wd¾Ól úoHdj - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/SGr12TGEcon.pdf · 2018. 1. 17. · wd¾Ól úoHdj.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh 12 fY%aKsh ^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&' jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl

wd¾Ól úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

12 fY%aKsh^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&'

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uY%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lkEmail : info@ nie.lk

wd¾Ól úoHdj.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

12 fY%aKsh

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uY%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lk

wd¾Ól úoHdj

12 fY%aKsh - .=reud¾f.damfoaYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh - 2017

ISBN :

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j

úµd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh (

i

mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iii

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh iv

úIhud,d lñgqj v-vii

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia viii

bf.kqï m, yd wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï 01- 273

uQ,dY% .%ka: 274

ii

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr

.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h

mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska

Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,os'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bosrsm;a l<

fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shl

m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015

jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia

uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh

Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;a ùu

yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re

úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu"

mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY

,nd oSfï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< oS jvd;a

M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldrS jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a

ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag

wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh

lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd

jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH

jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh

lsrSuhs¡

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u

iïm;aodhlhska yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla

lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh

w;S;fha isg u wOHdmkh ksrka;rfhka fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh fjñka bÈßhg .ukalrñka ;snqKs' uE; hq.fha fuu fjkia ùu ±ä f,i YS>% ù we;' bf.kqï l%ufõoj,fuka u ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú;h w;ska yd ±kqu W;amdokh iïnkaOfhka o .; jqoYl fol ;=< úYd, msì§ula olakg ,enqKs' fï wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o 2015g wod< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd wm%udo j iqÿiq mshjr .ksñka isà' f.da,Sh j isÿjk fjkialï .ek fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr foaYSh wjYH;d wkqj wkqj¾;khg ,la lrYsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï m%fõYh mdol lr .ksñka kj úIhud,dj ie,iqï lrmdi,a moaO;sfha kshuqjka f,i fiajh lrk .=re Nj;=ka jk Tn fj; fuu .=reud¾f.damfoaYh mqo lrkafka b;d i;=áks'

fujeks kj u. fmkaùfï WmfoaYk ix.%yhla Tn fj; ,nd fokafka ta u.ska Tng jvdfyd| odhl;ajhla ,nd Èh yelsfõh hk úYajdih ksid h'

fuu WmfoaYk ix.%yh mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § Tng uy`.= w;aje,lajkjdg lsisu ielhla ke;' tfia u fuh o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ld,Sk iïm;a øjHNdú;fhka jvd;a ixj¾Okd;aul m%fõYhla Tiafia mka;s ldurh yiqrejd .ekSug Tngksoyi we;'

Tn fj; ,nd fok fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh uekúka wOHhkh lr jvd ks¾udKYS,s oremrmqrla ìys lr YS% ,xldj wd¾Ól yd iudÔh w;ska bÈßhg f.k hdug lemùfuka hq;=jlghq;= lrkq we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ'

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ks¾udKh jqfha fuu úIh flaIa;%hg wod< .=re Nj;=ka ydiïm;a mqoa.,hska /ilf.a fkdmiqng W;aidyh yd lemùu ksid h'

wOHdmk moaO;sfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid ksu jq fuu ld¾hh ud b;du;a Wiia f,i w.h

lrk w;r fï i|yd lemù ls%hd l< Tn ieug uf.a f.!rjdkaú; ia;=;sh msßkuñ'

tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾OkksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a^úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh - Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd"

lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úIhud,d WmfoaYl lñgqj

fla' wd¾' moauissß uhd wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h m%ikak fmf¾rd uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h tï' .fKaYuQ¾;s uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"fld<U úYaj úoHd,h'

tï' luks fmf¾rd ñh wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj"wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs'mS'tia' moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h" lE.,a,'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;nq;af;a.u'

