifaTo ratom unda iyos? CemSi sakmao Zalas vgrZnob...
nemiroviC-danCenkom mSvidad ganmarta _ ,,iorios asulSi~ bevri
ramaa saxarbielo reJisorisaTvis, mravali saefeqto adgili da
mizanscena. SesaZloa gamoucdeli reJisori efeqtebs gahyves. samxatvro
Teatris dabadeba ki, rogorc gaswavlidiT, igive aris. Teatri cocxlobs
ara mdidruli dekoraciebiT da brWyviala tanisamosiT, aramed
upirveles yovlisa dramaturgiis ideebiT”. (kasraZe 1957: 59)
58
,,saxalxo saxlSi~ muSaobis periodSi wuwunava arc erovnul
dramaturgias iviwyebs dgams qarTvel dramaturgTa piesebs: paulo
ireTelis ,,qristines” (ninoSvilis mixedviT), gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpls”,
t. ramiSvilis ,,mezoblebs”, n. SiukaSvilis ,,megobrebs”, n. nakaSiZis ,,vin
aris damnaSave”. marTalia es speqtaklebi erTnairi mxatvruli donis ar
yofila, magram am dadgmebSi profesionali reJisori ar Ralatobs mis
mier arCeul mxatvrul_esTetikur princips. misi moRvaweobiT wuwunavam
daamtkica, rom is reJisoria, romelsac SeeZlo qarTuli Teatri axali
gziT waeyvana, magram mowinaaRmdegebi gamouCnda, gansakuTrebiT
dramatuli sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris da amitom 1915 wels wuwunavam
miiRo WiaTuris muSaTa Teatris mowveva. wuwunava TavgamodebiT
Sromobda scenismoyvareebTan eweoda pedagogiur moRvaweobas. dgamda
speqtaklebs. WiaTuris TeatrSi erTi sezoni imuSava. dadga speqtaklebi:
sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis ,,Ralati~, gogolis ,,revizori~, g. d anuncios
`iorios asuli~. muSaTa farTo wreebSi Teatri popularuli gaxda.
isini sulmouTqmelad elodnen yovelkvireul warmodgenebs, WiaTuraSi
ar darCenila kaci, muSaTa Teatris warmodgena ar enaxa. modiodnen
marganecis koncernSi momuSave ucxoelebi TarjimnebTan erTad. ukvirdaT
Teatris maRali professionalizmi. adgilobrivi gazeTi ..salamuri”
werda: ,,mkiTxvelebs albaT axsovT, rom batonma wuwunavam SarSan
Tbiliselebi aalaparaka Tavisi niWiT reJisorobaSi, iseve moxda aqac,
iseTi mxatvrobiT awyobili dekoraciebi scenaze, iseTi xelovnuri
grimika da iseTi mwyobri ansambli warmodgenaSi, rogorsac vxedavT
WiaTurlebi wuwunavas mosvlis Semdeg, mgoni aqaurebs ki ara da
Tbilissa da quTaisSiac eamebodaT~.
WiaTuram mCqefare Teatraluri cxovreba daiwyo. wuwunava
sargeblobda muSebs Soris didi siyvaruliTa da avtoritetiT.
reJisoris gazrdili avtoriteti SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT. gamgeobam
wuwunava reJisoris Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla im motiviT, rom
Senaxvis xarjebi ar hqondaT. gamosaTxovar saRamoze Teatri xalxs ver
itevda, scenismoyvareebma wuwunava Tbili sityvebiT gaaciles: ,,Zvirfaso
alesandre raJdenis-Zev! TiTqmis erTi weliwadi sruldeba, rac CvenTan
erTad ibrZvi am xelovnebis taZarSi, erTi weliwadia rac Seni mxne
muSaobiT Cvens wres suls udgam... es weliwadi waruSleli darCeba Cveni
59
Teatris mateaneSi, radgan es iyo weliwadi gamarjvebisa, es iyo
weliwadi rodesac ayvavda imedi, rom WiaTuris Teatrs brwyinvale
momavali uRimis Soridan... mraval dabrkolebaTa daZleva dagWirda Sen.
mravali ukuRmarToba dagme Sen am mcire xnis moRvaweobaSi~. (kiknaZe 1967:
15).
WiaTuridan wuwunava isev TbilisSi brundeba, is kvlav
,,saxalxo saxlSia~. dgams Salva dadianis piesas ,,pirimzes~. am
warmodgenis Sesaxeb cnobili feletonisti s. fircxalava werda:
,,sabednieroT batoni wuwunava Tavisi mxatvruli niWis wyalobiT
axerxebs mSvenieri speqtaklebis gamarTvas saxalxo Teatris Rarib
scenaze. naTelia, rom saqme gvaqvs ara ganukiTxav xelosanTan, ... aramed
mxatvarTan, romelic aRWurvilia WeSmariti xelovanis gemovnebiT.
wuwunava Zalze SezRudulia sakmao saartisto Zalebis uqonlobiT,
magram aleqsandre wuwunavas namuSevrebSi yovelTvis daculia stili,
rac aklia sazogadod qarTuli Teatris speqtaklebs~. (mumlaZe 1963: 51).
profesiulma dramatulma Teatrma wuwunava axali sezonis
xelmZRvanelad miiwvia. miwvevas im pirobiT daTanxmda Tu dramatuli
sazogadoebis gamgeoba mis muSaobaSi ar Caereoda. wuwunavas miwvevas
profesiul dramatul TeatrSi principuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan
Teatrs sWirdeboda scenuri gamomsaxvelobis axali saSualebebis
danergva. momwifda aqtioruli individualizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis
aucilebloba, rogorc axalgazrda axmetelis imdroindel werilebidan
irkveva, wuwunavas brZolas individualizmis winaaRmdeg miesalmeboda,
rasac wuwunava praqtikaSi anxorcielebda, axmetelis Teoriul
mxardaWeras poulobda: ,,batoni v. abaSiZe didebulia Tavisi niWiT,
kerZod igi mraval rolebSi Seudarebelia, batoni v. gunia agreTve didi
msaxiobia, misi oTar-begi es saukeTeso ganZia qarTuli xelovnebis
kulturisaTvis, magram rogorc batoni abaSiZe, iseve batoni batoni gunia
scenaze mxolod kerZo skulptorebi arian, isini hqmnian pirad rols
maSin, rodesac TviT drama, umTavresi ZarRvi – moqmedeba –AsrulebiT
ara sCans~ (axmeteli 1978: 74).
rogorc werilidan sCans, wuwunava da axmeteli erT poziciaze
dganan unda damTavrdes ,,kerZo skulptorebis~ uansamblo speqtaklebis
Teatri. ,,koleqtiurobis grZnoba, speqtaklis mtkice ansambluroba,
60
masobrivi scenebis damuSaveba da fsiqologiuri simarTle _ es aris
wuwunavas Ziebis sfero da axmetelis imdroindeli Teatraluri
naazrevic am sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba~.
profesiul dramatul TeatrSi iwyeba SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis
brZolebi. momwifda sakiTxi scenis moRvaweTa yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb.
1912 wlis 12 ivnis yriloba Sedga. yrilobis sapatio Tavmjdomared akaki
wereTeli airCies. momxseneblad l. mesxiSvilTan, S. dadianiTan, a.
faRavasTan erTad wuwunavac gamovida. igi moiTxovda: mxatvrul
simarTles, axali meTodebis, sceniuri gamomsaxvelobis axali
saSualebebis Ziebas, ansamblis aucileblobas da premierobis uaryofas,
yrilobam miiRo wuwunavasa da a. faRavas winadadeba:
1) arcerTi msaxiobi ar moiwvion ampluis mixedviT:
2) yvela msaxiobi moiwvion wliurad da dasasveneblad mieceT
ori Tve, Sesabamisi pirobebis mixedviT.
yrilobaze kidev erTxel darwmundnen wuwunavas maRal
profesionalizmsa da ukompromisobaSi. S. dadianTan, i. gedevaniSvilTan,
a. faRavasTan, n. gociriZesTan, a. imedaSvilTan erTad sruliad
saqarTvelos scenismoyvareTa specialuri komisiis wevrad airCies.
a. wuwunava Tbilisis qarTuli dramis TeatrSi iwyebs i.
gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverplis” dadgmas. repeticiebi mimdinareobda mkacri
disciplinis pirobebSi, rac zogierTis gaRizianebas iwvevda. aucilebeli
moTxovna iyo mokarnaxis uaryofa. msaxiobi valdebuli iyo ara marto
codnoda misi rolis teqsti aramed partniorisac, magaliTad uxerxuli
iyo teqsti gaesworebina vaso abaSiZisaTvis. magram wuwunavas
SemoqmedebiTma taqtma Tavisi gaitana. abaSiZe repeticiebze momzadebuli
modioda. msaxiobi unda Caswvdomoda saxis fsiqologiur bunebas da
Sesatyvisi formiT gadmoeca. brwyinvale dekoraciam, mxatvruli
kanonzomierebiT Seqmnilma mizanscenebma, metyvelma aqtoiorulma
saxeebma, sceniuri gamomsaxvelobis axalma saSualebebma da
ansamblurobam speqtakls didi warmateba moutana. gazeTi ,,klde~ werda:
,,sad iyo msaxiobTa daudevroba, sadRa iyvnen is sasacilo manekenebi,
aqamde masobriv scenebs rom qmnidnen. kviras yovelive es gandevnili iyo
da qarTuli scenidan moCanda is, rasac ansambli ewodeba gafacicebiT
vadevnebdi Tvalyurs da yvela maTgani gamoZerwili tipi iyo, TiToeulma
61
maTganma saucxood dagvixata Tavisi saxe, misi arsi, misi msjeloba
ise,rom sul bunebrivad gvidgnen mwyobrad~ (SvangiraZe 1986: 33).
yvelaferi rolis zeamocanis gamWol moqmedebaSi gaxsnas
emsaxureboda da mimarTuli iyo speqtaklis zeamocanis gadmosacemad,
scenaze bevri didi msaxiobi idga TiToeulma maTganma saucxood
dagvixates Tavisi saxe arcerTi maTgani ar aRiqmeboda erTmaneTisgan
mowyvetili, aramed erT mTlian ansambls qmnidnen.
,,magram marto ansambli da maRali profesionalizmi rodi iyo
speqtaklis Rirseba. warmodgenaSi Seiqmna aqtioruli saxeebi, marTali da
naTeli atmosfero individualuri da koleqtiuri urTieTobis axali
formebi~ (kiknaZe 1967: 16)
,,msxverplma~ kidev erTxel daamtkica reJisoris, rogorc
speqtaklis erTaderTi organizatoris udidesi mniSvneloba.
,,am speqtakliT al. wuwunavam profesiul qarTul TeatrSi
daamkvidra reJisoris hegemoniis roli. man daimorCila aqtioruli
koleqtivi, gadawyvita mizanscenebis problema da speqtakli erT mTlian
mxatvrul azrs dauqvemdebara~ (SvangiraZe 1986: 23).
wuwunava ,,msxverplis~ warmatebis Semdeg TviTkmayofilebas ar
eZleva sul eqsperimentalur ZiebaSia, magram misi eqsperimentaluri
Ziebebi qarTul dramatuli Teatris scenaze 1914 wlis xanZarma
daasrula. Teatris aRsadgenad aravis ecala da is iZulebuli gaxda
moxetiale mdgomareobaSi gadasuliyo.
qarTuli Teatris savalalo mdgomareobis gamo axalgazrda
axmeteli moxsenebiT gamovida kulturuli sazogadoebis saRamoze:
,,qarTuli Teatri cecxlma STanTqa, magrama Cans, Teatris sulieri
afeqti iseve didia CvenTvis; aRara gvaqvs Teatri, magram religia
Teatrisa iseve Rvivis Cvens gulebSi” (axmeteli 1978: 98).
a. wuwunava qorelTan erTad aarsebs msaxiobTa amxanagobas da
daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavs rusuli artistuli sazogadoebis Teatr
,,tartos” xelmZRvanelobas, maT didi Tanxa moiTxoves, gamosavali ar
iyo, daTanxmdnen, magram Semosavali darbazis qiras ver faravda.
a. wuwunavam 1915-1916 wlebSi rusul dasSi dadga ,,revizori~, ,,vai
Wkuisagan~, ,,Ralati~ da sxva. orma speqtaklma ,,revizorma~ da ,,Ralatma~
mayureblis gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia. wuwunavam ,,revizori~
62
samxatvro Teatris mizanscenebSi dadga, ramac sazogadoebaSi kamaTic
gamoiwvia. zogierTi mokamaTis azriT speqtakli qmnida moskovis
samxatvro Teatris formebis meqanikuri gadmotanis saSiSroebas.
1916 wels TbilisSi sagastrolod Camovidnen moskovis mcire
Teatris msaxiobebi a. sumbaTaSvili, iuJini, da e. levSina. isini ,,tartos~
Teatris sxvadasxva speqtaklebSi monawileobdnen maT Soris ,,RalatSi~,
romlis dadgma wuwunavas ekuTvnoda. speqtakls sandro axmetelic
daeswro, romelic reJisoris profesionalizma gaaoca: ,,me minda mxolod
baton wuwunavaze SevCerde, imis Semdeg, rac me vnaxe saxazino TeatrSi
misi reJisorobiT ,,Ralati~, aragziT ar SemiZlia vapatio zogi
Secdomebi. ar vapatieb imitom, rom wuwunava marTlac mSvenieri
gemovnebis da masTan dakvirvebuli reJisori yofila. me pirvelad vxedav
misi xelmZRvanelobiT warmodgenas. marTalia bevri gamego mis
muSaobaze, magram me, rogorc urwmuno Tomas, ar mjeroda. axla ki mec
davrwmundi. baton wuwunavas etyoba, rom scenis teqnika Zalian kargad
icis. mTeli moqmedeba gamoaqvs meore planze da iseTi gabedulebiT, rom
scenuri simetria srulebiT ar irRveva. amasTanave mizanscenebSi igi
sruliad samarTlianad da martivad qmnis feradebis kontrasts da
iluziaTa konturebs. ar epatieba mxolod sinaTlis imgvari ganawileba
scenaze, rogoric mas saxazino TeatrSi hqonda. sinaTles scenaze
imdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom SeiZleba sul ubralo Secdomam
mTeli suraTi mospos, amasTanave baton wuwunavas naklebi yuradReba
miuqcevia dramis ritmze. ,,RalatSi~ ki amas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs,
pirveli moqmedebis da meoTxe moqmedebis pirveli naxevris ritmi, sul
sxvagvaria, vidre danarCenebisa. aq TiToeuli poza gazomilia da
masTanve tonis da bunebis momcemi unda iyos. samagierod meoTxe
moqmedebaSi ufro gabeduli, ufro martivi da cocxalia. es defeqtebi
mainc ar miSlian, siamovnebiT vaRiaro, rom qarTul scenas marTla
hyolia namdvili,saqmis mcodne da moyvaruli reJisori batoni wuwunava~
(axmeteli 1978: 126).
axmetelma aRtacebiT miiRo dadgma. is imediT Sescqeris
wuwunavas reJisuras. rwmundeba reJisoris scenuri teqnikis Rrma
codnaSi, mizanscenebisa da konturebis harmoniaSi. moixibla saxeebis
Rrma fsiqologiuri siRrmiT. magram ar patiobs reJisors Suqis scenaze
63
ganawilebisas daSvebul uzustobas da speqtaklis ritmisTvis naklebi
yuradRebis miqcevas.
,,aqve unda iTqvas, rom Semdeg swored wuwunavs ,,janyi guriaSi”
(,,wiTel TeatrSi”) gaxda magaliTi ritmisa da temperamentis, xalxuri
sanaxaobivi formebisa da qarTuli istoriul-materialuri kulturis
niSandoblivi mxareebis realisturi warmosaxvisa.” (kiknaZe 1967: 19)
a. wuwunava bolomde erTguli darCa fsiqologiur-realisturi
Teatrisa, romelma didi roli Seasrula qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebaSi.
misi speqtaklebi: g. erisTavis ,,Zunwi~, p. ireTelis ,,qristine~, S.
SaraSiZis ,,avgarozi~, i. andreevis ,,stumari~, hauptmanis ,,suliT obolni~,
a. diumas ,,parizis Rarib-Ratakni~, i. gedevaniSvilis `msxverpli~ da sxva
gamoirCeodnen ansamblurobiT da simarTlis grZnobiT.
,,SemorCenili dokumentebi adastureben, Tu rogor eZebda
aleqsandre wuwunava amaRlebuli romantikisa da cxovrebiseuli
simarTlis sinTezs, cdilobda mieRwia iseTi dramatiuli
daZabulobisaTvis, romelic Rrmad Caafiqrebda mayurebels, swored es
sWirdeboda guSindel baqos, revoluciri paTosiT gaJRenTil qalaqs,
speqtaklebSi gamomJRavda reJisoris meamboxe suli, mRelvare buneba, rac
saerTod axasiTebda wuwunavas Semoqmedebas.” (SvangiraZe 1986: 43)
qarTul TeatrSi k. marjaniSvilisa da s. axmetelis mosvlamde
iyo `wuwunavas epoqa~ (a. duduCava). arsebiTad es iyo Teatris
profesiuli ostatobis amaRlebisaTvis da TanamoazreTa koleqtiuri
Semoqmedebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZolis epoqa. ,,al. wuwunavas saxelTan
dakavSirebulia gansazRvruli etapi qarTuli kulturisa, rodesac
mxatvrul SemecnebaSi damkvidrda Teatris iseTi gageba, romelic
principul winaaRmdegobaSi imyofeba aqtioruli individualizmis
TeatrTan da scnobda mxolod mxatvrul ansambls, rogorc Teatris
specifikas.~ (duduCava 1966: 151). man gardatexa Seitana qarTul TeatrSi,
mkveTrad aamaRla reJisuros avtoriteti. misi reformatoruli Ziebebi
moicavda reJisuris fundamenturi principebis da fsiqologiur-
realisturi Teatris esTetikis sferos. es iyo me-20 saukunis 10-iani
wlebis qarTuli Teatris ZiebaTa umTavresi problema, romlis
gadawyvetaSic gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula a. wuwunavam.
64
2. al. wuwunava qarTul operaSi
TbilisSi saopero Teatris dafuZnebis idea saqarTveloSi graf
voroncevs miawoda rusuli dramatuli Teatris direqtorma grfma
sologubma. m. voroncovma am axal wamowyebaSi qarTvelebis rusifikaciis
saqmeSi mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni dainaxa da 1851 wels operis Teatri
daarsda. operis Teatris daarsebas saqarTvelos kulturuli
cxovrebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda.
,,TbilisSi TandaTan moidga fexi qarTulma da rusulma
dramatulma speqtaklebma, magram verc maneJis Teatri da verc es
speqtaklebi ver akmayofilebdnen imdroindel kulturul moTxovnilebas.
aRorZinebis gzaze damdgari TbiliselebisaTvis saWiro iyo kargi
dramaca da operac.~ (kaSmaZe 1950: 32).
Tavdapirvelad italiuri operis dasi moiwvies da operis TeatrSi
rusuli sawyisebi Riad ar figurirebda, magram mefis ruseTis
Cinovnikebi imedovnebdnen, rom TandaTan italiur operas rusuliT
Caanacvlebdnen, radgan italiuri opera ver pasuxobda rusuli
politikis miznebs da daiwyo misi mizanmimarTuli gandevna.
TandaTanobiT rusuli opera ikrebda Zalebs. italiuri opera gaauqmes. am
movlenasTan dakavSirebiT ,,kavkazi~ kmayofilebas ver faravda:
,,TbilisSi erT dros uyvardaT italiuri musika da odesRac amayobdnen
kidevac TavianTi italiuri operebiT, magram rogorc Cans, am ,,erT dros~
da am ,,odesRac~ bolo moeRo~ (kaSmaZe 1950: 180).
rusuli opera imarjvebs da dasavleT evropul operebs rusul
enaze Targmnidnen rusuli enis ukeT gavrcelebis mizniT. aseTi
tradiciebis Teatri Caibara wuwunavam 1918 wlis 18 maiss, roca
menSevikurma mTavrobam Teatris komisrad daniSna. Teatris direqtorad
dasva mefisnacvlis kancelariis moxele poniacki, teqnikur direqtorad
smirnovi. ra qarTuli erovnuli politika unda gaetarebinaT maT, Zneli
misaxvedri ar aris. am Teatris arsebobis istoriis manZilze, manamde mis
scenaze ar aJRerebula arcerTi qarTuli opera, arcerT qarTvel
reJisors ar daudgams saopero speqtakli. ,,a. wuwunavam guldinji
realistis TvaliT Seiswavla operis Teatris mxatvruli da
administraciuli cxovrebis yoveli detali da uceb igrZno, rom yamirze
65
unda gaevlo kvali. mis winaSe erTbaSad wamoiWra aTasi kiTxva, aTasi
problema. riT daewyo? dahyoloda Teatris Zveli cxovrebis wess, Tu
daeRvia igi? vin hyavda qarTul saopero reJisuraSi, winapari vis
tradicias unda dayrdnoboda? rogor moezida qarTveli kompozitorebi?
mas xom TiTqmis ar hqonda gamocdileba am sferoSi? ramdenad
gamoadgeboda dramatul TeatrSi SeZenili codna? ra saerTo SeiZleboda
hqonoda saopero dramis reJisuras? ra gziT unda ganviTarebuliyo
erovnuli opera? ra stilSi unda gadawyvetiliyo igi? amgvari fiqri
awuxebda xelovans. amgvari siZneleebi esaxeboda win~ (kiknaZe 1967: 21).
a. wuwunava iwyebs zrunvas qarTuli musikaluri kulturis
asayvaveblad. Tavdauzogavad Sromobs erovnuli kadrebis gamosavlenad
da maTi aRzrdisaTvis. misi iniciativiT iqmneba saopero komisia, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis kompozitorebisa da musikis specialistebis didi
jgufi: zaqaria faliaSvili, meliton balanCivaZe, dimitri arayiSvili,
kote focxveraSvili, sergo evlaxiSvili, kompozitori da diriJori
Cerepnini, diriJorebi stolermani da samosudi, gundis xelmZRvaneli
korSini da sxva. Tavi mouyara dasis potenciur Zalebs, romlebic
xelmZRvanelobas Teatridan gaeSva, maT Soris iyo vano sarajiSvilic.
qarTuli operis saZirkvelis Cayris mizniT qarTul enaze iTargmna
rubanSteinis opera ,,demoni~, romelic Tematurad axlos idga
saqarTvelosTan.
,,man didi taqtiT daiwyo saopero Teatris erovnul relsebze
gadayvana. pirvelad rubinSteinis ,,demonis~ qarTul enaze dadgmas
mohkida xeli (Targmna ia kargareTelma). amas didi erovnuli da
uaRresad principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. qarTul enaze Targmnili
operebi epizodurad adrec yofila dadgmuli qarTuli filarmoniuli
sazogadoebis mier, magram saxelmwifo operis TeatrSi es pirveli
SemTxveva iyo, es iyo rusTavelis enis Rirsebis, misi prestiJis dacva
saopero TeatrSi. magram marto amiT ar gansazRvrula misi roli, igi
msaxiobebs aCvevda ufro kargad egrZnoT qarTuli enis silamaze misi
musikaluroba, raTa Semdeg meti xalisiT emuSavaT qarTul operebze. es
im dros xdeboda, rodesac Tbilisis saopero TeatrSi moRvaweobda.
qarTvel momReralTa pirveli Taobis sul ramdenime msaxiobi da dasis
umravlesobaSi imJamad araqarTvelebi iyvnen~ (v. kiknaZe 1967: 22).
66
a. wuwunavas mizani iyo qarTuli ena daemkvidrebina saopero
Teatris scenaze. intuicia karnaxobda, rom saopero Teatris dadgmisas
dramatuli Teatris kanonebiT ar exelmZRvanela, saopero reJisuris gzas
dasdgomoda, magram gzis gamkvalavi aravin hyavda, radgan mis erTaderT
maswavlebels stanislavkis saopero reformebi jer ganxorcielebuli ar
hqonda. ,,demonis~ dadgmisas did winaaRmdegobebs waawyda, ,,gamoCndnen
skeptikosebi, romlebic winaswarve irwmunebodnen, rom opera ,,demoni~
qarTul enaze ,,Caflavdebao,~ amas daerTo zogi rusi msaxiobis
sobotaJi, qarTulad vercerT rols ver SeviswavliT, metad Znelia
qarTuli enis damorCilebao, magram yvela es siZneleni daZleuli iqna~
(d. kasraZe 1957: 83).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvar zalcmans dekoraciebi faqtiurad
mzad hqonda, anterpreniori levicki yovelnairad cdilobda xeli
SeeSala, reJisors ar rTavda nebas repeticiebi Caetarebina. did
winaaRmdegobaTa miuxedavad ,,demonis~ premiera mainc Sedga. premieras
diriJorobda samoel samosudi. speqtakli Tavad reJisoris aRiarebiT
dekadenturi midgomiT iyo dadgmuli. d. kasraZe ase afasebs speqtakls:
,,wuwunavas cxovrebaSi es pirveli da ukanaskneli marcxi iyo. aq man
uRalata moskovis samxatvro Teatris principebs da ahyva dekadenturi
modis vakxanalias~ (d. kasraZe 1957: 85).
samagierod pirveli qarTuli operis dimitri arayiSvilis
,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~ dadgmisas isev erTxel ukve gakvalul
gzas ubrundeba. speqtaklis Semdeg iyo operis dramaturgiasTan
dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebi, aRniSnes agreTve speqtaklis Rirsebebic.
ubraloeba, rasac daJinebiT sTxovda reJisori Cinebul mxatvar-
dekorator zalcmans, mTlianad daculi iyo, dekoraciebi metad
msubuqad da Sexamebulad eTanxmeboda moqmed pirTa samosis ferebs.~
(kasraZe 1957: 85). am speqtakliT reJisori da mxatvari upirispirdeba Zvel
saopero TeatrSi pompezur dekoraciebs, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcies istoriuli personaJebis gaadamiurebas.
a. wuwunavas saopero reJisorad muSaobis periodSi SemoqmedebiTi
urTierToba hqonda iseT gamoCenil diriJorebTan, rogorebic iyvnen: s.
samosudi, s. stolermani, i. faliaSvili, e. miqelaZe, a. melia-faSaevi, S.
azmaifaraSvili da sxvebi. swored maTTan erTad unda mieRwia sadadgmo
67
Canafiqris mTlianobisaTvis. ,,rogorc operis kargi reJisoris
Semoqmedeba SeuZlebelia Zlieri diriJoris gareSe, aseve operis
diriJoris xelovneba SezRudulia Sesaferi reJisoris gareSe.~
(pokrovski 1973:246). misi pirveli saopero speqtaklis, rubinSteinis
,,demonis~ diriJori samosudi TbilisSi iyo dabadebuli da gazrdili. is
erT dros zaqaria faliaSvilTan erTad violonCeloze ukravda
orkestrSi, romelsac ivane faliaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. samosudi
sakmaod gamocdili, evropaSi ganaTleba miRebuli diriJori iyo. mas ar
SeeZlo repeticiebze aqtiuri monawileoba ar mieRo, xSirad reJisorebs
konkretul mizanscenasac sTavazobda. zogi reJisori diriJoris am
Tvisebis gamo masTan muSaobas erideboda, zogisaTvis saintereso da
misaRebi iyo. masTan muSaobas mkafio kvali unda daetovebina wuwunavas
cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi.
wuwunavas xangrZlivi da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba
hqonda diriJor samuel stolermanTan. misi diriJorobiT aJRerda
,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, ,,qeTo da kote~, ,,Tamar cbieri~ da sxva.
wuwunavasa da stolermanis SemoqmedebiT urTierTobaze m. kvaliaSvili
wers: ,,opera ,,Tamar cbieri~ dadga saopero xelovnebis orma TvalsaCino
ostatma – reJisorma al. wuwunavam da diriJorma s. stolermanma. orivem
am dadgmaSi Caaqsova didi siyvaruli, mondomeba da TviT profesiuli
ostatoba~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 151).
,,samuel aleqsandres Ze warmoadgenda diriJoris magaliTs iyo
SesaniSnavi, mravalmxrivi erudirebuli musikosi da araCveulebrivad
daxvewili diriJori didi poeturi STagonebiT da aRmafreniT. saopero
da simfoniuri mxare misTvis iyo gaxsnili da advilad wasakiTxi wigni.~
(kvaliaSvili 1975: 42).
ivane faliaSvili wuwunavasaTvis did avtoritets warmoadgenda.
reJisoris SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi didi mniSvnelobis periodi iyo,
roca i. faliaSvilTan moRvaweobda, romelmac udiriJora operebs: ,,pikis
qali~, ,,evgeni onegini~, ,,ali~ da sxva.
,,pawia sadiriJoro wkepla ivane faliaSvilis xelSi jadosnur
Zalad iqceoda. is orkestrs flobda, rogorc ferweris didi virtuosi
sakuTar yalams. mgznebare temperamentiT dajildovebuli ivane
68
faliaSvili sakuTar sulis wiaRSi atarebda yvela bgeras da fiandazad
agebda mis win scenaze myof momRerals.~ (kaSmaZe 1948:73).
rodesac evgeni miqelaZe Tbilisis operis TeatrSi movida
axalgazrda diriJors daxvda gamocdili, Tavis ZalebSi darwmunebuli
reJisori, im dRidan wuwunavas SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi axali etapi
dgeba. axalma diriJorma operis TeatrSi axali xedva, axali suli
Semoitana. sagulisxmod migvaCnia mis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani monografiis
avtoris giorgi TaqTaqiSvilis sityvebi: ,,miqelaZe operaSi marto
musikiT arasodes ar ifargleboda, igi aseve gulisyuriT ekideboda
scenur mxaresac, aqtioris moZraobas.~ (TaqTaqiSvili 1959: 56).
30-iani wlebis cnobili tragikuli movlenebis gamo, xanmokle
magram metad nayofieri gamodga maTi SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba.
magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT speqtakl ,,daisSi~ maTi interpretaciebis
daxasiaTebebs. miqelaZis interpretaciis Sesaxeb: ,,daisis musikaluri
dramaturgiis mravalwaxnagovneba_warmtaci lirika, mSfoTvare
dramatizmi, Janruli dinamika, saxaliso_heroikuli nakadebi iSviaTi
plastiurobiT iyvnen SeerTebuli. miqelaZis SesrulebaSi mTeli musika
aJRerebuli iyo uwyveti sicocxliseuli temperamentiT, erTiani
simfoniuri sunTqviT~ (wulukiZe 1968: 37).
wuwunavas intepretaciis Sesaxeb: ,,mzardi, dramatuli moqmedeba,
sisxlsavse masobrivi scenebi, saxalxo dResaswaulis, erovnuli
peizaJebis Tvalwarmtaci sanaxaoba, samamulo aRzeveba-Seunelebeli
dinamikiT da organizebulobiT iyvnen erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulni.
yvelaferi utyuari gemovnebiT iyo SeerTebuli da mkacr realistur
planSi gadawyvetili~ (wulukiZe 1968: 35).
am magaliTebidan Cans maTi interpretaciis urTierTgamomdinareoba,
naazrevis mTlianoba, sadadgmo Canafiqris erTianoba, orive maTgans erTi
idea, erTi mizani aerTianebda. maT saxelebs ukavSirdeba axalgazrda
momRerlebis profesiuli daostateba. ,,reJisorma da diriJorma erTad
unda aRzardon msaxiobi. Sedegi man ,,yvelaferi unda gaakeTos TviTon.~
es idealia. es ideali SeiZleba asi procentiT miuRwevelia, magram
moZraoba am miznisken_Cveni ZiriTadi principia. msaxiobma TviTon unda
Seqmnas saxe, roli, xasiaTis swored iseTi gadawyveta romelic
69
reJisoris da diriJoris daxmarebiT man dainaxa, gaigona, mixvda da
Seicno.~ (pokrovski 1973: 237).
momRerali baTu kraveiSvili wers: ,,kiazos rolze muSaoba or did
xelovanTan momixda. es roli musikalurad Semaswavla diriJorma evgeni
miqelaZem, xolo scenurad aleqsandre wuwunavam~ (kraveiSvili 1966: 39).
reJisoris SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi moxda faqti, rodesac igi
Seecada ,,sakompozitoro reJisuris~ farglebis garRvevas.
,,a. r. wuwunava, gamocdili da udaod mcodne reJisori xSirad
usargeblo detalebs did yuradRebas uTmobda. magaliTad opera
,,karmenSi~ man gadawyvita karmenis sikvdilis Semdeg xozes dapatimreba
finali ki dgeba myisve xozes damasrulebeli frazis Semdeg, xolo
bizes ar dauweria musika dapatimrebis scenisaTvis!~
a. wuwunavas TxovniT melik-faSaevma Casva taqtebis saWiro
raodenoba. marTalia TviT ,,karmenis~ musikidan, magram es iyo
dauSvebeli xelyofa bizes avtoriseuli prerogativis. Cven yvelas
gvikvirda, rom aseTi seriozuli musikosi, rogoric a. melik-faSaevi iyo,
wavida amaze~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 189).
am speqtaklis damdgmeli diriJori a. melik-faSaevi am dargis
brwyinvale warmomadgeneli iyo. ,, a. S. meliq faSaevi, romelmac pirveli
nabijebisTanave Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc niWier musikos-dirijorma da
SemdgomSi didi kariera gaikeTa.~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 148).
m. kvaliaSvilis mier asaxul ,,karmenis~ finalis gadakeTebis
faqtze gaCenil kiTxvaze, ratom ,,wavida amaze~? Cveni azriT pasuxi
reJisorisa da diriJoris funqciebis gadanawilebis a. melik-faSaeviseul
SexedulebaSi unda veZioT, SemdgomSi operis ganaxlebas diriJorobda e.
miqelaZe, romelmac ,,rodesac miqelaZem repeticiis dros aRmoaCina es
moCmaxul_wakerebuli man kategoriulad gaaprotesta da ramdenic ar
arwmuna damdgmelma mainc amoiRo.~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 189).
a. wuwunavas saopero reJisorad Camoyalibebis saqmeSi zogierT
diriJorTan SemoqmedebiTma urTierTobam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula,
SemdgomSi ki Tavad reJisori iyo axalgazrda diriJorebis gzis
gamkvalavi. amas adasturebs diriJor Salva azmaifaraSvilis meuRle
musikaTmcodne Tamar kvirikaZe, romelic gviambobs wuwunavas
mniSvnelobaze misi meuRlis cxovrebaSi ,,aleqsandre wuwunavasTan
70
urTierTobaSi, mis SemoqmedebiT xerxebze dakvirvebiT swavlobs igi
mxatvruli nawarmoebis ideur-emociuri mxaris Rrmad wvdomas.
istoriuli da socialuri Sinaarsis zust amoxsnas, scenuri
disciplinis da Teatraluri dadgmis maRal kulturas. amasTan igi
gansakuTrebiT afasebs mis mimarT wuwunavas mama-Svilur
damokidebulebas, sazogadod, STabeWdilebis da ganwyobis adamiani,
Salva bolomde moxibluli da gatacebuli darCa am iSviaTi pirovnebiT.
masze udides STabeWdilebas axdenda a. wuwunavas enciklopediuri
ganswavluloba, utyuari artistuli alRo, garegnul sidinjesTan da
auRelveblobasTan SeTavsebuli didi Sinagani gzneba, keTilmosurneoba.
igi ara marto uRrmes pativs scemda, mas aramed guliT miiltvoda am
didebuli adamianisken da unda iTqvas, rom arc misgan mohklebia
sapasuxo sulieri siTbo. masTan urTierTobaSi davaJkacda igi rogorc
Teatraluri xelovani~ (kvirikaZe 1996: 36).
a. wuwunavas pirveli saopero dadgmis rubenSteinis ,,demoni,~
scenogrfma germanuli warmoSobis cnobilma Tbiliselma mxatvarma
zalcmanma kargad icoda qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos istoria, Semovlili
hqonda saqarTvelos kuTxeebi. es codna mas gamoadga ,,demonis~,
,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, ,,abesalom da eTeris~ da sxva operebis
scenografiaSi. sanam zalcmani Tbilisis operis mxatvari gaxdeboda,
muSaobda miunxenis g. fuqsis ,,funtler TeatrSi~ da Sveicarieli
kompozitorisa da pedagogis e. Jak-dalkrosis pirobiT TeatrSi.
zalcmans reJisoris Canafiqris gaTavisebis saucxoo unari hqonda. misi
namuSevrebi Tbilisis operis TeatrSi warmoadgenda reJisoris naazrevis
scenografiuli saSualebebiT xorcSesxmas. zalcmani iyo pirveli
mxatvari, romelic idga qarTuli saopero scenografiis saTaveebTan.
amrigad, sadadgmo jgufTan SemoqmedebiTi urTierTobis am mcire
magaliTebidanac Cans wuwunavas, rogorc saopero reJisoris portreti.
aleqsandre wuwunava didad afasebda erovnulobis srul
gamovlinebas zaqaria faliaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi da mis ,,abesalom da
eTers~ Tbilisis operis Teatris ,,erovnul relsebze~ gadayvanis saqmeSi
udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda. ,,kompozitorma SesZlo sakompozitoro
xelovnebis kanonebis Sesabamisad imis profesionalizacia, rac TviT
erovnuli musikaluri tradiciis struqturaSi iyo Cadebuli. amasTanave,
71
faliaSvilma ara marto aiyvana es struqtura axal xarisxSi, aramed
gamoavlina erovnuli musikaluri kulturis progresis axali
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic gamomdinareoben qarTuli da evropuli
musikaluri azrovnebis tipologiuri msgavsebidan. es ki erovnuli
tradiciis internacionalizaciis procesis kanonzomieri Sedegia da
metyvelebs qarTuli musikis erovnuli stilis Ria sistemaze.~ (qavTaraZe
1998: 6).
am operas scenuri sicocxlisaken mimaval gzaze udidesi
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva mouxda. rodesac mowveuli iqna komisia, ori
qarTuli operis d. arayiSvilis ,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~ da ,,z.
faliaSvilis ,,abesalom da eTeri~-s Sesafaseblad, komisiam arayiSvilis
opera erTxmad miiRo, xolo ,,abesalom da eTerim~ diskusia gamoiwvia.
