Wacana Ham 2 - Dr Zulfakar

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WACANA HAK ASASIWACANA HAK ASASI

MANUSIAMANUSIA

Islam & Human RightsIslam & Human Rights inin thethe

Federal Constitution of Federal Constitution of

MalaysiaMalaysia

Ibnu Ramlee al-TayyibeeIbnu Ramlee al-Tayyibee

2 April 2006 / 3 Rabiulawal2 April 2006 / 3 Rabiulawal

1427H1427H



OUTLINES OF DISCUSSIONOUTLINES OF DISCUSSION1. The Supremacy of the

Constitution

2. Position of Islam

3. Fundamental Liberties

4. ISA, OSA, AUKU

5. Related Issues



SUPREMACY OFSUPREMACY OF

CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

This constitution is the Supreme

law of the Federation and any lawpassed after Merdeka Day which isinconsistent with this Constitution shall,to the extent of the inconsistency, be

void.(Article 4)



Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundUndang-Undang Melaka

Undang-Undang Kedah (1650 M)

Undang-Undang 99 Perak

Batu Bersurat Terengganu (1303M)

Undang-Undang Pahang (1600M) ( Prof. Ahmad, Jurnal Hukum 1997, p.119-137.(



THE POSITION OF ISLAMTHE POSITION OF ISLAM

Religion of the Federation (Article3)

Conference of Rulers (Article 38)Subject matter of federal and

State laws (Article 74, 9th Schedule

– State List, List for States Of Sabah And Sarawak



IslamIslam

Kes Che Omar bin Che Soh v PP[1988]

Kes Meor Atiqulrahman & Others vFatimah & Others. [2005]MLJ 375



The constitutionality of Shariah CourtThe constitutionality of Shariah Court

In all States:

By virtue of:

Article 74

Ninth Schedule;Item 1 of the State List.(ListII)

In Federal Territories:

Ninth Schedule; Item 6(e) of the Federal List.(List I)



Article 121(1)(A)Article 121(1)(A)

The courts referred to in

clause (1) shall have no jurisdiction in respect of

any matter within the

jurisdiction of the Syariahcourts.



FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIESFUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES

The right to life and liberty (Article 5)

The prohibition of slavery and forcedlabour (Article 6)

The protection against retrospectivecriminal laws and repeated trials (Article 7)

Equality before the law (Article 8)



Continued:Continued:

The prohibition against banishment andfreedom of movement (Article 9)

The freedom of speech, assembly and

association (Article 10)The freedom of religion (Article 11)

The rights in respect of education (Article 12)

The right to property (Article 13)



3. PREVENTIVE LAWS3. PREVENTIVE LAWS

PROVISIONS OF FEDERALCONSTITUTION – A.149

SAFEGUARDS UNDER THE

CONSTITUTION – A.151



Purpose of Preventive LawsPurpose of Preventive Laws

Article 149Article 149 WHEREAS action has been taken and further actionis threatened by a substantial body of persons bothinside and outside Malaysia -

(1) to cause, and to cause a substantial

number of citizens to fear, organised violenceagainst persons and property; and

(2) to procure the alteration, otherwise than by

lawful means, of the lawful Government of Malaysiaby law established;





Definition of Terrorism (S.2Definition of Terrorism (S.2

ISA)ISA)“terrorist” means any person who -

(a) by the use of any firearm, explosive or ammunitionacts in a manner prejudicial to the public safety or to themaintenance of public order or incites to violence or

counsels disobedience to the law or to any lawful order;(b) carries or has in his possession or under his controlany firearm, ammunition or explosive without lawfulauthority therefore; or

(c) demands, collects or receives any supplies for theuse of any person who intends or is about to act, or hasrecently acted, in a manner prejudicial to public safety orthe maintenance of public order



Categories of Cases under ISACategories of Cases under ISA

Criminal CasesCriminal Cases

Preventive CasesPreventive Cases

- Power to order detention or restriction- Power to order detention or restriction

of persons (S.8) – “…Minister isof persons (S.8) – “…Minister is

satisfied that the detention of anysatisfied that the detention of anyperson is necessary…person is necessary…



POWERS OF ARRESTSPOWERS OF ARRESTS

Section 72. Seizability andSection 72. Seizability and

bailability of offences.bailability of offences.

Section 73. Power to detainSection 73. Power to detain

suspected persons.suspected persons.