î'tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'v

úIhud,d lñgqj

fla' wd¾' moauissß uhd wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uydpd¾h fla' hQ' t' f;kakfldka ñh wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h î' tï' iqukr;ak uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Ok ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

tï't*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j.d,a,

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"fmdf,af.dv uyd úoHd,h fydrK'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

mS' t,a'ta' kkaofiak uhd .=re fiajh 1

ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld úoHd,h" .d,a,

vi

vii

ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"


B' tï'tï' fla talkdhl uhd ixLHd f,aLk{"

ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk

fomd¾;fïka;=j'

t' ùr;=x. uhd ixLHd f,aLk{"

ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk

fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs' mS' tia' moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h"lE.,a,'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

î' tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

tï' t*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

.d,a,'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"


mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"fmd,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'

mS' t,a'ta' kkaofiak uhd .=re fiajh I"

ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld úoHd,h" .d,a,'

mS' ã' Oïñld ñh .=re fiajh II"

fmdf,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'

tï' cS' fþ' mú;%dkS .=re fiajh II"

isrsudfjda nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

tï' tï' ta' w,Sï uhd .=re fiajh II"

rKìu cd;sl mdi,"

fmardfoKsh'

ixialdrl uKav,h

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uy;d wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mß.Kl joka ieliqu

1' mS' hQ' ã' tia' lreKdr;ak ñh" iaj¾Kud,S uyd úoHd,h" uykqjr'

2' tA' à' tia' .uf.a ñh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

3' î' tA' tia' fl!I,Hd fukúh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úúO iyh

1' à' tia' ueKsfla ñh" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

2 ví' t' t' úl%udrÉÑ uhd" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

viii

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh" jir wglg jrlal%shd;au; jkakd jQ úIhud,d kùlrK m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kùlrKh lr 2017 j¾Ifha

isg l%shd;aul fõ' m<uqjrg 2009 j¾Ifha § ksmqK;d mdol j y÷kajd fok ,o wd¾Ól

úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr 12 yd 13 fY%aKs i|yd ksmqK;d 12la hgf;a fm<.iajd we;' 12 fY%aKsh i|yd wod< jk úIh ks¾foaYfha m<uq jk ksmqK;dfõ isg yhjk ksmqK;dj olajd jk ksmqK;d uÜgï 42 i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< l%shd;aul l<yels m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla fuys fhdckd flf¾'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha 12 fY%aKsh i|yd

jk ish¨ u ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ilia lr we;'fuys § wod< ksmqK;dj" ksmqK;d uÜgu" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd fjka lr we;sld,Éfþo .Kk yd ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § <`.d lr .; hq;= bf.kqï M, m<uqj±lafjk w;r" wk;=e j mdvï ie,iï lsÍu i|yd fhdackd flfrk Wmfoia yd úIhlreKq o meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la o bÈßm;a lr we;'

fuys fhdð;" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia wkqj" wd¾Ól úoHdj úIhhg wod<úIh lreKq ms<sn| ±kqu muKla fkdj ta ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿixj¾Okh flfrk mßÈ mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kqwe;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd wjYH u`. fmkaùu fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhka ,efíhehs wfmalaId flf¾'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia yd úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la ysi|yka lrekq mßYS,kfhka mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd wjYH mdvïie,iqï ilia lr m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug isiqka fhduq lsÍu iEu .=reNjf;l= úiska l<hq;= fõ'

wd¾Ól úoHdj m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod wd¾Ólfha fjkia ùï ms<sn|

wOHkfha isg úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIh lreKqj, we;sjk fjkia ùï ms<sn| jie,ls,su;a ù .=reNj;=ka úiska mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

jHdmD;s kdhl'

bf.kqï m, yd

wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï

`

1

ksmqK;dj 1 (- wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak yd tajd úi|d .kakd úl,am

l%u ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 (- wd¾Ól úoHd úIh fCIa;%h mÍlaId lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

ñksiqka f.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu úia;r lrhs'

wd¾Ól úoHdj iudcSh úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lrhs'

wd¾Ól úoHdj bf.kSfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

iQCIau yd id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd úIh fCIa;% w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ h:dkqrEms iy wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY w;r fjki ksoiqka u.ska