,,diskusiam iseTi ukuRmarTi mimarTuleba miiRo, rom danaSauladac ki
uTvlidnen faliaSvils, aseTi operis dawera rogor gabedeo, bolos
xmis umravlesobiT ukuagdes ,,abesalom da eTeri~, ramodenime kacma ki
Tavi Seikava. amiT isargebla wuwunavam, Semfasebeli komisiis sxdoma
Sewyvita da sxva droisaTvis gadasdo im pirobiT, rom kenWisyris dros
TavSekaveba ar yofiliyo~ (kasraZe 1957: 85).
wuwunavam diplomatiuri taqtis wyalobiT miaRwia imas, rom
,,abesalom da eTeri~ daidga. warmodgenam yovelgvar molodins
gadaaWarba da rogorc avtors, aseve reJisors didi warmateba moutana.
premieras TviTon avtori zaqaria faliaSvili diriJorobda, xolo
SemdgomSi uZRvebodnen diriJorebi zrepnini da stolermani. premieram
uCvena, rom saWiro iyo grandiozuli, xuTaqtiani operis Sekveca.
cnobilia, rom wuwunava aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda operis
redaqtirebis procesSi. vimowmebT operis avtoris zaqaria faliaSvilis
sityvebs: ,,amiT vamowmeb, rom Cemi operis ,,abesalom da eTeris~ meore
moqmedebis konstruqcia gakeTebulia a. wuwunavas mier. agreTve mTeli
leqsebi da yvela reCitativebi, garda abio mefis himnisa, abesalomis
didebisa, agreTve ,,sayvareli gulisa~, ekuTvnis wuwunavas da mis mier
SeTxzulia Cemi dakveTiT~ (kasraZe 1957: 88).
a. wuwunavas SemoqmedebiTi biografia ,,abesalom da eTeris~ or
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul dadgmas moicavs. pirveli daidga 1919 wels,
xolo meore 1936 wels. am or speqtakls erTmaneTisagan marto drois
72
faqtori ar ganasxvavebs. mTavari mainc reJisoris gansxvavebuli
konceptualuri gadawyvetaa. pirveli dadgma reJisorma legendad
warmosaxa. pirveli dadgmis reJisoruli gadawyvetis marTebulebas
adasturebs kompozitoric, Sexedulebac am sakiTxze ,,romlis mixedviT
,,abesalomi~ warmoadgens opera legendas. erTaderTi rac am
gansazRvrebas unda daematos isaa, rom ,,abesalom da eTeri~ warmoadgens
oratoriuli tipis opera_legendas~ (xuWua 1974: 157).
wuwunavas interpretaciis erT-erT yvelaze niSandobliv mxares
warmoadgens wina planze wamoweuli legendaruloba. swored misi
reJisoruli alRos damadastureblad unda miviCnioT, rom man SeigrZno
,,abesalomis~ dramaturgiaSi, da imis ,,sakompozitoro reJisuraSi~
legendaruli sawyisis ganmsazRvreli roli: ,,SeiZleba iTqvas rom,
,,eTerianis~ - am xalxuri epikuri qmnilebis Tvisebebma sagrZnoblad
ganapiroba ,,abesalom da eTeris~ Janrobrivi da stilisturi
Taviseburebani, siuJeturi xazis gaxsnis dinji, TxrobiTi xasiaTi,
formis monumenturoba da mTeli nawarmoebis xalasi erovnuli saxe.
libretos dramaturgiis simartive da momxibvleli miamitoba, gmirTa
skulpturulad gamoZerwili saxeebi. grandiozuli masStabis masobrivi
(sagundo) scenebi pirdapir Seetyviseba xalxuri gmirul-epikuri
legendebisa da Tqmulebebis monumentur statikas~ (xuWua 1974: 155).
wuwunavas amgvari reJisoruli interpretacia nawarmoebis bunebiT
iyo nakarnaxevi. pirvel dadgmaSi reJisorma mxatvrul simarTles miaRwia,
rasac im droisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan is
daupirispirda maSindel saopero TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel pompezur
butaforiulobas.
abesalomis rols vano sarajiSvili ganasaxierebda saocari
simarTliT da gulwrfelobiT: ,,abesalomi ukanasknelad Sexvda eTers
marTalia, mesame aqtSi eTerTan ganSorebisas vano raRac fantastikur
zenits aRwevda, magram ratomRac mgonia, rom es ukanaskneli scena
uZlieresi iyo mTel partiaSi. rogorc TvalnaTliv sCanda, es Sexvedra
marTlac ukanaskneli da sabedisweroa. rogori rainduli TavganwirviT
mivardeboda igi ,,guliswors~ da ise mZavlrad Caikravda mkerdSi,
TiTqos raRac saSinelebas gamoglija klanWebidan da awi veraviTari
73
Zala ver gahyris maTo. ramdenjer vgsmenia parterSi qviTini am dros,
ramdeni alali cremli gvinaxavs.~ (kaSmaZe 1962:146).
rogorc Salva kaSmaZis mier am scenis aRwerilobidan Cans,
msaxiobsa da reJisors bewvis xidze gauvliaT, radganac mizanscenis
Sesrulebisas mxatvruli simarTlidan odnavi gadaxvevac, mayurebelSi
TanagrZnobis nacvlad sicils gamoiwvevda. vano sarajiSvils SesaniSnav
partniorobas uwevda murmanis partiis unaklo Semsrulebeli sandro
inaSvili ,,zaqaria faliaSvilis ukvdavma qmnilebam SesaniSnavi
Semsruleblebi hpova sandro inaSvilisa da vanos saxiT. cnobili dueti
am operaSi pirdapir sworupovar STabeWdilebas axdenda xalxze. ori,
SesaniSnavi tembris xaverdovani xma aq jadoqruli sinarnariT erwymoda
erTmaneTs dam Tel darbazs Jruantelis momgvreli guguniT efineboda~.
(kaSmaZe 1971: 5).
,,abesalom da eTeris~ wuwunavaseul meore dadgmamde, Tbilisis
operisa da baletis TeatrSi kote marjaniSvilma am operis dadgma
ganaxorciela. am novatorul speqtakls Tavisi reJisoruli mignebebiT
ar SeiZleba gavlena moexdina qarTuli sadadgmo reJisuris azrovnebaze.
speqtaklis Sefasebisas sazogadoebis umetesi nawili aRtacebas
gamoxatavda, iyvnen iseTebic, vinc am dadgmas sakamaTod miiCnevdnen.
,,operis reJisorulma gadawyvetam gamoiwvia sakmao kamaTi~ (kvaliaSvili
1975: 111).
wuwunavam ,,abesalom da eTeris~ meore dadgma antikur tragediad
warmosaxa. musikaTmcodne l. donaZe Tavis statiaSi ,,abesalom da eTeri~,
rogorc ,,antikur stilis tragedia~ werda: ,,tragediis, rogorc Janris
gageba dakavSirebulia amaRlebulis cnebasTan ,,abesalom da eTeri~ erTi
amaRlebuli qmnilebaTagania msoflio saopero literaturaSi~.
faliaSvili mSvenivrad grZnobda, rom tragedia amaRlebuli Janria.
,,abesalom da eTeris~ stili swored amaRlebulobiT, monumenuri
sidiadiT, zedmiwevniT miesadageba tragediis Janrs, ,,abesalom da
eTerSi~ aisaxa erT-erTi arsebiTi Tviseba qarTuli klasikuri
xelovnebisa, romelic ganmsWvalulia antikuri humanizmis suliT –
pirvelyovlisa, es aris xalxurobisa da amaRlebulobis Serwyma.
qarTul klasikur xelovnebaSi, iseT dualisturad ganwyobil istoriul
epoqaSic ki, rogoric iyo feodalizmis epoqa. ar igrZnoba Rrma da
74
principuli zRvari xalxur-warmarTul da amaRlebul qristianul
sawyisebs Soris~ (donaZe 1995: 156). wuwunavas opera ,,abesalom da eTeris~
am interpretaciaSi gunds udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ,,abesalom da
eTeris~ antikuri buneba, rogorc opera tragediisa, yvelaze metad Cans
gundis udides rolSi. swored gundi gansazRvravs operis monumentur
stils~ (donaZe 1995: 162).
yvelaze metad antikur tragedias ,,abesalom da eTeris ~ mesame
aqti uaxlovdeba wuwunava grZnobs gundis warmarTvel rols da
cdilobs ufro metad moaxdinos misi dominireba. mZafrdeba emociuri
kavSiri abesalomis godebas da gunds Soris mTel aqts erTi ideiT erT
dramaturgiuli xaziT kravs. rogorc Zvel berZnul tragediebSi,
protogonistisa da masis urTierTqmedeba abesalomis tragikul beds
TanaugrZnobs xalxi, gundi. xalxi ganicdis gmiris tanjvas da dastiris
mas. am aqtSi gmiris tanjva da xalxis TanagrZnoba gansakuTrebul
amaRlebulobas da amave dros erTianobis xasiaTs iZens ,,aq amosaval
moments kompozitorisTvis warmoadgenda saweso datirebis
_Trenosis_,,zaris~ epikuri saxalxo forma. operis mesame moqmedebaSi
abesalomis tanjva da xalxis TanagrZnoba gansakuTrebul amaRlebul
xasiaTs Rebulobs. gundi usazRvro godebiT dastiris gmiris tanjvas~
(donaZe 1995: 165).
reJisori axdens xalxis saxis individualizacias, da
dramatizacias da qmediT Zalad warmoaCens. gundi xelebis aRmarTvis
JestiT erTiandeboda da qmnida kompoziciur mTlianobas.
,,abesalom da eTeris~ saxeebi Zveli qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobasTan
iwvevs asociacias. kompozitori TiTqos grandiozul musikalur freskas
qmnis, romelic gamoirCeva pozis apolonisebri mTlianobiT da
monoliTurobiT. gansakuTrebiT mesame moqmedebis musika Rebulobs
tragikuli skulpturis moxazulobas, sadac formis plastikuroba
TiTqmis antikur srulyofilebas aRwevs~ (donaZe 1995: 170).
reJisori opera ,,abesalom da eTeris~ musikaSi Cadebul ,,tragikul
skulpturulobis~ scenaze gacocxlebas axdenda Zunwi, magram zusti
StrixebiT aRwevs ,,antikur~ srulyofas.
zaqaria faliaSvilis opera ,,daisis~ pirveli dadgma Tbilisis
operis TeatrSi ekuTvnis did kote marjaniSvils. dadgmis sareJisoro
75
koncefcia agebuli iyo intimur-lirikul sawyisebze. gmirul-
patriotuli xazi SedarebiT sustad iyo gamoxatuli. am naTeli
feradovani speqtaklis vizualur saxes ase gadmogvcems Salva kaSmaZe:
,,Cven axlac Tvalwin gvidgas pirveli aqtis gaformeba: kopwia ezo,
baniani qarTuli saxli, Semodgomas oqrosferi dauTovia, magram
SigadaSig sxva ferebic naTlad xasxasebs mewamuli, mkrTali zurmuxti.
feradebi ferebs cvlian. maT Soris dausrulebeli cekva da TamaSia.
Sors, lurji mTis ferdobze TeTri taZari mosCans. dRes xatobaa,
klaknia gzaze xan gamoCndeba moCardaxuli uremi da xan moxveuls
moefareba. scenaze soflis silaRe igrZnoboda~ (kaSmaZe 1955: 68).
wuwunavas Tbilisis operis TeatrSi ,,daisis~ rigirT meore dadgma
ekuTvnis. warmodgenili iqna operis ganaxlebuli varianti. nawarmoebma
pirveli dadgmis Semdeg sagrZnobi cvlilebebi ganicada. axali variantis
Seqmnis procesSi wuwunava aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda. aq
,,abesalom da eTerisagan~ gansxvavebiT samuSaoebi piriqiT operis
gafarToebis mizniT tardeboda. ,,daisis~ literaturuli wyaros
mixedviT operaSi moqmedeba mimdinareobs saxalxo dResaswaul xatobis
farglebSi. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs reJisoris mier operis
saxalxo warmodgenaTa gaazreba. am interpretaciisken wuwunavas ubiZga
,,daisis~ dramaturgiis kidev erTma Tvisebam, moqmedebaTa ganviTarebaSi
xalxuri cekvis warmarTveli rolis mniSvnelobam. rogorc
musikaTmcodne l. donaZe aRniSnavs ,,sacekvao sawyisis didi roli
SeigrZnoba ara marto qoreografiul scenebSi, aramed sxva epizodebSic.~
wuwunavas TxovniT faliaSvilma meore aqtSi cekva ,,xevsuruli~
daamata. operaSi cekvebis CarTviT izrdeba Zveli qarTuli saferxulo
sanaxaobis xvedriTi wona. amis naTeli magaliTia pirveli aqtis guruli
saferxulo cekva. swored aq xdeba samijnuro xazis kvanZis Sekvra,
romelsac TandaTanobiT tragikuli dasasrulisaken mivyavarT.
Zveli qarTuli sanaxaobis-saxiobis niSnebs vpoulobT pirvel
SemoqmedebaSi titosa da cangalas gaSairebis scenaSi. faliaSvilma
sanaxaobis sawyisebi intonaciurad gansazRvra. orkestrSi ismis stviris
imitacia, TviT musika aZlevs saSualebas reJisors speqtakli saxalxo
warmodgenad gadawyvitos. qarTuli xalxuri cekvebi da erovnuli
folkloris sxva nimuSebi operaSi ar asruleben divertismentis
76
funqcias, aramed nawarmoebis saerTo koncefciaSi Cadebul ideebsa da
motivebis formebad moiazrebian.
z. faliaSvilis ,,daisis~ mniSvnelovan mxares warmoadgens
masobrivi scenebi, romlebic Sekruli iyo erT mTlianobad, erT
sanaxaobad. wuwunava masobrivi scenebis ostati iyo. zustad moqmedebda
gundis yoveli wevri.
a. wuwunava mTeli reJisoruli moRvaweobis manZilze scenaze
cocxal saxeebs qmnida. momRerali baTu kraveiSvili detalurad aRwers
kiazos rolze wuwunavasTan muSaobis process: ,,pirvel repeticiaze al.
wuwunavam reJisoruli eqspozicia gagvacno. Semdeg dawvrilebiT
daaxasiaTa TiToeuli personaJi da detalurad ilaparaka maT bunebasa
da xasiaTebze. gansakuTrebiT bevri ilaparaka kiazosa da malxazze.
TvalnaTliv gaavlo am personaJTa Soris paraleli da dagvanaxa maT
Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. amis Semdeg SevudeqiT rolebze
praqtikul muSaobas, rogorc ki kiazos kostiumi Cavicvi, gverdze
movigde Savi nabadi, xelSi maTraxi daviWire da mtkvris sanapirodan
sveticxovlis ezoSi amovvardi. raRac bunebrivi aRtyineba vigrZeni,
magrad CavWide xeli cangalas da SevZaxe:
ubedurebis morbedo! magram al. wuwunavam SemaCera da miTxra:
marTalia kiazo ficxi vaJkacia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mTeli
scena jiriTiT Semoirbino da amiT gviCveno vaJkacoba daZala. es swori
ar aris. adamiani rac ufro Zlieria, miT ufro dinji da
TavSekavebuliao. mesame moqmedebaSi kvlav davimsaxure SeniSvna. saqme
imaSi iyo, rom me mometebulad moZravi viyavi scenaze da rogorc ki
TviTkontrols vkargavdi, maSinve Cemi moqmedeba facifucSi gadadioda.
es ki ar moswonda reJisors. erTxel repeticiis dros wuwunavam fexze
qvebi momaba, rodesac marom scena gadairbina da eloda, roca ukan
ganrisxebuli kiazo gamoekideboda. me arsad vCandi. fexebze mobmuli
qvebi imdenad mZime aRmoCnda, rom sirbili veRar SevZeli. amiT reJisorma
cotaTi kalapotSi Camagdo da SemdgomSi scenaze zedmetad moZraobas
sagrZnoblad movukeli. muSaobis procesSi wuwunava disciplinis
moyvaruli, momTxovni da mkacri iyo. igi iyo didi fantaziis reJisori,
niWisa da vaJkacobis Tayvanismcemeli, erovnuli kulturis Wirisufali,
didi moqalaqe da patrioti~ (kraveiSvili 1966: 39).
77
gTavazobT momReral mixeil yvarelaSvilis mier malxazis rolze
reJisorTan muSaobis STabeWdilebas: ,,malxazis saxis daxasiaTebisas man
Tqva: es aris kargi mxedari, TavdaWerili raindi, eSxiani axalgazrda.
maroze uzomod Seyvarebuli. me minda pirvel moqmedebaSi malxazi
cxeniT Semoviyvano. igi cxendacxen SemoiWreba scenaze da qarTuli
rainduli TavdaWerilobiT da eSxiT miesalmeba satrfos. sul es iyo,
rac STamagona reJisorma malxazis rolis fsiqologiuri saxis
gaxsnisaTvis. ai am samiode detaliT unda mexelmZRvanela malxazis
saxis Seqmnisas da marTlac, sruliad sakmarisic aRmoCnda CemTvis al.
wuwunavas es STagoneba (yvarelaSvili 1981: 59).
yvarelaSvili dawvrilebiT agviRwers Tu rogor daexmara
reJisoris ,,STagoneba~ malxazis rolis scenaze praqtikul
ganxorcielebaSi: ,,sinamdvileSi cxenze ar vijeqi, magram reJisorisgan
erTxel STagonebuli es ganwyobileba, Cems mier Sesrulebuli ,,daisis~
ukanasknel speqtaklSiac ki Tan gamqonda da rodesac Cemi xmis eqos ,,Cemi
bedis varskvlavi xar, he, he, he, he~, gamoscemdnen mTa gorakebi da camde
awvdili satrfos koSki. gonebis TvaliT warmosaxuli cxenidan
gadmovvardebodi da erTi fexis dakvriT SurduliviT Semovirbendi
SeRmarTul ficarnag-bilikze. am qmedebisaTvis CemTvis sruliad
sakmarisi iyo musikis erT taqtSi mocemuli zeaRmavali maJoruli oTxi
akordi, rom niav-qarad movWrodi satrfos koSkis aivans, sadac micdida
Cemi bedis varskvlavi-maro~ (yvarelaSvili 1981: 60).
zaqaria faliaSvilis ,,daisis~ reJisorul interpretaciaSi
wuwunavam moaxdina lirikul-intimuri da gmirul-patriotuli Janrebis
gawonasworeba da saxalxo warmodgenaSi ganxorcieleba. wuwunavas
dadgma axal sityvad, axal etapad iqna miCneuli ,,daisis~ scenur
cxovrebaSi. am dadgmam mniSvnelovani adgili daikava reJisoris
SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi. am mniSvnelobas TviT zaqaria faliaSvili
aRniSnavs premieris win reJisorisadmi miweril werilSi ,,Zmao alioSa,
dRes loginSi mwoliare ganusazRvreli madlierebis mets veras getyvi,
ise ifiqre, viTom mec TqvenTan var TeatrSi da vusmen araCveulebriv
niWier gaSuqebas Cemi ,,daisisas~, romlis pirvelobac Tqven gekuTvnis.
axla es oriode sityva ecade gaagebino yvelas, maT, vinc didi Sroma da
energia moandoma ,,daisis~ dadgmis saqmes. maS, kidev gisurveb gamarjvebas.
78
Seni erTguli da mudam madlieri zaqaria faliaSvili~ (yvarelaSvili
1981: 60).
orive opera didi popularobiT sargeblobda mayurebelSi, mravali
aria xalxma Tavis sayvarel simRerad gaixada. ,,am operebis gamarjveba
upiratesad maTi musikiT aixsneba, maTi musikis sidiade ki maTi
xalxurobiT. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis operaze ,,abesalom da eTeri~, am
musikalur gamoxatulebaze qarTveli xalxis geniisa da. magram
nurasodes daiviwyebT, rom maT gamarjvebas xeli Seuwyo aleqsandre
wuwunavas SesaniSnavma reJisorulma niWma da kulturam, romelic man
SeiZina moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi~. amaSi ki mTavari iyo ukugdeba
Zveli saopero Stampisa da BbrZola realisturi musikaluri speqtaklis
damkvidrebisaTvis.~ (qorqia 1958: 19).
viqtor doliZis opera ,,qeTo da kote~-s SemTxvevaSic igive
ganmeorda, rac zaqaria faliaSvilis ,,abesalom da eTeris~ miRebisas.
wuwunavas mravali brZolis gadatana mouxda, sanam operas repertuarSi
daamtkicebda. operis gansjisas komisia imave SemadgenlobiT Seikriba,
rac ,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~ da ,,abesalom da eTeris~ ganxilvisas.
kompozitorebma brali dasdes reJisors, Sen ginda axleburi musika
Semoitano, kintoebi Semoiyvano Cveni operis TeatrSio.
sabolood mainc wuwunavam gadawyvita operis bedi. saboloo sityva
wuwunavam warmoTqva: azrebi gaiyo, _ Tqva man _ maS rogor moviqceT?
piradad me, rogorc reJisori da komisiis rigiTi wevri, im azrze var,
rom opera unda daidgas, xolo rogorc komisiis Tavmjdomare da
direqtori, kidevac dadebiTad vwyvet am sakiTxs, magram me minda
ganvmarto, ratom var ase dabejiTebiT momxre am operis dadgmisa. Cven
ukve gvaqvs erTi SesaniSnavi dramatuli opera ,,abesalom da eTeri~, Cveni
saxelovani faliaSvilis qmnileba, viciT, iwereba kidev ori dramatuli
opera. vin icis, iqneb bedma gagviRima da komikuri operac Seiqmna. es xom
Cveni didi gamarjveba iqneba. Cven unda gavbedoT da Tu ar
gagvimarTlebs, ra gaewyoba. musikis istoriidan viciT, rom msoflioSi
dawerilia aTasobiT opera, xolo maTgan sul oriode aTeulma Tu
gaimarjva da SerCa scenas. araferi daSavdeba, es erTic vcadoT. me
sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vaZlev xmas am axal saqmes. uaxles droSi
79
daviwyebT kidec viqtor doliZis axali komikuri operis dadgmis
samzadiss~ (doliZe 1969: 85).
a. wuwunavam mainc Tavisi gaitana. ,,qeTo da kotes~ premiera Sedga.
speqtaklma brwyinvaled Caiara da kidev erTxel dagvarwmuna arCevanis
sisworeSi. kompozitorTan erTad reJisoric damsaxurebulad inawilebda
gamarjvebas. opera ,,qeTo da kote~ Cveni qveynis kulturul cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca. ,,aleqsandre wuwunava rom ara, vfiqrob,
didad gauWirdeboda viqtors, SeiZleba bevradac dagvianeboda sazogado
asparezze gamosvla da vin icis kidev rogor damZimdeboda es pirveli
nabiji.~ (doliZe 1967:13). warmatebis mTavari mizezi, operis komikur
sawyisebSi unda veZeboT. viqtor doliZis operis Zlieri mxare,
upirveles yovlisa misi dauSreteli iumoria. operis mTavari Rirseba mis
mkveTr komediurobaSia. ,,qeTo da kote~ komikur-satiruli operaa. operas
ideur simaxviles aniWebs momxibvleli satira Zveli Tbilisis meSCanur
sazogadoebaze, romelic pirvelad viqtor doliZem gamoiyvana qarTuli
saopero Teatris scenaze~ (donaZe 1991: 11).
viqtor doliZis opera ,,qeTo da kote~ warmatebis erT-erT mizezad
kompozitoris mier dramaturg a. cagarelis komedia ,,xanumas~ libretul
SerCevas asaxeleben. ,,sainteresoa, rom viqtorma araTu libretto Tavisi
pirveli operisaTvis, iseve rogorc meore _ ,,leilasaTvis~ TviTon
dawera, aramed teqstebic, ariebi, duetebis, kvartetebis, gundis sityvebi,
yvela TviTon viqtorisaa.~ (doliZe 1968:15). isic mniSvnelovania, rom
wuwunavasaTvis Zalian axlobeli iyo a. cagarelis piesa. manamde
dramatul TeatrSi dadga, xolo Semdeg filmi gadaiRo am nawarmoebis
mixedviT. kompozitori da reJisori ,,xanumas~ siuJets SemoqmedebiTad
miudgnen da axali originali nawarmoebi miiRes. v. doliZis operis
musikaSi Cadebuli komikur-satiruli sawyisi, Zveli Tbilisis
kolorituli komikuri personaJebi da scenebi reJisors fantaziis
gaSlis saSualebas aZlevs Zveli Tbilisis yofis gadmosacemad.
reJisoruli fantaziis da mignebis brwyinvale magaliTad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT, vaWar makaris saxlSi gamarTuli wveulebis scena.
reJisors ar yofnis operaSi mocemul komikur saxeTa da situaciaTa
simravle da misive gamogonili pantonimuri personaJebi Semohyavs:
,,komikuri elementebis gaZlierebis mizniT reJisorma operaSi axali
80
personaJebi Semoiyvana. policieli, telegrafisti, cxovrebidan aRebuli
saxeebia.~ (fiCxaZe 1971: 31). a. wuwunavas mier gamogonili personaJebi
myarad damkvidrdnen scenaze da opera ,,qeTo da kotes~ saxeTa galereis
Semadgenel nawilad iqcnen. ,,ai vin gamoirCeoda mravalsaxiani brbos
saerTo fonze, reJisoris didi talantiTa da zusti saxasiaTo
mignebebiT da misi davalebiT Zalze aqtiurad da sainteresod rom
moZraobda scenaze, es iyo Cinovnikis rolis Semsrulebeli baletis
solisti severJinski, WeSmaritad realuri, komizmiT aRsavse, Tavis TavSi
Seyvarebuli Cinovniki, maniaki mocekvave mayureblis winaSe warsdga da
axarxara waqcevamde~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 55).
reJisoris damsaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom man pirveli
speqtaklis monawile araqarTuli warmoSobis momReral msaxiobebisagan
SeZlo Seeqmna Zveli Tbiliselebis kolorituli saxeebi. SesaniSnavi iyo
kotes rolis Semsrulebeli tenori rogaCevski da qeTos rolis pirveli
Semsrulebeli soprano o. kalandaZe-aRasova. Zveli Tbiliseli
obivatelis makaris saxe Seqmna banma iseckim ,,SemsrulebeTagan me
damamaxsovrda leon isecki_SesaniSnavi da dRemde Cemi azriT aqamde
aravisgan daumarcxebeli makari. Tavad Tbiliselma Seqmna lamazi da
naTeli saxasiaTo saxe Tbiliseli vaWrisa. didi iumoriT asaxa yvela
misi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba: siZunwe, gaumaZRroba, simxdale da a.S.~
(kvaliaSvili 1969: 55).
reJisor wuwunavas aqtiorTan muSaobis codnisa da gamocdilebis
wyalobiT, zogierTma msaxiobma gamoavlina aqamde ucnobi aqtioruli
SesaZleblobebi ,,qurxuli me mosmenili myavda, manamdec is Cveulebriv
asrulebda naklebad mniSvnelovan meore da mesame rolebs da
gamoiyureboda sakmaod uferulad, magram saqos partiaSi igi warsdga
axali sunTqviT – es iyo tipiuri Tbiliseli kinto, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela intonaciiTa da JestebiT~ (kvaliaSvili 1969: 55).
a. wuwunavas reJisoruli eqsplikacia kompozitoris partituris
Rrma analizis Sedegad iqmneboda, amitom iyo misi dadgmebi mxatvruli
mTlianobiT da profesionalizmiT gamorCeuli. ,,operis udidesi
warmatebis safuZvels warmoadgenda musikisa da piesis mxatvruli
Rirsebebi, agreTve Zalze saintereso scenuri interpretacia. TvalsaCino
iyo al. wuwunavas daxvewili gemovneba, Zveli Tbilisis TaviseburebaTa
81
safuZvliani codna. speqtaklSi miRweuli iyo musikisa da scenuri
moqmedebis organuli kavSiri. TiToeuli saxe gansakuTrebul tips
ganasaxierebda, igi danaxuli iyo moazrovne realisti mxatvris maxvili
TvaliT. am nawarmoebma Cvens saopero scenaze mamxilebeli toni da
simarTle Semoitana.~ (fiCxaZe 1971: 31).
a. wuwunavas operis TeatrSi mravalwliani moRvaweobis periodSi
samma operam: z. faliaSvilis ,,abesalom da eTerim~, ,,daisma~, v. doliZis
,,qeTo da kotem~ mis reJisorul biografiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
daikava. misi SemoqmedebiTi energia erovnuli operis aRorZinebisken iyo
mimarTuli.
,, ,al. wuwunava TiTqmis 30 weli idga qarTuli saopero xelovnebis
saWesTan. es iyo mTeli epoqa da igi mudam unda axsovdeT operisa da
baletis Teatris mesveurebs, roca wuwunavas memkvidreobas Seexeba
saqme!...~
3. al. wuwunava qarTuli mxatvruli kinos fuZemdebeli
1915 wlis 5 ivniss Jurnali ,,Teatri da cxovreba~ ityobineboda,
rom kinematografiis erT-erTi cnobili firma sTxovda wuwunavas da
axmetels ekisraT e. ninoSvilis ,,qristines~ ekranizacia.
amis Semdeg presaSi gaCnda cnoba, rom al. wuwunavam da al.
axmetelma, `es saqme ikisres. xsenebul pirT ganuzraxavT qristines
suraTebi adgilobriv gadaiRon (guriasa da TbilisSi - orTaWalaSi)~
(axmeteli 1978: 97).
Zalian saintereso faqtia al. axmetelis daintereseba
kinematografiiT, magram Semdeg axmetelis gvari arsad Cans, xolo
wuwunava 1916 wels ozurgeTeli scenis moyvare germane gogitiZesTan
erTad iwyebs srulmetraJiani qarTuli filmis ,,qristines~ gadaRebas.
,,qristine~ saqarTveloSi pirveli kinofiri ar yofila. 1909 wels
cnobili qarTveli msaxiobisa da sazogado moRvawis valerian gunias
TaosnobiT gadaiRes qarTuli filmi ,,berikaoba – yeenoba~ scenari Salva
dadians ekuTvnoda, xolo filmis reJisori al. wuwunava iyo. carizmis
cenzuris pirobebSi filmi ukvalod gaqra. 1908 wels vasil amaSukelma
82
da 1910 wels aleqsandre diRmelovma, pirveli qarTuli kinoqronikis
suraTebi gadaiRes, xolo 1912 wels v. amaSukelma gadaiRo srulmetra-
Jiani dokumenturi filmi ,,akaki wereTelis mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSi~.
cnobili qarTveli mwerlis egnate ninoSvilis moTxroba ,,qristine~
wuwunavam pirvelad TeatrisaTvis gaasceniura da Tavadve dadga.
speqtakli didi warmatebiT sargeblobda, msaxiob aneta qiqoZes qristines
rolma didi warmateba moutana. pirveli qarTuli mxatvruli filmis
scenaric al. wuwunavam Tavad dawera. moTxrobis ZiriTadi sakvanZo
adgilebi datova da scenarSi mxolod qristines cxovrebis amsaxveli
ambebi gadmosca. filmis mxatvrad moiwvies miunxenis samxatvro akademiis
aRzrdili dimitri SevardnaZe. filmis gadaRebaSi dramatuli Teatris
msaxiobebi iRebdnen monawileobas. vinme samxedro operatori iRebda,
romlis muSaobiT al. wuwunava ukmayofilo iyo. operatoris daTxovnis
Semdeg filmi al. diRmelovma gadaiRo.
,,qristines~ gadaReba mxolod 1917 wlis gazafxulSi gavaTave,
gadaviRe sami nawili – qristines qalaqSi Camosvla nataliasTan
mosvlamde – meti ver movaswari. qalaqis scenebi uCemod iqna gadaRebuli.
me rostovsa da baqoSi davrCi 1918 wlis bolomde~ - igonebs reJisori.
igives adasturebs germane gogitiZec: ,,filmze muSaobis es vai-vaglaxi
garTulda imiT, rom al. wuwunavam Sua gzaze Sewyvita muSaoba da
gaemgzavra rostovs, sadac dramatuli Teatris reJisorad miiwvies~.
rogorc Cans, germane gogitiZem reJisoris TanaSemweoba gaswia da
qalaqis scenebi al. wuwunavas scenarisa da sareJisoro gegmis mixedviT
gadaiRo (amirejibi 1979: 5).
filmi ,,qristines~ gadaReba 1917 wels dasrulda. im periodSi
moxda mniSvnelovani movlena, daingra ruseTis imperia. 1918 wels Seiqmna
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. 26 maiss erovnulma sabWom miiRo
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti. 1919 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis wlisTavze Sedga film ,,qristines~ sajaro premiera.
,,xalxi ,,qristines~ gamoCenas aRtacebuli erTsulovnebiT Sexvda~.
kinosuraTma ,,Tavisi xarji ainazRaura, aqedan Cans, ra didi survili iyo
maSin qarTul sazogadoebaSi ekranze Tavisi qveynis cxovrebis naxvisa~
(amirejibi 1979: 8).
83
filmi ,,qristine~ Tavisi realizmiTa da fsiqologiurobiT
gansxvavdeboda mdare gemovnebis melodramebisagan. ,,qristines~ gmiris
tragedia ara mZime socialur yofaSi an klasobriv CagvraSi, aramed
qalis uiRblo siyvarulSia. reJisorma filmSi gadmosca gmiris sulieri
drama, piradi gancdebi, romelic didi fsiqologiuri simarTliT aris
naCvenebi. moviyvanT ramodenime magaliTs: mamasTan yanaSi misul qristines
iasonTan paemanze eCqareba, is wrialebs, TavSals xan ixdis, xan ixuravs.
misi wriali da Relva ufro mZafrad ikveTeba sufrasTan mjdomi mamis
mSvidi saubris fonze. Semdeg epizodSi naCvenebia xis Ziras iasonis
momlodine Seyvarebulis erTgulebisa da orgulobis gamosacnobad
nerviulad awiwknis Reros foTlebs. ukanono bavSvTan erTad
mitovebuli, mSoblebisagan nacemi, mezoblebisagan Sercxvenili qristine
gamosavals sikvdilSi xedavs, magram daxrCobasac ar aclian. sircxvils
gamoqceuli qalaqs miaSurebs, magram dedobas versad gaeqceva.
a. wuwunava realisturad da fsiqologiuri datvirTviT
gadmogvcems gmiris sulier dramas. metyveli da gamomsaxvelia sizmris
scena. daRlil daqancul qristines saroskipoSi CaeZineba. sizmarSi xels
iwvdis, TiTqos unda Svilis akvani daarwios. reJisorma mZafri
kontrastiT gviCvena sikvdilis scena: saavadmyofos civi, usaxuri palata
da momakvdavi qristines zmaneba, soflis ferweruli peizaJi. sikvdilis
win masSi kvlav iRviZebs dedobrivi instiqti, mas akvanSi mitovebuli
Svili axsendeba da sasikvdilo agoniaSi umweod iwvdis xels.
,,1917 wlis msoflio kinoxelovnebis nawarmoebTa panoramaSi filmi
,,qristine~ Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT sakmaod sainteresod
gamoiyureba. masSi igrZnoba niWieri Teatraluri reJisoris mxatvruli
maneris yofiTi intonacia, yofiTi detalebi, lakoniuri da azrobrivi
JestikulaciiT gamoxatuli adamianTa ganwyobilebiTi gama, rac ekranul
gamosaxulebas erTob miesadaga~ (amirejibi 1979: 8).
,,qristine~ aris pirveli mxatvruli filmi, romelic saqarTveloSi
daidga, rogorc pirveli gadaReba, is ar iyo daculi naklovanebebisagan
razed TviT al. wuwunava miuTiTebs: ,,qristine~ Zalian Wreli da susti
aRmoCnda, magram Tavisi xarji mainc aanazRaura. aqedan Cans ra didi
survili iyo maSin qarTul sazogadoebaSi ekranze Tavisi qveynis
cxovrebis naxvisa~ (komunisti 1940: 29).
84
1924 wels al. wuwunava filmis ,,vin aris damnaSave~ anu ,,uald
vestis mxedrebis~ gadaRebas Seudga. 1925 wels filmi mzad iyo.
,,Tavdapirvelad, igi ori seriisagan Sedgeboda, misi metraJi 4000
metrs aRwevda, magram moskovs gagzavnilma firma pirvandeli saxe
dakarga, radgan filmis demonstrireba kinoTeatrebis seansebis droSi
ver eteoda. im dros filmis erTi seria 6-7 nawilisagan Sedgeboda. ,,vin
aris damnaSave~ ki 13 nawilze meti iyo. e.i. filmis demonstracia 2 saaTi
da 10 wuTi unda gagrZelebuliyo. kinogaqiravebis warmomadgenelTa
pretenziebi dakmayofilebul iqna. moskovSi myofma saqarTvelos
kinostudiis warmomadgenlebma avtoris nebarTvis gareSe filmi
Seamcires da igi 8 nawilamde daiyvanes, e.i. 1664 metri firi amoWrili
iqna. saTeatro muzeumSi inaxeba al. wuwunavas moxsenebiTi baraTebi,
sadac igi aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams amgvari TviTnebobis gamo, magram
rogorc Cans kinogaqiravebis warmomadgenlebma reJisoris protesti
yurad ar iRes. axla Cvens winaSe sxvebis mier damontaJebuli da avtoris
mier dawunebuli firia~- wers kinomcodre n. amirejibi.
sabWoTa kinocenzuris propagandisturi manqana mizanmimarTulad
ayalibebda saqarTvelos istorias, filmi ,,kavkasieli jigitebis~
saxeliTac gadioda sakavSiro ekranze.
,,filmis nacionaluri suliskveTeba rom Serbilebuliyo,~ sabWoTa
cenzorebi Seecadnen turistul-egzotikuri pasaJebiT daetvirTaT filmi
,,vin aris damnaSave~ reJisoris SeuTanxmeblad ,,kavkasieli jigitebis~
saxeliTac sakavSiro ekranebze gadioda. mizanmimarTulad xdeboda
saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbeba da falsificireba. amis gamo mwvave
polemika mouwia saxkinomrewvis maSindel xelmZRvanelobasTan. reJisori
gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa filmis titrebma, sadac ewera: ,,iq, samxreTSi,
sadac cxovrobs kavkasiis patara xalxi-xevsurebi...!~ (mojiriTe gurulebs
araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT xevsurebTan da arc calke erad
warmodgebodnen). ,,xevsurebi ar ekuTvnis raime ers, xevsuri qarTvelia.
ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom megrelebica da gurulebic moxvdnen aseTi
erebis siaSi~ - ganucxada aRelvebulma wuwunavam Tavis Cinovnik
,,oponentebs~. misi SeniSvna mravlismetyvelia – sabWoTa koniuqtura
Semdegac araerTxel Seecdeba megrelisa Tu afxazis calke erTad
warmoCenas: ,,axla gansakuTrebiT saintereso droa, es aris dro, roca
85
yvela erma sakuTari individualuroba unda gamoavlinos, misi yofis
asaxva frTxil midgomas moiTxovs, Tu gvinda, rom saqmem nayofi
gamoiRos~ afrTxilebda sagangebo sxdomaze wuwunava bolSevikuri
propagandis damcvelebs~ (JRenti 2007: 18).
filmi ,,vin aris danaSaves~ scenaris pirveli wyaro iyo nino
nakaSiZis amave saxelwodebis piesa, romelic wuwunavas TeatrSi
warmatebiT hqonda dadgmuli. filmi qarTul kinematografiaSi piesis
ekranizaciis pirveli SemTxveva iyo. piesis dialogebi reJisors munji
kinos qmediT gamosaxulebad unda gadaekeTebina. magaliTad piesaSi
moqmed pirTa dialogebidan irkveva, rom siko da misi Tanasoflelebi
kargi cxenosnebi arian. kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT
reJisori mayurebels ekranze uCvenebs soflis dResaswaulze gurul
cxenosanTa jiriTs, cxenosnur triukebs. gurulebis gamgzavrebas
amerikaSi da cirkSi guruli cxenosnebis gamosvlas.
roca film ,,vin aris damnaSaves~ iRebdnen, kino jer kidev
nawarmoebis Sinaarss TxrobiT gamosaxulebaTa da warweraTa teqstiT
gadmoscemda. saqarTveloSi montaJuri kinoxelovnebis principebi
danergili ar iyo am filmSi, kinomontaJis mxriv raime axali migneba ar
igrZnoba, magram filmSi gvaocebs msaxiobis ostatoba, kinemategrafiuli
saxis Seqmnis realisturi manera da xasiaTis gaazrebuli siRrme.
reJisori garegnul plastikur saSualebebiT ar kmayofildeboda,
msaxiobebisagan Sinagan wvas moiTxovda da aqcenti TvalebiT
metyvelebaze gadahqonda.
reJisoris gamarjvebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ,,vin aris damnaSavis~
ansambluroba, magram gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cecilia wuwunavas
(salixe) da nato vaCnaZis (fati) namuSevrebi. cecilia wuwunavas saxe im
droindel qarTul kinoSi msaxiobis saukeTeso nimuSia.
,,aleqsandre raJdenis Ze wuwunava iyo pirveli reJisori Cemi
msaxiobobis gzaze Sexvedrili, romelic stanislavskis meTodiT
muSaobda. repeticiebis dros igi cdilobda msaxiobebis TamaSi
fsiqologiuri simarTlis gamomxatveli yofiliyo, swor davalebebs
iZleoda, saTanado mdgomareobis mizanscenebis gamonaxva SeeZlo. al.
wuwunava CvenTan atarebda saubrebs im adamianTa xasiaTis Sesaxeb,
romelTa gansaxiereba gvevaleboda, rols analizs ukeTebda da misi
86
ganviTarebis xazs gvisaxavda. cxadia aseTi muSaoba gansakuTrebul
interess iwvevda. es muSaoba iyo eqsperimentuli da didi sargebloba
mohqonda, radgan xels uwyobda msaxiobis codnis gaRrmavebas da
SemoqmedebiT gamocdilebas aZlevda~ (amirejibi 1979: 14).
,,nato vaCnaZis mier Sesrulebuli fatis roli msaxiobis
karieraSi Cagruli qalebis rigiT mexuTe kinosaxe iyo. misi ekranuli
saxeebis: despines, mayvalas, ninos, esmas erTferovneba ar aZlevda
saSualebas Tavisi samsaxiobo monacemebi srulad eCvenebina.kinokritikos
n. amirejibis azriT, ,,aqamde igi tipaJi iyo – saTno, Cagruli da lamazi
qalisa. fatis saxe fsiqologiurad ufro niuansirebulia manamde
Sesrulebul rolebze. es qalic drois msxverplia, oRond mis xasiaTSi
gamokveTilia sxva tonaloba. fati jer morCili da moyvaruli colia,
xolo sikos amerikaSi gamgzavrebisas masSi protestis grZnoba iRviZebs,
gulSi Cakruli SviliT gamwarebuli mihqris qmris dasabruneblad,
magram amaod.
miwas garTxmuli sasowarkveTili fati Tavis uZlurebasa da
martoobas mosTqvams. n. vaCnaZe, kinonawarmoebis moqmedebis ganviTare-
basTan erTad, martoobis motivs aviTarebs. bavSvis sikvdils, xolo
Semdeg babuas gardacvalebas usasoebamde mihyavs igi. swored es
ganwiruloba hkravs xels besiasken. SesaniSnavad atarebs nato vaCnaZe
besiasTan bolo Sexvedris epizods. igi ironiulia Tavisi da besias
kavSiris mimarT. cdomilia, magram amayi da Tavs umaRles sasjels
gamoutans – mTis qimidan mdinareSi gadaeSveba~.
filmSi ,,vin aris damnaSave~ dasamaxsovrebeli saxe Seqmna sikos
babuam (kandelaki), romelic Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT gansxvavdeba
mesakuTreobis instiqtiT Sepyrobili salixesagan. moxuci sulierebis
gamoxatulebaa, misTvis ucxoa mesakuTruli instiqtebi.
msaxiobebi: s. Jozefi (Janeti), d. yifiani (besia), k. miqaberiZe ()siko ,
a. xinTibiZe (yaramani), v. trapaiZe (isidore) da sxva, aRsaniSnavia
msaxiobTa Sinagani teqnika, gmiris sulieri mdgomareobis kinos misaReb
formaSi gadmosacemad zedmeti mimikisa da Jestikulaciis gamoyenebiT,
yovelgvari siyalbis gareSe cxovrobdnen ekranze. kinosuraTi didi
warmatebiT gadioda saqarTvelosa da sakavSiro ekranebze.
87
1926 wels wuwunava avqsenti cagarelis piesis mixedviT iRebs
pirvel qarTul kinokomedias ,,xanumas~, manamde mas dadgmuli qonda
,,xanuma~ dramatul TeatrSi da viqtor doliZis ,,qeTo da kote~ operis
TeatrSi. filmSi reJisorma dascina, rogorc aristokratiis wres, aseve
burJuaTa klasis warmomadgenlebs. pirvelebs priviligirebuli
mdgomareoba da materialuri baza xelidan eclebaT, magram Zveli
cxovrebis wess mainc ver Tmoben, meoreni ki fuliT cdiloben maRal
sazogadoebaSi adgili daikavon, amitom miznis misaRwevad isini
yvelafrisaTvis mzad arian.
filmi imiTac aris saintereso, rom masSi vixilavT Zveli Taobis
gamoCenil msaxiobebs: vaso abaSiZes (yru papa), elisabed CerqeziSvils
(xanuma), taso abaSiZes (qabato), valerian gunias (vaWari adami) filmSi
brwyinvaled aris naCvenebi qalaquri yofa, qeifi orTaWalis baRebSi,
wminda ninos saswavleblis moswavleebi, Cinovnikebi, TavadaznaurTa da
vaWarTa klasis warmomadgenlebi. msaxiobebi qalaqelebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli mimikiTa da JestikulaciiT axerxeben qalaquri koloritis
Seqmnas.
,,qristines~ gadaRebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg wuwunava
fsiqologiur dramas kvlav ubrundeba da 1927 wels iRebs films ,,ori
monadire~ i. elifTeriZis (zurabiSvili) amave saxelwodebis moTxrobis
mixedviT. kinonawarmoebSi moqmedeba viTardeba mTaSi, sadac arqauli
tradiciebi batonobs. filmSi aisaxa Zmebis turikosa (m. gelovani) da
mgelias (k. miqaberiZe) sabediswero siyvaruliT gamowveuli gancdebi da
sulieri tanjva tragikuli dasasruliT. Zmebs Soris faruli
orTabrZola mimdinareobs. nadirobisas Zma Zmis daRupvis TviTmxilveli
da uneburi monawile xdeba. Cadenili codva ar asvenebs turikos da
SeSlili Zmis saflavze iRupeba.
reJisori kinematografiuli xerxebiT cdilobs gadmogvces
mkvleli Zmis fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da sulieri ganwyobileba.
reJisori maqsimalurad zRudavs titrebs. mayurebels gaanalizebis,
dakvirvebis saSualebas droSi gawelili TiToeuli plani aZlevs, rac
munji kinosaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
imdroindeli oficiozisaTvis filmi ,,ori monadire~ miuRebeli
aRmoCnda. presam filmi warumatebel eqsperimentad CaTvala.
88
,,ori monadiris~ Semdeg a. wuwunava iwyebs socialuri mxatvruli
filmis ,,janyi guriaSi~ gadaRebas ninoSvilis amave saxelwodebis
romanis mixedviT. manamde a. wuwunavam am nawarmoebis inscenireba da
warmatebuli dadgma ganaxorciela TeatrSi. speqtaklSi masiuri scenebis
saintereso reJisorul gadawyvetas erTxmad aRniSnavdnen kritikosebi.
,,aqedan unda iTqvas, rom swored wuwunavas ,,janyi guriaSi~ (,,wiTel
TeatrSi~) gaxda magaliTi ritmisa da temperamentis, xalxuri
sanaxaobrivi formebisa da qarTuli istoriul-materialuri kulturis
niSandoblivi mxareebis realisturi warmosaxvisa~ (kiknaZe 1967: 19).
kinonawarmoebis ,,janyi guriaSi~ scenari Tavad reJisorma dawera.
romanisagan gansxvavebiT filmSi ukana planze gadaitana calkeul
gmirTa piradi cxovreba, xolo wina planze xalxis masa gamoiyvana.
xalxis erTianobaSi ikveTeba calkeul gmirTa portretebi. romanis
zogierTma gmirma filmSi sruliad axali Tvisebebi SeiZina. reJisori
icavs nawarmoebis fabulas, peripetiebs, magram dramatul moqmedebebs
xalxis SuagulSi, masobriv scenebSi warmarTavs. originalurad da
dinamiurad CarTo filmis siuJetSi uZvelesi xalxuri sanaxaoba: xatoba,
jvarze daficeba, nadimi, alaia, jiriTi, lelo da a.S.
,,al. wuwunavam uaryo erovnuli adaT-wesebisa da koloritis
TviTmiznuri Cveneba, rac ase xSiri iyo orientalistur kinosuraTebSi.
saxalxo TamaSobani da Sejibri man kinonawarmoebis ideur-mxatvruli
koncefciis sakvanZo punqtad warmoaCina da originalurad miusadaga
filmis leitmotivs~ (amirejibi 1979: 21).
1841 wlis guriis cnobili ajanyeba or etapad viTardeba:
al. wuwunavam filmSi rolebze moiwvia 30 meti profesionali
artisti, marTalia filmSi mTavar moqmed gmirad masaa gamoyvanili,
magram zogierTi gmiri mainc ikveTeba: ajanyebis meTauri besia (g.
meliava), giorgi (m. gelovani), simoni (d. CxeiZe) aznauri ivane (a.
xinTibiZe), misi yma kozia (n. falavandiSvili) filmis masobriv scenebSi
monawileobda axlo-maxlo soflebis mcxovreblebi, romlebic jer kidev
atarebdnen gurulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kostiums da iaraRs.
kinocenzurisaTvis miuRebeli iyo wuwunavas filmSi ,,janyi
guriaSi~ naCvenebi ajanyebul glexobasa da TavadaznaurTa Soris
Tanasworoba da ar iyo asaxuli maT Soris socialuri gansxvaveba. maT
89
miaCndaT, rom erovnuli moZraoba mxolod Tavadaznaurobis prerogativaa
da Cagrul klass, glexobas iq araferi esaqmeba. xelmZRvanelobis
dakveTiT unda Sesuliyo ,,didi~ oqtombris revoluciisa da komunarTa
daxvretis epizodebi, xolo filmis tragikuli finali optimisturiT
unda Secvliliyo. reJisori iZulebuli iyo mcire daTmobaze wasuliyo
ise, rom ar gadaexvia istoriuli simarTlisagan.
filmis premiera 1928 wels Sedga da didi warmatebiT Caiara.
,,suraTis demonstraciis dReebSi gamosul biuletenSi al. wuwunava
werda: me wilad mxvda friad sapasuxismgeblo saqme – saqarTvelos
dasavleT provinciis – guriis 1841 wlis glexkacobis ajanyebis
kinoekranze asaxva mTavar masalad, romelsac me veyrdnobodi Cems
muSaobaSi, gamoviyene egnate ninoSvilis moTxroba ,,janyi guriaSi~,
romelzec agebulia moTxrobis scenari, istoriuli simarTlis dacva da
Tan SeZlebisdagvarad, mkafiod gaSla im tragediisa, romlis mTavari
moqmedni glexobis masebi iyvnen. – ai ra Seadgenda reJisoris upirveles
mizans. raTqma unda ,,janys~, araerTi nakli aRmoaCndeba, magram Tu raime
Rirseba gaaCnia es marto reJisors rodi miewereba, aramed im
TanamSromlebsac, romlebmac Tavisi erTsulovani muSaobiT gadalaxes
yovlad autaneli samuSao pirobebi. vsargeblobT SemTxveviT Cveni
guliTadi madloba movaxseno maT~ (komunisti 1940: 29).
al. wuwunavam mxolod xuTi filmi gadaiRo ,,qristine~, ,,vin aris
damnaSave~, ,,xanuma~, ,,ori monadire~ da ,,janyi guriaSi~. arcerTi maTgani
ar aris tipiuri sabWoTa Tematikis nawarmoebi da arc socialisturi
meTodiT aris Seqmnili.
,,kinoSi man qarTuli sofeli aametyvela, qarTveli adamianis
sicocxlis didi wyurvili gamoavlina, qarTuli erovnuli zne-
Cveulebani warmtac ferebSi gadagviSala, Cveni xalxis sulieri simdidre
gviCvena.~ (qorqia 1958: 29).
a. wuwunava naxevari saukune emsaxura qarTuli xelovnebis samive
dargs _ dramatul Teatrs, operas da kinos. man savsebiT daimsaxura
qarTuli erovnuli saopero reJisurisa da qarTuli mxatvruli
kinematorgafis fuZemdeblis saxeli. man daamkvidra koleqtiuri
ansamblis Teatri da aris qarTuli dramatuli Teatris erT-erTi
pirveli profesionali reJisori.
90
Tavi III. brZola sinTezuri TeatrisaTvis
1. valerian SalikaSvili
valerian SalikaSvili gaxldaT farTo interesebis Teatraluri
moRvawe. iyo msaxiobi, reJisori, pedagogi, dramaturgi, publicisti da
sazogado moRvawe. sul raRac TxuTmeti weli iRvawa qarTul scenaze da
sapatio adgili samudamod daimkvidra.
v. SalikaSvili iyo fsiqologiuri realisturi Teatris saukeTeso
warmomadgeneli.
Tbilisis TeatrSi axalgazrda v. SalikaSvilma Tavisi niWi da
SesaZleblobebi yvelaze metad akakis ,,patara kaxSi~ givis rolis
Sesrulebisas gamoavlina. man gaimarjva, roli Cinebulad Seasrula da
ara marto Tbilisis sazogadoebis mowoneba aramed am rolis pirveli
Semsruleblis kote yifianis qebac daimsaxura. misi meuRle natalia
javaxiSvili werda: ,, kote yifianmna miuloca reJisors da uTxra
valikoze - ,,это что мой двоиник?!~ valikos ki ase mimarTa– Tqven ise
momewoneT, rom amis Semdeg aRar viTamaSeb am rols, sul Tqven
iTamaSebT.~ (mebuke 1956: 26).
Teatrmcodne sergo gersamia aRniSnavs: ,,v. SalikaSvili, rom didi
diapazonis aqtori gamxdariyo, amisTvis mas yvela monacemebi hqonda;
sakmaod didi niWi da temperamenti, keTilmosasmeni xma, romelic kargad
emorCileboda intonaciebs, moZravi saxe, romelsac Zlier uxdeboda
grimebi, exerxeboda grZnobaTa aforiaqeba da saWiro momentSi maTi
daokeba-damorCileba. lamazad Camoqandakebuli, saSualoze cotaT
maRali tani da friad moqnili sxeuli. icoda simRera da kargi smenis
patroni iyo, moxdenilad cekvavda rogorc Cveneburad, ise evropulad.~
(doRonaZe 1962: 201).
v. SalikaSvili bevrs muSaobda Tavis Tavze. repeticiebis Semdeg
TeatrSi rCeboda da damoukideblad muSaobda Tavis rolze. bevrs
91
kiTxulobda. man yovelTvis icoda roli. grafs TamaSobda igi Tu
qiziyels, aznauriSvils, moxeles, Tu imerel aznaurs, SalikaSvili
yvelgan profesiul doneze asrulebda xolme Tavis movaleobas.
im dros yvela TeatrSi moqmedebda msaxiobebis ampluis mixedviT
SerCevis principi. Salva dadiani romelsac SalikaSvilTan TeatrSi
muSaobis didi xnis staJi akavSirebda, ase axasiaTebs mis aqtiorul
SesaZleblobebs: ,,mTavari is ki ar iyo, rom mas SeeZlo rogorc
dramatuli rolebis, agreTve komikurisac Sesruleba da orivegan didis
ostatobiT. es im dros, rodesac, saerTod TeatrSi e.w. amplua metad
gansazRvruli iyo~ (dadiani 1948: 151).
v. SalikaSvils Tavisi niWierebiTa da aqtioruli ostatobis
wyalobiT SeeZlo gadaelaxa ampluis sazRvrebi da mieRwia Janruli
mravalferovnebisaTvis. amaze metyvelebs mis mier gansaxierebuli
rolebi: iago (,,otelo~), Stokmani (,,doqtor Stokmani~), tirezia
(,,oidipos mefe~), lefevri (,,madam sen Jermeni~), darispani (,,darispanis
gasaWiri~), suleiman xani (,,Ralati~), elizbar erisTavi (,,Tamar
batoniSvili~) da sxva. man Tavisi xanmokle samsaxiobo karieris manZilze
asamde roli Seasrula ,,valerian SalikaSvilis TamaSs yovelTvis
axasiaTebda bunebrioba da sisadave. is scenaze mudam ansaxierebda
adamians Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebiT. upretenziod,
iseTnairad, rogorc sinamdvileSi aris. mayurebelTa dasanaxavad
gamohqonda is zraxvebi, rac gansazRvrul personaJis Sinabunebis
brZmedSia gatarebuli da rac mas scenaze yvelas Sesaxedad amoqmedebs
da alaparakebs.
v. SalikaSvili ufro grZnobis aqtiori iyo vidre garegani
formisa, magram kargad esmoda mayurebelTa emociebisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba aqvs Sesafer formiT ametyvelebul grZnobebs, amitom mudam
zrunavda maT harmoniul mTlianobaze.
reaqciis wlebSi Tbilisis scenaze idgmeboda moduri dekadenturi
speqtaklebi. SalikaSvilma iTamaSa iseT piesebSi, rogoricaa:
SiukaSvilis ,,simaxinje~, ,,cicinaTela~ l. andreevis, ,,dReni Cveni
cxovrebisa~. SiukaSvilis piesaSi (,,simaxinje~) misi TamaSis Sesaxeb
,,saxalxo gazeTi~ werda: ,,Cven vnaxeT WeSmariti sasceno moqmedeba,
sruli gansaxiereba cocxali, realuri adamianisa; Cvens win cxovreba
92
iyo da ara warmodgena. metad kargi iyo SalikaSvili – samsaxurSi
gaZvaltyavebuli, dabeCavebuli, sacodavi moxele, romelsac yvelaferi
gauwiravs SvilebisaTvis~ (doRonaZe 1962: 135). xolo ,,cicinaTelaSi~
SalikaSvilis TamaSis Sesaxeb ,,saxalxo gazeTi~ werda: ,,ra mSvenieri
artistia v. SalikaSvili. ai namdvilad mxatvruli aRmsrulebeli Tavisi
rolisa. erTi wuTiTac ar uRalatnia xelovnebisaTvis da pirvelad
scenazed gamosvlisTanave moxibla sazogadoeba. es artisti, Cveni
scenisaTvis axals tips ekuTvnis da Tu mis qeba-didebaze taxti ar
daidga da ar ganisvena, rogorc Cveulabad aqvs qarTvels mweralia igi,
sazogado moRvawe Tu artisti, Cveni scenisTvis fasdaudebeli
mniSvneloba eqneba. yovelive wvrilmans, yovelive detals ise ukvirdeba,
iseTi TandaTanobiT da SegnebiT gadmogvcems xolme. maqsis gaiZvera,
borotebiT aRsavse tipi araTu win dagviyena, gvagrZnobina mTeli Cvenis
arsebiT, magram TviT ki erT wuTs, TviT Tavis ,,basiakobis~ drosac
erTxelac ar uRalatnia im medidurebisa da siamayisaTvis, romelic
yovelTvis Tan axlavs amisTana vaJbatonebs~ (doRonaZe 1962: 136).
rogorc avRniSneT, v. SalikaSvili fsiqologiur-realisturi tipis
msaxiobi iyo. mis aqtiur bunebasTan axlos iyo samxatvro Teatris
stili. SalikaSvili ocnebobda moskovSi saswavleblad wasuliyo, magram
materialuri saSualeba amis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevda. misi
mniSvnelovani namuSevrebi mainc fsiqologiur realizms ganekuTvneba.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ibsenis ,,doqtori Stokmani~, dimovis ,,ismine
israel~, kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWiri~ da sxva.
gazeTi ,,axali gza~ iuwyeba, rom 1910 wlis 18 ivliss xonSi Sedga v.
SalikaSvilis benefisi. warmodgenil iqna ibsenis ,,xalxis mteri~.
Stokmanis roli SalikaSvilma SesaniSnavad Seasrula. warmodgenas
xalxi blomad daeswro. gamgeobis saxeliT mas vercxlis portsigari
gadasces.
WiaTuris TeatrSi ganxorcielebul ,,xalxis mtris Sesaxeb~ gazeTi
,,kolxida~ iuwyeboda: ,,saucxovo iyo ,,eqimi Stokmanis~ rolSi b-ni
SalikaSvili, nametnavad im adgils, rodesac eqim Stokmans mTelma
sazogadoebam protesti gamoucxada, rogorc xalxis mters. sazogadod,
piesam kargi STabeWdileba dastova; moTamaSeT etyobodaT reJisoris
bejiTi xeli. sasiamovnod dagvrCeboda, rom Cveni Teatris meTaurni met
93
yuradRebas miaqcevdnen iseT piesebs, rom Cvens cxovrebasTan axlos
iyos~ (doRonaZe 1962: 162).
v. dimovis piesa ,,ismine israelSi~ aronis roli SalikaSvilma
warmatebiT Seasrula, rac im droindel piesaSi iqna asaxuli:
,,mobenefisem Tumca Zveli, magram friad Sinaarsiani piesa amoirCia.
,,ismine israel~ gancdaa mravaltanjuli ruseTis ebraelebisa, im
umagaliTo wleebSi, rodesac yoveli maTgani mravalgvar ubedurebiT
naxevrad gasresili,ukve utifrobas iCens iegovas winaSe da mrisxane
RmerTs ekiTxebodnen: ,,risTvis~-o mobenefise asrulebda aronis rols da
rogorc mudam ,,misi aroni, Tavidan bolomde sworia, unaklo.
gansakuTrebiT Zlieria StabeWdileba meore moqmedebaSi, rodesac aroni
qalis gaupatiurebis ambavs gaigebs~... (mebuke 1956: 32).
1907-1908 wlis sezonSi moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi muSaobis Semdeg
quTaisSi brundeba qarTuli Teatris brwyinvale wrmomadgeneli lado
mesxiSvili, romelmac ramdenime realisturi speqtaklis dadgma
ganaxorciela. maT Soris daviT kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWiri~.
darispanis roli ladom SalikaSvils daakisra.
d. kldiaSvilis piesebi ki imJamindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
urTules procesebs gamoxatavdnen. man didi mxatvris TvaliT dainaxa
feodaluri sazogadoebis rRvevis, dakninebis istoriuli procesi.
gviCvena ,,Tavadaznauruli samyaros mwuxri~ da misi waruSleli
suraTebi.
v. SalikaSvilma Seqmna gadagvarebuli mciremiwiani aznauris
darispanis saxe, romelsac warsuli didebidan mxolod mogonebebi da
sasacilo siamaye SemorCenia. darispans uWirs oTxi gasaTxovari
qaliSvilis rCena. igi aTasgvar xerxs mimarTavs sasiZoebis mosaZebnad,
magram sasiZoebs mdidari mziTevi ainteresebT. darispans surs rogorme
xelSi Caigdos isini, miuxedavad mravali intrigisa, am ganzraxvas
aRsruleba ar uweria. aznaurebis cxovrebis da zne-Cveulebis kargi
mcodne v. SalikaSvili realisturad fsiqologiuri, simarTliani da
msubuqi iumoriT gadmoscemda darispanis gancdebs.
,,darispanis gasaWirSi~ SalikaSvilma gviCvena aznaurTa ekonomiuri
Zlierebis da maTi gavlenis dacema. aseve maTi, rogorc klasis
gardauvali ganwiruloba.
94
,,Tavisi arsiT ,,cremlze mware~ kldiaSviliseuli sicili qarTuli
Teatris winaSe axal esTetikur principebs aSenebda. misi praqtikuli
gamarTleba imas niSnavda, rom unda warmoqmniliyo da Camoyalibebuliyo
axali xazi qarTul Teatralur SemoqmedebaSi. Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
tragikomedia, es iqneboda qarTveli xalxis istoriis, misi dRevan-
delobisa da saerTod erovnuli cxovrebis Teatraluri saxierebis erT-
erTi saukeTeso forma~ (v. kiknaZe 1973).
sandro axmeteli Tavis leqciaSi ,,aris Tu ara qarTuli Teatri
qarTuli? romelic 1915 wlis 11 maiss saxalxo saxlSi waikiTxa, ambobda:
,,icinis qarTveli, rodesac tiris da stiris, roca icinis. icinis
qarTveli, rodesac stiris misi guli~ (axmeteli 1978: 93).
es Tavisebureba qarTul TeatrSi tragikomediis saxiT unda
gamovleniliyo, rac istoriuli TaviseburebiT iyo gamowveuli. rac ar
unda Zlieri da mravalricxovani yofiliyo mteri, qarTveli mainc
optimisturad iyo ganwyobili. ucxo Tvali zogjer ver xedavda
qarTveli kacis namdvil bunebas, fiqrobdnen, TiTqos qarTveli
,,cxovrebas zevzeviT calmxrivad uyurebs; gaurbis mis duxWirs da
stkbeba mxolod mis mSvenierebiT; TiTqos igi ,,bunebiT hedonistia, ar
grZnobs Rrmad cxovrebis tanjvas: udardelia, fuqsavati. suldgmulobs
lxiniT, RviniT da mReris mravalJamiers~ qarTveli kacis momlxen
bunebas axmetelma sul sxva axsna mouZebna. sicili misTvis erTgvari
tragikuli niRabia. misi azriT, ,,diax, marTalia, qarTveli mReris da
ilxens, mere iciT, ra mdgomareobaSia? moigoneT is xana, roca
saqarTvelo, - rogorc saqarTvelo, rogorc simbolo Tavisuflebisa
mokvda, roca saqarTvelos mze Caesvena da ers misi umaRlesi wminda
ufleba, misi damoukidebloba xelidan gamoecala. moigoneT im drois
qarTvelni... gana Cven gvesmis maTi kvnesa, vaeba da tanjva. gana
maSindelni qarTvelni mosTqvandnen da stirodnen viTarca ebraelni
mdinareTa babilonisaTa. gana am saSinel ulmobel drois qarTveli
cremliTa rwyavda daoblebuls, miwasTan gasworebuls samSoblo miwa-
wyals? moigoneT baraTaSvilis dro. sicili da xarxari, lxini da
kiskisi, gegonebaT saqarTvelo tkbeba umSvenieresi wamebiT. lxinobs is
qarTveli, romelic Tavganwirulad icavda samSoblos da ers~ (axmeteli
1978: 92).
95
ilia WavWavaZe statiaSi ,,qarTuli Teatri~ werda: ara gvgonia, im
cremlzed utkbesi ram iyos qveyanazed, roca igi Jonavs bednierebisa da
sixarulis nametnaobisagan da im sicilze umwaresi ram, roca kaci
tiriliT hxarxarobs ubedurebisa da mwuxarebis savsebisagan. ai es
cremliani sicili da siciliani tirili aris igi uzenaesi sitkboeba,
romlis SeerTebiTac WeSmariti da udidesi xelovneba adamianisa Tavis
umwvervales simaRleze azidavs xolme kacsa, da goneba miuwvdomelis
TilismiTa did borotsac, did mwuxarebasac, rogorc did keTilsa da
did bednierebas adamianis gulSi Caafeninebs xolme madlis macxovar
Suqs saTnoebis tvirTis gamosakvanZavad da mere mSvenier yvavilis
gasaSlelad. amaSi momxiblavi Zala da arsebobis mizezi xelovnebisa
sazogadod da saTeatrosi sakuTriv~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 89).
,,darispanis gasaWirSi~ SalikaSvilis brwyinvale TamaSs
imdoindeli presac aRniSnavda: ,,xuTSabaTs, 17 Tebervals, valerian
SalikaSvilis sabenefisod qarTul dramatul sazogadoebis dasis mier
warmodgenil iqmna ,,darispanis gasaWiri~... kargi iyo b-ni SalikaSvili
darispanis rolSi. warmodgenas bevri xalxi daeswro, mobenefisem
saCuqrebi miiRo~ (doRonaZe 1962: 123).
v. SalikaSvilis mier Sesrulebulma darispanis saxem imdenad
waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina mayurebelze, rom visac ar unda
Seesrulebina, SalikaSvilis darispans adarebdnen. aq yvelaze ukeT
gamoCnda msaxiobis realisturi manera, misi aqtioruli buneba da
Teatraluri mrwamsi. darispanis rols principuli mniSvneloba hqonda
msaxiobis SemoqmedebaSi.
v. SalikaSvili cdilobda ufro Rrmad Cawvdomoda Teatraluri
xelovnebis arss, radgan xedavda Teatris ganaxlebis aucileblobas da
am sapasuxismgeblo saqmeSi reJisoris adgils da mniSvnelobas. pirvelad
SalikaSvilis reJisoruli SesaZleblobebi akaki wereTelma dainaxa, 1903-
1904 wlebSi akaki dramatuli Teatris reJisorad muSaobda, xolo mis
TanaSemwed – SalikaSvili. WiaTuris Teatrma 1908-1909 wlis sezonSi
SalikaSvili reJisorad miiwvia., xolo 1909 wlis sezonSi TbilisSi
reJisor a. yanCelis TanaSemwed muSaobs
,,reJisoris sakiTxi mudam Seadgenda Cveni scenisaTvis saWirboroto
sagans. gamgeoba yovelive RonisZiebas xmarobda es saqme rigianaT moewyo
96
da xarjsac ar erideboda, magram TbilisSi ver ipova man momzadebuli
da Cveni scenisaTvis Sesaferisi reJisori, rom momavalSi mainc es nakli
aecdina Tavidan, gamgeobam xeli Seuwyo yofil reJisors val.
SalikaSvils wasuliyo moskovSi sareJisoro kursebze da gaevlo iq
umaRlesi praqtikuli skola samxatvro TeatrSi, romlis xelmZRva-
nelebsac gamgeobam Sesaferisi TxovniT mimarTa~ (kiknaZe 1970: 25).
moskovSi yofniT SalikaSvili metad kmayofili iyo. araviTari
gaWirveba ar aSinebda. Tavdauzogavad muSaobda, Tavis meuRle natalia
javaxiSvils werda: ,,qalo, ras SeCerebixar mag oxrebs, wadi quTaisSi da
iqneba ori groSi mainc iSovo da mec am gaWirvebaSi ar Camagdo. xom
xedav mainc araferi gamodis. momavali sezonisa nu geSinian, sul erTia,
arc mand iqnebi da arc quTaisSi aq unda Camogiyvano samuSaod, radgan
momaval sezonSic aq gveqneba swavla. maS raRas uyureb, risa geSinian?
mec mombezrda aseTi cxovreba. SeuZlebelia ugroSkapeikod mSieri
yofna~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 190).
gamgeobis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT SalikaSvili moskovSi
ramdenime weli unda darCeniliyo, magram dramatuli sazogadoebis
gamgeoba Tanxas wesierad ver ugzavnida, bolos ki mTlianad Seuwyvita.
SalikaSvils avadmyofoba gaurTulda, gansakuTrebul movlas
saWiroebda, amis gamo iZulebuli iyo 1910 wels samSobloSi
dabrunebuliyo. SalikaSvilis samxatvro TeatrSi swavla, ra Tqma unda,
sakmarisi, dro ar iyo iseTi rTuli profesiis asTviseblad, rogoric
reJisuraa, magram misma niWierebam da gonierebam bevri ramis aTviseba
SeZlo da samSobloSi SemoqmedebiTad momwifebuli reJisori dabrunda
da didi xalisiT Seudga muSaobas. jer WiaTuris, Semdeg ki xonis
Teatrebs xelmZRvanelobda TavdadebiT da profesionalurad. aqtioruli
muSaoba mas reJisoruli moRvaweobis drosac ar Seuwyvetia. igi
sakuTari rolebis momzadebas did energias da dros axmarda. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mixeil qoreli werda: ,,rodesac isini mTavar
rolebs asrulebdnen, maTi yuradRebis da energiis nawili Tavis sakuTar
rols undeboda~. es erTnairad Seexeba rogorc l. mesxiSvils, aseve k.
mesxsa da v. SalikaSvils, magram artistuli warmatebebis gverdiT
saintereso reJisorul moRvaweobas eweodnen.
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1910 wels TbilisSi daarsda sareJisoro sabWo, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi l. mesxiSvili, v. gunia, v. SalikaSvili Sevidnen. es imis
maniSnebeli iyo, rom TeatrSi gaizarda reJisoris roli. sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi yvelaze axalgazrda SalikaSvili iyo. SalikaSvili
Tavis reJisoruli moRvaweobis dros did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTul
originalur piesebs. ormocze meti qarTuli piesa dadga, maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia akaki wereTlis ,,patara kaxi~, i. sumbaTaSvilis ,,Ralati~, k.
mesxis ,,Tamar batoniSvili~, v. gunias ,,da Zma~, n. SiukaSvilis ,,simaxinje~,
,,cicinaTela~, ,,nagavi~, i. gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpli~, ,,ojaxi~ ,,sinaTle~
da eqvsi Tavisi piesa.
1911 wels gaimarTa SalikaSvilis benefisi. gazeTebi gamoexmaurnen
am faqts ,,qarTuli Teatri~: dRes qarTul TeatrSi batoni SalikaSvilis
benefisia. sezonis miwurulSi erTi uerTgulesi muSaki Cveni scenisa
Tavis saartisto dReobas ixdis. batoni SalikaSvili, rogorc artisti
axalgazrda ar aris, magram reJisorobis aqtiurs xelmZRvanelobas didi
xani ar aris, rac Seudga. miuxedavad amisa, man mainc iCina Tavi, rogorc
dakvirvebulma reJisorma. sazogadod, pirveli naxevari wlevandel
sezonisa Sinaarsis mxriT Zalian sainteresi iyo; da amaSi umTavresi
Rvawli sxvaTa Soris baton SalikaSvils uZRvis. misi reJisorobiT
gaimarTa yvelaze saintereso, originaluri warmodgenebi ,,simaxinje~ b-ni
SiukaSvilisa, ,,msxverpli~ b-ni gedevaniSvilisa, ,,niRilistika~ q-ni ek.
gabaSvilisa, ,,SemTxveva~ b-ni elefTeriZisa. amJamad mobenefise dgams
axal originalur piesas b-ni Salva dadianisas ,,ganwmendis sasaxles~.
yvela es piesebi imdenad xelovnurad iyo dadgmuli, rom saukeTeso
sarepertuaro piesad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom
b-ni SalikaSvilis mier dadgmuli warmodgenebi, sanimuSo warmodgenebad
gadaiqceva momavlisaTvis~ (doRonaZe 1962: 168).
rogorc sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebi...~ SalikaSvilic gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobda speqtaklis ansmblurobis sakiTxs. piesa ,,simaxinjis~
dadgmisas man dadebiTad gadawyvita ansamblis sakiTxi: Jurnali
,,xelovneba~ werda: ,,warmodgenaSi sul axalgazrdoba Rebulobda
monawileobas. unda gamotexiT vTqvaT, rom amnairi mwyobri TamaSi,
yoveli rolis Segneba, fsiqologiuri momentebis Seswavla-gadmocema
Tbilisis scenaze iSviaTad minaxavs. ise kargad Caiara piesam, rom calke
98
amsruleblebze aras vityviT imis garda, rom amnairi muSaoba Cvens mier
melpomenas Zalian gaaxarebs~ (kiknaZe 1970: 252).
imdroindel qarTul TeatrSi damkvidrebul iyo gastrolioruli
sistema. amitom ansamblurobis danergvas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. am
mavne gadmonaSTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad moviyvanT ramdenime
magaliTs SarSandel sezonisas. erTi damsaxurebuli artisti reJisorma
daajarima repeticiaze mousvlelobisaTvis, ra Tqma unda iwyina, rogor
Sehkadres... ,,me gastroliori var da movale var movide mxolod or
ukanasknel repeticiazeo~ ... meorem patara roli iTamaSa, mesames ki Tavi
mohqonda imiTi, rom ,,mTeli sezoni da reJisori Cemi mZlavri zurgiT
gavaTrieo~... ai batonebo saukeTeso nimuSi damamtkicebeli Cemi sityvis,
rom qarTuli Teatri gadaiqca qarxanad, xolo misi msaxurni
xelosnebad!~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 87). SalikaSvils miaCnda, rom artists
siamovnebas unda aniWebdes rolze muSaoba, romelic masve moutans
sargeblobas.
,,revizors~ vamzadebdiT. ,,gorodniCi~ TvaliT ar gvinaxavs. movida
warmodgenis dawyebis win da antraqtSi gvaswavlida: ,,qajan Sen aq dadeqi
da Sen aqao~... amgvar muSaobis Semdeg Tvalwin gvidgas. gana amis Semdeg
sakvirvelia Cveni xelovnebis dacema? an sazogadoebis CamoSoreba? meore
magaliTze vwuxvar da mrcxvenia, rom me movagono damsaxurebul
msaxiobs, rom ar arsebobs patara roli, arsebobs patara artisti~
(SalikaSvili 1962: 88). SalikaSvili ,,iyo reJisori axali tipis, axali
yaidis~ (i. gedevaniSvili). Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze cdilobda
praqtikul saqmianobiT daemtkicebina stanislavskis formula ,,ar
arsebobs didi da patara rolebi, arseboben didi da patara msaxiobebi~,
amis naTel magaliTad moviyvanT msaxiob gvaraZis mogonebas:
,,SalikaSvili d. erisTavis ,,samSoblos~ dgamda. Saxis mxleblebis
rolebze axalgazrda msaxiobebi gaanawila. es rolebi piesaSi meore
xarisxovania, magram SalikaSvilma kargad gaanawila. muSaobis dros
didi yuradReba mogvaqcia da Cvens Zalian seriozulad mivudeqiT.
maxsovs lado mesxiSvilis sityvebi: piesa mSvenivrad aris dadgmuli da
yvelani kargad TamaSoben, magram Tqven samni, Seudareblebi xarTo,~ da v.