Section 11Section 11



LEGAL PROCESSLEGAL PROCESS

(1) Representation (S.11)(1) Representation (S.11)

(2) Review (S.13)(2) Review (S.13)

(3) Judicial Review (A.5)(3) Judicial Review (A.5)



HABEAS CORPUS HABEAS CORPUS

PROCEDURES IN MAKING APROCEDURES IN MAKING A

COMPLAINTCOMPLAINT

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODECRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE

(REVISED 1999) (ACT 593)(REVISED 1999) (ACT 593)

S.365-374S.365-374



EXTRAORDINARY POWERS OFEXTRAORDINARY POWERS OF

ISAISA Curability of Detention OrderCurability of Detention Order

Restriction on Judicial ReviewRestriction on Judicial Review

Different Approaches of Judicial ReviewDifferent Approaches of Judicial Review

Retrospective Effect of Amendments toRetrospective Effect of Amendments to

ISAISA

Legality of Usage of Lethal Weapons inLegality of Usage of Lethal Weapons in

Effecting ArrestEffecting Arrest Overwhelming Powers of RegulationsOverwhelming Powers of Regulations



Cadangan SuruhanjayaCadangan Suruhanjaya

Tertakluk kepada Seksyen 8 dantindakan tersebut adalah prejudis

kepada keselamatan M’sia. Tempoh penahanan tidak lebih dari

30 hari.Hak dilawati oleh keluarga dan

peguam tidak lewat daripada 7 haridari tarikh ditangkap.



ISA v. ISLAMISA v. ISLAM

BERCANGGAH DENGAN PRINSIPASAS KEADILAN

DAKWAAN TIDAK DIBUKTIKAN DIMAHKAMAH TERBUKA. TIADA HAK UNTUK MEMBELA DIRI PENAHANAN MESTI BERSEBAB

DENGAN ALASAN YANG KUAT DANDIBUKTIKAN.



ISA v IslamISA v Islam

TEMPOH PENAHANAN YANG LAMA? MEMBUKA PINTU KEBATILAN,

MENGUNDANG KEZALIMAN MELANGGARI NILAI AKHLAK ISLAM MEMBERI KESAN/AKIBAT YANG

TIDAK SEPATUTNYA TERHADAP TERTUDUH



AUKU 1971AUKU 1971Section 15

No person, while he is a student of

the U, shall be a member of,associate with, any society,

political party, any organisation,body or group …whether or not it

is established under any law, inthe U or outside the U



……except as may be provided byexcept as may be provided by

or under the Constitution, or or under the Constitution, or except as may be approved inexcept as may be approved in

advance in writing by theadvance in writing by the VCVC..



Section 15(3)Section 15(3)

No person, while he is astudent of the U, shall express

or do anything which may beconstrued as expressingsupport, sympathy or

opposition to any politicalparty



OSAOSA

AKTA RAHSIA RASMI

KES EZAM

KES IRENE FERNANDEZ



POLICE ACT 1967POLICE ACT 1967

27. Power to regulateassemblies, meetings and

processions.



Cadangan SuruhanjayaCadangan Suruhanjaya

Sek. 27 mesti menghayati semangatPerkara 10 (2)(3) Perlembagaan.

Sek. 27(2) meletakkan beban yangberat kepada penganjur untuk meyakiniKPD agar perhimpunan tidakmendatangkan mudarat…

Takrifan “keselamatan” terlalu umumdan boleh/seringkali dimanupulasikan.

(lihat ms. 338-341)



POLICE ACTPOLICE ACT

These sections to be abolished.These sections to be abolished.

27A. Power to stop certain activities whichtake place other than in a public place.

27B. Use of force in dispersing or arresting

persons pursuant to section 27 or 27A

“…any police officer or any other person actingin aid of a police officer may do all thingsnecessary for dispersing them and for

arresting them or any of them pursuant tosection 27(6) or 27A(5),”

( Laporan Suruhanjaya ms. 354)



Perlembagaan Mengapaperluhad?

Hak-hak Had-had

The right to life and liberty (Article 5)

The prohibition of slavery andforced labour (Article 6)

The protection againstretrospective criminal lawsand repeated trials (Article 7)

Equality before the law (Article8)

The prohibition against

banishment and freedom of movement (Article 9)

The freedom of speech,assembly and association (Article 10)

The freedom of religion

(Article 11)The rights in respect of

Perkara 10 (2), (4)

Perkara 149

Akta Polis 1967

Akta PersatuanAkta Keselamatan

Dalam Negeri 1960(ISA)

Akta Rahsia Rasmi1972 (OSA)

Akta Hasutan 1948

Akta Universiti & KolejUniversiti 1971(AUKU)

Akta Penerbitan danPercetakan 1984

etc

etc

Keharmoniankaum

Keselamatannegara

(menurut Kerajaan)



Apa kata Prof Undang-undangApa kata Prof Undang-undang "Absolute freedom does not exist in any country, but restrictions must be reasonable.

Just because the Constitution gives Parliament the power to make or amend laws as itdeems fit, it does not mean the laws or amendments are constitutional if they violate thespirit of the Constitution," Assoc Prof Dr Azmi Sharom from UM said.