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (-

idudkH fm< úIh Odrdjg yeoErE úIhhka ms<sn| j yd tu úIhhka w;rska

úoHdj úIhh iy mqrjeis wOHhkh hk úIhhka foflys fjkialï ms<sn| j

YsIHhkaf.aa woyia úuikak'

my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

úoHdj úIhfhka wOHhkhg ,la lf<a iajdNdúl mrsirfha ixisoaê ms<sn| j

jk w;r" tAjd m¾fhaIKd.drj, isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj,ska ,nd.kakd ks.uk

Tiafia wOHhkh flrsKs'

mqrjeis wOHhkh iudchl hym;a mqrjeishl= f,i cSj;a ùug wjYH oE

ms<sn| j wOHhkhg ,la flfrk w;r" iudcfha ñksiqka yeisfrk wdldrh

úúO o!IaáfldaKj,ska wOHhkh lr ,nd.;a ks.uk Tiafia wOHhkh

flrsKs'

fï wdldrhg iudcfha ñksiqka yeisfrk wdldrh úúO oDIaáfldaKj,ska

wOHhkh lSrSu iudcSh úoHdj,ska isÿ flf¾'

iudcSh úoHdjka u.ska úúOdldr jQ udkj yeisÍï fyj;a ñksia iudcfha úúO

me;slv wOHhkh flf¾'

`

2

ñksia yeisÍïj, wd¾Ól me;slv wd¾Ól úoHd úIhfha§ wOHhkhg ,la

flf¾'

wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska ñksia iudch ;=< ñksidf.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu wOHhkh

flfrk ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj iudcSh úoHdjla fõ'

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

my; i|yka ia:dk fol w;ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ia:dkh flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wd.ñl ia:dkhla

mdka fílßhla

Tnf.a lKavdhug ,eî we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj kï lrkak'

Tjqka isÿ lrk l%shdldrlï meyeos,s lrkak'

Tjqkaf.a m%Odk wruqK iy wjYH;dj meyeos,s lrkak'

Tnf.a lKavdhug ,eî we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj iy wfkla lKavdhug ,eî

we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj w;r we;s fjkialï ii|kak'

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bÈßm;a lsÍug

iQodkï jkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

iudcfha cSj;ajk ñksiqkag úúO wjYH;d mj;sk w;r" fuu wjYH;d

fN!;sl wjYH;d iy udkisl wjYH;d f,i j¾. l< yels h'

NdKav yd fiajd mrsfNdackh u.ska Rcq j u imqrd.; yels wjYH;d fN!;sl

wjYH;d f,i ye|skafõ'

ksoiqka(- wdydr"ksjdi" weÿï

NdKav yd fiajd mrsfNdackfhka Rcq j u imqrd.; fkdyels udkisl

wjYH;d o mj;S'

ksoiqka(- wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh" wdorh" lreKdj

`

3

ñksiqka iudcfha mj;sk iSñ; iïm;a fhdod f.k fN!;sl wjYH;d yd

jqjukd bgq lr.ekSug isÿlrk l%shdldrlï yd yeisrSï wd¾Ól yeisÍï f,i

yÿkajhs'

ksoiqka(- NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu yd mrsfNdackh

iudcfha ñksiqkaf.a úúO yeisrSï mj;sk w;r" ñksiqkaf.a wd¾Ól yeisrSï

ms<sn| wOHhkh wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=<ska isÿ flf¾'

wd¾Ól úoHdfjys wjOdkhg n÷ka jk úúOdldr jQ wd¾Ól kHdh yd uQ,O¾u

úoHd;aul l%ufõo wkqj f.dvke.S we;s neúka" wd¾Ól úoHdj úoHdjla fia

ie,fla'

wd¾Ól úoHdj wfkl=;a iajdNdúl úoHdjkaf.ka fjkia jk m%Odk idOl

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska ñksiqka f.a wd¾Ól yeisÍï ú.%y lsÍu'

f.dvkef.k wd¾Ól kHdh m¾fhaIKd.dr ;=< ikd: l< fkdyels ùu'