SalikaSvilis, Rirseba rogorc, reJisorisa, is aris, rom es patara
rolebi wina planze wamoiwia da sazogadoebis yuradRebis Rirsi gaxda~...
99
marTlac Znelia iyo gastroliori msaxiobis survilebis Sefardeba
speqtaklis interesebisaTvis, magram SalikaSvili am brZolaSi marto ar
iyo, ansamblis sakiTxSi erT poziciaze idgnen sxva ,,qarTveli mxatelebi~
isini erTad ibrZodnen axali Teatraluri principebis danergvisaTvis.
samxatvro TeatrSi iswavla gmiris socialuri yofis asaxvisas
detalebis sizustis mniSvneloba da gmiris Rrma fsiqologiuri
gancdebis gadmocema. piesis dadgmis dros zogjer mogzaurobda kidec
zogierTi tipaJisa da adgilis Sesaswavlad, magram samxatvro Teatris
principebs fanatikurad rodi misdevda zogjer ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec,
amis naTeli magaliTia ioseb gedevaniSvilis ,,sinaTle~. reJisorma
speqtaklSi gamoiyena musika, sabaleto nomrebi.
,,sinaTle~ Teatraluri simbolizmis Taviseburi gamovlenaa,
rodesac amas vambobT, viTvaliswinebT garemoebaTa mTel rigs, romlebic
mimarTulebis ganviTarebaze axdenen zegavlenas da erovnul niadagze mis
uCveulo transformacias iwveven. pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis mZlavri da amouSreteli
romantikuli tradicia, romlis kvali naTlad ikiTxeba originaluri
dramaturgiis yvela mimarTulebis, maT Soris simbolistur nimuSebSic~
(kalandariSvili 2007: 159).
,,sinaTlis~ premieris win gazeTebi sazogadoebas awvdida
informacias, rom speqtaklisaTvis specialurad daiwera musika,
monawileobas iRebda mTeli dasi, agreTve orkestri presmanis
xelmZRvanelobiT, filarmoniis gundi. cekvebis dasadgmelad mowveuli
iqna baletmaisteri. iqmneboda axali dekoraciebi. ,,sinaTle~ iwyeboda
mefe jimSeris (v. gunia) mdidrulad gaformebul sasaxleSi nadimis
sceniT. mefe, stumrebi, msaxurebi mwuxarebas moecva, mefes memkvidre ar
uCndeboda. gaisma Weqa-quxilis xma, gaixsna uzarmazari klde, gamoCnda
derviSi (a. imedaSvili). is mefes daxmarebas sTavazobs im pirobiT, rom
ori memkvidridan erTi misTvis unda daeTmo. speqtaklis meore suraTSi
darbazSi gamWvirvale fardis miRma ori akvani irweoda. moqmedebis
ganviTareba Tormeti wlis Semdeg grZeldeba, devriSi brundeba da mefes
pirobis Sesrulebas Txovs. mas mSvenier avTandils (taso abaSiZes)
aZleven. meore moqmedeba sanaxaobrivi efeqtebiT gamoirCeoda. avTandili
ukve devriSis samflobeloSia. aq areulobaa. eSmakebi devriSis
100
winaaRmdeg amxedrebulan. cekvaven, daxtian da erTmaneTis dasmenasac
axerxeben. areulobiT isargeblebs avTandili da garbis. eSmakebis cekva
groteskuli maneriT sruldeboda, sruliad sapirispiro xasiaTis iyo
cekva, romelic klasikuri baletis formiT sruldeboda. speqtaklis
bolo moqmedeba iwyeboda imiT, rom avTandili sanTeliT xelSi, mTlad
daZonZili dangreul sofelSia, romelSic gveleSapi xalxisagan sul
axal da axal msxverpls moiTxovs. avTandilma gveleSaps sZlia da
Semdeg mefes Tavisi vinaoba gaumxila. am momentidan speqtakli finalur
epizodSi gadadioda. gundi asrulebda ,,samSoblos~ da cremlmoreuli
mayurebeli gamalebiT ukravda taSs.~ ,,saxalxo gazeTis~ furclebze
Salva mesxiSvili ,,sinaTlis~ dagmis Sesaxeb werda: ,,22 dekembers Cveni
erovnuli Semoqmedebis dResaswauli iyo, _ swerda Salva mesxiSvili
,,saxalxo gazeTSi~ ,,sinaTlis~ dadgmis Sesaxeb _ dResaswauli
sagulisxmiero piradad CemTvis da mgonia yvelasaTvis. qarTulma dasma
warmoadgina i. gedevaniSvilis ,,sinaTle~. dasneulebulma erovnulma
Semoqmedebam frTa gaSala _ marTalia igi jer ver Sehkravs Tavisuflad
kamaras cis laJvardSi, magram gahqra Zveli uimedoba, gahqra mxolod
sxivisadmi mibaZva. TandaTan izrdeba qarTuli mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.
burusSi gaxveuli erovnul dabeCavebas Suqi Semostyorcna ,,sinaTlem~ _
jer mxolod Suqi, magram imedia ,,msxverpliT~ gaspetakebuli eri
,,sinaTlis~ saSualebiT daamxobs, dscems Zirs bneleTis samefos~. (mebuke
1956: 66)
rusuli oficiozis azris gamomxatvelma ,,kavkazmac~ ver damala
Tavisi aRtaceba da komplimentebi ar daiSura, magram mainc ver damala
Tavisi ganawyeneba da cinikurad aRniSna ,,qarTvelebs uyvarT zmanebis
momgvreli zRaprebi,~ 1914 wels speqtakli ganaaxles, misTvis axali
musikaluri gaformeba SeirCa. speqtakli mayurebelSi popularuli iyo,
warmodgenaze bileTebis Sovna Wirda. amitom warmodgena saxazino
Teatris did scenaze gadaitanes, magram miuxedavad amisa, speqtaklze
daswrebis moTxovnilebam ar iklo. Teatri male sagastrolod quTaisSi
gaemgzavra. ,,sinaTles~ iqac didi warmateba xvda wilad.
grigol robaqiZem quTaisis TeatrSi leqcia waikiTxa ,,sinaTlis~
,,dasagmobad~. g. robaqiZis leqciis Tezisebi gazeTma ,,azrma~ gamoaqveyna:
Tezisi pirveli! ,,sinaTle~ drama ar aris. Tezisi meore: igi arc
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zRaparia. Tezisi mesame: simbolisturi nawarmoebi ar ari. Tezisi meoTxe:
,,sinaTle~ iwvevs mxolod fiziologiur nacionalizms da rogorc aseTi,
igi ryvnis nacionalur grZnobas, ,,sinaTle~ aTaxsirebs mkiTxvels~
(kalandariSvili 2007: 169).
i. gedevaniSvilsa da gr. robaqiZes Soris gaimarTa polemika.
Jurnali ,,Teatri da cxovreba~ gamoexmaura gr. robaqiZis kritikas da
gansxvavebili azri gamoTqva: ,,dramis mxriv axali movlena SevniSneT: es
aris gedevaniSvilis ,,sinaTle~, romelsac xalxi aRtacebiT ewafeba, es
movlena naTelyofs Tanamedrove sadramo Semoqmedeba Tu ra gzas unda
daadges, - erTferovan uZravi mdgomareobidan mravalferovan moZraobi-
sken unda warimarTos: sityva cekva, simRera, sanaxaoba – ai ras moiTxovs
Tanamedrove adamianis suli, marTalia Cveni Tavisuflebis mterni
garedan irgvliv jojoxeTur kocons gvigizgizeben, magram Sinidan Cveni
xeli vnebis qurumni ufro Zlier cecxls anaTeben.~
g. robaqiZis leqcias speqtaklis popularobaze araviTari gavlena
ar mouxdenia. SalikaSvilis speqtakli mTelma saqarTvelom naxa da
warmateba da taSi ar moklebia.
SalikaSvili did yuradRebas aqcevda speqtaklis mxatvrobas.
maSindel Teatrs ar hqonda saSualeba yvela piesa sxvadasxva
dekoraciebSi daedga, magram Teatris mZime materialuri mdgomareobis
miuxedavad SalikaSvili mainc axerxebda, rom speqtakls Tavisi
dekoraciuli samyaro hqonoda. amis sailustraciod moviyvanT ,,saxalxo
gazeTis~ mier Sileris ,,don karlosis~ dekoraciis aRweras: ,,yvelaze
uwinares, sasiamovnod unda aRvniSnod warmodgenis Rirseba reJisoris
mxriT. sworad mosawonia iseTi sada mowyobiloba scenisa, romliTac
warmodgenili iyo ,,don karlosi~ scena mTeli warmodgenis ganmavlobaSi
warmoadgenda erTi stilis Sesafer darbazs, ubralod morTuls,
romlis ukana kedeli gaWrili iyo TaRiT da sxvadasxva suraTis dros
icvleboda mxolod am TaRis iqeTa dekoraciebiT. am gvaris martivis,
magram sruliad sakmarisi morTulobis wyalobiT daugvianeblad
misdevda erTi suraTi meores, STabeWdileba ar sustdeboda da iseTi
metad rTuli da didi piesisa, rogiricaa ,,don karlosi~ gaTavda
pirvelis oc wamze. aseTi sada morTuloba saxelmZRvanelod unda
gaixados Cvenma dasma Seqspiris, Sileris da sxva rTuli tragediebis
102
dadgmis dros. dawvrilebiTi da sruli morTva scenisa yovelTvis
saWiro ar aris; sakmarisia erTi da ori moxazuloba, rom scenam Seqmnas
saWiro iluzia iq, sadac umTavresi mniSvneloba adamianis sulier
gancdasa da brZolasa aqvs. sul sxvaa iseTi piesebi, sadac upirvelesi
adgili Tvalis sanaxaobas ekuTvnis: aq, rasakvirvelia umTavresi
mxatvruli garegnoba da morTulobaa~ (mebuke 1956: 65).
1912 wlis 2 Tebervals WiaTuraSi Tavis sabenefisod dadga
gordonis piesa ,,satana~, romelSic satanas roli Tavad Seasrula.
,,saxalxo gazeTi~ am dadgmis Sesaxeb werda: ,, ... ai, rvas gadascilda 10
wuTi, aixada farad, moisma musikis xmasTan galoba da gamoCnda sibnele:
Semdeg, roca sibneles Tvali SeeCvia, gamoirkva maRali kldeebi, ukan
maRal mTebze klde; xolo titvela kldeebs Soris, viT miwidan amosuli,
raRac adamianis magvari, romelic ganaTda wiTlad da gamoCnda igi
eSmakeuli arseba: galobis xma Sewyda, gaisma saubari uxilav RmerTis
xmasTan eSmakisa.
,,RmerTi da eSmaki danaZlevdnen: an gamarjveba anda damarcxeba
eSmakisa da es sanaZleo simvoliuri... ukve dabnelda, gaisma musikis xma
da Tan mohyva galoba, daeSva farada... da ise gaSra mayurebeli
sazogadoeba, rom ramdensame wuTs gaSterebuli misCereboda scenas;
daaviwydaT dResaswauli da TiTqmis TavianTi arsebac-ki; Semdeg
gamoerkvnen, Sexedes erTmaneTsa da odnav Tavi daiqnies; es iyo usityvo
gamoTqma xelovnebis gamarjvebisa~. (mebuke1956: 64)
man SesaniSnavad Seasrula satanis roli, magram CvenTvis,
SexedulebiT ufro sainteresoa mis mier am piesis dadgma, romelic
speqtaklis atmosferos Seqmnis brwyinvale magaliTad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT. ,,Tu reJisorma, msaxiobma, avtorma, mxatvarma, (da xSirad
musikosma) Seqmnes mayureblsaTvis speqtaklis atmosfero, _ mas ar
SeuZlia masSi monawileoba Aar miiRos~. (Cexovi 2003: 357).
v. SalikaSvilma ,,samSoblos~ dadgmis dros moiwvia cnobili
moqandake da mxatvari grane, warmodgena aRfrTovanebiT miiRo
mayurebelma. ,,samSoblos~ dadgmas SalikaSvili didi pasuxismgeblobiT
moekida. n. gvaraZe gadmogvcems ,,samSoblos~ dadgmis istorias: ,v.
SalikaSvils undoda sezoni sxva piesiT gaexsna, magram gamgeobam uari
uTxra, usaTuod ,,samSobloTi~ unda gaxsna sezonio. im dros tradiciad
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iyo gadacemuli, rom Tbilisis zamTris sezoni yoveltvis ,,samSobloTi~
ixsneboda. am sezonSic ase moxda... SalikaSvilma, rogorc moskovSi
namyofma da iqauri kulturiT aRWurvilma didi energiiTa da
siyvaruliT mohkida xeli piesas da kargad dadga. v. SalikaSvili
,,samSoblos dadgmis Semdeg iwames, rogorc reJisori amxanagebma da
sazogadoebamac~ (gvaraZe 1949: 149).
v. SalikaSvili didi enTuziazmiTa da siyvaruliT dgamda qarTul
piesebs, aqezebda axalgazrda qarTvel mwerlebs piesebis dasawerad da
sixaruliT dgamda maT nawarmoebebs. 1910 wels, SalikaSvilma dadga niko
SiukaSvilis ,,simaxinje,~ romelSic Toma ZnelaZis roli Tavad iTamaSa.
,,saxalxo gazeTi~ gulTbilad gamoexmaura am faqts ,, kargebi iyvnen
qalbatoni SoTaZe da batoni SalikaSvili Toma ZnelaZis rolSi.
axalgazrda artistebma gasaocari erTsulovnebiTa da sixalisiT
iTamaSes paraskevs. etyoba Sroma ar dauzariaT. gulwrfelad vusurveb,
rom SemdegSiac aseTi mSvenieri TamaSiT umaspinZldebodnen damswre
sazogadoebas~ (mebuke 1956: 61). ioseb gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverplma~ Salika-
Svilis yuradReba Tavisi Sinaarsis gamo miipyro. piesaSi asaxulia
glexTa masebis mdgomareoba. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis damarcxebis
Semdeg glexobam dakarga TavianTi Zalebis rwmena, daisadgura
nihilizmma. piesaSi mTavari moqmedi Zala glexTa masa iyo, amitom
ZiriTadi yuradReba SalikaSvilma masiur scenebs dauTmo glexTa
cxovreba rom sworad aesaxa. amisaTvis SalikaSvili specialurad
qarTlis soflebSi gaemgzavra. iq SearCia saWiro tipaJi, gaecno qarTlis
soflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sacxovrebel nagebobebs. Tavisi
dakvirveba Semdeg sainteresod gamoiyena ,,msxverplis~ dadgmis dros.
yvela patara roli speqtaklis ZiriTadi miznis gadmocemas emsaxureboda
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT, temperamentiT da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
individualuri TvisebebiT. SalikaSvilma didi yuradReba miaqcia
masobriv scenebs. speqtaklSi TviTon gadaicva glexis kostumi, gamovida
scenaze da waruZRva masas. masobrivi scenebis dadgmaSia SalikaSvilis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi damsaxureba qarTuli Teatris winaSe. imdroindeli
qarTuli presa erTxmad aRniSnavda, rom speqtaklSi masobrivi scenebi
didi profesionalizmiT iyo dadgmuli.
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,,piesaSi bevri masiuri scenebia, amitom piesa saTanado
STabeWdilebas ver moaxdenda, cudad rom warmoedginaT, magram Cveni
msaxiobebis sabednierod, piesam Zalian kargad Caiara, kargebi iyvnen
kerZo amsruleblebi, batonni: abaSiZe, gamyreliZe, aradeli, magram ufro
kargi iyo masiuri scenebi. swerad madlobis Rirsia batoni SalikaSvili,
rom Sroma ar dauzogia da sazogadoebas mSvenierad dadgmuli
warmodgena aCvena. imedia dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeoba gaimeorebs am
piesas da amiT saSualebas miscems yvelas, vinc pirvelad ver daeswro am
warmodgenas, meored mainc naxos~ (doRonaZe 1962: 133)
v. SalikaSvils hqonda unari amoecno axalgazrda msaxiobebSi
talanti da gabedulad niSnavda maT wamyvan rolebze, magaliTad
,,msxverplSi~ erT-erTi mTavari roli - glexis qali naTia - misca
axalgazrda msaxiob qals, gigua ceTiaSvilis roli - g. iSxnels. am
roliT axalgazrda msaxiobma saxeli gaiTqva. moxuci glexis gabos
roli – axalgazrda msaxiobs v. gamyreliZes. SalikaSvili specialurad
gamonaxavda dros, muSaobda axalgazrdebTan, raTa aemaRlebina ostatoba
da kulturuli done. msaxiobi Saqro gomelauri Tavis mogonebebSi wers:
,,ramdeni daxmareba aRmouCenia mas CvenTvis, axalgazrda msaxiobTaTvis,
rogor aRinTeboda xolme sixaruliT, Tu mis mier dasaxul gegmas
cotad Tu bevrad sisworiT ganvaxorcielebdiT! ramdeni Sroma da jafa
gaswia da Tavisi Zal-Rone Sealia misTvis da CvenTvis sayvarel Teatrs~!
(gomelauri 1962: 125)
ori wlis Semdeg, 1912 wels SalikaSvilma WiaTuraSi didi
warmatebiT dadga ,,msxverpli~, romelic arafriT ar Camouvardeboda
Tbilisis dadgmas.
1918 wels dramatulma sazogadoebam daarsa sasceno xelovnebis
studia. studias xelmZRvanelobda g. jabadari. pedagogad miwveuli iyo v.
SalikaSvili. studielebi iyvnen v. anjafariZe, m. Wiaureli, a. vasaZe, S.
RambaSiZe, S. aRsabaZe, g. sarCimeliZe da sxvebi. studiis gaxsnisas
SalikaSvilma sityviT mimarTa axalgazrdebs: ,,qarTulma Teatrma Tavisi
gza ekliani gmirulad ganvlo da Tavisi droSa dRemdis moitana im
saxiT, ra saxiTac igi pirvelad aRimarTa. cxovreba Seicvala! Zveli
daingra da am nangrevebze axali cxovreba Sendeba. qarTuli Zveli
Teatric am uTanasworo brZolaSi daRlil-daqanculi, Ronemixdili
105
ukanasknel suliskveTebas ganicdis. axali cxovrebisaTvis Zveli xanis
matarebeli saWiro aRar aris. TviT cxovrebam ubrZana mokvdio da isic
kvdeba, magram mogexsenebaT, sikvdils axali sicocxle mosdevs. – TviT
sikvdili Sobavs axal sicocxles da ai axalma cxovrebam Zvelis
memkvidrem mogiwodaT Tqven – axalgazrdebs~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 99).
v. SalikaSvili kargi reJisor-pedagogi iyo. a. vasaZe Tavis mogone-
bebSi wers: ,,im droisaTvis msaxiobis ostatobaSi yvelaze ufro
saintereso leqciebs valerian SalikaSvili kiTxulobda. pirvelad
swored baton valerianisagan gavige zogi ram stanislavskis ,,pirveladi
elementebis~ Sesaxeb. man amixsna, agreTve Tu ras niSnavs scenaze
qveteqsti, mizani, gamosaxvis saSualeba, xasiaTi, gardasaxva, biografia
da sxva~ (vasaZe 1977: 39).
g. jabadari rogorc safrangeTSi naswavli, franguli skolis
mimdevari iyo, SalikaSvili ki samxatvro Teatris meTods aniWebda
upiratesobas. es SemoqmedebiTi gansxvavebuloba kargad SeamCnia
studielma akaki vasaZem. ,,giorgi jabadari, rogorc antuanis mowafe da
franguli skolis mimdevari, leqsis wakiTxvis dros Txoulobda
melodiisa da riTmis gamokveTas. valerian SalikaSvili ki, rogorc
samxatvro Teatris mimdevari, leqsis kiTxvis dros riTmas araviTar
yuradRebas ar aqcevda~ v. SalikaSvili winaaRmdegi iyo yovelgvari
zeaweulobisa da paTetikurobisa da studentebisagan bunebriobas
moiTxovda. SalikaSvilma studielebTan daiwyo muSaoba gedevaniSvilis
,,sinaTleze~. studielebSi nergavda stanislavskis principebs, moiTxovda
mkacr disciplinas. ,,me amiT is ki ar minda vTqva, rom did msaxiobs
daemorCilos da monad gauxdes patara msaxiobi! xelovnebis winaSe
yvelani Tanasworni unda viyvneT, yvelam erTi suliT, erTis guliT unda
vemsaxuroT mas. ar aris didi da patara rolebi, arian niWiT didi da
patara msaxiobebi. niWieri msaxiobi patara rols ise iTamaSebs, rom
uniWo msaxiobs, didi rolis moTamaSes sruliad daCrdilavs~ - ambobda
v. SalikaSvili. SexedulebaTa SeuTavseblobis gamo SalikaSvilma
studia ramodenime TveSi datova. SalikaSvilis pedagogiuri talantis
aRiarebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos a. vasaZis mogoneba:
,,aleqsandre wuwunavam Semaqo im dRes Cemi TamaSi kikviZis rolSi
da Tan nemiroviCis naTqvamsac gadmomcemda: Zalian dainteresda vasaZes
106
vin aswavlida msaxiobis ostatobaso. vici, marjaniSvilma farTo
Semoqmedebit gzaze gamoiyvana, magram misi aqtioruli xelovnebis fuZe,
rogorc vatyob samxatvroelebis skolasTan axlos ariso; gansakuTrebiT
kikviZeSi organulad Serwymuli aqvs didi cxovrebiseuli simarTle,
sazrianoba da efeqturi, romantikuli artistizmi da ukvirda, maSin Seni
pirveli maswavlebeli SalikaSvili gavixsene da vuTxari: aleqsandre
ivaniZem rom gTxovaT 1908 wels speqtaklze ,,vai Wkuisagan~ Tqvens
repeticiebs daaswariT erTi qarTveli reJisori meuRliTurTo, is
reJisori valerian SalikaSvili gaxldaT, Tqveni xelovnebis, samxatvro
skolis Tayvanismcemeli da mimdevari da agreTve vasaZis maswavlebeli
msaxiobis ostatobaSi meTqi~ (vasaZe 1984: 241).
v. SalikaSvilis avadmyofobis gamo s. axmeteli werda: ,,erT dros
dauRalavi muSaki axla avadaa, qarTuli scenis Tavganwiruli moamage
WleqiT Sepyrobili, baqos saavadmyofoSi wevs, iwvala, ivaglaxa
sayvarelma adamianma da axla ki misi wrfeli guli saSineli
avadmyofobis siaxloveebs ganicdis. SiSsa mgvris misi mdgomareoba.
vTrTi misi bediT. vah, Tu ver vupatrone? ver mivxedoT, ver movuaroT,
meSinia miT ufro, rom vicnob Cvens sazogadoebas. pirSi momRimari,
pativismcemi, Zalian xSirad Tavis saukeTeso pirmSo Svilebs gaWirvebis
dros uyuradRebod stovebs. Tavs mianebebs, daiviwyebs. axalgazrda
niWieri msaxiobi SalikaSvilic aseTive gaWirvebaSia xangrZlivma Sromam,
xelovnebisadmi gulSematkivarobam gatexa jansaRi adamiani.
arafrismqone, upatronod, igi sxvagan, Sors loginSi wevs da Cvensken
Tvalebi upyria. vin icis, ras ganicdis Cveni valiko, vin icis ra Savi
fiqrebi dastrialebs mis moqancul suls. saWiroa Svela, Zmuri nugeSi,
saWiroa saCqaro daxmareba. Cveni valia, riTac ki SegveZleba, davixsnaT
igi saSineli senis klanWebidan. Cveni alersiT da yuradRebiT mas unda
mivceT gulis simxneve da moTmineba~ (axmeteli 1978: 117).
baqoSi gaimarTa warmodgena avadmyofi reJisoris v. SalikaSvilis
sasargeblod. Seagroves 650 maneTamde da saqarTveloSi gamoagzavnes. v.
SalikaSvili cotaTi momjobinda da isev ainTo muSaobis surviliT.
baTumis dramatul dass 1916-1917 wlebSi xelmZRva-nelobda v.
SalikaSvili. ,,saTeatro sezoni gaixsna 27 seqtembers i. gomarTelis
piesiT ,,qoxSi~. Semdeg warmodgenili iyo d. kldiaSvilis ,,irines
107
bedniereba~, S. dadianis ,,Seni Wirime~, i. gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpli~, v.
gunias ,,siZe-simamri.~ or ukanasknel warmodgenaSi monawileoba miiRo
sagangebod mowveulma v. abaSiZem. dasma warmoadgina d. erisTavis
,,samSoblo~ s. WanturiSvilis ,,morevSi,~ a. sumbaTaSvilis ,,Ralati~. v.
SalikaSvil,i Tbilisis dramatuli sazogadoebis TeatrSi dgams Tavisive
piesas ,,gawyvetili jaWvi~. Teatralur studiaSi daiwyo leqciebis
kiTxva, magram misi avadmyofoba Zalian garTulda da 45 wlis asakSi 1919
30 ianvars gardaicvala Tavis mSobliur sofel akeTSi. cnobili
qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, mwerali da dramaturgi valerian
SalikaSvilis axlo megobari Salva dadiani ase afasebs mis reJisorul
moRvaweobas: `igi iyo imgvari reJisori, rom maSindel, teqnikurad metad
mouwyobel, TiTqmis uarafro TeatrSi SeeZlo iseTi warmodgena daedga,
rom xSirad maRali gemovnebis mayurebelic daekmayofilebina. maSin
umTavresad saqme is iyo, reJisors kargi da moxdenili mizanscenebi
gamoemuSavebina da yvela piesebisaTvis erTi da igive dekoraciebi
sxvadasxva kombinaciebiT ise daedga, rom mayureblisaTvis siaxlis
iluzia Seeqmna. amas SalikaSvili mudam moxerxebulad da Wkvianurad
akeTebda~ (dadiani 1948: 152).
v. SalikaSvilis brZola reJisuris principebis damkbidrebisaTvis,
warmoadgens gardamavali periodis qarTuli Teatris erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes etaps. am brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda saTeatro
azrovnebis donis amaRlebas, profesiuli saTeatro atmosferos Seqmnas,
Teatris specifikis mcodne reJisorebisa da msaxiobebis literaturul
moRvaweobas. am mxrivac gamoirCeoda v, SalikaSvili.
v. SalikaSvilis kalams ekuTvnis Svidi piesa: ,,gadaWrili muxa~ -
drama oTx moqmedebad, ,,uniadagoni~ komedia - oTx moqmedebad,
,,upretenzio komedia~ komedia - sam moqmedebad, ,,ojaxi~ - drama xuT
moqmedebad, ,,Cvenebi~ komedia - sam moqmedebad, ,,gawyvetili jaWvi~ - drama
sam moqmedebad, ,,moqalaqis sizmari~ - SarJi erT moqmedebad. hqonda
naTargmni mravali piesa: riJkovis ,,pirveli mercxali~, hauptmanis
,,feiqrebi~, mirbos ,,Jan da madlena~ da sxva. maT Soris bevri komedia da
vodevili.
v. SalikaSvilis piesebi realisturad asaxavdnen meoce saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTvelos cxovrebas misi naklovani mxareebiT avtors
108
gamohyavda uaryofiTi tipebi, romlebic am naklovanebebis SeqmnaSi iyvnen
damnaSaveebi, sityvebiT ki samSoblosa da xalxis siyvaruliT iwvodnen.
aseT pirTa xelSi Cavardnili qveyana unugeSo mdgomareobaSia Cavar-
dnili. avtori mocemuli situaciidan gamosavals ver poulobs da
uimedo mdgomareobaSia. aseT piesebs ganekuTvneba ,,gadaWrili muxa~ da
,,uniadagoni~ anu ,,aramzadebi~.
v. kiknaZe wers: `v. SalikaSvili ramdenime piesis avtoric aris.
zogierT maTgans mxolod dramaturgiis istoriisaTvis aqvs mniSvneloba,
zogic arqivs ganekuTvneba. nawils dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba da
igi Cvens Tanamedroveobasac afiqrebs Tavisi mZafri problematikiT.
swored amgvar piesad migvaCnia ,,gadaWrili muxa.~ v. SalikaSvili erTi
pirveli dramaturgTagania, romelic inteligenciis cxovrebas Seexo.
soflidan xalxis denadobam SeakrTo dramaturgi. man dainaxa, rom
qalaqisken daiZra xalxi. amis gamo SeZrwunebulia mwerali. raoden
Zlieradac ar unda Candes misi pesimisturi msoflmxedveloba, igi mainc
marTali iyo, rogorc mwerali da moqalaqe. mis sevdas hqonda
safuZveli~
v. SalikaSvils miaCnda, rom Cvenma glexobam gadaarCina saqarTvelo
da SeinarCuna misi TviTyofadoba. ver egueboda, rogor iSleboda
soflis stabiluri cxovreba. xalxi iyreboda da qalaqSi saxldeboda. am
process socialuri da ekonomiuri safuZvlebi gaaCnda. dramaturgi am
istoriul procesSi qarTveli xalxis tragedias xedavda, magram rogor
unda gadawydes es rTuli problema SalikaSvili Tavis piesaSi pasuxs
ver iZleva. ,,gadaWril muxaSi~ dramaturgi soflis cxovrebis idealur
suraTs gvixatavs. Tavadi niko, romelic imisTvis rom aamaRlos soflis
kultura xsnis skolas, biblioTekas, cdilobs Seitanos ganaTleba da
amiT Seagulianos axalgazrdoba ar miatovos sofeli. glexebTan megob-
rulad cxovrobs, colad irTavs Rarib obols, magram es idilia male
irRveva, Tavad nikos ar eyofa Zala Seesrulebina winaprebis anderZi –
ar moeSala fuZe. igi qalaqeli katoTi moixibla. ojaxs, mamuls
miatovebs da sacxovreblad qalaqSi gadadis.
piesam recezentebs Soris azri orad gayo. zogierTi maTgani
ukmayofilebas Riad gamoxatavda: ,,18 RvinobisTves qarTul TeatrSi
warmodgenili iyo SalikaSvilis oTxmoqmedebiani drama ,,gadaWrili
109
muxa~. avtors mizani kargi hqonda, magram dramas araviTari mxatvruli
gemovnebis, araviTari sasceno sinamdvilis kvali ar emCneoda. igi im
uxeiro publicistis alboms hgavda, saca uTavbolod Cakerebulia
yovelgvari ,,kargi~ azrebi Dda arcerTi suraTi ar aris am azrebiT
xorcSesxmuli. usaTuod, did naklad unda CaiTvalos pirvel moqmedebaSi
gabmuli baasi soflis da qalaqis Taobaze. yvela is, rac pirvel
moqmedebaSi iTqva, dramis moqmedebam mainc TavisTavad gvamcno. piesis
saerTo nakli moqmed pirTa sityvebis raxaruxia. piesas bevrs uSlis
moqmed pirTa ,,filosofosoba~. mayureblisTvis aris saWiro mxolod
moqmedeba, Tanac oriode sityva, saxeebi, zne-Cveuleba ama Tu im pirisa,
romelime gansakuTrebuli xazi; ar aris saWiro srulebiT arabunebrivi
sityva, xelovnurad avtoris mier CarTuli~ (doRonaZe 1962: 138).
kritikul SefasebasTan erTad iyo uamravi dadebiTi xasiaTis
werili: ,,v. SalikaSvilis ,,gadaWrili muxa~ karg STabeWdilebas axdens
Tavisi politikur-socialuri tendenciiT, piesa publicisturi
xasiaTisaa, exeba Cveni inteligenciis maRal wodebas, im uangarobas,
romelic dasuraTebulia misive ,,uniadagoSi~, xolo pirvelis Sinaarsi
ufro ojaxur – sazogadoebrivia, meoresi – erovnul-politikuri.
marTalia CvenSi jer ar gamosulan garkveulad nikos, golas, ninos da
sxvebisTana gmirebi, magram eWvs gareSea, rom Cvens cxovrebas yoveldRe
ufro da ufro emCneva is midrekileba, romelsac gvixatavs ,,gadaWrili
muxa~ (doRonaZe 1962: 140).
,,saxalxo gazeTis cnobiT: ,,qarTuli Teatri, paraskevs, 22
Tebervals v. SalikaSvilis sabenefisod warmoadgenen misive
oTxmoqmedebian piesas ,,gadaWrili muxa~. batonma SalikaSvilma
SarSandeli uferuli sezonis mere, wels TvalsaCinod gamoacocxla
Cveni scena, rogorc xelovanma reJisorma. misi Rvawli am mxriv
daufasebelia. meore mxriv TviT piesac ,,gadaWrili muxa~ wels pirvelad
Sevida Cveni dasis repertuarSi da Rirseuli yuradRebac daimsaxura. es
piesa, eWvi ar aris qarTul repertuarSi TvalsaCino adgils daiWers.
imedi gvaqvs, rom sazogadoeba Rirseulad daafasebs batoni
SalikaSvilis Rvawls, mis benefiss siamovnebiT daeswreba da misi
originaluri piesiTac datkbeba.~ azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, yvela
erTxmad aRniSnavda speqtaklSi ,,gadaWrili muxa~ aqtiorTa brwyinvale
110
TamaSs. ,,mwyobrad Caiara,~ ,,unaklo iyo,~ ,,kargad asruleben~ da sxva.
,,gadaWrili muxa sazogadoebam aRfrTovanebiT miiRo. ,,Teatri save iyo~,
,,piesa moswons~, ,,avtors gamouZaxes~ da sxva.
v. SalikaSvilis piesa ,,uniadagoni” gamoqveynda 1913 wels.
nawarmoebSi asaxulia imdroindeli politikanebis cxovrebaSi arsebuli
dapirispireba da SuRli. gviCvenebs demokratizms amofarebuli
mmarTveli zeda fenis politikur, sayofacxovrebo da moralur gaxrwnas.
SalikaSvili erT-erTi aseTi politikanis cxovrebas gvixatavs
aleqsandres saxiT, romelic piradi gamdidrebisaTvis samsaxurebriv
mdgomareobas iyenebs. iRebs qrTams, gareulia binZur maqinaciebSi. amave
dros igi ugulo cinikosi da egoisti pirovnebaa. aleqsandresTan
daaxloebuli pirni nestori da pavle pirferobiT da farisevlobiT
moipoveben aleqsandres keTilganwyobas da iqamde emsaxurebian mas, sanam
Zala gaaCnia. isini aleqsandres meSveobiT binZuri da bneli saqmeebiT
mdidrdebian. aleqsandres meuRle daro mSoblebis daZalebiT
usiyvarulod misTxovda mas. maT SeeZinaT ori Svili rusiko da zurabi.
mas qmari ar uyvarda, magram erTgulebiT asrulebda diasaxlisis
movaleobas. maqinaciebi gamoaSkaravda aleqsandres da misi kompanionebis
saqme gamosaZieblad gadaecema sagamomZiebo organoebs. daro 18 wlis mere
xvdeba griSas, romelic axalgazrdobaSi uyvarda. profesiiT eqimi griSa
didxans muSaobda peterburgSi da sabolood TbilisSi brundeba, maT
Soris axali ZaliT ifeTqebs siyvaruli, miatovebs ojaxs da midis
sayvarel adamianTan. peterburgSi griSam sikvdils gadaarCina daros
qaliSvili rusiko. qaliSvils Tavisi mxsneli Seuyvarda, rodesac
rusikom gaigo rom misi deda colad gayva griSas, ver aitana da Tavi
moikla. rodesac gurami igebs dedis gaTxovebasa da mamis meqrTameobis
ambavs, saxlidan garbis, raTa daubrunos vali xalxs. SalikaSvilis
socialurma dramam ,,uniadagoni~ TanamedroveebSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego
azrebi gamoiwvia.
1913 wlis 12 oqtombers ,,saxalxo gazeTi~ akritikebs piesas im
sababiT, TiTqos ,,gadamlaSeba emCneva avtors dramis ganviTarebaSic:
metad bevri ubedureba daatyda Tavze aleqsandres. Svili miatovebs,
coli sxvas gahyveba, qali Tavs iwamlavs, mis winaaRmdeg saCivars
aRZraven sisxlis samarTlis ZaliT da yovelive es piesis dedaazrs da
111
ganzraxvas amoiRebs: rac ufro didi damnaSave, avazaki da gaiZvera iyos
adamiani, roca mas gadametebuli ubedureba SeemTxveva, CvenSi is mainc
sibraluls, patiebas da xSirad TanagrZnobasac iwvevs~.
amave statiaSi samarTlianad aRniSnes: ,,man icis scenis
moTxovnileba, Seuswavlia Cveni cxovrebis uaryofiTi mxareebi da
gvixatavs suraTebs, romlebis didi SemoqmedebiTi niWiT ar arian
aRbeWdili, magram interess mainc ar arian moklebulni. sazogadoeba
yuradRebianad ismens piesas, Tumca igi araa Rrmad gancdili mxatvruli
gulis nayofiT, grZnobis Semoqmedeba, aramed ufro gonebis, mSrali
msjelobis Seqmnilia, magram sagani misi Cveni cxovrebis sakiTxebia,
piesis Sinaarsi amoRebulia Cveni cxovrebis sinamdvilidan da rac unda
nakli hqondes v. SalikaSvilis axal dramas Cveni Raribi repertua-
risTvis igi mainc kargi Senamatia~ (doRonaZe 1962: 142).
SalikaSvili piesebis Targmnis dros iTvaliswinebda aramarto maT
scenurobas, aramed maT ideur mxaresac. SalikaSvilis naTargmni piesebi
idgmeboda TbilisSi, quTaisSi da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi. ,,scenis
iSviaTi codna, mxatvruli alRo, dakvirvebis didi unari naTlad Cans
mis mier daweril organul piesebSi. SalikaSvilis piesebs _ ,,gadaWrili
muxa~, ,,uniadagoni~, ,,ojaxi~ da sxva _ erT dros qarTuli Teatris
Rirseuli adgili eWiraT da cxadyofdnen avtoris ostatobas~
(burTikaSvili 1951: 250).
SalikaSvilis werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb dResac ar aris
interesmoklebuli. SalikaSvili ocnebobda, rom saqarTveloSi Seqmni-
liyo ,,idealuri~ Teatri. Tavis werilSi ,,qarTuli Teatris momavali~ v.
SalikaSvili werda: ,,vin ar icis, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs eris
kulturul cxovrebaSi da gansakuTrebiT CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis,
CvenTvis Teatri erTad erTi dawesebulebaa, sadac jer kidev gaismis
Tavisufali qarTuli ena. es erTaderTi kuTxe SegvrCenia, romelsac unda
hqondes namdvili saxe, viwro nacionaluri mimarTuleba. Teatri Cveni
siamayea, Cveni wmindaTa wminda. es aris guli qarTveli erisa, misi
warsuli, awmyo da momavalic masSive unda gamoixatos. scenidan gvesmis
mSobliuri ena, aqedan vecnobiT Cvensas da ucxo mwerlebs. Teatrma unda
aRzardos momavali Taoba, man warmoSos qarTuli dramatuli da
sityvakazmuli mwerloba. Teatri eris sarke, misi namdvili saxe da
112
qarTuli sazogadoebis Segnebuli nawili. swored am TvaliT Sescqeris
Teatrs.~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 43).