"Many of these laws go far beyond the constitutionally permissible restrictions. Ourlegislature behave as if they are supreme and are not restrained by the Constitution,"Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) legal advisor Prof Dr Shad Saleem Faruqi said.

The law professors said the problem also lies in the reluctance of courts to examine andchallenge these unconstitutional laws.



Apa kata Prof Undang-undangApa kata Prof Undang-undang

"The courts may not be able to challenge Parliament's power tomake laws but they can challenge the reasonable-ness andconstitutionality of these laws," Azmi argued.

"Democracy requires consultations before decisions are made and

policies framed. The existence of alternative sources of informationand centres of power such as NGOs are crucial,” Shad said.



Related IssuesRelated Issues

Freedom of Religion & Apostasy

Equality & Gender discrimination



Perkara 11Perkara 11“ Tiap-tiap orang adalah berhak

menganut dan mengamalkanugamanya dan tertakluk pada fasal (4),

mengembangkan agamanya”

“(4) State law and federal law may

control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief amongpersons professing the religion of Islam.”



Isu Murtad;Isu Murtad; ““mereka” nak:mereka” nak:Kuasa menentukan status agama

seseorang yang sudah Islam ialah

Mahkamah Sivil.Mahkamah Syariah tiada bidang kuasa.

Peruntukan mengenai hukuman tidakSah.

Mahkamah Syariah- unconstitutional!



StrategiStrategi “Mereka”“Mereka”IFD – IRC – ICMAda satu suruhanjaya agama yang

menanggani isu-isu membabitkanketidakpuasan hal-hal keagamaantermasuk yg. Melibatkan murtad.

AlhamduliLah, usaha ini GAGAL.



Strategi ke-2,”mereka”:Strategi ke-2,”mereka”:

Pinda Perkara121(1)(A) !



Article 121(1)(A)Article 121(1)(A)

The courts referred to in

clause (1) shall have no jurisdiction in respect of

any matter within the

jurisdiction of the Syariahcourts.



Prof. Ahmad Ibrahim:Prof. Ahmad Ibrahim:

One important effect of the

amendment is to avoid for thefuture any conflict betweenthe decisions of the Syariah

courts and Civil courts,…



Pertahankan 121(1)(A)Pertahankan 121(1)(A)121(1A) Tak perlu dipindaPeruntukan lain yang perlu dipinda

eg. Jadual 9 Senarai I&IISek. 51 LRAEnakmen Kawalan Penyebaran

Agama lainSeragamkan Enakmen Murtad eg.

Negeri Sembilan.

T ki iT ki i A l i k t kA l i k t k



TerkiniTerkini…Apa lagi kata mereka……Apa lagi kata mereka… KUALA LUMPUR , Mar 14 (IPS) - Moderate Muslims and non-Muslims,

fearful of incursions by Islamic 'Shariah' law into their private space,have launched a movement to rediscover Malaysia's secular

constitution and restore it as the country's supreme law. In a nationwidecampaign they will persuade Malaysians to endorse a memorandum worded inguarded English that ''reaffirms the supremacy of the constitution''.

The campaign is being organised by the Bar Council and 'Article 11' -- acoalition of 14 non-governmental organisations, named after theconstitutional provision that upholds fundamental rights for allMalaysians ''regardless of religion, race, descent, place of birth or

gender''. Significant is the participation of 'Sisters in Islam', a leading Muslimfeminist group.

Together, the campaigners demand that the Malaysian government and the judiciary uphold the supremacy of the constitution; ensure governancein accordance with the constitution; demand that the governmentreaffirm that Malaysia is not a theocratic state and urge thegovernment to recognise the independence of the judiciary.



Dan lagi…Dan lagi…

''We want to reaffirm the supremacy of the secular constitutionbecause there is a danger Malaysia is being turned into an Islamicstate in a silent and insidious manner,'' said lawyer Malik Imtiaz Sarvar,an outspoken defender of secularism, civil law and democratic rights.

''The minds of politicians, judges and civil servants have becomeclouded as they see themselves as Muslims first and citizenssecond,'' said Malik. ''The moderate Muslim majority is silent and we

want to awaken them with our campaign.''

''Malaysia is not an Islamic state, Malaysia is a secular state and theconstitution is the supreme law of the land,'' said Imtiaz, a keycampaigner for secular rights.[NOTA: Tidak ada satu perkataan ‘sekular’ pun dalam Perlembagaan]



Isu diskriminasi WanitaIsu diskriminasi Wanita::Hakim wanita

Kesaksian wanita

Harta Pesaka

Harta Sepencarian

Poligami

Fasakh



Sekian.Sekian.

Terima Kasih.Terima Kasih.

........ ق اعوا فيى أ عك رسوله الؤمونWassalam

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Wacana Ham 2 - Dr Zulfakar