ñksia yeisÍu ld,h" m%foaYh" iudc mßirh jeks idOl flfrys ixfõoS

jk neúka iajdNdúl úoHdjka ys oS t<efUk wdldrfha oeä iajrEmfha

kHdhhka wd¾Ól úoHdj jeks iudcSh úoHdjkays f.dvke.sh fkdyels

ùu'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhkhg ,la jk wd¾Ól me;slv hkafkka woyia

jkafka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh" yqjudrej" mrsfNdackh yd iïnkaO

ñksia yeisÍï h'

NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr .ekSug ñksiqka ;=< we;s wiSñ; wdYdjka iy Bg

idfmaCI j tu NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu g wjYH iïm;a m%udKfha iSñ; nj

w;r .egqu iu:hlg m;a lr.ekSug ñsksiqka lghq;= lrk wdldrh wd¾Ól

úoHdfjka wOHhkh flf¾'

ñksia iudcfha b;d mq¿,a úIh mrdihla wd¾Ól me;slv yd iïnkaO jk

w;r" ñksid uqyqK fok ±fjk m%Yak rdYshla wd¾Ól iajrEmhla .kS'

fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj ;rï ck ðù;hg ióm ;j;a úIhhla fkdue;s ;rï

h'

iudcSh úoHdjka w;r /ðk f,iska wd¾Ól úoHdj ie,flkafka o fï ksid

h'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wjOdkhg n÷ka jk iEu wd¾Ól lghq;a;la u NdKav yd

fiajd ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu yd mßfNdackh iïnkaO ls%hdldrlï h'

`

4

fï wkqj hym;a ck Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd

mßfNdackh lrñka" ;u fN!;sl jqjukd imqrd .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hka yd

iudch l%shd;aul jk wdldrh yd tys,d ;SrK .kq ,nk wdldrh wd¾Ól

úoHd úIhh fCIa;%h ;=<ska wOHhkhg ,la flf¾'

by; bÈßm;a ù we;s woyia ie,ls,a,g .kSñka wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| fmdÿ

ks¾jpkhla my; f,i bÈßm;a l< yels h'

“úl,am Ndú; iys; ysÕ iïm;a yd wiSñ; ñksia jqjukd w;r iïnkaO;dj

wOHhkh lrk úIh wd¾Ól úoHdj hs'”

fuu woyiu ;j ÿrg;a ixlaIsma; lr my; my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

“ iSñ; iïm;a j,ska wiSñ; ñksia jqjukdjka imqrd.kafka flfia±hs yodrkq ,nk

úoHdj wd¾Ól úoHdj hs'”

wd¾Ól úoHdj bf.kSfï jeo.;alug ksoiqka lSmhla my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels h'

1. rdcH md,kfha § jeo.;a ùu

2. id¾:l mqrjeishl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug jeo.;a ùu

3. wd¾Ól ixisoaê jvd;a fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSug jeo.;a ùu

4. wdfhdaclhkag" mdßfNda.slhkag iy ksIamdolhkag ld¾hCIu ;SrK .ekSfï §

jeo.;a ùu

5. Pkao odhlhkag ish Pkaoh Ndú; lsßfï § jeo.;a ùu

6. mdi,a YsIHhkag ;d¾lsl j is;d ;SrK .ekSug jeo.;a ùu

7. mqoa.,hl=g jvd;a fyd| /lshdjla f;dard .ekSfï § jeo.;a ùu

wd¾Ólh iukaú; ù we;s tla tla wxY" wdh;k" mqoa.,hka iy wd¾Ól úp,H wdos

l=vd tall fjka fjka jYfhka f.k tajdfha yeisÍu wOHhkh lsÍu iQlaIau wd¾Ól

úoHdj f,i ye|skafõ'