SalikaSvili udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs eris sulier
cxovrebaSi, Tvlis, rom qarTul Teatrs unda hqondes marto misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ,,namdvili saxe, viwro nacionaluri mimarTuleba~. is
Teatrs qarTveli eris guls adarebs. erma warsuli, awmyo da momavali
,,masSive unda gamoxatos~. msgavsi azri aqvs gamoTqmuli sandro
axmetels: ,,didia, ganuzomelia mniSvneloba Teatrisa yvela erisaTvis,
kultura Teatrisa umaRlesi kulturaa erisa. igi xarobs, frTebs isxams
masTan erTad da ecema, kvdeba eris sikvdilTan erTad~ (axmeteli1978: 91).
aqedan Cans, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qarTul Teatrs
SalikaSvili da axmeteli eris cxovrebaSi. SalikaSvili Tavis statiaSi
aRniSnavs, rom Teatrs xedavs ,,daSretils, sulTmobrZavs~ amis erT-erT
mizezad gamgeobis mouqneloba da araprofesionalizmi miaCnia. is
akritikebs gamgeobas imis gamo, rom anterprenioroba ikisra, vercerTi
sezoni bolomde ver miiyvana da sazogadoebis qvelmoqmedebis imedzea:
,,sazogadoebis am usazRvro qvelmoqmedebam gamgeoba gaazarmaca da
TviTmoqmedebis unari daukarga. antrepriziT gatacebuls namdvili
daniSnuleba daaviwya da Tu Cveni Teatri aqamde win ver wasula
umTavresi brali amaSi miuZRvis TviT gamgeobas~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 45).
qarTuli Teatris gadasarCenad SalikaSvili miseul xedvas warmo-
adgens, romelic eqvsi muxlisagan Sedgeba: ,,gamgeoba raki
antrepreniorobas Tavs daanebebs, Tavis namdvil daniSnulebas
Seasrulebs saqme bevria, magaliTad: 1. upirveles yovlisa, unda Seiqmnas
Tanxa uZlurisa da daavadebuli scenis muSakTa uzrunvelsayofad; 2.
gaixsnas qarTuli dramatuli skola Semdegis programiT: qarTuli
diqcia, varjiSoba, cekva, plastika, simRera, qarTuli da ucxo
literatura da sxva; 3. gamarTos xolme artistebisaTvis da
mowafeTaTvis literaturuli saRamoebi, referatebi, leqciebi da sxva; 4.
gamosces perioduli saTeatro Jurnali; 5. gamosces saukeTeso
originaluri piesebi iaf fasSi, rom provinciel scenis moyvareTaTvisac
xelmisawvdomi iyos, rogorc fasiT ise texnikiTac, amrigad xalxSi
gaavrcelos erovnuli dramatiuli literatura; 6. niWieri msaxiobni, Tu
113
mowafeni gaagzavnos sataxto qalaqebSi Teatrebisa da artistebis
sanaxavad da sxva~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 49).
mocemuli muxlebidan sCans, rom SalikaSvili qarTuli Teatris
yvela saWirboroto sakiTxs exeba. SalikaSvili Tvlis, rom qarTul
enaze Sesrulebuli yvela warmodgenis Semosavlidan gadaidos
gansazRvruli procenti, Catardes saRamoebi, wevrebma gadaixadon
sawevro da ,,Tanxac gaCndeba~.
,,amrigad dr. saz. gamgeobas eqneba erTi garkveuli saqme da Robe-
yores aRar moedeba. amiT igi Sesarulebs Tavis daniSnulebas da sasceno
xelovnebas met sargeblobas moutans vidre axla moaqvs. Tu ase
imuSavebs, aTi wlis Semdeg Cvens scenas eyoleba namdvili momzadebuli,
gawvrTnili, gonebaganviTarebuli artisti...~ (SalikaSvili 1962:50).
Tavis statiaSi ,,STabeWdilebani~ v. SalikaSvili aRwers moskovis
samxatvro TeatrSi miRebul STabeWdilebebs. igi gaaoca repeticiebis
saqmianma atmosferom: ,,diliT repeticiaze Sedixar TeatrSi da ase
ggonia, sadRac qurumTa samlocveloSi Sevedio. yvela CurCuliT
laparakobs, fexiscerebze dadis, yvelas saxeze etyoba, rom aq mosula
samuSaod da ara salazRandarod, anu Tavis movaleobis Sesasruleblad.
daniSnul droze iwyeba repeticia da repeticiaze iseve TamaSoben,
rogorc warmodgenis Rames, yoveli sityva, fexis gadadgma gazomil-
gamoangariSebulia avtoris azrisa da piesis Sinaarsis da ideis Sesafer-
Sexamebuli. pirvelive repeticiaze yvelas rolebi gazepirebuli aqvs,
magram Cveneburad Teatralurad ki ara – yoveli sityva da winadadeba
awonil –dawonilia, Sesaferisi saxis gamometyvelebiT. etyoba, rom
ufiqria, umuSavnia, goneba aumoZravebia da rolisa da TviT piesis
dedaazri gulis siRrmemdis Caswvdenia, ugrZvnia~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 81).
v. SalikaSvili im daskvnamde midis, rom Teatris popularoba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad asaxavs is Tanamedrove cxovrebis
saWirboroto sakiTxebs. ,,axla sul sxva xana dadga. axla mayurebels
erTi an ori msaxiobi ki ar unda scenaze, mas unda saerTo ansambli,
piesa, misi Sinaarsi, avtoris idea da pasuxi im saWirboroto sakiTxebze,
romelsac cxovreba yovel wuTs win ayenebs, sabednierod piesebic
amgvari iwereba~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 84).
114
v. SalikaSvili ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda im Teatralur
moRvaweTa mimarT, romlebic piesebs TviTneburad eqcevian ,,CvenSi
Cveulebad gadaiqca, rac ar mogvewoneba piesaSi vSliT da vambobT – es
metiao. es imas niSnavs, rom ara Tu avtori da mis mier Seqmnili tipebi
ganvacxoveleT Cvens gonebaSi, aramed piesis Sinaarsic ver gavigeT da
Cvenis tlanqis xelebiTa da talaxianis fexebiT mivZvrebiT avtoris
faqiz sulSi~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 83).
v. SalikaSvils miutevebel danaSaulad miaCnia is faqti, rodesac
msaxiobi cdilobda avtoris mier Seqmnili tipi da dramatiuli
nawarmoebi Tavisi niWis ,,saTareSod~ da Tavisi pirovnebis gamosaCenad
gamoeyenebina. ,,TiToeuli am dedobrivis tanjviT Seqmnili tipi avtoris
RviZli Svilis, misi xorcis nagleji, sulis nawilia, masTan erTad igi
itanjeba, stiris, icinis, netarebs, brazobs. es aris TviT suli avtorisa,
misi Sexeduleba cxovrebaze. maSasadame, rom avcdeT CvenTvis Cveulebad
qceul danaSauls xelovnebisadmi, Tu piesis dadgma gvinda, jer ise unda
SeviswavloT igi, rom Cven is vigrZnoT, rasac TviT avtori brZanebda
maSin, rodesac qmnida~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 83).
v. SalikaSvili aRniSnavs Zveli Taobis msaxiobebis damsaxurebas
qarTuli Teatris mimarT: ,,Cvenma Zvelma msaxiobebma, didi samsaxuri
gauwies samSoblos scenas. maT Cauyares safuZveli, Seayvares
sazogadoebas erovnuli xelovneba; maSin, rodesac sxvagan devnili iyo
qarTuli ena, maTis meoxebiT scenidan gaismoda igi Tavisuflad.
TiTeuli maTgani ocdaaTi – ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi darajad edga am
wminda saqmes. SimSili, sicive, lanZRva-gineba da dacinva maTi xvedri iyo
da aris kidec, miuxedavad amisa, TavianTi mZime da pasuxsagebi uReli
Cvenamde moitanes. risame daarseba SedarebiT advili saqmea, Znelia misi
gangrZoba: cda, mxneoba, suli, rom axladSobili ar mokvdes. am mxriv
Cvens artistebs meti Sroma da jafa miuZRviT, vidre romelime sxvas da
amitom vfiqrob, qarTuli sazogadoeba da Teatris istoriac Rirseulad
daafasebs maT uangaro Sromas~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 87).
v. SalikaSvili Tavis statiaSi ,,axalgazrda msaxiobni moviTxovT~
aRwers misi drois qarTul TeatrSi Seqmnil viTarebas. SemoqmedebiTi
disciplinis nacvlad mZlavrobs rutina. dabalia msaxiobebis saerTo da
scenuri kultura. mTeli repertuari gaaqvT calkeul niWier msaxiobebs,
115
amitom speqtaklebic usistemo gamodis. adarebs samxatvro Teatrs da
askvnis, rom pirveli moZvelebulia, xolo meore axali. iq iqmneba
mTliani ansambluri speqtaklebi mkveTrad gamoxatuli mxatvruli
CanafiqriT. saWiroa Segnebuli da mwyobri TamaSoba, rom avtoris mier
Seqmnil harmoniaSi disonansi ar SevitanoT. moskovis samxatvro Teatri
kaCalovma da sxva niWierma msaxiobebma ki ar Seqmnes, igi gadidda da
gazviadda mwyobris da SeTanxmebuli TamaSis meoxebiT, saerTo harmoniis
wyalobiT~. igi miuTiTebs im gzebze, romliTac Seiqmneba SeTanxmeba,
ansamblis mwyobri harmonia: ,,pirveli aris reJisoris movaleoba, meore
ki –gamgeobisa. reJisorma jer TviTon unda kargad Seiswavlos piesa,
gaacnos msaxiobebs avtori, misive mokle biografia, mniSvneloba
msoflio literaturaSi da misi ukiduresi mimarTuleba. amis Semdeg
yvela msaxiobTa TandaswrebiT unda wakiTxul iqnas piesa xmamaRla.
wakiTxvis Semdeg gaimarTeba msaxiobTa Soris msjeloba, ,,debatebi~. jer
gamoarkveven piesis dedaazrs da mere Seudgebian calke tipebis garCevas.
amis Semdeg tilo gakruli iqneba CarCoSi, saWiro iqneba saRebavi da
mxatvari _ msaxiobia. reJisoric Tavis nebaze miuSvebs mas da msaxiobic
xatavs~ (SalikaSvili 1962: 67)
v. SalikaSvili samxatvro TeatrSi miRebuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze cdilobs danergos iseTi sarepeticio Cvevebi da meTodebi,
romlebic saqarTveloSi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda, piesis wakiTxva, misi
ganxilva, ideis amoxsna, rolebis swori ganawileba, calkeul xasiaTebze
muSaoba statiaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs msaxiobze zrunvas.
misi saerTo ganaTlebis gafarToebas, kulturul zrdas, sceniuri
gemovnebis Camoyalibebas da profesiuli SezRudulobis winaaRmdeg
brZolas.
rogorc avRniSneT, v. SalikaSvili mravalmxrivi moRvawe gaxldaT.
magram is pirvelyovlisa mainc reJisori da msaxiobi iyo. igi axal gzebs
eZebda misi reJisura warmoadgenda ,,axali saukunis qarTuli Teatris
winadRes~ .
116
Tavi IV brZola profesiuli reJisoruli
principebis damkvidrebisaTvis
1. mixeil qoreli
mixeil qoreli iyo erT-erTi pirveli profesionali reJisori,
romelic ekuTvnoda im Taobas, romelmac qarTul TeatrSi brZola
gamoucxada aqtiorul individualizms da cdilobdnen daenergaT
koleqtiuri Semoqmedeba. isini ibrZodnen, rom TeatrSi aRmoefxvraT
benefisebis, gastroliorebis da aqtioruli individebis diqtati,
romelic im drois qarTul TeatrSi jer kidev cocxlobda didi
artistebis ostatobis wyalobiT. meore xarisxovan rolebze gamoucdel
axalgazrdebs niSnavdnen. masobriv scenebSi xalxi xSirad darbazidan
amohyavdaT. 1910 wlidan Cndeba axali Taoba, ansambli ukeTesdeba, meti
yuradReba eqceva dekoraciebs, speqtaklis sanaxaobiT mxares, mis
mxatvrul mTlianobas. axali Taobis mier dadgmulma speqtaklebma
mowoneba daimsaxura sazogadoebaSi. erT-erTi aseTi reJisori iyo mixeil
qoreli.
mixeil qoreli daibada italiaSi, qalaq milanSi 1876 wels. pirveli
qarTveli profesionali momRerlis filimon qoriZis ojaxSi, romelic
imJamad la-skalaSi mReroda. gazeTma ,,droebam~ gamoaqveyna italiur
presaSi dabeWdili statiebi filimon qoriZis Sesaxeb ,,ar aris CvenSi
(italiaSi) iseTi Teatri, romelsac didi ambiTa da pativiT ar mieRos
Cinebuli boxi xmis patroni, momRerali artisti f. qoriZe da arcerTi
Jurnali, romelsac ar eqos is~ (qoreli 1949: 48): ,,artistul
atmosferoSi vizrdebodi da warmodgenebic araerTxel minaxavs,
gansakuTrebiT saopero. msaxiobad gaxdomaze vocnebobdi, magram ar
vicodi msaxioburi profesiis romeli dargi amerCia: saopero momRerlisa
Tu dramis msaxiobis~ (qoreli 1969: 135). quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlobda,
roca scenaze ixila lado mesxiSvili franc mooris rolSi: ,,rogorc
iyo warmodgena daiwyo da davinaxeT, rom lado mesxiSvili, romelic
franc mooris rols asrulebda, ulamazo, gonji, koWli, kuziani,
boroti garegnobis adamiani iyo. mewyina, magram ar gasula ramdenime
wuTic rom misma TamaSma yvelaferi damaviwya. piesis Sinaarsi kargad
vicodi, maxsovda werilis Sinaarsic, romelsac pirvel moqmedebaSi
franci mamas ukiTxavs da gamaoca im mravalferovanma, matyuara
117
TanagrZnobiT, xan yalbi alersiT, xan cbierebiT aRsavse intonaciebma,
romelic francma am kiTxvebSi Caaqsova. lados TamaSma mTlianad
SemboWa, mTeli warmodgenis ganmavlobaSi TiTqos buranSi gaxveuli
viyavi. qariSxaliviT gaiara Cems grZnoba-gonebaSi francis scenebma: mamis
mokvla, misma mokrunCxulma TiTebma, mamis kisers rom eZebda, misma mZime,
Caxrinwulma sunTqvam, areulma Semoxedvam, rodesac mkvdar mamas
dastiris, msunagma moZraobam da Tvalebma amaliasTan scenis pirvelive
naxevarSi. ukanasknelma scenam, RmerTTan kadnierma da gamomwvevma kilom,
Tavis CamoxrCobam. lados mTeli TamaSi qariSxlis siswrafiT da
ZlierebiT iSleboda da am qariSxalma Teqvsmeti wlis Wabuki ise
gamitaca, rom arc aRfrTovanebuli mayureblis taSiscema, arc danarCeni
artistebis TamaSi ar maxsovs. arc is maxsovs, rogor davbrundi
pansionSi da rogor davweqi. arc is vici, meZina Tu ara im Rames~
(qoreli 1969: 135).
m. qoreli ukve aRar daeZebda, hqonda Tu ara TeatrSi muSaobis
unari. mas myarad hqonda gadawyvetili, msaxiobi gamosuliyo. Tavis
amxanagTan erTad, romelic agreTve msaxiobobaze ocnebobda, gadawyvites
misuliyvnen l. mesxiSvilTan rCevis sakiTxavad, Tu rogor moviqceT ,,rom
artistebi gavxdeT?~ ,,jer ymawvilebo, gimnaziac da universitetic unda
daamTavroT; saerTo ganaTleba unda miiRoT da mxolod Semdeg unda
ifiqroT TeatrSi moRvaweobaze. Tu unari aRmogaCndebaT, saamiso
saswavlebelic da maswavleblebic arseboben, manam ki, mxoloT
ganaTlebaze ifiqreT. swavlamiuRebeli, gaunaTlebeli sasurveli ar
aris. Tqven, ymawvilebo, axla RelavT, warmodgenis STabeWdilebis qveSa
xarT... gaivlis xani, damSviddebiT da saRad gaiziarebT Cems rCeva-
darigebas~ (qoreli 1969: 137).
1894 wels daamTavra gimnazia da swavla gaagrZela peterburgis
universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. swavlis paralelurad muSaTa
TeatrSi msaxiobad muSaobda. 1899 wels moskovSi gadadis da lazarevis
aRmosavleT enebis institutis studenti xdeba. moskovSi gadasvlis
Semdegac ar Seuwyvetia TeatrTan kavSiri. Cairicxa presnis klubis dasSi
(1899-1901). 1902 wels samSobloSi brundeba. qorelma pirvelad quTaisSi
daiwyo moRvaweoba Tavisi bavSvobis kerpis lado mesxiSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT ,,erTi kviris Semdeg daiwyo piesis momzadeba. am mokle
118
mogonebaSi, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, gadmogceT misi muSaobis procesis
yvela mxare. vityvi mxolod, rom misi swavleba yvela monawiles cecxls
ukidebda. misi axsna – ganmarteba romelime scenisa, imdenad ubralo da
martivi iyo, rom sul uniWo unda yofiliyo adamiani, rom misi SeniSvnebi
ar aeTvisebina. calk-calke scenebis da mTlianad piesis msvlelobis
tempis Seqmnas, dialogebis Sexmatkbilebas; mixvra-moxvras, diqcias da
mraval sxvas axerxebda im dros, rodesac TviTon piesis wamyvansa da
fsiqologiurad rTul rols asrulebda. misi pauzebi, mgoni, qarTul
TeatrSi mis mier SemoRebuli, imdenad metyveli iyo, rom pauzis magier
sityvebi rom yofiliyo, iseT Zlier gancdebs mainc ar gamoiwvevda. ase
gvaswavlida lado scenur xelovnebas, ase zrdida axalgazrda
koleqtivs. man qarTul Teatrs mravali niWieri artisti SesZina,
romlebic karga xans amSvenebdnen da zogierTi exlac amSvenebs qarTul
Teatrs~ (qoreli 1969: 142).
brwyinvale msaxiobisa da reJisoris l. mesxiSvilis xelmZRva-
nelobiT, qorelma ise kargad Seasrula robertis roli, rom qarTulma
dramatulma sazogadoebam amave rolis Sesasruleblad TbilisSi miiwvia
rasac axalgazrda msaxiobma warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. Jurnali ,,kvali~
aRniSnavs ,,Tbilisis scenaze, pirvelad davinaxeT b-ni qoriZe da amave
danaxvam dagvarwmuna, rom Cvens scenas miemata axali Zala. artisti
ganaTlebuli, Tanac niWieri.~ (kapanaZe 1969: 215)
mixeil qoreli ojaxuri pirobebis gamo iZulebuli iyo pedagogad
emuSava. moRvaweobda Tbilisis rusul gimnaziaSi. Semdeg baqos rusul
saswavlebelSi, magram sayvarel saqmes ar moswyvetia. monawileobas
Rebulobda muSaTa Teatrebis speqtaklebSi. baqoSi cxovrebis dros
aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobda baqos qarTul dramatul wreSi.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo Tbilisis qarTul
gimnaziaSi. moswavleTa ZalebiT 1908 wlis 14 marts saxazino Teatris
scenaze warmoadgina meterlinkis piesa ,,da beatrisa~, romelSic ori
profesionali artisti n. CxeiZe da v. SalikaSvili TamaSobdnen.
speqtakli brwyinvaled Catarda da sazogadoebaSi yuradReba da interesi
gamoiwvia. gazeTebSi dadebiTi Sinaarsis statiebi ibeWdeboda ,,14 marts
Cveulebriv daRonebuli ar wamovsulvar Teatridan, werda erT-erTi
recenzenti. imedi mogveca, rom Cvens scenaze fexs ikidebs axali
119
mimarTuleba, Cndebian axali Zalebi, Cndeba axali gemovneba, mecadineoba
warmatebisa da gaumjobesebisaken~ (kapanaZe 1969: 215).
yvela recenzenti erTxmad aRniSnavda, rom speqtaklma mayurebelze
kargi STabeWdileba datova, gansakuTrebiT xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen
speqtaklis ansamblurobas, mxatvrul da musikalur gaformebas.
quTaisis dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrebma qorelSi
dainaxes profesionali, romelic xelmZRvanelobas gauwevda dass,
SearCevda saTanado repertuars da aamaRlebda mxatvrul dones.
gamgeobam 1910 wels qoreli Teatris reJisor-xelmZRvanelad miiwvia. m.
qoreli ixsenebs: ,,1910 wels CemTvis srulebiT moulodnelad quTaisis
dramatulma sazogadoebam reJisorad momiwvia da sruli ,,kartblanSi~
momca: dasSi vinc gindaT moiwvieT, ra piesebic gindaT airCieT, ra
wesiTac gsurdeT, ise imuSaveT, xolo Cven, riTac SegviZlia – rCeviTac
da fuliTac xels SegiwyobT, oRond wesieri sezoni awarmoeTo. am
pirobebma frTebi Semasxes da momavali muSaobisaTvis gaorkecebuli
energia momces. maSinve davTanxmdi dasis Sedgenas da repertuaris
arCevas Sevudeqi. dasi metwilad Sevadgine axalgazrdebisagan, romelTac
mTeli guliT axali wesiT muSaoba undodaT. maT Soris iyo maSin
axalgazrda msaxiobi Salva dadiani. is TviT gamgeobisagan iyo mowveuli
artist-reJisorad. misi da Cemi gageba sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb erTi
da igive iyo da amitom Cveni saerTo muSaoba yovelTvis Sexmatkbilebuli
iyo. dasSi arcerTi ,,generali~ ar gvyavda. ase, rom simSvide Cveni
momavali muSaobisaTvis uzrunvelyofili iyo. repertuaris SerCeva
gagviZnelda: saWiro iyo iseTi piesebi, romliTac msaxiobebic kmayofili
iqnebodnen da Teatris, auditoriac.~ mixeil qorels didi sirTulis
daZleva mouxda. zogierTi calkeuli talantebis garda, msaxiobTa
umravlesobas profesiuli kultura ar gaaCnda. speqtaklis
ansambluroba moiTxovda msaxiobebSi aemaRlebina profesiuli kultura
da calkeuli talantebis speqtaklis mxatvruli mTlianobisaTvis
daemorCilebina.
man Semoikriba axalgazrdoba da samxatvro Teatris gamocdilebis
momarjvebiT daiwyo namdvili profesiuli reJisoruli muSaoba. ,,dasi
metwilad axalgazrdebisgan Seadgina, romlebsac mTeli guliT ,,axali
wesiT~ muSaoba ewada. amisaTvis saWiro iyo repertuaris ganaxleba.
120
qarTuli Teatris repertuari, garda TiTo-orola Tanamedrove piesisa
da Seqspirisa da Sileris tragediebisa, sakmaod samwuxaro suraTs
warmoadgenda. erTi mxriv yalb ConCxze agebuli istoriuli drama sadac
dambaCis srola, xmlis triali da aucilebeli sikvdili mTavar rols
asrulebdnen. meoris mxriv – franguli melodrama, sadac siborote
kbilebis RrWeniT ebrZvis sikeTes da saTnoebas, sikeTe ki bolos,
SemTxveviTi, yuriT moTreuli mizeziT imarjvebs da gulubryvilo
msmenelSi aRfrTovanebas iwvevs; an Tanamedrove, msubuqi fsiqologiuri
drama, sadac gmiri itanjeba, icremleba da msmenelsac tanjavs da
acremlebs: aseTi repertuari Cven ar gamogvadgeboda~ (qoreli 196: 187).
m. qorelma dasadgmelad gorkis ,,ukanasknelni~ airCia. es piesa im
dros ruseTSi akrZaluli iyo, qorelma ki gabeda misi dadgma, es mis
principul xasiaTze miuTiTebs. ,,ukanasknelnis~ arCeva ganapiroba erTi
mxriv piesis aqtualobam, meores mxriv Teatraluri kuTxiT piesa
warmoadgenda SesaniSnav masalas msaxiobis piesaze muSaobis im meTodis
Sesaswavlad, romelsac moskovis samxatvro Teatrma daudo safuZveli da
romlis mimdevari da praqtikaSi ganmxorcielebeli qoreli gaxlda.
marTalia mas moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi ar umuSavia, magram moskovSi
swavlis dros misi xSiri stumari iyo da xSirad repeticiebsac
eswreboda. m. gorkis ,,ukanasknelSi~ realisturad iyo asaxuli Rrma
socialuri motivebi da adamianis Sinagan fsiqologiur samyaroSi wvdoma
da mankierebaTa mxileba. ,,piesaSi araa araviTari efeqtebi, araviTari
mwvave konfliqtebi, araviTari melodrama, arc Zveleburi, standartuli
gmiri Tavisi monologebiT. vicodiT, rom mayurebelze, gansakuTrebiT
Cvenebur, qarTvel mayurebelze es piesa garegnul efeqts ar moaxdenda,
magram mainc es piesa avirCieT, radganac erTis mxriv didi samuSao
masala meguleboda, meores mxriv Tanamedrove revoluciuri
ganwyobilebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli~ (qoreli 1969: 188). m. qorelma piesis
Targmnis dasrulebamde wakiTxva rusuli dednis mixedviT gadawyvita.
undoda piesis Sinaarsi dasisaTvis adre gaecno da daenaxa, Tu ra
STabeWdilebas moaxdenda piesa.
,,kiTxvis dawyebamde msaxiobma andro marusiZem Sewuxebuli saxiT
mkiTxa:
121
-SekiTxvisaTvis bodiSi, batono mixeil, magram windawinve miTxariT
– am piesaSi dambaCis srola an xmlis triali aris Tu ara? marusiZe
axalgazrda, tanadi, xalisiani ymawvili iyo, zogjer – oxunjic.
- saidanaa aseTi kiTxva?
- iqedan, rom Cvens piesebSi umetes SemTxvevaSi xmalsa da dambaCas
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, TiTqmis mTavar rols asrulebs, hoda... Tu am
piesaSic asea... mawuxebs...
- ara, am piesaSi arc dambaCa, arc xmalia.
- giSvelos RmerTma, kargi mwerali yofila!
gamecina gunebaSi: vicodi, rom mas misi tanadobis wyalobiT
yovelTvis istoriul piesebSi aTamaSebdnen xolme da am ambavma Tavi
moabezra~ (qoreli 1969: 189).
piesis irgvliv warmoebuli diskusiebi repeticiebma Secvales. m.
qoreli igonebs: ,,ukanasknelnis~ momzadebisaTvis oci repeticia gvqonda.
es raodenoba im droisaTvis araCveulebrivi ambavi iyo, magram Cemi
miznisaTvis axalgazrda, gamoucdeli msaxiobebis scenis ZiriTadi
kanonebis SeswavlisaTvis bevrad ufro xangrZlivi vada iyo saWiro.
miuxedavad amisa, repeticiebma didi nayofi gamoiRo: piesis saerTod
momzadebisas gzadagza vCerdebodiT, romelime scenuri debulebis
gasacnobad da SesaTviseblad.
saWiro iyo scenuri metyvelebis normalur doneze dayeneba:
teqstis mkafiod gamoTqma; xan monotonuri, xan cru klasikuri kilos
(franguli Teatris Tviseba) nacvlad modulaciebiT gaferadebuli
ubralo sasaubro kilos SemuSaveba: calke sityvebze, ubralo da mTel
winadadebebze logikuri maxvilebis Setana; sasveni niSnebis – wertilisa
da mZimis – xmareba da gamoyeneba; dialogebis ritmis SeTviseba, scenaze
Tavis daWera, siaruli, Jesti, partnioris yuradRebiT mosmena da
Sesaferis pasuxis gacema, metyveli pauzebis Sesruleba, wrfeli
gancdebis damuSaveba da bolos am masaliT mxatvruli ansamblis Seqmna~
(qoreli 1969: 198).
piesaze muSaobas mixeil qoreli yovelTvis magidasTan iwyebda da
scenaze maSin gadadioda, rodesac msaxiobisaTvis garkveuli iyo
TviTeuli rolis saxe. is rolebis zepirad codnas moiTxovda
msaxiobebisagan, magram ara ,,mamao CvenosaviT~ brma da yru dazepirebas,
122
aramed Segnebulad SeTvisebuls da Segnebuladve gamoTqmuls. msaxiobebs
mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas aswavlida. moiTxovda, rom esminaT sakuTari
TavisTvis, rom xma, intonacia da sityvis ritmi saxisaTvis Sesaferisi
yofiliyo. harmoniuli dialogisTvis rom mieRwia, msaxiobebisagan
moiTxovda partnioris rolis ara mxolod replikebis, aramed mTeli
teqstis codnas da partnioris mTeli yuradRebiT mosmenas. msaxiobebs
aswavlida Tu am wess daicavdnen, scenaze TiToeuli sityva
gacocxldeboda da speqtaklis mxatvrul mTlianobas miaRwevdnen.
,,Cemis azriT, maqsim gorki am piesis momzadebaSi Cemi ufrosi
dauswrebeli TanareJisori iyo. misi ,,ukanasknelni~ sxva avtorebis
piesebTan SedarebiT, metismetad xelsayreli da sasargeblo aRmoCnda:
Sig mocemuli Tanamedrove revoluciuri Tema, martivi da amave dros
mkveTri saxeebi, moqmed pirTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, azrebi, sityvebi –
es is masala iyo, romlis gavarjiSebiTac axalgazrda msaxiobebi
swavlobdnen da iTvisebdnen Teatraluri xelovnebis teqnikas. rogorc
ramdenime enis Seswavlisas aucileblad saWiroa savarjiSod Sesaferi
qresTomaTia, es piesac CemTvis, rogorc reJisor-pedagogisTvis
Teatraluri xelovnebis martivi da sasargeblo qrestomaTia gamodga.
garda Tavisi didi mxatvruli Rirebulebisa, Sig mravali savarjiSo
masala iyo, romelzedac izrdeboda quTaisis axalgazrda, Teatralur
codnas mowyurebuli dasi~.
msaxiobi niko gvaraZe ixsenebs ,,mixeil qorelma, imdroindel
reJisorebTan SedarebiT, Zalian kargad icoda rolebis axsna-ganmarteba.
piesas rom moitanda da dass waukiTxavda, iseTi kargi kiTxva icoda, miT
umetes, rom piesas rusulad kiTxulobda, rom mTeli tipebi Tvalwin
gvidgebodnen, mere kidev aqtiorebTan Zalian kargi pedagogiuri muSaoba
icoda. aqtiorebs tipebs uxsnida, ganumartavda, rac maSin, swrafi
muSaobis pirobebSi, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. magram mixeil qoreli amas
mainc axerxebda da calke msaxiobebTanac ki muSaobda (gvaraZe 1949: 189).
mixeil qorelis reJisorobiT quTaisSi ganxorcielebuli pirveli
warmodgena Teatralur movlenad iqca quTaisis Teatris scenaze.
darbazSi Sekrebilma sazogadoebam msaxiobebi mxurvale taSiT gamoiwvia,
magram am warmodgenaSi personaluri ostati ar yofila. taSi mTel
123
ansambls ekuTvnoda. speqtakli aRqmuli iyo ise, rogorc reJisors
undoda. m. qoreli ixsenebs:
,,iyo kidev erTi patara ambavi, romelic recenzias hgavda:
warmodgenis meore dRes erTma axalgazrda msaxiobma (mgoni aptalidi
iyo, sazizRari tipis amsrulebeli) miiRo patara xelmouwereli baraTi:
,,ar vicodi Tu aseTi usindiso xar. gTxov, awi Tavi ar damikra!~ bevri
vicineT, magram es gulubryvilo baraTic msaxiobis kargi mxatvruli
TamaSiT iyo gamowveuli. meore baraTi Cems saxelze iyo: ,,reJisors,
yvelani sazizRrebi iyvnen uaRresad, magram mixarian, rom yvelani Zalian
kargi msaxiobebi, (artistebi) yofilxarT. madloba maswavlebel
qalisagan~. am baraTebis avtorebs azris gamoTqmas aravin aZalebda da
Cven miviRoT, rogorc wrfeli recenzia~.
speqtakls presa farTod gamoexmaura. gazeTebis erTma nawilma
piesa arascenurad miiCnia, radgan gorkis dramaturgia nakleb saintereso
iyo iaffasian efeqtebs SeCveuli zogierTi mayureblisaTvis. gazeTebis
umravlesoba sawinaaRmdego azrs gamoTqvamda.
speqtakli Semdgom sezonSic idgmeboda. masSi axali msaxiobebi
monawileobdnen. presa aRfrTovanebuli werda: ,,ukanasknelni~ zedmi-
wevniT kargad Seasrules, yalibegaSvili namdvili tipi iyo samsaxuridan
gamogdebuli, mkacri, sastiki da gaiZvera boqaulisa. Seudarebeli iyo n.
CxeiZis asuli kuziani qaliSvilis rolSi, magram an ki romeli msaxiobi
ar iyo am saRamos Seudarebeli. mdivnisa, qiqoZisa, gogolaSvilis
asulni. eseni yvela piesis sulis Camdgmelni iyvnen da amis gamo iyo, rom
sazogadoebam Rrma STabeWdileba gamoitana. marusiZes jer arcerT
rolSi iseTi STabeWdileba ar mouxdenia, rogorc am saRamos~ (kiknaZe
1970: 236).
,,saxalxo gazeTi~ aRtacebuli qorelis sezoniT, werda: ,,quTaisis
dasis sasaxelod iseTi rTuli piesebi aRasrules am sezonSi
mxatvrulad da mwyobrad, rom yovel Cvens kulturis moamages
safuZvliani imedi mieca Cveni Teatris ayvavebisa. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
gorkis ,,ukanasknelni~. yvela im RonisZiebebSi, romliTac Semkobilia
dRevandeli qarTuli warmodgenebi didi Rvawli miuZRviT reJisorebs,
maT Soris m. qorels. ueWvelia, scenaze axali sulis ganmtkicebaSi
qorels meTauroba ekuTvnis~ (kiknaZe 1970: 237).
124
Teatrmcodne dimitri janeliZe aRniSnavda, rom: ,,namdvil
Teatralur movlenad iqca quTaisis scenaze 1910 wels reJisor mixeil
qorelis dadgmiT ganxorcielebuli m. gorkis ,,ukanaskneli~ (janeliZe
1958: 183).
qorelma am speqtakliT mizans miaRwia. artistebs Seaswavla axali
wesiT muSaoba da mayurebelma warmodgena ise gaigo, rogorc reJisors
surda. m. gorkis piesam m. qorels saSualeba misca Tavisi reJisoruli
xelwera da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi gamoexata.
qoreli didi yuradRebiT ekideboda misi Tanamedrove qarTveli
dramaturgebis piesebis dadgmas. misi reJisuriT warmodgenili i.
gedevaniSvilis piesa ,,msxverpli~ sazogadoebam gulTbilad miiRo. piesa
Tavis droisaTvis aqtualuri iyo. masSi asaxulia reaqciis wlebSi
soflad klasobrivi dapirispireba da socialuri Cagvra. ,,SeiZleba
gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom 1905 wlis revoluciis Sesaxeb ara gvaqvs im
droindel TiTqmis arcerT dramatul nawarmoebSi aseTi pirdapiri da
gabeduli mxileba TviTmpyrobelobisa da misi damsjeli razmisa,
rogorc es i. gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverplSi~ aris naCvenebi~ (kakiaSvili
1967: 97).
mixeil qoreli sustsa da saeWvo gemovnebis piesebis dadgmis
drosac ki inarCunebda mxatvrul dones. aseTi piesa iyo zudermanis ,,qvis
mTlelebi~. piesis gmirTa gancdebi naklebad damajerebeli da mogonili
iyo. aklda realizmi. miuxedavad amisa, piesa popularuli iyo. ,,Tumca
piesam elviseburi siswrafiT moiara msoflios Teatrebi, magram mis
mowinaarmdegeebs mainc miaCndaT, rom mas zustad Seefereboda zolas
sityvebi: is gvixatavs adamianebs, romlebic aravis unaxavs da grZnobebs,
romlebic aravis ganucdiao~. m. qorelis reJisorobiT zudermanis ,,qvis
mTlelebi~ sazogadoebis demokratiulma nawilma gulTbilad miiRo. a.
imedaSvilis (bigleri) da aradel – iSxnelis (metlang) SesaniSnavi
aqtioruli miRwevebi gaxda speqtaklis warmatebis erT-erTi mizezi. am
dadgmas gulTbili striqonebi uZRvna g. qiqoZem. es drama ukanasknel
orSabaTs, saxalxo saxlis scenaze daidga batoni qorelis ganmartebiT
da xelmZRvanelobiT. am saRamom dagvarwmuna, rom ukanaskneli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi qarTul Teatrs didi evolucia gaukeTebia gansazRvruli
mxriT. uwin ucxo piesebi ufro Sablonurad idgmeboda. stili da
125
koloriti naklebad iyo daculi interiersa, tansacmelsa da
dekoraciebSi. yovelmxriv sisrulesTan axlac Sors vdgavarT
rasakvirvelia, magram winsvla mainc aucilebelia~ (qiqoZe 1956: 238).
lev tolstois ,,cocxali leSi~ teqnikurad rTuli piesa Teatris
isedac mwiri teqnikuri saSualebebis, dekoraciebis swrafi cvlis
SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda. es gamoiwvevda antraqtebis droSi gaWimvas,
rac warmodgenis xangrZlivobis gazrdis saSiSroebas qmnida. amitom
reJisorma piesas Taviseburi gadawyveta mounaxa. scena or nawilad gayo,
rodesac erTSi moqmedeba midioda, meoreSi dekoraciebi iwyoboda.
speqtaklis aseTma gadawyvetam reJisors saSualeba misca antraqtebis
xangrZlivoba Tavidan aecilebina. quTaisis Teatris usaxsrobis gamo,
mravalricxovani warmodgenebidan mxolod ramdenime warmodgenisaTvis
damzadda dekoraciebi da Seikera kostiumebi. reJisoris gemovnebasa da
fantaziaze iyo damokidebuli Zveli dekoraciebidan axlis Sekowiweba.
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs: Julovis piesa ,,eros da fsiqeaze~ gazeTi
,,mnaTobi~ werda: ,,Znelia am piesis quTaisis scenaze mowyoba, saWiroa
saucxoo scena, mdidari dekoraciebi, unaklo ganaTeba, Zvirfasi
kostumebi, rom piesa Sesaferisad daidgas. quTaisis TeatrSi ki, rogorc
mogexsenebaT, arcerTi am saWiro saganTagani ar moipoveba, rodesac am
garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT da ise davafasebT aRniSnul warmodgenas,
siamovnebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom piesa rigianad iyo mowyobili da
warmodgenili. reJisoris mxatvruli gemovneba iqedan sCans, rom TiTqmis
uvargisi masaliT da saSualebebiT Seqmna daaxloebiTi iluzia
sxvadasxva epoqis garegnuli suraTebisa da gonivrad isargebla im
,,xlamiT~ romelsac keTilSobil TeatrSi xeli ar moekideba~ (kapanaZe
1969: 220).
mixeil qorels musikaluri ganaTleba hqonda. ukravda
violonCeloze. parizSi,,parizis socialuri mecnierebis umaRles
skolasTan~ arsebulma ,,kavkasiuri sazogadoebis~ gamgeobam ,,kavkasiuri
saRamo~ moawyo. programa Sedgeboda qarTuli xalxuri simRerebisa da
cekvebisagan. gunds diriJorobda mixeil qoreli. saRamos eswrebodnen:
mwerlebi, musikosebi, xelovnebis muSakebi, kritikosebi, presis
warmomadgenlebi. koncertis Semdeg qorelTan mividnen kompozitori da
meore konservatoriis direqtori, musikaluri folkloris cnobili
126
mcodne, musikaluri Jurnalis redaqtori sen-deni da mwerali emil
obli. isini qarTulma xalxurma simRerebma Zalian daainteresa. qoreli
ixsenebs: ,,sen-denim daumata: ,,Cveni kompozitorebisaTvis saWiro masala,
musikaluri Temebi amoiwura. axla aRmosavleTisaken viyurebi da iq unda
vipovoT masala. amitom qarTuli xalxuri musika gansakuTrebiT
gvainteresebs. samwuxaroa, rom Tqveni programa Zalian moklea, kidev
raime rom mogvesmina, Zalian kargi iqnebodao~.
avaliSvilma maSinve violonCelo gaaCina da me davukari wminda
qalaquri romansi, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, serenada - ,,me avad davdivar~. am
simReraSi mravali sinkopebia, rac Zalian axasiaTebs mas. sen-denis
Tvalebi gaubrwyinda da daiZaxa: ,,am Temaze mTeli simfonia daiwereba!~
maSin oblim mkiTxa: ,,xom ar CamogitaniaT qarTul simRerebis raime
krebuli? Zalian saintereso iqneboda misi gacnoba, maSin ufro advilad
davinaxavdiT qarTuli xalxuri musikis mTlian, farTo masStabis
suraTs~. Tavi uxerxulad vigrZeni, vicodi, rom aseTi krebuli ar
arsebobs~ (qoreli 1969: 173).
qoreli cdilobda Teatris SesaZleblobis farglebSi
musikalurad gaeformebina speqtakli, radgan Teatrs orkestri ar
gaaCnda, zogierTi speqtaklisaTvis quTaisSi mcxovreb musikosebs iwvevda.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia speqtaklebi ,,haneli,~ da ,,beatrisi,~ ,,cocxal
leSSi~ boSaTa gundma, romelic scenismoyvareebisagan Sedgeboda,
mayureblis mowoneba daimsaxura. mixeil qorelis reJisuriT quTaisis
TeatrSi 1911 wels dramatuli Teatris ZalebiT warmodgenil iqna
franguli opereta Jonasis ,,qorwinebis win~. ucxo JanrSi did warmatebas
miaRwies a. imedaSvilma da T. TamaraSvilma.
qorelma rogorc msaxiobma Seasrula Semdegi rolebi: hocvaldi h.
hauptmanis ,,hanele~, henrixi v. diversis ,,henrixi mefe navarisa~, ivan
petroviCi a. Cexovis ,,Zia vano~. gansakuTrebuli warmateba xvda wilad
neznemovis rolis Sesrulebisas a. ostrovskis ,,udanaSaulod
dasjilnSi~. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba~ aRniSnavs: ,,sazogadoebis umTavresi
yuradReba im saRamos miiqcia msaxiobma qorelma, romelsac neznemovis
metad sapasuxismgeblo roli hqonda aRebuli. Cinebuli iyo is
gansakuTrebiT meoTxe moqmedebaSi, sadac misma mgznebare TamaSma
aaqviTina sazogadoeba, misi mSvenieri tkbili xma pirdapir xiblavs
127
msmenels. sazogadoebam xangrZlivi taSiscemiTa da vaSas ZaxiliT
daajildova msaxiobi~ (kapanaZe 1969: 221).
miuxedavad warmatebisa, is Zalian cotas TamaSobda da mTel dros
reJisuras uTmobda. n. gvaraZe werda:
,,mixeil qoreli, im drois erTaderTi reJisori iyo, romelic
scenaze TiTqmis ar TamaSobda sxva reJisorebiviT da mTel Tavis
energias piesebis dadgmas axmarda. mixeil qoreli Zalian ganaTlebuli
da inteligenti reJisori iyo da swores es ganaTleba da literaturis
codna uwyobda xels im drois sezonisaTvis kargi repertuari
Seedgina.~ (gvaraZe 1949: 188-189).
m. qoreli didi taqtiTa da moTminebiT ebrZoda ,,generlobas
TeatrSi~, ,,Zveli Taoba siaxles ar ikarebda, rom es siaxle wlobiT
SeZenil ,,generlobis~ poziciebs Searyevda da damarcxebas uqadda.
,,generloba~ zogjer da gansakuTrebiT xelovnebaSi, saxifaTo poziciaa.
es aris xangrZlivi warmatebiT da staJiT mopovebuli simSvide, romelic
xSirad Semoqmedebis gayinvas udris da ra Tqma unda am sasiamovno
simSvidis darRvevas da dakargvas vin moindomebda!~ (qoreli 1969: 183). m.
qoreli Teatris ganaxlebisaTvis brZolaSi gverdSi edga
axalgazrdobas. mixeil qoreli uyvarda axalgazrdobas, magram arc
,,generlebi~ iyvnen didad ukmayofiloni. isini grZnobdnen, rom misi
brZola Teatris Zveli normebis winaaRmdeg moklebuli ar iyo taqts,
ganurCevlad rodi upirispirdeboda Zvels. es iyo reformistuli
xasiaTis Ziebani. im dros amgvar Ziebebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda
Teatris ganaxlebisaTvis.
axalgazrda msaxiobebis aRzrda, ansamblis dacva Seadgenda
qorelis mizans. reJisoris damsaxurebiT quTaisis Teatris axalgazrda
msaxiobebma SesaniSnavi saxeebi Seqmnes. magaliTad: imedaSvilis oidiposi
(sofokles ,,oidipos mefe~), gluxovcevi (l. andreevis ,,dReni Cveni
cxovrebisa~), aradel-iSxnelis onofri (,,dReni Cveni cxovrebisa~), tirezi
(,,oidipos mefe~) da sxva. axalgazrda msaxiobebis sasceno ostatobis
amaRlebis mizniT Tbilisidan xSirad Camohyavda qarTuli scenis
korifeebi. axalgazrda msaxiobebis gverdiT speqtaklebSi monawileobas
Rebulobdnen iseTi ostatebi, rogorebic iyvnen: v. abaSiZe_meduqne saqo
(gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpli~), v. gunia-oTarbegi (sumbaTaSvilis ,,Ralati~),
128
v. mesxi _ miSne (skribis ,,didebuli artisti~), l. mesxiSvili - levani
(yifianis ,,samegrelos mTavari~), verneri (drieris ,,norCi Taoba~), n.
CxeiZe _ varvara mixailovna (kereevis ,,ubeduri nabiji~), ol-oli
(andreevis ,,dReni Cveni cxovrebisa~), margarita (diumas ,,margarita
gotie~), nora (ibsenis ,,nora~), iokasta (sofokles ,,oidipos mefe~) da
sxva. maTTan partniorobiT axalgazrdoba praqtikul magaliTs iRebda
msaxioburi teqnikis dasaxvewad.
profesiiT pedagogi mixeil qoreli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobda moswavleTa esTetikuri aRzrdis sakiTxebs. quTaisSi
moRvaweobis periodSi ymawvilebs ramodenime warmodgena miuZRvna. am
speqtaklebma moswavleebis mowoneba daimsaxura. aRsaniSnavia andre de
lordis ,,bavSvTa katorRa~, k. slobodas ,,bobola~, a. Seaieris ,,niSani
yofaqcevaSi~, naidenovis ,,darRveuli kera~. yvela es speqtakli bavSvTa
aRzrdis sakiTxs exeboda.
reJisorma arc mcire asakis bavSvebi datova uyuradRebod. man
TviTon Targmna andersenis zRaprebis safuZvelze Seqmnili piesa
Jdanovis ,,princi meRore~, romelic bavSvTa zeimad iqca. mozardebisaTvis
speqtaklebi adrec imarTeboda, magram specialurad bavSvebisaTvis
repertuari arasdros SeurCeviaT. m. qoreli pirveli qarTveli reJisori
iyo, vinc specialurad bavSvebisaTvis Seadgina repertuari. aqedan Cans,
rom mixeil qoreli mozard mayurebelTa Teatris erT-erTi fuZemdebelia
saqarTveloSi.
quTaisis TeatrSi muSaobis bolo wels m. qoreli dgams sofokles
,,oidipos mefes~. maqs reinhertis gegmis mixedviT piesa Tanamedrove
scenisaTvis gadaakeTa h. gofmanstalma, xolo qarTulad Targmna k.
andronikaSvilma. oidipos asrulebda al. imedaSvili, tirezias g.
aradel iSxneli, iokastes n. CxeiZe. speqtaklis premiera 1913 wlis 20
aprils Sedga. sazogadoeba warmodgenas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda:
,,warmodgenam mwyobrad, TiTqmis unaklod Caiara, yvelam Tavisi adgili
icoda, yvelas roli zepirad Seeswavla, yvela cdilobda xeli Seewyo
ansamblisaTvis da amitom warmodgenam Sekrebil sazogadoebaze
ganuzomeli STabeWdileba moaxdina~ (kapanaZe 1969: 221).
,,oidipos mefeze~ m. qorelma muSaoba gaagrZela Tbilisis qarTul
TeatrSi gadmosvlis Semdegac gazeTi ,,saxalxo ganaTleba~ werda:
129
,,warmodgena ,,oidipos mefisa~ qarTul scenaze Cveni Teatris
dResaswauli iyo. mzem mZlavrad SeaSuqa qarTul scenaze. Cvenma
msaxiobebma xelovnebis xmiT iwyes laparaki da mxatvruli gamosaxuleba
miiRes... Cven iSviaTad gvigvrZvnia Cvens TeatrSi xelovnebis aseTi
Zliereba~ (kapanaZe 1969: 221). al. imedaSvilis mier oidiposis rolis
Sesrulebis Sesaxeb s. axmeteli werda: ,,rac Seexeba batoni imedaSvilis
oidiposs, unda gamovtyde da vTqva, rom friad sasiamovnod gamakvirva~
(axmeteli 1978: 113). g. aradel-iSxnelis Sesaxeb werda: ,,batoni iSxneli
pirvelad vnaxe scenaze. bevri kargi gamigia masze, magram SemiZlia vTqva,
rom bevri, mgoni, verc mimxvdara Tu ra sagangebo msaxiobia igi~
(axmeteli 1978: 115).
mixeil qoreli quTaisis Teatrs sami sezonis manZilze
xelmZRvanelobda, dgamda ideurad gamarTul maRalmxatvrul piesebs:
sofokles ,,antigones~ da ,,oidipos mefes~, a. Cexovis ,,Zia vanias~, m.
gorkis ,,ukanasknelns~, l. tolstois ,,cocxali leSs~ da ,,aRdgomas~, a.
ostrovskis ,,udanaSaulod dasjilns~, hauptmanis ,,haneles~, haiermanis
,,imedis daRupvas~, d. kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWirs~ da
,,samaniSvilis dedinacvals~, i. gedevaniSvilis ,,msxverpls~ da sxva.
1913 wlis 23 Tebervals, quTaisis sazogadoebam mixeil qorels
daufasa sami wlis Tavdadebuli Sroma quTaisis TeatrSi da benefisi
gadauxada: ,,quTaisis madlierma sazogadoebam Rirseulad daafasa
Teatris Tavdadebuli muSaki, romelic sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
dauRalavad sakvirveli energiiT eweva Wapanwyvetas. warmodgenas didZali
sazogadoeba daeswro; Teatri savse iyo. mobenefises saCuqrebi miarTves
da gulwrfeli ganuwyveteli taSiscemiT daajildoes~ (kapanaZe 1969: 222).
1913-1914 wlebSi dramatulma sazogadoebam m. qoreli Tbilisis
qarTul TeatrSi miiwvia reJisorad. magram iq Seqmnili pirobebis gamo,
normaluri muSaobis saSualeba ar miscemia. gamgeoba ereoda
repertuaris Sedgenisas. zogierTi artisti ar iziarebda misi reJi-
soruli muSaobis meTods. aRniSnul sezonSi axali araferi Seuqmnia.
quTaisis TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli dadgmebi gaimeora: ,,oidipos mefe~,
,,princi meRore~, ,,medea~ da sxva.
1914-1915 wlebSi Teatralur sezonSi qarTul TeatrSi reJisorebad
miwveul iqnen m. qoreli da al. wuwunava, xolo speqtaklebis mxatvruli
130
gaformebisaTvis i. nikolaZe, m. ToiZe, d. erisTavi. isini didi
enTuziazmiT Seudgnen muSaobas. qarTuli Teatri mayurebels bevr
siaxles pirdeboda, magram mxolod erTi warmodgenis (`msxverplis”
dadgma a. wuwunavas reJisorobiT) moaswres. 1914 wlis 25 seqtembers
Senoba daiwva. qarTuli Teatris msaxiobebi autanel pirobebSi Cavardnen.
iZulebuli gaxdnen amxanagoba SeedginaT. didi gaWirvebis miuxedavad
msaxiobTa amxanagobam mixeil qorelis xelmZRvanelobiT ramdenime
saintereso speqtakli mainc dadga.
m. qorelis ojaxi ukiduresad gaWirvebul ekonomiur pirobebSi
Cavarda, ramac aiZula igi pedagogiur morRaweobas dabruneboda. igi
Telavis prof. gimnaziaSi iwyebs rusuli enis maswavleblad muSaobas.
Semdeg gimnaziis pedagogebma direqtorad airCies. 1919 wels qoreli
jabadaris studiaSi iwyebs muSaobas, sadac Tavisi codnis praqtikuli
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas xedavs. mxolod ramdenime Tve imuSava,
radgan 1920 wlis ivnisSi akaki faRavas iniciativiT Seiqmna axali
dramatuli dasi. dasSi reJisorebad muSaobdnen m. qoreli, al. wuwunava,
k. andronikaSvili da axalgazrda al. axmeteli. axali sezonisaTvis
mzadebas maSinve Seudgnen 1920 wlis 15 oqtombers S. dadianis
,,guSindelniT~, romlis reJisura m. qorels ekuTvnoda. dRevandeli
rusTavelis Teatris SenobaSi gaixsna qarTuli dramis sezoni.
,,guSindelnSi~ TamaSobdnen yvela Taobis brwyinvale msaxiobebi: Citunia-
nuca CxaiZe, grengolmi-giorgi daviTaSvili, facia-veriko anjafariZe,
generali berdosani-vaso abaSiZe, jvebe qolordava-akaki vasaZe,
gorgaslaniani-mixeil Wiaureli, Tavadi kowia-mixeil gelovani da sxva.
am mcire CamonaTvalidanac Cans Tu ra Zlieri potencialis msaxiobebi
iyvnen dakavebuli speqtaklSi. d. anTaZe werda: `speqtaklSi
monawileobdnen Cveni saukeTeso Zalebi, romelTac SesaniSnavad
gaiTamaSes es niWieri komedia. msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen mondomebiT,
Sewyobilad. ansambliuroba am speqtaklSi savsebiT iyo miRweuli.
sasaciloni iyvnen da Tan gulistkivils iwvevdnen scenaze
gansaxierebuli personaJebi. zedmiwevniT realisturad isaxeboda
mayureblis win Cveni revoluciamdeli soflis yofa-cxovreba, misi Wir-
varami. moqmedeba mkvircxlad viTardeboda, gaismoda moxdenili dialogi,
yoveli moqmedi piri misTvis damaxasiaTebeli eniT gadmogvcemda Tavis
131
gancdebsa da fiqrebs. speqtakls etyoboda mcodne reJisoris xeli. ara
marto msaxiobTa SesrulebaSi, maT cxovel urTierTobaSi, aramed mraval
wvrilmanebSiac ki igrZnoboda mix. qorelis dakvirvebuli, gemovnebiT
aRsavse reJosoruli manera. dadgmis stili harmoniulad Sewyobili iyo
TviT piesis bunebasTan, mas axasiaTebda simsubuqe da sisadave,
simkvircxle da Tbili, odnav sevdiani iumori. msaxiobebi SesaniSnavad
TamaSobdnen~ (anTaZe 1962: 82). cnobili moRvawe daviT kasraZe werda: ,,Cven
gvaqvs taZari, mas hyavs patroni mTavroba! msaxiobTa Soris araa
naklovaneba, yvelani aq arian, maTi pirveli sityva aris ,,guSindelni~ S.
dadianis piesa. Cveni survilia, rom ,,guSindelni~ Seasrulon
,,dRevandelebma~ da ara ,,guSindelebma~. am kalamburismagvar SeniSvnaSi
ori momentia sagulisxmo: pirveli is, rom d. kasraZe, saerTod, aqtiurad
uWerda mxars axalgazrdobas da meorec, surda TviT ufrosTa
SesrulebaSic daenaxa Tanadrouli TamaSi .
Tu rogor Seikrnen erT muStad Semsruleblebi ,,mixeil qorelis
reJisorobiT,~ qolordavas rolis Semsrulebeli akaki vasaZe ixsenebs: ,,...
suramis mosamzadebeli periodi mainc nayofieri aRmoCnda im mxriv, rom
es mravalricxovani dasi, Zalze Wreli Tavisi asakiTa da potencialuri
SesaZleblobebiT, erTgulad Seikra, gaarkvia Tavisi mxatvruli
SesaZlebloba da SemoqmedebiTi ideali. dasma danarCen piesebTan
SedarebiT, mixeil qorelis reJisorobiT yvelaze ufro kargad moamzada
Salva dadianis piesa ,,guSindelni~, swored am speqtakliT gadavwyviteT
qarTuli dramis sezonis dawyeba~ (vasaZe 1977: 75).
mayurebeli mRelvarebiT eloda Teatris pirvel warmodgenas.
,,yvela maTgani gulisfancqaliT eloda fardis axdas da xarbad
ucqeroda yovel nabijs, warbis yovel Sexras, msaxiobis yovel sityvas,
ucqeroda da fiqrobda damakmayofilebeli iqneboda pirveli gamocda Tu
ara~ (kiknaZe 1993: 68).
speqtaklSi yvela msaxiobTa TamaSSi igrZnoboda reJisoris
mxatvruli zomiereba. presam speqtakls aRfrTovanebuli statiebi uZRvna:
,,vin avRniSno, romeli msaxiobebi? Seudarebeli gelovani – Tavadi kowia,
koriSeli – glexi, vasaZe –serJanti, murusiZe – mamasaxlisi. eseni xom
saucxoo tipebs iZlevian~ (kiknaZe 1990: 69).
132
ramodenime xnis Semdeg speqtakli ,,guSindelni~ naxa sumbaTaSvil
iuJinma, romelic S. dadians aRtacebuli werda: ,,iSviaTia saRamo,
romlidanac esoden netareba mimeRos. yoveli moqmedi piri cxoveli
gansaxierebaa, udavod WeSmaritebaa... me vxarxarebdi SeSlili. yvelani
TamaSobdnen niWierad da cocxlad.~ (kapanaZe 1960: 225).
,,guSindelnSi~ axalgazrdobam Tavisi niWiereba da SesaZleblobebi
gamoavlina. gansakuTrebiT aqebdnen mixeil gelovans: ,,gelovanis mier
gansaxierebuli Tavadi kowia, dasavleT saqarTvelos miyruebuli
soflidan moglejili portreti, suraTi, romelic gasaocari, pirdapir
klasikuri stiliT aRimarTa gancvifrebuli mayureblis winaSe~
(buxrikaSvili 1950: 96). akaki vasaZis Sesaxeb weria: ,,ager gamoxda
mkvircxli megreli da erTbaSad miizida sazogadoebis yuradReba.
oriode sityva, ramdenime Jesti – da Tqvens Tvalwin aRimarTa
SesaniSnavi, mxatvrulad Camoyalibebuli tipi, romelic gansazRvrul
esTetikur siamovnebas agrZnobinebs adamians Tavisi gansaxierebiT da
mxatvruli zomierebiT~. xolo mixeil Wiaurelis TamaSi ase ari
Sefasebuli: ,,aqac dasrulebuli tipia gakotrebuli TavadiSvilisa,
romelsac Zveleburi gvariSvilobidan SerCenia mxolod sacodavi
pranWva-grexa. gastraJnikebuli TavadiSvili dadis ceremoniiT, hkocnis
xelze kneina Citunias, sazogadod etyoba galazRandaravebuli hyavT
ufrosebs, magram es mainc saSualebas ar arTmevs franguli
WidaobisaTvis 15 maneTi saCuqari miiRos mazris ufrosisagan. m. Wiaureli
aq gvaZlevs mSvenier tips, gaquculi, gaidiotebuli TavadiSvilisa~.
S. dadianis ,,guSindelni~ qorelma komediis JanrSi gadawyvita.
reJisors speqtakli ise hqonda gaazrebuli, rom arc erT artists ar
SesZleboda, rom komedia farsad gadaeqcia ,,am mxriv daculi iqna
zomiereba, komedia ara salaRobo, aramed Serbilebul tonebSi,
miRweuli iqna stiluri mTlianoba, rac reJisoruli Teatris formirebis
sawyis etapze migvaniSnebda. ,,guSindelni~ gamoirCeoda Tavisi
ansamblurobiT. yvela msaxiobi damajerebel mxatvrul saxes qmnida.
presa gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavda speqtaklis ansamblurobas. gazeTi
,,saqarTvelo~ aRniSnavda: ,,aseTi mwyobri, SeTanxmebuli, lamazi da
niWieri warmodgena ukanasknel wlebSi ar gvinaxavs qarTul scenaze~.
133
S. dadianis ,,guSindelnis~ dadgmis dros m. qoreli gamocdili
reJisori iyo. kargad flobda ansamblis Teatris sistemas. swored misi
ansambluroba ganapirobebda speqtaklis reJisorul gaazrebaSi
fsiqologiurad Rrma realistur saxeebs. mayurebelSi sicilis garda
sevdasac iwvevdnen. marjaniSvilis mier dadgmuli lope de vegas ,,cxvris
wyaros~ naxvis Semdeg qorelisaTvis misaRebi gaxda is elvare
Teatraluri formebi, romliTac gamoirCeoda k. marjaniSvilis reJisura.
,,m. qoreli misaRebad Tvlida pirobiTs scenur formebs, mis mkveTr
gamoxatulebas, magram ar surda igi Sinaarsis dakninebis xarjze
momxdariyo. cxadia formis Zieba warmatebiT ver damTavrdeboda Tu igi
axali SinaarsiT ar iqneboda gansazRvruli~ (kiknaZe 1970: 241).
k. marjaniSvilis mosvliT 1922 wels rusTavelis saxelobis
TeatrSi axali era daiwyo. marjaniSvili afasebda qorelis reJisuras da
pativs scemda, rogorc erudirebul da kulturul adamians. 1923 wels
mixeil qoreli iwyebs muSaobas germaneli eqspresionisti dramaturgis
ernest toleris ,,kaci masaze~. im periodis sabWoTa Teatrebi xSirad
mimarTavdnen eqspresionistur dramaturgias. akaki vasaZe Teatris
repertuarSi eqspresionistTa piesebis Setanis Sesaxeb werda: ,,im
droindeli sabWoTa Teatri originaluri dramaturgiis uqonlobis gamo
dasavleT evropis mweralTa (gansakuTrebiT germaneli eqspresionistebi)
piesebs yvelaze met adgils uTmobda Tavis repertuarSi. amas erTgvari
gavlena unda moexdina Cvens repertuarzec~ (vasaZe 1977: 139).
cnobili Teatrmcodne k. rudnicki Semdegnairad xsnis am faqts:
,,mZafri interesi e. toleris, g. kaizeris, f. verfelis, v. fazemkleveris
da sxva germaneli eqspresionisti dramaturgebis mimarT imiT aixsneba,
rom maTi piesebi Zalze temperamentulad da mSfoTvared gamoxatavdnen
protests kapitalisturi civilizaciis, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis
sastiki organizebulobis, individis Tavisuflebis daTrgunvis
winaaRmdeg. am piesebSi sabWoTa reJisorebs surdaT momavali msoflio
revoluciis guguni gaegonaT~ (rudnicki 1981: 314).
1923 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia statiaSi ,,Teatri da
eqspresionizmi~ aRniSnavda: ,,eqspresionizmi SeiWra evropul TeatrSi,
sami varsklavi eqspresionizmisa: fric fon unruh, Eernst toller,
georg kaizer – imave dros Tanamedrove Teatris udidesi mnaTobia
134
Kurzung und Ballung (Semokleba, SeiZleba) es aris umTavresi leitmotivi
eqspresionistuli dramebis. fonia ormocdaerT gradusiani kapitalizmi
Tavisi asfaltis qalaqebiT, mudam gaRebuli cixeebiT, bankebiT, qarxnebis
sayvirebis sirenebiT, am fonis apoTeozia evropuli baraqa, romelic
iseTive sazizRar panoramas iZleva, rogorc antikuri monobis bazari~
(gamsaxurdia 1963: 645). sabWoTa reJisorebis mxridan marto ideologiuri
dainteresebis garda arsebobda kidev sxva aspeqtebi. maT Soris erT-erTi
mTavari ,,axali adamianis~ problema iyo. kapitalisturi samyaros mier
damcirebul, msoflio omiT gamowveul Rrma krizisiT Sewuxebul
adamians cxovreba revoluciuri gardaqmnisaken ubiZgebda. klasobrivi
brZolis wiaRSi unda warmoSobiliyo tipi, amaRlebuli, zneobrivad
ganwmendili ,,axali adamiani~, romelic waruZRveboda masebs
imperializmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Teatri da misi xelmZRvanelebi axlis ZiebaSi iyvnen. Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, es iyo ,,izmebis~ epoqa xelovnebaSi.
m. qorels toleris piesaze muSaoba TiTqmis damTavrebuli hqonda,
roca k. marjaniSvili Caeria repeticiebSi. reJisori k. patariZe, romelic
dawvrilebiT da friad sainteresod agviRwers k. marjaniSvilis
repeticiebs ramodenime piesaze da maT Soris e. toleris ,,kaci masaze~
SeniSnavs, rom did reJisors am piesis dadgmisas ainteresebda ara
,,adgilobrivi~ bavariuli koloritis zedmiwevniT zusti suraTis Seqmna,
ara am koloritis wvrilmani, yofiTi detalebi, aramed brZolisa da
SemarTebis suliskveTeba. amoZravebuli masis eqspresiuli suli,
ajanyebuli xalxis revoluciuri aRtkineba, romlisaTvisac msaxiobebs
,,mxurvale qarTuli temperamentiT~ unda gaesvaT xazi. k. marjaniSvilma
mZafri kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara Tanadamdgmeli reJisoris – m.
qorelis muSaoba am piesaze, radgan miaCnda, rom Tavidanve araswori
orientaciis farglebSi warimarTa es muSaoba, rac dramaturgisadmi
monur erTgulebaSi, misadmi arakritikul damokidebulebaSi gamoixata. k.
marjaniSvilisTvis sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda am piesis qoreliseuli
interpretacia – mTeli moqmedeba viTardeboda Senelebul tempSi,
fsiqologiuri pauzebiT da realisturi detalebiT damZimebul
viTarebaSi. k. marjaniSvilma marTlac ,,Tavdayira daayena~ qorelis
reJisoruli koncefcia~ (gurabaniZe 1978: 22).
135
akaki vasaZe aRniSnavs, rom k. marjaniSvilma Svidi repeticia
Caatara da arsebiTad Secvala speqtakli. ,,gamocxadda batoni kotes
repeticiebi, Svidi repeticiiT ise Seicvala yvelaferi, ise amoiwia
speqtaklis Tema da imgvari forma moinaxa, rom gancvifrebuli davrCiT;
irakli gamrekelisa da kirile zdanoviCis kubisturi dekoraciebi
mizanscenebs ise moergo, rom savsebiT gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda am
speqtaklis mxatvruli gadawyveta~ (vasaZe 1977: 146).
k. marjaniSvilma ar miiRo qorelis dadgmis gaazreba da
radikalurad Caeria piesis interpretaciaSi. ,,speqtaklis pirvelsave
scenaSi gansazRvra man ideuri mizandasaxuloba da azrobrivi aqcentebi.
pirvel suraTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor emzadebian muSebi gaficvisaTvis.
aqvea qali. muSebisa da qalis saubari midioda dabal tonebSi,
,,konspiraciul~ garemoSi. ritmi iyo Senelebuli, statiuri. raRac
idumali, mistiuri elferi gadahkravda yovelives~ (n. gurabaniZe 1978:27).
k. marjaniSvilma Secvala suraTis atmosfero, ritmi ,,aseve daarRvia man
qalisa da misi meuRlis urTierTobaTa qsovili, Camoacila mas intimuri
saburveli da maT kamaTs safuZvlad daudo ara ojaxuri uTanxmoeba
(qmari cols ar anebebs revoluciur saqmeSi monawileobas, es mTavrobis
Ralatiao), aramed msoflmxedvelobrivi ideologiuri konfliqti~ (n.
gurabaniZe 1978:27).
amasve adasturebs T. vaxvaxiSvilis mogonebebic: ,,piesaSi aris
ajanyebis wina saidumlo Sekrebis scena. am dros qoreli msaxiobebs
saidumloebis ganwyobis atmosferos SesagrZnobad Cumad alaparakebda,
fexakrefiT atarebda. marjaniSvili amis gamo aRSfoTda: Tqven
gaviwydebaT, rom revoluciaSi mTavari moqmedi gmiri masaa, xelmZRvaneli
kargia, magram mas masam xom unda gaugos, mxari dauWiros, Tqven aq raRac
konspiraciobanas TamaSobT da erTi bewo bavariis ajanyebas warmosaxavT:
Tanac Cvens droSi, roca revoluciis ali ukve planetis meeqvsedze
gizgizebs. ara, Cven unda vaCvenoT ara toleris mier aRwerili bavariis
revolucia, aramed proletariatis msoflio gamarjveba, romelmac
samyaro SesZra~ (vaxvaxiSvili 1968: 45).
,,kotes mier am dramaturgis masalaSi Seqmnilma mgznebare
speqtaklma, mis mier ukanaskneli Svidi repeticiis ganmavlobaSi
136
Setanilma sakoreqturo Sesworebebma sawindari misces rusTavelis
Teatrs Semdgomi gamarjvebisaken~ (patariZe 1961: 358).
akaki vasaZe ,,kaci masis~ gaazrebaSi Setanil cvlilebebs
anzogadebs da daaskvnis ,,es faqti Zalauneburad Teatris samxatvro
xelmZRvanels upirispirebda damdgmel reJisors. mixeil qorelis
reJisura revoluciamdel TeatrSi cnobili iyo umTavresad msaxiobTan
muSaobiT da Tavis dadgmebSi msaxiobis garda speqtaklis sxva
gamomsaxvel komponentebs igi ar mimarTavda. imitom ki ara rom ar
esmoda mxatvrobis an musikisa, piriqiT, is SesaniSnavad flobda mxatvris
funjsac ,,rogorc moyvaruli~ da violonCelos xemsac~ (vasaZe 1977: 146).
Zneli asaxsnelia ratom ar iyenebda qoreli mxatvrobis da musikis
codnas Tavis dadgmebSi. a. vasaZe werda: ,,revoluciamdel qarTul
TeatrSi, mxatvrobis an musikis problema yvela piesisaTvis saerTo
dekoratiuli morTulobis gamoyenebas da gunduri folkloridan da
operetebidan cnobili melodiebis instrumentul Sesrulebas ar
gascilebia. ase, rom axal viTarebaSi mixeil qoreli reJisor-pedagogis
movaleobis Sesrulebas ufro SeZlebda, vidre speqtaklis dadgmas
Tavisi reJisoruli gamomgoneblobiT~ (vasaZe 1977: 147).
m. qorelis mogonebidan Cans, rom kldiaSvils pirvelad misTvis
miutania ,,ubedureba~. ,,piesam Cemze Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina,
saSineli gaafrTebuli brZoliT or sofels Soris. es tragediisken
avlis safexuri iyo.~ (kiknaZe 1973:89). m. qorels ar SeeZlo am piesis
dadgma, imitom, rom dasi amisTvis mzad ar iyo. dramaturgi ki didi
mRelvarebiT eloda reJisorisagan pasuxs. ,,batono daviT, Zalian
mimZimda uaris Tqma magram piradad Tqven ver mogatyuebdiT, am piesis
Sesruleba mxolod samxatvro Teatris dass Tu SeuZlia...
- Zalian mindoda es piesa scenaze dadgmuliyo da mayurebelze
STabeWdileba moexdina, magram ra gaewyoba, - da sevdianad gaiRima.
es didi adamiani, didad niWieri mwerali ase umweo idga da
melaparakeboda, rom uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cavvardi~ (qoreli 1969:152).
qarTul TeatrSi jer kidev ar iyo miRweuli is ansambluroba, romlis
gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo amgvari piesebis dadgma.
,,qarTulma Teatrma maSin ver gaigo d. kldiaSvilis naRvliani
iumori, ver igrZno misi faqizi suli, misi ,,cremliani sicili~ da mTeli
137
is mxatvruli atmosfero, romelSiac cxovroben misi ucnauri gmirebi~
(kiknaZe 1970: 242).
TeatrSi muSaobasTan erTad m. qoreli pedagogiur moRvaweobas
eweoda, aswavlida msaxiobis ostatobas da metyvelebas ak. faRavas
dramatul studiaSi.
1924-1925 wlebSi baTumSi qarTuli dasi ar Semdgara. sezonurad
mowveuli dasi ver asrulebda Tavis daniSnulebas. respublikis
xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita dramatuli studiis daarseba, romelic or-
wliani unda yofiliyo. studiis xelmZRvanelad mowveuli iqna mixeil
qoreli. gamocdaze ormoci kaci gamocxadda, aqedan naxevari
profesiisaTvis Seuferebeli gamodga. studiam erTi weli Zlivs iarseba
da daixura im mizeziT, rom baTumSi ar iyvnen saWiro gamocdilebis
pedagogebi. ,,Cven yurebi gagviyrues ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aWaristanis
akademiuri Teatris studiis Sesaxeb. da marTlac cota fuli daixarja?
Sedegebi? araviTari. arcerTi saCvenebeli warmodgena. Tavidanve
,,kazionurad~ iyo am studiis saqme. Zlivs mSvidobianad miicvala~
(buxnikaSvili 1979: 74).
dramatuli studiis daSlis Semdeg aWaris xelmZRvaneloba
iZulebuli iyo 1925 wels isev profesiuli dasi Seekriba. dasis
xelmZRvaneloba mixeil qorels daevala. sezoni gaixsna haiermanis
piesiT ,,imedis daRupva~. am warmodgenis Sesaxeb gazeTi ,,fuxara~ werda:
,,saerTod baTumisaTvis, romelsac amdeni xania uxeiro xalturebis meti
araferi unaxavs, ,,imedis daRupva~ friad mniSvnelovan movlenad unda
CaiTvalos. Cven vfiqrobT, rom qarTuli drama wels imedebs
gaamarTlebs~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qoreli Seecada gadaexalisebina repertuari
da keTilsindisierad ganaxorciela dadgmebi, ,,axali mayurebeli veRar
egueboda mSral naturalistur suraTebs, miT umetes im dros, rodesac
TbilisSi rusTavelis Teatris scenaze k. marjaniSvili qmnida
SesaniSnav, dinamikur, ansamblur speqtaklebs~ (buxnikaSvili 1979: 74).
mixeil qoreli 1927-1928 wlebSi warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda
quTaisis Teatrs. misi reJisorobiT dadgmuli speqtaklebi: b.
lavreniovis ,,rRveva,~ v. korSinis ,,puri,~ j. londonis ,,mglebi,~ didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. qoreli literaturul moRvaweobas eweoda.
138
aris ramdenime moTxrobis avtori da TeatrisaTvis naTargmni aqvs 26
piesa, romlebic wlebis manZilze idgmeboda qarTuli Teatris scenaze.
man araerT kinogadaRebaSi miiRo monawileoba, rogorc msaxiobma.
musikosTa ojaxSi aRzrdili profesionalur doneze flobda
violonCeloze dakvris teqnikas da rogorc violonCelist-
Semsrulebels araerTxel miuRia monawileoba koncertebSi. misi
iniciativiT saqarTvelos radiokomitetSi Seiqmna dramatul gadacemaTa
ganyofileba.
2. akaki faRava
akaki faRava aris qarTuli Teatrisa da saTeatro ganaTlebis
uaRresad didi damsaxurebis moRvawe. igi iyo erT_erTi pirveli
profesionali reJisori da umaRlesi saTeatro ganaTlebis fuZemdebeli,
farTo erudiciis moRvawe.
`dedam – igonebs akaki faRava zepirad icoda ,,vefxistyaosani~ da
xSirad gvikiTxavda. amgvarad Caisaxa CemSi momavali pedagogi. Semdegi
nabijebi am mxriv dakavSirebulia erT-erTi Cveni didi pedagogis, Cemi
yofili maswavleblisa da xelmZRvanelis p. ocxelis saxelTan. p.
ocxeli didi masStabis pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe iyo, aramarto
didi codniT aRWurvili, aramed iSviaTi organizatoruli niWiT
dajildovebuli, rac mTavaria igi iyo Cveni aRmzrdeli mama~. ioseb
ocxelis iniciativiT faRava quTaisis progimnaziidan Tbilisis qarTul
gimnaziaSi gadaiyvanes da dauniSnes stependia TveSi asi maneTi. jer
kidev gimnaziaSi swavlis dros dainteresda literaturiT. `sevdis”
fsevdonimiT gamosca wigni, xolo 1906 wels germanulidan Targmna
beirleinis piesa ,,samxedro banaki~.