fï wkqj wd¾Ól moaO;shl isák mdßfNda.slhka" Y%ñlhka" ksIamdok wdh;k yd

rch jeks ;SrK .kakd úúO tallj, wd¾Ól yeisÍu ú.%y lsÍu iQlaIu wd¾Ól

úoHdj ;=<ska is¥ flf¾'

iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhkh flfrk tall i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my;

oelafõ'

hï NdKavhl b,aü" iemhqu" ñ, ;SrKh ùu wdÈh wOHhkh lsÍu'

wdh;khl ksIamdok Ys%;h

`

5

wdh;khl ksIamdok msßjeh

tla tla NdKavj, fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajh

fjf<|fmdf<a mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu

jHdmdr wdh;khl fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajh

ysÕlu

wdka;sl msßjeh

úl,am w;ßka f;aÍï lsÍu

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfjka wd¾Ólfha iuia; l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh flf¾'

wd¾Ólhl iuia; l%shdldß;ajh isÿ jkafka tla tla wxY" wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka wdos

l=vd tall ish,af,a tl;=fjks'

tfyhska ta ta wxYj, iuia; l%shdldß;ajh;a" tu l%shdldß;ajh ;SrKh lrk

idOl;a" tu l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska mek k.sk m%Yak;a" id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ §

wOHhkh flf¾'

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhk flfrk tall i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; oela fõ'

iuia; ksuejqï uÜgu

iuia; wdodhï uÜgu

wd¾Ól W;amd; yd wjmd;

WoaOukh

fiajd kshqla;sh

ú/lshd uÜgu

wdfhdackh

wd¾Ól jDoaêh

wd¾Ól miq neiSu

f.jqï fYaIh

úksuh wkqmd;slh

uqo,a iemhqu

wmkhk $ wdkhk

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh h:dkqrEms yd wNsu;dkqrEms hk foj¾.fhys u m%ldYhkaf.ka

iukaú; h'

`

6

l=ula o" l=ula jQfha o" l=ula jkq we;a o wd§ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re §u i|yd fhduq jQ iy

m%ldYfha ksrjoH;dj mÍlaIdjg ,la l< yels m%ldY h:dkqrEms m%ldY kï fõ'

tkï hul mj;sk iajNdjh" meje;s iajNdjh iy ta weiqfrka wkd.;fha ksYaÑ; j

u isÿ jkqfha l=ula±hs ±lafjk m%ldY h'

tn÷ m%ldYhl ksrjoH;dj ienE f,dj lreKq weiqßka mÍlaIdjg ,la fldg ne,sh

yels h'

ienE f,dj o;a; u.ska tu m%ldYh ;yjqre jqjfyd;a th ms<s.efka' ke;fyd;a

m%;slafIam flf¾'

h:dkQrEms m%ldYhkays lsishï úoHd;aul njla" kHdhd;aul njla" ±lsh yels h'

fndfyda wd¾Ól kHdhka u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka o h:dkqrEms m%ldYhka h'

tfia u h:dkqrEms m%ldYhkays ±ä f,i úIhdkqnoaO njla o mj;S'

h:dkQrEms m%ldY i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

uqo,a iemhqu iy ñ, uÜgu w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

2013 j¾Ifha Y%s ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh 4'4]la úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 1]ls'

wd¾Ól yeisÍï iy ixisoaêka meyeÈ,s lsÍug h:dkqrEms m%ldY fhdod .efka'

iudch ;=< mej;sh hq;af;a l=ula o " isÿ úh hq;af;a l=ula o hkak ms<sn| j bÈßm;a

ù we;s m%ldY wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY h'

wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY mqoa., woyia" úYajdi iy idrO¾u wdÈh u; r|d mj;sk neúka

fïjd fndfyda fihska u mqoa.,noaO fõ'

ienE f,dj o;a; weiqfrka úIhnoaO j wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldYj, i;Hdi;H nj mÍlaId

lsÍu wmyiq h'

wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

ieu rdcH fiajlhl=f.a u udisl jegqm remsh,a 5000lska jeä l< hq;= h'