,,Teatrs akaki faRava pirvelad quTaisSi gaecno. es iyo 1903 wels.
maSin quTaisSi Teatrs lado mesxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. akakim naxa
mesxiSvilis speqtakli ,,konstantine batoniSvili~ al. yazbegisa. 16 wlis
Wabuki gaitaca patriotulma ideam patriotuli ganwyoba mas jer kidev
dedis kalTidan mosdevda. axla ki, Segnebuli da damoukidebeli
cxovrebis zRurblze am gadawyvetilebam konkretuli mimarTuleba miiRo:
139
samSoblo da Teatri: Teatri unda emsaxurebodes samSoblos, xalxs.~
(qorqia 1960: 26).
gimnaziis ufrosi klasis moswavle iyo, rodesac Seadgina scenis
moyvareTa wre. moiwvevda erT an or cnobil profesional msaxiobs da
sagastrolod gaemarTeboda samegrelos soflebSi samtrediaSi, suramSi,
borjomsa da bakurianSi. agreTve Tbilisis muSaTa ubnebSi marTavda
warmodgenebs. a. faRavam iTamaSa mTavari roli karlo moreti italieli
dramaturgis k. roventis piesaSi ,,upatrononi ar ibadebian~. agreTve
iTamaSa princ belidoris roli meterlinkis piesaSi ,,da beatrisa~ da
sxva.
,,magram faRava male darwmunda aqtioruli monacemebis uqonlobaSi.
amis Sesaxeb igi gulaxdilad wers: ,,Cemgan xeiriani msaxiobi ar
gamovidoda, radgan saWiro samsaxiobo monacemebi (gardasaxvis niWi) me
ar aRmomaCnda~. am gulwrfeli aRiarebidan erTi sayuradRebo daskvnis
gakeTebac SeiZleba. Cans, rom faRavas artistuli monacemebis mTavar
niSan-Tvisebad gardasaxvis unari miaCnda~. (kiknaZe 1970: 213).
akaki faRava Sewuxebuli iyo qarTuli Teatris mdgomareobiT da
1908 wlis ianvarSi specialuri broSura gamouSva ,,qarTuli Teatri~.
broSuraSi akritikebda qarTuli Teatris naklovan mxareebs, aRniSnavda,
rom dramatul sazogadoebaSi Tavi mouyriaT pirebs, romelTa
umravlesobas araviTari warmodgena ar aqvT dramatul xelovnebaze,
akritikebda artistebs, romlebmac rolebi ar icodnen, reJisoris
sisustes, uxeiro recenzentebs. a. faRava gamosavals axali Zalebis
,,mopovebaSi~ da maT aRzrdaSi xedavda. is werda: ,,umTavresi saSualeba
qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebisa da ganaxlebisaTvis aris axali Zalebis
mopoveba, maTi aRzrda. mxolod axali Zalebi, ganaTlebuli, mcodne
inteligenti muSakni ixsnian qarTul scenas, daamkvidreben mtkice
niadagze da SeaZlebineben gauwion xalxs da qveyanas is samsaxuri, rac
namdvili xelovnebis taZars – Teatrs moeTxoveba~. konkretulad akaki
faRava moiTxovda:
1. Teatraluri saqmis saTaveSi mdgomi pirebi kompetenturi unda
yofiliyvnen Teatralur sakiTxebSi.
140
2. saqarTveloSi unda daarsebuliyo Teatraluri kursebi an
,,ukidures SemTxvevaSi~ unda moewyoT specialuri leqciebi Teatraluri
xelovnebis sakiTxebze.
3. msaxiobTa kulturisa da mxatvruli donis awevas.
4. axalgazrda msaxiobTa gagzavnas ruseTis romelime Teatralur
saswavlebelSi Teatraluri ganaTlebis misaRebad~.
mixeil qoreli werda: ,,sanam romelime Teatraluri istorikosi
Cveni Teatris am epoqas dawvrilebiT gaaSuqebdes da Cemi naTqvami liton
sityvebad ar iqneba miRebuli, minda zogi beWdviTi masala movixsenio.
1908 wels gamovida ,,sevdas~ broSura, qarTuli Teatri da misi
dRevandeli mdgomareoba~ .
,,sevda~ akaki faRavas fsevdonimia. maSin is Teatraluri
,,Tergdaleuli~ axalgazrda moskoveli studenti iyo da qarTuli
Teatris mdgomareoba ainteresebda. am broSuras avtorisagan
TandarTuli aqvs: - es werili gazeTisTvis gvqonda damzadebuli, magram
gazeTSi dabeWdva samwuxarod ver movaxerxeT ,,Cvengan damoukidebeli
mizezebis gamo~. broSuraSi aRwerilia maSindeli Teatris uaryofiTi
mxareebi. bevri magaliTia moyvanili da zogi imdenad mwvavea, rom
mkiTxvels kuriozebi egona. magaliTad: piesa ,,niaRvarSi~ msaxiobi
teqstis gareSe Cumad ekiTxeba partniors. erTi msaxiobi gaiZaxoda:
,,viTamaSeb, magram RmerTi gamiwyres Tu dResac vicode ra iyoo~!...
scenidan Taris xma ismoda, damkvrels ki Wianuri uWiravs xelSi~
(qoreli 1969: 183).
am broSuram didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia presaSi, zogi Tavs
esxmoda avtors, zogi amarTlebda. cnobilma msaxiobma, reJisorma da
dramaturgma valerian guniam daundoblad gailaSqra.
,,niRabamofarebuli~ avtoris winaaRmdeg gunia werda: ,,viTomda kritikul
broSuraSi sxvaTa Soris aRnusxulia is organuli nakli da
xelisSemSleli mizezebi, romlebzec didi xania uTiTeben da sCivian,
rogorc TviT msaxiobni, agreTve Teatris gamgeni da qarTuli scenis
yvela gulSematkivarni. am mxriv niRabamofarebuli avtori axals
srulebiT arafers ambobs, igi mxolod TuTiyuSiviT imeorebs ukve
mravalgzis sxvisgan naTqvams da nawers, magram mTavari is aris, rom
yovelive sityva da winadadeba usaxelo avtorisa aris mowamlul-
141
moSxamuli uzomo RvarZliT, wres gadasuli da Tavxeduri ciliswamebiT
da siyalbiT qarTvel msaxiobebisadmi da gansakuTrebiT ki exlandel
reJisorebisadmi~ qvemoT ,,Tavis droze, raTqmaunda, Cven uTuod
gamovaaSkaravebT usaxelo avtoris gulmrudobas da sulmokleobas.~ a.
faRavas broSura ,,qarTuli Teatri sagulisxmo cnobebs Seicavs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor idgmeboda axali piesebi. repeticiaze msaxiobebma ar
ician piesis araTu idea, aramed misi Sinaarsi. repeticiebze da
warmodgenebze rolebis ucodinroba Cveulebrivi movlenaa, agreTve
aRreulia dekoraciebis stili, rac mTavaria, aklia mcodne da
gamocdili reJisoris xeli. imdroindel qarTul TeatrSi ansambluri
speqtaklebi ar idgmeboda. yvelaferi cnobili msaxiobebis garSemo
trialebda, romlebic imave dros reJisorebic iyvnen. saswrafod
Seadgendnen dass, an scenismoyvareTa jgufs. erTi-ori repeticiis Semdeg
speqtakli mzad iyo. saxeldaxelod Sekowiwebul speqtakls aklda
ansambluroba. kulturaze laparakic zedmetia. ai amitom moiTxovda akaki
faRava, rom reJisors Tavisi kuTvnili adgili daeWira TeatrSi da
Teatri dasdgomoda ganaxlebis gzas. Teatris siyvarulma da Teatris
saSualebiT Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis samsaxuris ideam gadawyvetina
moskovis universitetis filologiuri fakultetis students akaki
faRavas 1909 wels Sesuliyo moskovis samxatvro Teatris studiaSi da
samxatvro Teatris fuZemdeblebis stanislavskisa da nemiroviC-danCenkos
xelmZRvanelobiT daxelovnebuliyo reJisuraSi. ,,aq faRavas
inteleqtualur da reJisorul SemoqmedebiT zrdaSi gadamwyveti roli
Seasrula maSindelma moskovis samxatvro Teatrma. swored im periodSi
(1908-1915 ww) yalibdeboda stanislavskis e. w. ,,sistema~. 1908 wels
dadgmuli ,,revizoris~ repeticiaze pirvelad gaisma ucnauri terminebi
,,Гвоздъ~, ,,Круг~. miuxedavad imdroindeli samxatvro Teatris repertuaris
siWrelisa (ibseni, andreevi, dostoevski, goldoni, puSkini), momwifda
aqtioruli xelovneba~ (SvangiraZe 1964: 55).
studiis damTavrebis Semdeg muSaobas iwyebs samxatvro Teatris
reJisoris TanaSemwed. 1913 w. stanislavski dgams molieris piesas ,,eWviT
avadmyofs~, reJisori iyo a. benua, xolo reJisoris TanaSemwe a. faRava.
amave wels igi gaxda samxatvro Teatris reJisorTa kolegiis wevri. am
142
droidan Semonaxulia erTi dokumenti, romelsac xels awers k.
stanislavski.
stanislavski ase axasiaTebs a. faRavas: ,,am baraTiT vadastureb,
rom b-ni faRava akaki nestoris Ze iricxeba moskovis samxatvro Teatris
reJisoris TanaSemwed. igi muSaobda CemTan gasul 1912-1913 wlis sezonSi
molieris piesis ,,eWviT avadmyofi~ dadgmaze. b. faRavam mSvenivrad icis
saqme, seriozulia, keTilsindisieri, Sromismoyvare da yvela amxanegebisa
da Tanamosamsaxureebisagan metad pativcemuli~ (qorqia 1960: 31).
moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi moRvaweoba daemTxva pirvel msoflio
oms. ruseTi aRmoCnda metad rTul da mZime mdgomareobaSi. 1915 wels
akaki faRava ori umaRlesi ganaTlebiT (sareJisoro da pedagogiuriT
)saqarTveloSi brundeba. am droisaTvis moskovis samxatvro Teatris
principebi fesvebs imagrebs qarTul scenaze; 1909 wels wuwunavam dadga
b. danuncios ,,iorios asuli~ da 1913 wels qorelma dadga gorkis piesa
,,uniadagoni~, xolo 1914 wels Salva dadianma dadga n. nakaSiZis piesa
,,vin aris damnaSave?!~ am reJisorTa speqtaklebi gamoirCeoda Tavisi
ansamblurobiT. ansambluroba ki rolis codnas, partniorTa Soris
urTierTqmedebas, yvela rolis Semsruleblidan yuradRebas da
pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovda. mayurebeli xedavda, rom axali speqtaklebi
jobda Zvels, romelSic arc ansambluroba iyo da arc rolebi icodnen
xeirianad.
CamosvlisTanave akaki faRava pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweva
quTaisis gimnaziaSi, magram TeatrisaTvis Tavi mainc ar miunebebia.
quTaisis TeatrSi dgams Seqspiris ,,hamlets~ - lado mesxiSvilis
monawileobiT da niko SiukaSvilis ,,mTis zRapars~ nino CxeiZisa da
aleqsandre imedaSvilis monawileobiT. S. RambaSiZe werda: ,,me jer kidev
realuri saswavleblis mowafe viyavi, rodesac quTaisSi Camovida
umaRlesdamTavrebuli akaki faRava da quTaisis Teatris msaxiobebis
saSualebiT dadga ,,hamleti~. es dadgma, rogorc maSin meyureboda,
gamoirCeoda Cveulebrivi dadgmebisagan Tavisi mTlianobiT, ansamblis
dacviT da organizebulobiT.~
jer kidev erTi wlis win yrilobaze, romelic 1914 wlis 12 ivniss
Catarda da romlis sapatio Tavmjdomare iyo akaki wereTeli, faRavam
waikiTxa moxseneba ,,sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb~. moxseneba imdenad
143
saintereso gamodga da iseTi didi interesi gamoiwvia Teatralebs Soris,
rom mTlianad daibeWda gazeT ,,samSoblos~ ramdenime nomerSi (1915 wlis
#19 24 Tebervali; #20 – 25 Tebervali, # 21 26 Tebervali) Tavis
moxsenebaSi akaki faRava aRniSnavda, rom arsebobs Teatri warmodgenis
da Teatri gancdis. warmodgenis Teatri ar eZebs gmiris Sinagan gancdas
da moqmed pirTa Sinagani gancdebi ver arxevs mayureblis sulis simebs.
gancdis Teatrma jer unda gaigos gmiris azrebi da ganicados gmiris
grZnobebi da Semdeg igive azrebi da grZnobebi gaagebinos da
ganacdevinos mayurebels. warmodgenis TeatrisTvis mTavaria sanaxaoba,
mas ainteresebs mayurebeli, grZnobis Teatrs – piriqiT, ainteresebs
adamianis Sinagani grZnobebi. mas sWirdeba msmeneli da ara mayurebeli.
Semdeg ambobs, rom Teatri koleqtiuri Semoqmedebaa, rom msaxiobisa da
reJisoris garda საჭიროა mxatvari, musikosi, teqnikuri personali da
scenis muSebi. ,,sxvaSi gamorCeuli,~ mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saxis gamoZebnaSi gamoixateba Teatris individualuroba. qarTuli
Teatris msaxiobebi rols ar swavloben. msaxiobma ara Tu misi roli,
partnioris rolic unda icodes, piesis Sinaarsi da unda SeeZlos yvela
moqmed pirTa daxasiaTeba. msaxiobs moeTxoveba ,,codna yovelive
detalisa Tavisi rolisaთvis,~ rom scenaze ,,wvrilmani~ ar arsebobs.
qarTulma Teatrma Tanamedrove moTxovnebi rom daakmayofilos saWiroa
,,TeatrTanve daarsebuli~ skola, sadac momzaddeba momavali msaxiobebi.
,,aucilebelia skola, skola qarTuli.~ momxsenebeli aRniSnavs, rom
qarTul TeatrSi upiratesoba mxatvrul realizms unda mieniWos.
,,upiratesoba mxatvrul realizms unda vargunoT~, es imas ar niSnavs,
rom sxva mimarTulebis piesebs, Tuki isini mxatvrulad sainteresod
iqneba ganxorcielebuli, arsebobis ufleba ar gaaCnia. akaki faRavam
Tavisi moxseneba aseTi sityvebiT daamTavra ,,Teatri gansakuTrebiT Cvens
mdgomareobaSi myofi erisaTvis, taZaria, sadac adgili aqvs mxolod
guliT wmindas da gonebiT maxvil adamians. igi unda qmnides samaradiso
Rirebulebas da maSin gaamarTlebs igi yvela im imeds, rasac Cven
Teatrze vamyarebT~. akaki faRava miesalma jabadaris studiis gaxsnas da
operis TeatrSi qarTvel kompozitorTa nawarmoebis dadgmas. 1919 wels
is werda: ,,saqarTvelos politikuri aRdgenasa da ganaxlebasTan erTad
sasceno xelovnebasac daetyo gamococxleba. studia gaCnda dramaSi da
144
,,abesalom da eTeris~ da ,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelis~ movlineba
operaSi, romelic ukve aris mtkice ganaxlebis safuZveli qarTuli
sasceno xelovnebisa.~ qarTuli Teatris aRdgenisaTvis, faRavam
mTavrobis winaSe daayena Teatris saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxi. is Teatris Senaxvis or variants sTavazobs xelisuflebas:
pirveli, rom mTlianad saxelmwifo Teatrad gadakeTdes, meore
saxelmwifos daxmarebiT dramatul sazogadoebas daevalos misi
xelmZRvaneloba.
a. faRava socialist-federalistTa partias ekuTvnoda. am mxriv
gasagebia misi brZola erovnuli Teatris ganviTarebisaTvis.
a. faRava Teatraluri moRvawis garda sazogado moRvawec iyo. man
1919 wels ingliselebis mier dakavebul baTumSi daarsa qarTuli
gimnazia. ,,magram akaki faRava, sadac ar unda yofiliyo da ra
saqmisaTvisac ar unda moekida xeli, guli mainc Teatrisaken uwevda~
(SvangiraZe 1964: 57).
1920 wels akaki faRavas SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqti moxda. dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobam
daqsaqsuli msaxiobebisagan qarTuli dramatuli Teatris dasis aRdgena
daavala, agreTve samxatvro xelmZRvaneloba da mTavari reJisoroba
Tavad unda ekisra. axalgazrda reJisori Tavisi Cveuli energiiT Seudga
dasis Sekrebas. moiwvia orive Taobis msaxiobebi. ,,dasis organizeba
mxatvruli principis safuZvelze ar momxdara, magram dramis
Camoyalibebis faqti ki mniSvnelovani iyo im xanad. male Seikriba
sxvadasxva mxares daqsaqsuli saukeTeso Zalebi. sazogadoebac
dainteresda TeatriT~ (kiknaZe 1970: 215).
saqarTvelos social-federalistebis partiis organoSi ,,saxalxo
saqme” gamoqveynda cnoba: ,,ivlisis 27-s sxdomaze mTavrobam, Tanaxmad
saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris moxsenebisa, daadgina qarTuli dramis
mosawyobad, gadaeces saministros iuzbaSevis saxlis yvela darbazi da
meore sarTuli~.
qarTuli dasi gadavida axlandel rusTavelis Teatris SenobaSi,
sadac muSaobda ori dasi, rusuli Teatri ,,tarto~ da somxuri drama.
dReebi ase gaanawiles: kvira saRamo, samSabaTi, xuTSabaTi da SabaTi
qarTul dramas. orSabaTi, paraskevi da kvira dila rusul Teatrs, xolo
145
oTxSabaTi somxur Teatrs, magram faRava miRweuliT ar dakmayofilda.
gazeT ,,saxalxo saqmeSi~ didi taqtiT, magram sruliad garkveviT svams
sakiTxs ,,unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom yoveli seriozuli dasisTvis
aucilebelia savsebiT da mxolod da mxolod misi gankargulebaSi myofi
Teatri. Cven rusebTan da somxebTan SeTanxmebiT vimuSavebT, magram
miuxedavad amisa, uneblied, erTmaneTs SevuSliT, Tundac mxolod
imitom, scena xan erTis gankargulebaSi iqneba, xan meoris~ (kikinaZe 1993:
65).
akaki faRava dasis SekrebisTanave suramSi Seudga sezonisaTvis
mzadebas. repertuarSi Sevida Seqspiris ,,otelo,~ d. kldiaSvilis
,,darispanis gasaWiri~ da ,,irines bedniereba~ reJisori a. faRava, S.
dadianis ,,guSindelni~ - reJisori m. qoreli, i. gedevaniSvilis
,,msxverpli~ - reJisori a. wuwunava, a. SanSiaSvilis ,,berdo zmania~ -
reJisori a. axmeteli. a. faRavam ,,otelos~ damdgmel mxatvrad a.
zalcmani moiwvia. reJisors muSaoba TiTqmis dasrulebuli hqonda, roca
mxatvari eskizebis motanas aWianurebda. reJisors da mxatvars Soris
diskusiebs bolo ar uCanda. zalcmani pirobiTi Teatris principebs
icavda, xolo faRava realisturi Teatris momxre iyo. moiTxovda
istoriul garemos sizustes. pirveli eskizebi, romelic mxatvarma
uCvena, reJisoris mier dawunebuli iqna. akaki vasaZe am faqtis Sesaxeb
werda: ,,Tavisufal dros movixelTebdi Tu ara, operis Teatris
sadekoracioSi Sevidodi, rom zalcmanis saintereso saubari momesmina
korovinze, golovinze, benuaze da sxva. imdroindeli dekoratiuli
xelovnebis didostatebze. TviTon golovinis mowafed Tvlida Tavs.
koloritis da sasceno ganaTebis kargi ostati iyo. erT pawia detals
wina planze wamowevda ganaTebis saSualebiT. danarCens ki TiTqos
burusSi CasZiravda. ,,otelos~ dekoracia ganzraxuli hqonda
rembrandtisebur SuqCrdilian garemoSi moeqcia. aleqsandre zalcmani
pirobiTi Teatris mimdevari iyo da rogorc dekoraciebs, aseve
tansacmelsac ferTa varirebis meSveobiT STambeWdav da efeqturs xdida.
imJamad TeatrSi da dekoratiul xelovnebaSi feris daniSnuleba didad
aravis esmoda da ra gasakviria, Tu adrindeli samxatvro Teatris
mimdevar reJisors akaki faRavas ,,abradakabrad~ mosCveneboda zalcmanis
146
zemoxsenebuli eskizi da mxatvrisagan moeTxova istoriuli garemos
zusti amsaxveli dekoracia gaekeTebina~ (vasaZe 1977: 76).
otelos rols asrulebda a. imedaSvili, misi otelos Sesaxeb
legendebs yvebodnen. ,,otelos~ repeticiebi cxare diskusiebSi midioda.
reJisors da otelos Semsrulebels Soris a. vasaZe ixsenebs: ,,baton
akaki faRavas reJisorobiT araCveulebrivi wesiT vatarebdiT ,,otelos~
repeticiebs (mxatvari al. zalcmani), repeticiebi mimdinareobda
gauTavebel diskusiebSi. mZafri da saintereso kamaTi imarTeboda,
damdgmelsa da otelos rolis Semsrulebel aleqsandre imedaSvils
Soris. am diskusiebSi gamarjvebuli yovelTvis al. imedaSvili
gamodioda, radgan mis mier ukve naTamaSevi rolis koncefciis siswores
iqve praqtikulad amtkicebda, ama Tu im adgilis sruli gaTamaSebiT.
reJisori ki Tavis Canafiqrs, mxolod Teoriulad, sityviT Tu
agviRwerda~ (vasaZe 1977: 71).
a. imedaSvili did STabeWdilebas axdenda mayurebelze. a. vasaZe
werda: ,,erT-erT aseT diskusiis dros, wamovarda aleqsandre da sTxova
iagos, iuza zardilaSvils mesame moqmedebidan eWvis CawveTebis scena
gaeTamaSebinaT. orivem ise aawyo dialogi, rom sarepeticio darbazSi
myofni sulganabulni vusmendiT da rodesac otelom gaSmagebulma
warmosTqva: ,,ooo, im yurmoWril monas ratom ormoci aTasi Tavi ar abia,
erTi ar kmara Cemda Suris saZieblad~, tanSi Jruantelma dagviara. iseTi
mgznebarebiTa da aRSfoTebiT dasWeqa es fraza imedaSvilma, am Cia tanis
kacma, rom momeCvena TiTqos miwa iZvra da kedlebi Sezanzarda. es iyo
genialuri wami! didi da patara madlierebis grZnobiT vexveodiT
qarTuli scenis am vefxvs, magram akaki faRava mainc Tavisas ambobda: me
gana ar vici Seni niWis elvareba, Cemo saSa, Seni uCveulo sasceno
temperamenti, Seni gonivruli ganawileba energiisa rolSi, magram es
mZafri ganwyobileba, es aRmafrena me minda msaxiobma yovel saRamos
gamoiwvios da ara SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde vucadoT, rodis gadmova
masze zeSTagoneba, an rodis aitacebs mas xasiaTi, grZnoba. me minda
yovel warmodgenaSi ganvicado is, rac Sen am wuTSi gaakeTe.
- maCvene, rogor gavakeTo es da didis siamovnebiT SegisrulebT mag
moTxovnas! – mouWra imedaSvilma da diskusiasac bolo moeRo (vasaZe,
1977: 71).
147
akaki faRavam daviT kldiaSvilis TeatrSi axal etaps daudo
safuZveli. d. kldiaSvili aRniSnavs: ,,gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT
gamiTbo Cemi piesebi, gamicocxla da gamiSuqa akaki faRavam~ (kldiaSvili
1988: 364).
d. kldiaSvilis piesa ,,irines bedniereba~ sxvadasxva dros
idgmeboda qarTul scenaze. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia a. wereTlis, v.
abaSiZis , v. gunias, l. mesxiSvilis dadgmebi. ,,irines bednierebis~
dadgmebidan gansakuTrebulad gamoirCeva akaki faRavas speqtaklebi. man
,,irines bedniereba~ dadga orjer 1920-1922 wlebSi. d. anTaZe igonebs:
,,akaki faRavas speqtaklebma cxoveli gamoxmaureba hpova rogorc
auditoriisa, ise presisa. xalxi aRtacebaSi mohyavda yofiT formebSi
gadaWril speqtakls... speqtaklSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyres
aqtiorebma da mTavari swored es iyo.isini TamaSobdnen bunebrivad,
koleqtiurad. metad saintereso, dauviwyari saxe abesalom salamTaZisa
Seqmna akaki vasaZem. aseve damajerebeli iyvnen miSa lorTqifaniZe da
Salva RambaSiZe. patara epizodur rolSi saerTo yuradReba miipyro miSa
gelovanma. igi mTvral imerel aznaurs TamaSobda~ (anTaZe 1962: 82).
reJisori ,,irines bednierebis~ mxatvrul, stilistikur Tvisebebs
iTvaliswinebda es kargad Canda warmodgenaSi. d. kldiaSvils ar uyvars
rTuli dramaturgiuli peripetiebi. sadaa misi piesebis fibula, naTelia
siuJetis ganviTarebac. akaki faRavas moskovSi miRebuli gamocdilebis
mixedviT patara rolebisaTvis ,,erTnairi yuradReba~ unda daeTmo, amitom
,,irines bedniereba~ ansamblurobiT gamoirCeoda. gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo~
werda: ,,unaklod iyo warmodgenili ,,irines bedniereba~, arcerTi
moZraoba ar iyo gaumarTlebeli, sruli iluzia iyo gamefebuli scenaze
da imereTis soflis cxovreba xelisguliviT gadagveSala Tvalwin.
WeSmaritad didi dakvirveba da gemovneba gamouCenia baton faRavas. aseTi
muSaoba da gulmodgineba Tavdebia imisa, rom Cveni drama ganaxlebisa da
ganmtkicebis gzidan aRar gadauxvevs da male eSveleba Cvens xelovnebas,
Cvens Teatrs, Cvens sazogadoebriv gamofxizlebas. axali drama avlebs
axal xazs Cvens cxovrebaSi. xazs xelovnebisas, zeaRmtacs, xazs swors,
didad damnaSave iqneba Cveni sazogadoeba, Tu Tavisi Cveulebrivi
gulgrilobiT moadunebs sasicocxlo aJRerebul simebs Cveni axali
Teatrisa~ (kiknaZe 1993: 78).
148
,,axali drama~ avlebda axal xazs da qarTul Teatrs unda daesaxa
axali gzebi. Teatris reformisaTvis muSaoba ukve mimdinareobda. daidga
ramdenime saukeTeso speqtakli da maT Soris a. faRavas ,,irines
bedniereba~. n. gvaraZe werda: ,,akaki faRavam sruliad axali
dekoraciebiT da axali mizanscenebiT dadga daviT kldiaSvilis
,,ubedureba~ da ,,irines bedniereba~, romelSiac akaki vasaZe mSvenivrad
TamaSobda abesaloms~ (gvaraZe 1949: 263).
gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo~ ganixilavs ,,irines bednierebas~ da xazs
usvams dadgmis ,,naturalizmis xazebs~, ,,dadgmaSi aris naturalizmis
xazebi, magram aq saWiroa, scenaSi pirvel moqmedebaSi warmodgmulia
imeruli patara oda, mis win namdvili TuTis xe (imeruli ,,bJola~),
imeruli sasiminde, imeruli Robe da sxva. erTi sityviT imeruli garemo
arasodes ar yofila Cvens scenaze ase kargad gadmocemulio. msaxiobTa
TamaSi unaklo iyo. aq ukve Canda is saWiro tempi, romelic aklda
,,darispans~ (kiknaZe 1993: 79). speqtaklis naturalistur maneraSi
gadawyvetas aRniSnavda d. anTaZec: misi azriT ,,naturalisturi Teatris
piroba daculi iyo iqamdec ki, rom scenaze namdvili Romi SemohqondaT”.
d. kldiaSvilis piesa ,,irines bednierebaSi~ Cndeba axali Strixi_
naturalizmis elementebi. ,,scena Tqvens winaSe Tu sinamdvile~
aRniSnavda gazeTi ,,saxalxo saqme,~ SesaniSnavi iyo axalgazrda msaxiobi
vasaZe. ise Tavisuflad da bunebrivad eWira Tavi, rom xSirad
dagaviwydebodaT scenaa Tqvens winaSe, Tu sinamdvile. vasaZe TiTqmis
unaklod asrulebda am rols~ (kiknaZe 1993: 81).
reJisor faRavasTan abesalos rolze muSaobis process ixsenebs
akaki vasaZe: ,,abesalo salamTaZe Cemi pirveli didi roli iyo da
vcdilobdi sakuTari, gansxvavebuli xerxebiT, gamomsaxveli
saSualebebiT ganmesaxierebina. am saxis modeli Cems bavSvobaSi imdeni
minaxavs zemo Tu qvemo imereTSi, rom valdebuli viyavi igi
srulyofilad gadmomeca. Tu ara da gadawyvetili mqonda saerTod Tavi
damenebebina TeatrisaTvis. meore mxriv rolze muSaobisas reJisori
uflebas gvaZlevda Tavisuflad Cagvetarebina improvizaciebi. ori Tve
sistematiurad gavdiodiT repeticiebs da am xnis manZilze organulad
SeviTviseT teqsti. Cems ganwyobilebaSi Tavidan gamoikveTa am saxis
Sinagani xazi, misi Sesrulebis ritmi, tempi, ase warmoidgineT isic ki
149
SevZeli, rom abesalos plastikuri gamosaxuleba momeZebna. srulad
daveufle mis damaxasiaTebel Jestikulacias da kunTebis
daWimulobebisganac savsebiT gavTavisufldi. pirvelad am rolze
muSaobisas mivaRwie ,,uwyvet moqmedebas,~ erTi ganwyobidan meore
ganwyobaSi uSualod gadasvlas da am ganwyobis fizikur moqmedebiT
fiqsirebas, sinamdvilidan yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli detalebis amorCevas
da mere maT xelaxal organizebas. Tu ras niSnavs mTliani mxatvruli
saxis Seqmna, (da ara misi calmxrivi gaazreba - gamosaxva) swored
abesaloze muSaobis dros Sevican da SevigrZeni. pirvelad maSin gadaiqca
repeticia sasixarulo, sasiamovno Sromad da am SemoqmedebiTma ganwyobam
sxva repeticiebze wamaxalisa da marTlac SlegiviT vmuSaobdi. me
yvelasa da yvelafers vusmendi, reJisiris rCeva-darigebasac, magram
Sinagani yuriTa da TvaliT yvelafers vamowmebdi da am rCeva
darigebebisagan imas vRebulobdi, rac Cems mier mTavar konturebSi
moxatuli saxis struqturas Seefereboda. abesaloze muSaobis dros
uneburad gamomiCnda is Suqura, romelic Cemi gmiris gasavlel gzas
marTalia jer bundovnad, magram sakmarisad minaTebda~ (vasaZe 1977: 72).
a. vasaZis mogonebidan Cans Tu rogor muSaobda reJisori a. faRava
msaxiobebTan. ,,Cagvetarebina improvizaciebi~ yurad iRebs ,,reJisoris
rCeva darigebebs~, qmnis ,,mTlian mxatvrul saxes~. faRavas reJisorobiT
gadaiqceoda repeticia ,,sasiamovno Sromad~.
v. kiknaZe a. faRavasadmi miZRvnil SromaSi aRniSnavs, rom `a. faRava
xangrZlivad, sistematiurad muSaobda repeticiebze. am Tvisebas igi
samxatvro Teatrs umadloda. k. stanislavskis Tayvanismcemel reJisors,
kargad esmoda repeticiebis mniSvneloba. mudmivi wvrTnis roli
msaxiobis cxovrebaSi. roca k. stanislavski daeswro konservatoriis
studiaSi mis repeticiebs, stanislavskim Seuqo muSaoba da Tavisi rCeva
misca: ,,dramatuli xelovneba yvelaze metad saWiroebs sistematiur
varjiSs aramarto fizikurs, aramed suliersac. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
msaxiobi imyofeba diletantis mdgomareobaSi, emyareba STagonebas da
sargeblobs apolonis raRac gansakuTrebuli proteqciiT. dramis
msaxiobi varjiSobs mxolod maSin, roca mas moeprianeba. erTi Tve
muSaobs, meore Tve isvenebs... virtuozobis gareSe ar arsebobs
xelovneba... SeinarCuneT didxans Tqveni saerTo axalgazrduli aRzneba,
150
siyvaruli da pativiscema Tqveni xelovnebisadmi~. sxvaTaSoris
stanislavskis rCeva-darigeba yvelaze metad qarTvel msaxiobebs
sWirdeba, radgan igi Zalian xSirad aris ,,apolonis proteqciis imedad!~
(kiknaZe 1993:81).
n. gvaraZe aRniSnavda ,,reJisoris cocxal mizanscenebs~ aseve
msaxiobebis ,,mSvenier TamaSs~, ,,akaki faRavam sruliad axali
dekoraciebiT da axali mizanscenebiT dadga ,,ubedureba da ,,irines
bedniereba~, romelSic akaki vasaZe mSvenivrad TamaSobda abesaloms~
(gvaraZe 1949: 263).
akaki faRavas mier dadgmuli ,,samaniSvilis dedinacvali~
rusTavelis Teatris istoriaSi Sevida rogorc mniSvnelovani dadgma.
,,samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli iyo ori azri, rom misi
gansaxiereba SeiZleboda ori gziT: erTi, romelic Cven vixileT
dadgmaSi, es gzaa sada. realistur xazebSi momwyvdeuli gareSe
yovelgvari triukebisa, magram iumoris jansaR wyaroSi ganbanili. meore
gzaa gza stilizaciis, groteskis xazSi gamarTvisa... cxadia realizmis
mowinaaRmdege banaks es gza ufro daakmayofilebda. reJisoris mier
dasaxul amocanebs msaxiobebi didi ostatobiT asruleben. S. RambaSiZe
(platoni), ak. vasaZe (kirile), a. JorJoliani (qamuSaZe), u. CxeiZe (aristo)...
siamtkbilobis JruanteliT iqargeboda mTeli warmodgena. mxurvale
taSiT iwvevdnen reJisors~. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom daviT
kldiaSvilis piesebi ,,darispanis gasaWiri~, ,,irines bedniereba~,
,,ubedureba~, gadawyvita, rogorc socialuri drama. 1924 wlis gazeTi
,,qarTuli sityva~ werda: ,,akaki faRavas dadgmebSi Cveni yuradReba
miiqcia daviT kldiaSvilis piesebma... amdeni ubraloeba sulis da amdeni
adamianuroba Cvens scenaze nakleb gvinaxavs.~ (SvangiraZe 1964: 60).
d. kldiaSvili a. faRavas mier Tavisi piesebis dadgmis Sesaxeb
madlieri aRniSnavda: ,,gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT gamiTbo Cemi piesebi,
gamicocxla da gamiSuqa akaki faRavam. es siTbo, es siyvarulianoba Tan
axlda Cems literaturul Sromas, arasdros ar daklebia igi da
amitomac Cemi gavlili literaturuli gza bednierad gavlil gzad
mimaCnia~. (kldiaSvili 1988: 364).
daviT kldiaSvilis piesebis sceniuri istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze
saukeTeso furclebi ekuTvnis ak. faRavas.
151
1921 wels akaki faRavam Tavi daaneba qarTuli dramis
xelmZRvanelobas da damdgmel reJisorad darCa. Tavis gancxadebaSi
werda: ,,me, rogorc reJisorTa kolegiis warmomadgenels da samxatvro
nawilis gamges, ara maqvs saSualeba pirnaTlad Sevasrulo nakisri
movaleobani da gTxovT gamanTavisufloT xelmZRvanelobisagan~. (kiknaZe
1970: 217).
faRavam, rogorc keTilsindisierma adamianma, Tanamdebobis
datoveba amjobina movaleobis cudad Sesrulebas. rogorc gulwrfel
reJisors aRafrTovanebda xelovnebis namdvili nimuSi. 1925 wels
rusTavelis TeatrSi marjaniSvilis mier dadgmuli ,,hamletis~
generaluri repeticiis Semdeg, speqtakliT aRtacebulma weriliT
gauziara azri marjaniSvils da Teatris mTel koleqtivs. ak. faRava
werda: ,,Zvirfaso kote, megobrebo... es dadgma iseTi grandiozuli
Semoqmedebaa, rom erTbaSad amomwuravi Sefaseba SeuZlebelia... ra sadaa
da spetaki, viT bavSvi, Cveni uSangi. igi rom niWieri msaxiobi iyo,
axalgazrdobis yvela megobari, vambobdiT misi mosvlis pirveli
dRidanve, magram rom aseTi did-intuiciis patroni iyo, dRemde ar
vicodi... Tqveni ,,hamletis~ aseTi xasiaTis interpretacia aris pirveli
yvela sxva Teatri dRemde hamlets gmirad saxavda da misi gaadamianureba
Tqvens mets arvis ucdia... aseTi interesiT da sioamovnebiT, didi
mxatvruli kmayofilebis miRebiT, Tavis droze ar momismenia moskovis
samxatvro Teatris ,,hamletic~ ki... gana ,,hamletis~ dadgma cota yofila?
magram dRevandeli dadgma imdenad didi da mniSvnelovania, rom erT-erTi
udidesi miRwevaa Cveni TeatrisTvis, romelic 1921 wlidan goliaTiviT
gaizarda... yvela dawyebuli uSangiTa da verikoTi, raRac sulis da
gulis naTesavad mxvdebodnen da mTeli saRamo ise viyavi dapyrobili da
datyvevebuli Tqvens mier, rom bavSvobis Semdeg me ar maxsovs Teatris
aseTi momajadoebeli gavlena... gulwrfeli, mxurvale madloba yvelas da
gansakuTrebiT kotes, romelmac aiyvana Cveni Teatri am simaRlemde da
moganiWaT Tqven esoden brwyinvale gamarjveba.~ (SvangiraZe 1964: 61).
1926-1927 wlis sezonSi akaki faRava miiwvies baTumis Teatris
samxatvro xelmZRvanelad da mTavar reJisorad. am periodisaTvis is
sakmaod gamocdili da cnobili reJisori iyo. sul mokle xanSi Secvala
baTumis Teatris mxatvruli saxe. igi Cveuli energiiT Seudga baTumis
152
Teatris aRdgenas da sul mokle xanSi maRal doneze daayena misi
SemoqmedebiTi saxe~ (buxxnikaSvili 1979: 76). sezonis win akaki faRavam
mTeli interviu misca gazeT ,,komunists~ Teatris gegmebis Sesaxeb. igi
aRniSnavda: ,,...mimdinare sezonSi Cven vxelmZRvanelobT Semdegi
debulebiT: ricxviT naklebi dadgmebi, xolo RirsebiT umjobesi.
egreTwodebul ,,xalturas~ unda moeRos bolo da aWaris centric unda
eziaros Tanamedrove sasceno xelovnebis dawmendil wyaros rigiani da
mxatvruli dadgmebis saSualebiT. Tumca es metad didi movaleobaa
CvenTvis. magram Cveni gzebi sruliad Segnebulad aqeTken aris
mimarTuli. aseTi muSaobis saWiroebas grZnobs mTeli Cveni dasi da ar
daiSurebs Tavis Zal-Rones. me piradad mwams da mjera, rom yvela, visac
ki aqvs raime damokidebuleba TeatrTan da uyvars igi, yovelgvarad
dagvexmareba.~ (komunisti 1926: 277).
sezoni gaixsna n. SiukaSvilis komediiT ,,amerikeli Zia~. komediaSi
aRwerilia ori avantiuristis oinebi revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi.
presam gaakritika piesa, rogorc sabWoTa TeatrisaTvis Seuferebeli,
magram ver uaryofdnen dadgmis maRal xarisxs. gazeTi ,,fuxara~ werda:
,,pirveli gamarjveba wina sezonis permanentur damarcxebiTa Semdeg,
rasakvirvelia, gamarjveba, romlis Sesaxeb vlaparakobdiT. pirobiTi
xasiaTisaa. nakls, defeqts ueWvelia aqac hqonda adgili, magram baTumis
Teatraluri cxovrebis pirobebSi faRavas mier dadgmuli ,,amerikeli Zia~
aris usaTuod TvalsaCino gamarjveba. vfiqrob ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT,
rom am rwmeniT dabrunda Teatridan mravalricxovani sazogadoebac. amis
Tavdebia, Tu gnebavT, mayureblis gulwrfeli da mxurvale ovaciebi,
romelic miZRvnili iyo rogorc reJisoris, ise mTeli dasisadmi. amrigad
wlevandel sezonze damyarebul imedebs jerjerobiT kargi piri uCans.~
Semdeg gazeTi aRniSnavda Tu ra sainteresod iyo dadgmuli speqtakli.
,,Cinebulad aris damuSavebuli scenuri suraTebi. mTeli piesa cocxali
da dinamiuria. msaxiobis SesrulebaSi ver naxavT verc erT zedmet
Strixs, verc erT zedmet xazs. yvelaferi Tavis adgilzea. sxvaTa Soris,
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom aseTi mxatvrul dekoraciebSi baTumis
mayurebeli pirvelad naxulobs qarTul warmodgenas, Tu mxedvelobaSi
ar miviRebT Tbilisis qarTuli dramis gastrolebs.~ (buxnukaSvili 1979:
77).
153
gazeTi ,,baTumi~ aRniSnavda samsaxiobo ostatobis saerTo maRal
dones: ,,yofili dasebisaTvis uCveulo ansambli (es problema ufro metad
awuxebs provinciul Teatrs), mxatvrulad Camosxmuli scenuri suraTebi,
gamaxvilebuli scenuri saxeebi; ai ra formebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli
piesa~
ak. faRavam baTumis scenaze dadga m. javaxiSvilis ronamis ,,kvaWi
kvaWantiraZis~ inscenireba. gazeTi ,,fuxara~ werda: ,,axlad gadakeTebuli,
gafarToebuli Teatri gadaWedili iyo xalxiT. bevri darCa ubileTobis
gamo Teatris gareT. es imis maCvenebelia, rom xalxi, romelic erT dros
gaurboda Teatrs, isev mobrunda misken, isev gaizarda sasceno
xelovnebisadmi yuradReba. es mobruneba Teatrs bevrs avalebs. am
mobrunebiT unda visargebloT, unda gamoviyenoT es momenti, xalxi
mtkiced davukavSiroT Teatrs. amisTvis Teatrma unda misces
sazogadoebas is, ris moTxovnis ufleba aqvs sazogadoebas...~. ,,amboben,
rom pirveli warmodgena dasisTvis gamocda ariso, Tu es Tqma marTalia,
dasma Caabara gamocda umTavresad axalgazrda ZalebiT, rac Rirsia
aRniSvnisa, didi sicocxliT midioda piesa~... (buxnukaSvili 1979: 79).
ak. faRavam Targmna b. lavreniebis piesa ,,rRveva~ da es piesa
pirvelad saqarTveloSi misi reJisorobiT daidga ,,ieriSis~
saxelwodebiT. dadgmis mxatvrebi iyvnan d. mirianaSvili da .i. gamrekeli,
musika ekuTvnoda r. gogniaSvils. warmodgenam sazogadoebis didi
mowoneba daimsaxura. gazeTi ,,fuxara~ werda: ,,ramdenadac Zlieri da
mZlavria piesa, imdenad msaxiobebma SeZles yvela momentis savsebiT
dapyroba da piesis saWis xelSi Cagdeba. SeiZleba calke gamovyoT v.
anjafariZe, k. maWaraZe, S. beJuaSvili, m. mesxiSvili, n. goZiaSvili da
sxvebi. magram swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom piesas gaamarjvebina
mTlianma koleqtiurma Zalam da maT mier Seqmnilma saukeTeso ansamblma.
sareJisoro nawilic ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss saerTo koleqtiuri
Zalidan.~ (buxnikaSvili 1979: 81). Teatrmcodne nino SvangiraZe aRniSnavs:
,,es speqtakli aWaris qarTuli dramis dResaswauli iyo da marTlac
,,ieriSi~ did gamarjvebad Sevida baTumis Teatris istoriaSi.~ ,,rRvevis~
Semdeg faRava dgams d. kldiaSvilis ,,samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~
inscenirebas. warmodgenam sayovelTao mowoneba daimsaxura. 1927-1928 wlis
Teatraluri sezonis bolo warmodgena iyo S. dadianis piesa
154
,,guSindelni~, romelic reJisorma faRavam da mxatvarma d. mirianaSvilma
dadges konstruqciul dekoraciebSi. premieris Semdeg gazeTi ,,fuxara~
werda: ,,S. dadianis ,,guSindelnis~ gakonstruireba mouxerxebelia.
reJisori ak. faRava ar moerida amas da dadgma mogvca konstruqciuli
gegmiT. ase miaCnda reJisors, Torem is kolofi, romelic imereli
mamasaxlisis malxazis saxls warmoadgenda, sul ar aris
konstruqciuli. karikaturas ufro hgavs. scena ise iyo dakavebuli am
saxliT da uamravi kibeebiT, rom msaxiobebs gasaCerebeli adgilic ki ar
hqondaT. aqedan iyo mizanscenebis magier erTmaneTis garSemo triali,
uazro gadasvla erTi adgilidan meoreze da sxva. amis gamo saukeTeso
momentebmac uferulad Caiara~ (buxnukaSvili 1979: 81). gazeTi aRniSnavda,
rom msaxiobebic moisustebdnen, garda facias rolis Semsruleblis, v.
anjafariZisa. anjafariZe aRniSnavs al. faRavas did Rvawls qarTuli
Teatris winaSe, ,,man Camoitana samxatvro Teatris principebi da me
pirvelad vigrZeni namdvili scenuri kultura da disciplina. akaki
faRavam Seamzada niadagi, rom kote marjaniSvils ase ucbad aewia
qarTuli Teatri~.
ak. faRavas reJisorul moRvaweobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
1930 wels Tbilisis saopero TeatrSi dadgmuli zaqaria faliaSvilis
operas ,,abesalom da eTeri~. abesaloms mReroda daviT andRulaZe,
murmans _ sandro inaSvili. am dadgmas kote marjaniSvilma dadebiTi
Sefaseba misca. igi akaki faRavasadmi miweril werilSi aRniSnavs, rom
,,moswons am speqtaklis mxatvruli gadawyveta da gulwrfelad esalmeba
mis avtors~ (SvangiraZe 1962: 32).
,,abesalom da eTeri~ 1931 wels a. faRavam xarkovis, ukrainis
maSindel dedaqalaqis saopero Teatris scenaze ganaxorciela. 1936-1937
wlis Teatralur sezonSi ukrainelebma ,,abesalom da eTeri~ isev
aRadgines.
qarTuli Teatris moRvaweTa ocneba axda 1921 wels respublikis
mTavroba iwyebs saTeatro ganaTlebis mogvarebas saxalxo komisariatis
davalebiT akaki faRava mTeli weli mounda saorganizacio sakiTxebs da
1922 w. studia gaixsna. ,,mas mtkiced sjeroda da swamda sasceno
xelovnebis xvalindeli dRe. amitomac, Tavis mTavar mowodebad Teatris
momavlisaTvis zrunva, garja da Sroma aqcia. is dReniadag iRwvoda
155
imisaTvis, rom mSobliur scenas niWiT gabrwyinebuli da profesiuli
ostatobiT madlmosili axal-Zalebi ar mokleboda~ (janeliZe 1972: 83).
studiis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT gazeT ,,komunistSi~ aseTi cnoba
daibeWda ,,TbilisSi daarsda akaki faRavas xelmZRvanelobiT dramatuli
studia, sadac Tavi moiyara ormocamde axalgazrdam. studiis programaSi
Sedis 1. mokle anatomia da fiziologia, raTa momavalma msaxiobebma
icodes maTi funqciebi adamianis sxeulisa, 2. xmis dayeneba, 3. mxatvruli
metyveleba, 4. plastika, cekva, 5. gimnastika, 6. farikaoba, 7. fsiqologia,
8. sasceno elementebis damuSaveba, 9. improvizacia da mimodrama, 10.
Teatris istoria, 11. grimi, 12. tansacmlis istoria, 13. literaturisa da
dramis istoria, 14. xelovnebis istoria, 15. esTetika, 16. simRera, 17.
nawyveti scenebisa da piesebis damzadeba~.
studiis gaxsnaze Sesavali sityva warmosTqva ak. faRavam. sityvebSi
gamovidnen k. marjaniSvili, a. axmeteli, m. qoreli, k. gamsaxurdia, t.
tabiZe. damswre sazogadoebas studentTa saxeliT sityviT mimarTa a.
xoravam. leqciebis wasakiTxavad mowveulni iyvnen gamoCenili mecnierebi:
i. javaxiSvili, d. uznaZe, g. CubiniSvili, a. SaniZe, v. axvlediani;
reJisorebi: k. marjaniSvili, a. axmeteli, m. qoreli. 1923 wlidan studia
Tavisi namuSevrebis sajaro Cvenebas iwyebs. Teatralurma sazogadoebam
da presam studentTa namuSevars maRali Sefaseba misca. 1923 wels
studias Teatraluri institutis uflebebi mieniWa, romelmac didi
roli Seasrula axali samsaxiobo kadrebis aRzrdis saqmeSi. mis pirvel
kursdamTavrebulTa Soris iyvnen: a. xorava, s. TayaiSvili, v. goZiaSvili,
T. wulukiZe, p. kobaxiZe da sxvebi. gamoCenili qarTveli msaxiobi uSangi
CxeiZe a. faRavas Sesaxeb werda: ,,Tqven rom wminda reJisorul gzas
gahyolodiT TeatrSi, Tqveni saxeli dRes, SeiZleba ufro metad cnobili
iqneboda farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, magram Tqven ufro rTuli da
uCinari gza airCieT – axalgazrdobis aRzrda! Cemi azriT ki, erTi
niWieri axalgazrdis aRzrda mraval niWierad dadgmul piesas bevrad
aRemateba. Tqveni moRvaweoba ufro didi reJisoruli saqmianobaa, vidre
Cveulebrivi reJisoris, radgan Tqven dgamT piesas, romelsac ,,qarTuli
Teatris xvalindeli dRe~ ewodeba~ (CxeiZe 1956:304).
studiis bazaze 1923 wels Seiqmna SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
saxelmwifo Teatraluri instituti, romlis pirveli direqtori iyo
156
profesori akaki faRava. ak faRavas yofili studenti, Teatrmcodne
vasil kiknaZe ixsenebs: ,,is iyo namdvili pedagogi, aRmzrdeli axali
Taobisa. am striqonebis avtorsac axsovs misi siTbo da yuradReba. igi
gvinergavda Sromisadmi siyvaruls, gvaswavlida saqmisadmi Tavdadebas.
ak. faRava gansakuTrebulad momTxovni iyo, roca saqme detalebis
sizustes Seexeboda. studentebs gvikvirda kidec, ratom aqcevda ase did
yuradRebas Teatris istoriisaTvis umniSvnelo faqtebs. zogjer
ucnauradac gveCveneboda misi gamaxvilebuli yuradReba ,,Teatris
istoriis wvrilmanebisadmi~, magram pedagogi ar cdeboda, igi
Teatrmcodneebs gvaswavlida konkretulobas, sizustes da erTi SexedviT
meaTexarisxovani detalebis codnas, romlebic zogjer sruliad axal
mniSvnelobas iZenen kvlevis dros~ (v. kiknaZe 1970:212). akaki faRavas
pedagogiuri da reJisoruli moRvaweoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba Tbilisis
saxelmwifo konservatorias, sadac 1924 wels Camoayaliba saopero
studia, romelSic dgams Cimarozes ,,farul qorwineba~-s, leonkavalos
,,jambazebs~. ak faRavas iniciativiT Seiqmna savokalo klasebi I da VI
musikalur saswavleblebSi ,,dRes Cven samarTlianad vamayobT zaqaria
faliaSvilis saxelobis musikaluri aTwlediT, misi pirveli direqtori
akaki faRava iyo (SvangiraZe 1964: 62).
akaki faRava konservatoriis saopero klass xelmZRvanelobda da
wlebis manZilze amzadebda kadrebs qarTuli saopero xelovnebisTvis. aq
swavlobdnen cnobili saopero momRerlebi: daviT gamrekeli, meri
nakaSiZe, nadeJda xaraZe, baTu kraveiSvili da sxvebi. ,,faRavas _ am
SesaniSnav Teatralur moRvawes _ didi amagi, miuZRvis qarTuli
Teatraluri xelovnebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xelovnebis sferoSi ak. faRava mravali sasargeblo sazogadoebrivi
saqmis wamomwyebi da mesveuri iyo pirvelad mas Sevxvdi studentobis
dros konservatoriaSi, Semdeg dramatul studiaSi. maswavlida Teatris
istorias da samsaxiobo ostatobas.~ (kraveiSvili 1966:36).
am saopero klasis mieraa ganxorcielebuli ,,figaros qorwineba~,
,,evgeni onegini~, ,,Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, ,,sevilieli dalaqi~
(SvangiraZe 1962: 32).
157
akaki faRavas sadac ar unda emuSava, yvelgan warmoCindeboda
Tavisi SromismoyvareobiT, organizatoris monacemebiT da
keTilsindisierebiT.
metad rTulia Teatraluri sazogado moRvawis gza. adviladac
iviwyeben amags, radgan moRvawe msaxiobiviT popularuli ar aris, magram
amgvari msxverplis gareSe didi saqmeebi ar keTdeba. ak. faRavam mTeli
Tavisi niWi da energia qarTuli Teatris da saTeatro ganaTlebis
aRorZinebasa da warmatebisTvis brZolas Sealia.
158
daskvna
diferencirebulad ganvixileT reJisuris ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva done. SevecadeT ar dagverRvia Sinagani kavSiri sustsa da
Zlier rgolebs Soris qarTuli reJisoruli xelovnebis formirebis
evoluciis Sefasebisas.
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan qarTulma reJisuram
ganviTarebis iseTive gza ganvlo, rogorc rusulma da das. evropis
Teatrma.
qarTul Teatrs saTaveSi edgnen didi mamuliSvilebi maT
icodnen ra sWirdeboda ers, qveyanas, maT xalxis samsaxurSi Teatric
Caayenes. Seqmnes XIX saukunis azrovnebis maRali done: g. erisTavis, i.
WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis, k. yifianis, k. mesxis, v. gunias Teatraluri
Sexedulebani emTxveva XIX saukunis meore naxevris msoflio did
mweralTa da mowinave Teatralur moRvaweTa naazrevs, qarTuli
reJisoruli xelovnebis ganviTarebis tendencia progresuli gziT iyo
warmarTuli, amitom gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im mweralTa da
msaxiobTa Rvawli, romlebmac Tavis droze reJisoris funqcia SeiTavses
da istoriuli roli Seasrules qarTul TeatrSi. pirvel rigSi
aRsaniSnavia qarTuli profesiuli Teatris ganmaaxlebeli giorgi
erisTavi, romelic pirveli Teatris dramaturgic iyo, msaxiobic da
Teatris organizator-reJisoric.
Teatris istoriis am etapze reJisoris roli jer kidev ver
amaRlda damoukidebeli xelovnebis donemde, igi ufro organizatoris
funqcias asrulebs. TeatrSi mtkice adgils imkvidrebs reJisor-
organizatori, romelic bunebrivad Camoyalibda Teatris wiaRSi. Teatrs
yovelTvis saWiroebda iseT adamians, romelic xelmZRvanelisa da
organizatoris rols itvirTebda. amas kargad grZnobda qarTuli
Teatric da rogorc ki g. erisTavma igi ganaaxla es didi misiac Tavad
ikisra.
XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qarTuli reJisura Tavisi
praqtikuli da Teoriuli ganviTarebis axal safexurs aRwevs. ilias da
akakis werilebma Teatrze kargi fsiqologiuri atmosfero Seuqmnes axal
Teatrs. moamzades niadagi, rom profesiuli Teatri mtkice saZirkvelze
159
dafuZnebuliyo. amisaTvis saWiro iyo Teatrs saTaveSi Cadgomoda niWieri
organizatori. Teatrs unda hqonoda ,,mimdinare repertuari”, ufro
akademiurad unda momzadebuliyo speqtaklebi, brZola gamoecxada
provincializmsa da scenismoyvareTa Cvevebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mieqca sasceno metyvelebis srulyofas da enis siwmindis dacvas. wina
planze wamoiwia ansamblis problemam da speqtaklis scenografiis
sakiTxebma. gamaxvilda yuradReba dramis Teoriisa da msaxiobis
ostatobis problemebze. zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi ara marto
Teoriuli gansjis, aramed Teatraluri praqtikis nawili gaxda.
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel mweralTa da moRvaweTa
Teatralur naazrevSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Teatris mxatvruli
poziciis problemas. es imis maCvenebelia, rom mkveTrad izrdeba im
adamianis funqcia, vinc pasuxs agebs speqtaklis poziciaze, cxadia
imdroindeli reJisura jer kidev ar iyo konceptualuri reJisura, igi
warmoadgenda reJisoruli xelovnebis ganviTarebis sawyis etaps, magram
es ukve didi gzis dasawyisi iyo, romelsac unda gaevlo ,,saavtoro
reJisuris~ (anu samwerlo) da ,,msaxiobTa reJisuris gza~.
reJisoris movaleobas Seadgenda mkafiod gamoexata warmodgenis
ideuri Canafiqri. eris meTaurebi swored amaSi xedavdnen Teatris
daniSnulebas, ideuri Canafiqris gamoxatvis ZiriTadi saSualeba
msaxiobi gaxda, romelic scenaze ganusazRvreli uflebiT sargeblobda
da jer kidev ar iyo damorCilebuli reJisors. maT uWirdaT reJisoris
erTmarTvelobis principTan Segueba.
ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma da sxva moRvaweebma aRiares
reJisoris roli, Teoriulad daasabuTes misi mniSvneloba TeatrSi da
niadagi moumzades reJisuris profesiis damoukideblobas.
qarTuli reJisoruli xelovnebis formireba SeuZlebelia
warmovidginoT ,,msaxiobTa reJisuris” gareSe. es iyo samsaxiobo
ostatobis amaRlebisa da msaxiobTa uflebebis gafarToebis periodi.
swored am dros mis wiaRSi Caisaxa Zala, romelsac maTi ganusazRvreli
uflebebi unda SeezRuda erT pirovnebaSi moqceuli msaxiobi da
reJisori Sinagan gaorebasa da winaaRmdegobas iwvevda, romelic Teatrze
aisaxeboda. qarTul Teatris reJisorebad warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen vaso
abaSiZe, lado mesxiSvili, kote mesxi, valerian gunia da sxvebi. qarTuli
160
Teatris mowinave msaxiobebi grZnobdnen, rom unda gazrdiliyo
reperticiebis roli, speqtaklSi scenuri qmedebis bunebrivi procesis
miRwevas xangrZlivi repeticiebi da reJisoris xeli sWirdeboda.
msaxiobTa da reJisorTa urTierTobis istoriaSi imTaviTve daprogramda
Teatris bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani winaaRmdegoba. igi ufro
TvalnaTliv Canda maSin, rodesac reJisura jer kidev ar iyo maRal
profesiul doneze formirebuli. msaxiobebi grZnobdnen, rom reJisori
sWirdebodaT, magram misi uflebebis gazrdas ewinaaRmdegebodnen. v.
abaSiZis, v. gunias, k. yifianis da sxvaTa Sexedulebebs reJisuris Sesaxeb
iziarebdnen sxva msaxiobebic. isini xSirad gamoxatavdnen msaxiobis
xelovnebis daumorCileblobis ideas. msaxiobTa da reJisorTa
urTierToba gaivlis sxvadasxva safexurebs, magram maT mudmivad aqvT
erTnairi problemebi. igi TiTqmis mTels istorias gasdevs sxvadasxva
formiTa da masStabebiT. am brZolaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
movlena iyo `mudmivi Teatris piroba”, romelsac xeli moawera Teatris
damfuZnebel msaxiobTa jgufma. es aris xelSekruleba, romelmac
gansazRvra msaxiobTa da reJisorTa ufleba-movaleobebi. reJisuris
istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dokuments, sadac
naTlad Cans reJisoris didi funqcia Teatris cxovrebaSi. erTi mxriv
icavdnen reJisuras radgan TviTonve iyvnen reJisorebi, meore mxriv
igrZnoboda, rom TeatrSi Cndeboda damoukidebeli xelovani-reJisori,
magram maT rogorc mowinave moRvaweebs SeuZlebelia ar scodnodaT Tu
saiT midioda Teatris gza. TandaTan rTuldeboda Teatris struqtura,
mayurebeli Teatridan mets moiTxovda, Teatris cxovrebis Zveli normebi
irRveoda evropis TeatrebSi myarad imkvidrebda adgils reJisura. mTeli
XIX saukunis manZilze igrZnoboda reJisuris safuZvlebis Ziebisa da
ganviTarebis tendecia. Teatri ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas mihyavs
profesiuli reJisoruli xelovnebis Seqmnamde.
didi istoriuli misia Seasrula msaxiobTa reJisuram. qarTuli
Teatris mowinave msaxiobebi iyvnen misi warmomqmnelebi da
mowinaaRmdegenic, isini aZlevdnen impuls reJisuris ganviTarebas,
zrunavdnen masze, magram amave dros cdilobdnen SeezRudaT reJisoris
uflebebi raTa msaxiobis diqtatisaTvis daemorCilebinaT igi. Tavis
mxriv arc reJisura iyo uqmad, jiutad miiswrafoda win, gabedulad
161
umklavdeboda siZneleebs, dro mis sasargeblod muSaobda cxovrebis
Taviseburi pirobebis Sedegi iyo, rom qarTul TeatrSi sxvadasxva
procesebi xSirad erTdroulad xdeboda, erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobda
literatorTa da msaxiobTa reJisura. qarTul TeatrSi swrafi tempiT
xdeboda cvlilebebi, Sesabamisad icvleboda reJisuris xasiaTic. XIX
saukunis Teatrma reJisorul xelovnebas nayofieri niadagi moumzada,
xolo XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi moxda reJisuris rogorc axali
damoukidebeli xelovnebis formireba da axal xarisxSi amaRleba. am
istoriuli misiis Sesrulebis pativi wilad xvdaT pirvel qarTvel
profesional reJisorebs.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi udides Sedegebs aRwevs reJisura,
rogorc evropaSi, aseve ruseTSi. iwyeba reJisuris globalizaciis epoqa,
romelic TandaTan totalur xasiaTs iZens. gabedulad ebmeba am
urTules brZolaSi qarTuli reJisurac. swored am saukuneSi yalibdeba
axali qarTuli reJisoruli azrovneba.
XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan, roca asparezze gamovidnen a.
wuwunava, v. SalikaSvili, m. qoreli, a. faRava mTavrdeba dramaturgTa da
msaxiobTa reJisuris xangrZlivi epoqa. amieridan reJisori xdeba
damoukidebeli profesiis adamiani.
pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi aleqsandre wuwuna,
valerian SalikaSvili, mixeil qoreli, akaki faRava – realisturi
Teatris reJisorebi iyvnen, maT axleburad ganaviTares da gaaRrmaves
gasuli saukunidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli tradicia. maTi moRvaweobiT
TeatrSi sabolood moxda profesiuli reJisuris formireba.
CamoTvlili reJisorebi TavianTi mxatvruli SexedulebebiT da maneriT
axlos idgnen moskovis samxatvro Teatris fuZemdeblebis stanislavskisa
da nemiroviC-davCenkos Teatralur-esTetikur principebTan. XX saukunis
dasawyisis qarTul TeatrSi ZiriTad fsiqologiuri realizmis tendencia
batonobs, iwereba da idgmeba fsiqologiuri xasiaTis piesebi. qarTvel
reJisorTa mxardaWeras pouloben fsiqologiuri xasiaTis nawarmoebebi.
Teatris ganaxlebis brZolis meTaurebi reJisorebi iyvnen, TeatrSi
movida axali mxatvruli da organizaciuli principebis gamaerTianebeli.
amieridan warmoudgeneli iyo profesionali reJisoris gareSe
Tanamedrove Teatris ganviTareba. reJisuram SeZlo Tavisi ostatoba
162
aeyvana maRali xelovnebis donemde, speqtaklebi xdeba sinTezuri,
mravalplaniani, harmoniul mTlianobaSi vlindeba yvela komponenti,
yvela detali, arsad ar ikargeba msaxiobis xelovneba. ansamblis
gadawyvetis sakiTxs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTul TeatrSi, jer
kidev arsebobda erTi msaxiobis gamorCevis tendencia. gamefebuli iyo
gastroliuri sistema. aseT pirobebSi marTlac gmirobis tolfasi iyo
Zlieri individumebis damorCileba, speqtaklis saerTo interesebisaTvis
maTi survilebis Sefardeba. ansamblis sakiTxebSi erTnair poziciaze
idgnen qarTveli ,,mxatelebi”, miuxedavad maTi damsaxurebisa da
SesaZleblobebis sxvadasxvaobisa, axali Teatrluri principebisaTvis
brZolaSi isini mainc erTmaneTis mxardamxar idgnen, isini marto
Tbilisis Teatrebs ar arian mijaWvuli. speqtaklis dasadgmelad Cadian
quTaisSi, baTumSi, WiaTuraSi da sxva qalaqebSi. utareben konsultaciebs
adgilobriv Zalebs, amxneveben Teatris enTuziastebs, maTi saqmianoba
qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebas, reJisoris avtoritetis amaRlebas, misi
rogorc xelmZRvanelis rolis warmoCenas isaxavda miznad. qarTvelma
reJisorebma icodnen Tu ra procesebi mimdinareobda rusul da
dasavleT evropis TeatrebSi, icodnen k. stanislavskis, v. meierholdis
Semoqmedeba, icodnen g. fuqsis, m. reinhardtis, g. kregis, a. antuanis
Ziebani. icodnen, rom XIX saukunis bolodan Teatrebs ukve reJisorebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen. qarTuli reJisuris mxatvruli xedva, temperamenti,
plastika, ritmi, samyaros miseburi gancda da originaluri azrovneba
imdenad erovneuli iyo, rom igi Tavisuflad iTavsebda rusul da
dasavleT evropis Teatralur gamocdilebas, magram eyrdnoboda Tavis
erovnul ,,Sinagan wyaroebs~ (axmeteli). ,,qarTveli mxatelebis” a.
wuwunavas, v. SalikaSvilis, m. qorelis, a. faRavas didi damsaxurebaa
qarTuli Teatris donis amaRleba da reJisoruli xelovnebis
ganviTareba. niadagi Seuqmnes marjaniSvilis reformas qarTul TeatrSi,
swored amas gulisxmobda marjaniSvili roca saqarTveloSi Camosvlis
dros Tqva: ,,aq ukve yofila axali Teatris Ziebao.~ marjaniSvilis axali
Teatris Seneba yamir niadagze ar dauwyia, mas win uZRvoda axali
Teatralur-esTetikuri principebisaTvis brZolis xangrZlivi procesi,
romelmac myari niadagi moumzada k. marjaniSvilisa da s. axmetelis did
Teatralur gardaqmnebs.
163
gamoyenebuli literatura: abaSiZe 1951: abaSiZe vaso, `krebuli~,
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1951, Tbilisi
amirejibi 1979: amirejibi naTia aleqsandre wuwunava~
gamomcemloba saq. Teat. sazogadoeba~
Tbilisi 1979
anTaZe 1962: anTaZe daviT `dReebi axlo warsulisa~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ 1962
axmeteli 1978: axmeteli aleqsandre `dokumentebi da
narkvevebi~ gamomcemloba `saq. Teat.
sazogadoeba~ t. I Tbilisi 1978
burTikaSvili 1951: burTikaSvili aleqsqndre ,,scenis ostatebi~
gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1971
buxnikaSvili 1950: buxnikaSvili grigol ,,qarTuli Teatri 100
wlis manZilze~ gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~
Tbilisi 1950
buxnikaSvili 1979: buxnikaSvili grigol `baTumis Teatri~
gamomcemloba `saq. Teat. sazogadoeba~ 1979
gamsaxurdia 1963: gamsaxurdia konstantine `rCeuli
Txzulebani~ gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~ t. VI Tbilisi 1963
gersamia 1943: gersamia sergo ,,vaso abaSiZe~ gamomcemloba
,,saxelgami~ Tbilisi 1943
gersamia 1949: gersamia sergo ,,akaki wereTeli da qrTuli
Teatri~ gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi
1949
gersamia 1950: gersamia sergo ,,giorgi erisTavis Teatri~
gamomcemloba ,,saxelgami~ Tbilisi 1950
gvaraZe 1949: gvaraZe nikolozi `Teatraluri memuarebi~
gamomcemloba `saxelgami~ Tbilisi 1949
164
gomelauri 1962: gomelauri Saqro ,,mogonebani~ gamomcemloba
,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi 1962
gunia 1953: gunia valeriani ,,statiebi da werilebi~
qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni sasceno
xelovnebis Sesaxeb. wigni meore. gamomcemloba
,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1953
gurabaniZe 1978: gurabaniZe nodari ,,eqspresionisturi drama da
,,axali adamianis~ problema qarTul TeatrSi~
Jurnali ,,sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1978 #9
dadiani 1948: dadiani Salva ,,Cemi marao~ gamomcemloba
,,sablitgami~ Tbilisi 1948
dadiani 1962: dadiani Salva ,,rCeuli Txzulebani~ t. V
gamomcemloba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~ Tbilisi
1962
doliZe 1969: doliZe nino `Cemi Zma viqtori~ gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~ 1969
doliZe 1968: doliZe nino `rogor iwereboda qeTo da kote~
Jurnali droSa 1968 #4-5
doliZe 1967: doliZe nino `megobrebi~ Jurnali droSa 1967
#1
donaZe 1991: donaZe lado ,,viqtor doliZis Semoqmedeba~
gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1991
donaZe 1995: donaZe lado ,,abesalom da eTeri, rogorc
antikuri stilis tragedia~ Jurnali
,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1995 #1-2-3
doRonaZe 1962: doRonaZe lamara ,,valerian SalikaSvili~
krebuli Seadgina da SeniSvnebi daurTo
,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1962
duduCava 1966: duduCava aleqsandre ,,rCeuli werilebi~
gamomcemloba ,,literatura da xelovneba~
Tbilisi 1966
erisTavi 1950: erisTavi giorgi `piesebi~ gamomcemloba
`saxelgami~ Tbilisi 1950
165
vasaZe 1977: vasaZe akaki `mogonebebi fiqrebi~ gamomcemloba
saq. Teat. sazogadoeba wigni I Tbilisi 1977
TaqTaqiSvili 1959: TaqTaqiSvili giorgi ,,evgeni miqelaZe~
gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1959
kakiaSvili 1967: kakiaSvili grigol `dramaturgTa
portretebi~ gamomcemloba `xelovneba~
Tbilisi 1967
kalandariSvili 2007: kalandariSvili mixeil `modernizmi qarTul
TeatrSi~gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi
2007
kapanaZe 1969: kapanaZe ledi ,,mixeil qoreli~ krebuli
Seadgina gamomcemloba ,,nakaduli~ Tbilisi
1969
kasraZe 1957: kasraZe daviT `aleqsandre wuwunava~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1957
kaSmaZe 1948: kaSmaZe Salva `zaqaria faliaSvili~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1948
kaSmaZe 1950: kaSmaZe Salva `Tbilisis operisa da baletis
Teatri~ nawili pirveli. gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1950
kaSmaZe 1955: kaSmaZe Salva `Tbilisis operisa da baletis
Teatri~ nawili meore. gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1955
kaSmaZe 1962: kaSmaZe Salva `vano sarajiSvili~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1962
kaSmaZe 1971: kaSmaZe Salva `didebuli dueti~ Jurnali
,,saqarTvelos qali~ 1971 #9
kvaliaSvili 1969: Квалиашвили Михаил ,,По труднорму пути~ изд.
,,Мерани,, Тбилиси, 1969
kvaliaSvili 1975: Квалиашвили Михаил,,Воспоминания оперного
режисора~ изд. ,,Мерани,, Тбилиси, 1975
kvirikaZe 1996: kvirikaZe Tamar `Salva azmaifaraSvili~
166
gamomcemloba `saq. kompozitorTa kavSiri~
Tbilisi 1996
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe vasil `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris
istoria~ gamomc. `saari~ Tbilisi 2001 t. I
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe vasil `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris
istoria~ gamomc. `saari~ Tbilisi 2001 t. II
kiknaZe 1982: kiknaZe vasil `qarTuli reJisuris istoriis
narkvevebi~ gamomcemloba `saq. Teat.
sazogadoeba~ Tbilisi 1982
kiknaZe 1967: kiknaZe vasil `aleqsandre wuwunava~
gamomcemloba `Teatraluri biblioTeka~
Tbilisi 1967
kiknaZe 1970: kiknaZe vasil qarTveli reJisorebi~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1970
kiknaZe 1973: kiknaZe vasil `daviT kldiaSvilis Teatri~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1973
kiknaZe 1993: kiknaZe vasil `Tavisufal saqarTvelos
Teatri~ gamomcemloba `qarTuli Teatri~
Tbilisi 1993
kobaxiZe 2010: kobaxiZe daviT `Teatraluri ganTiadis win~
gamomcemloba `mwignobari~ Tbilisi 2010
komunisti 1926: `baTumis akademiuri drama~ gaz. `komunisti~ 21
noemberi 1926 №267
komunisti 1940: `pirveli nabijebi~ gaz. `komunisti~ 5
Tebervali 1940 №29
kraveiSvili 1966: kraveiSvili baTu `Sexvedrebi warsulTan~
gamomcemloba `literatura da xelovneba~
Tbilisi 1966
mebuke 1956: mebuke daviT ,,valerian SalikaSvili~
gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1956
mumlaZe 1963: mumlaZe dali `aleqsandre wuwunava dramatul
TeatrSi~ Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1963 №12
167
patariZe 1961: patariZe kukuri ,,kote marjaniSvili~ krebuli
gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1961
pokrovski 1973: Покровский Борис ,,Об оперной режисуре~ изд ,,ВТО~
Москва 1979
JRenti 2007: JRenti oloko `aleqsandre wuwunava –
erovnul kinematografiis fuZemdebeli~
narkvevebis krebuli naw. II gamomcemloba SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti
Tbilisi 2007
rudnicki 1981: Рудницкий Константин ,,Мейерхольд~ изд ,,Искусство~
Москва 1981
safarova-abaSiZe 2009: safarova-abaSiZe mako `gavlili gzebi da
bilikebi~ gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi
2009
faRava 1938: faRava akaki `lado mesxiSvili~ gamomcemloba
`federacia~ Tbilisi 1938
fiCxaZe 1971: fiCxaZe mira ,,pirveli qarTuli musikaluri
komedia~ Jurnali ,,sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1971 #8
qavTaraZe 1998: qavTaraZe marina ,,musikaTmcodneobis
sakiTxebi~ samecniero Sromebis krebuli
gamomcemloba ,,v. sarajiSvilis sax. saxel.
konservatoria~ Tbilisi 1998
qiqoZe 1956: qiqoZe geronti `rCeuli~ gamomcemloba
`codna~ t. II Tbilisi 1956
qoreli 1949: qoreli mixeil `filimon qoriZe~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1949
qoreli 1969: qoreli mixeil `mogonebebi da werilebi~
gamomcemloba `nakaduli~ Tbilisi 1969
qorqia 1958: qorqia rodion `aleqsandre wuwunava~
gamomcemloba `poligrafkombinati ,,komunisti~
Tbilisi 1958
qorqia 1960: qorqia rodion `akaki faRava~ gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1960
168
yvarelaSvili 1981: yvarelaSvili mixeil `erovnuli saopero
reJisuris fuZemdebeli~ Jurnali
`Teatraluri moambe~ 1981 №1
SalikaSvili 1962: SalikaSvili valerian `rerilebi mogonebani~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1962
SvangiraZe 1986: SvangiraZe nino ~aleqsandre wuwunava~
gamomcemloba `saq. Teat. Sazogadoeba~
Tbilisi 1986
SvangiraZe 1964: SvangiraZe nino `Teatraluri etiudebi~
gamomcemloba `literature da xelovneba~
Tbilisi 1964
SvangiraZe 1962: Svangiraze nino `akaki faRava~ Jurnali
`sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1962 №10
Cexovi 2003:P Чехов Михаил ,,Путь актера ~ изд ,,Транзиткнига~
Москва 2003
CxeiZe 1953: CxeiZe nuca `kote mesxi~ gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1953
CxeiZe 1956: CxeiZe uSangi `mogonebebi da werilebi~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1956
wereTeli 1955: wereTeli akaki `Teatris Sesaxeb~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1955
wereTeli 1960: wereTeli akaki `TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli~
tomi XI gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~
Tbilisi 1960
wereTeli 1961: wereTeli akaki `TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli~
tomi XIII gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~
Tbilisi 1961
wereTeli 1961: wereTeli akaki `TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli~
tomi XIV gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~
Tbilisi 1961
wulukiZe 1968: wulukiZe anton `evgeni miqelaZe~ gamomc.
`Teatris biblioTeka~ Tbilisi 1968
169
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe ilia `TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli~
tomi III gam. `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba~ Tbilisi 1953
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe ilia `Teatris Sesaxeb~ gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1955
xuWua 1974: xuWua pavle `zaqaria faliaSvili~
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1974
javaxiSvili 1964: javaxiSvili mixeil `rCeuli Txzulebani~
tomi VI gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~
Tbilisi 1964
janeliZe 1958: janeliZe dimitri ,,saxioba~ wigni I
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1958
janeliZe 1972: janeliZe dimitri ,,saxioba~ wigni II
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi 1972
janeliZe 1990: janeliZe dimitri ,,saxioba~ wigni IV
gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos Teatris
moRvaweTa kavSiri~ Tbilisi 1990