Y%S ,xldj ixj¾Okhg úfoaYdOdr ,nd.; hq;= h'

ieu mqrjeishl=g u fkdñf,a ffjoHdOdr ,nd Èh hq;= h'

ieu mqoa.,hl=g u iudk wdodhula ,eìh hq;= h'

Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê fõ.h 8] uÜgfï mj;ajd .; hq;= h'

wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| ú.%yhka i|yd wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY jeo.;a fõ'

`

7

ksmqK;d ugÜu 1'2 (- NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackfhka wjYH;d yd jqjukd

;Dma;su;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'


wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m,

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wd¾Ól NdKav yd wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, fjki ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav" wd¾Ól NdKav njg m;ajk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

iïm;a " wd¾Ól iïm;a yd wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a f,i j¾. lrhs'

iajdNdúl iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels yd m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a

f,i j¾. lr ksoiqka olajhs'


ñksiqkag Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH foa fudkjd o hkak YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'

YsIHhka fok ms<s;=re yd iïnkaO fjñka wjYH;d hkq fudkjd ±hs y÷kd

.ekSug Tjqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

ta ta wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldrfhka YsIHhkag ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug

Wmfoia fokak'

ta weiqßka wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'


`

8


my; i|yka jkafka ñksia wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakd

NdKav ldKav j¾. folls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav

ldKavh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ysre t<sh" jd;h" jeis c,h" iqq<Õ

fmd;am;a" fpdl,Ü" nksia" im;a;=

tu NdKav m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka l=uk wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug o@

tu wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fhdod .; yels fjk;a NdKav fyda fiajd

,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

wfkla lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav ldKavh" Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s

NdKav ldKavfhka fjkia jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'

tu NdKavh ksIamdokhg wjYH iïm;a ,nd .kafka flfia o@

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


ñksiqkag Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH flfrk uQ,sl u oE wjYH;d kñka ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka - wdydr

we÷ï me,e÷ï

ksjdi

wjYH;d bgq lr .kakd úúO iajrEm jqjukd kï fõ'

ksoiqka -

wjYH;d cSj úoHd;aul uQ,hka iuÕ ne|S mj;sk w;r" jqjukd iïm%odhhka isß;a úß;a

yd ixialD;Ska wdÈh u; r|d mj;S'

wjYH;d iSñ; jk w;r jqjukd wiSñ; fõ'

ld,h;a iuÕ wjYH;d fjkia fkdjqK o jqjukd ld,h;a iuÕ fjkia fõ'

wjYH;d fmdÿ jk w;r jqjukd mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia fõ'

wjYH;dj

wdydr

n;a

mdka

b¢wdmam

frdá

�වමනා

`

9

øjHd;aul ^fN!;sl& jqjukd " øjHd;aul fkdjk ûdkisl& jqjukd f,iska jqjukd j¾.

l< yels w;r wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wjOdkh fhduq jkafka NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackfhka

;Dma;su;a lr.; yels øjHd;aul jqjukdjka flfrys h'

ñksia jqjukd imqrd .kq ,nkafka NdKavj,sks'

Ok ;Dma;shla fyj;a Wmfhda.s;djla ,ndfok ´kE u fohla wd¾Ól úoHdfõ §

NdKavhla f,iska ye|skafõ'

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .kakd NdKav

1. wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav ^fkdñ, NdKav$ msßjeh rys; NdKav $ iajdNdúl NdKav&

2. wd¾Ól NdKav f,i j¾. l< yels h'

Y=kH ñ,l § wiSñ; iemhqula iys; NdKav wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav fõ'

ksoiqka (- iajNdjO¾ufhka ,efnk jd;h" c,h iy ysre t<sh

wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla fkdmj;S'

iemhqfuys ysÕlula olakg ,efnk NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav fõ'

ksoiqka - mEka " fmd;a " yd,a " msá

wd¾Ól NdKavj, iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla mj;S'

wd¾Ól NdKav ñksid ueÈy;a ù idOl ixfhda. lr ksmojhs'

wd¾Ól NdKav ysÕ iïm;a fhdod f.k ksmojkq ,nk neúka tajdg ñ,la o mj;sk w;r"

wd¾Ól NdKavj, f;aÍu ms<sn| m%Yakhla o mj;S'

wd¾Ól NdKav lsis úfgl;a wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav njg m;a fkdjqK o wd¾Ól fkdjk

NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav njg m;ajk wjia:d mj;S'

ksoiqka (- - lsñªïlrejl= lsñ|Sfï § Ndú; lrk Tlaiscka

frda.shl=g ,ndfok Tlaiscka

iQ¾h n,fhka ksmojk iQ¾hfldaI

fnda;,a lrk ,o c,h

fujeks wjia:dj, § Ndú; jk Tlaiscka" iQ¾hdf,dalh c,h wdosh wd¾Ól NdKav njg

m;a jk w;r" tfia jkafka iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla ta ;=< mj;akd neúks'

ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH flfrk NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh

lsÍug fhdod .; yels ish¨ u ksIamdok idOl iïm;a kñka ye|skafõ'

`

10

iïm;a iajrEm folls' tkï

1. wd¾Ól iïm;a

2. wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a

iudcfha wiSñ; jqjukdj,g idfmalaI j iemhqu iSud iys; fyda ysÕlula we;s fyda iïm;a wd¾Ól iïm;a f,iska ye|skafõ'

ysÕlu wd¾Ól iïm;aj, uQ,sl ,laIKh jk neúka wd¾Ól iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § wdjia:sl msßjehla yg .kS' ksoiqka (- Ndú; lrk bvulaa" bkaOk

iajNdjO¾ufhka fkdñf,a ,efnk yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla fkdork iïm;a fuka u ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .; yels ysÕlula rys; iïm;a wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a fõ'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajNdjO¾ufhka ,eî we;s iïm;a iajdNdúl iïm;a f,iska ye¢kafõ' ksoiqka (- ysre t<sh" jd;h" jeis c,h

iajdNdúl iïm;a j¾. folls'

1. m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a

2. m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a

Ndú;hg .ekSu;a iuÕ úkdYhg m;a jqj o m%;sckkh jk iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a fõ' fuu iïm;a kej; we;s l< yels h' ksoiqka (- jk iïm;a" u;aiH iïm;a

3. Ndú;hg .ekSu ksid CIh ùug m;a jk kej; we;s l< fkdyels iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a h'

ksoiqka (- ñksrka" .Eia" r;arka" hmia" .,a wÕ=re

m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a fõ.fhka CIh fjñka mj;sk neúka tu iïm;a wkd.;hg b;srs fkdúh yels h' fï ksid ;sridr ixj¾Okh wvd< úh yels neúka iajdNdúl iïm;a wdrCId lsrSu jeo.;a fõ'

iajdNdúl iïm;a wiSñ; j Ndú;hg .ekSu ksid f.da,Sh jYfhka .eg¨ /ilg uqyqK mEug isÿ fõ' ksoiqka (- 1 jdhqf.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu 2 .a,eiSh¾ osh ùu 3 ´fidaka ia;rh isÿre ùu 4 c,h ysÕhlg uqyqK mEug isÿ ùu 5 .xj;=r yd kdhhdï jeks iajdNdúl Wmøj

fuu .eg¨ ksid we;s jk wys;lr m%;sM,j,ska je<lSu i|yd iajdNdúl iïm;a /l .ekSu w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ'

`

11

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 :- ksIamdok idOlj, ,laIK y÷kd .ksñka ksIamdok iïm;aj,

M,odhS;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj :- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, :-

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd ksIamdok idOl

j¾. lrhs'

ksIamdok idOlj, ,laIK fjk fjk u olajhs'

ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj w¾: olajhs'

ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl úia;r

lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia :-

wm i;= iïm;a ''''' kï .S;h YsIHfhl= ,jd mka;shg .dhkd lrjkak'

wm i;= iïm;a ál hs

tys we;s Ndú; f.dv hs

msßueiafuka Ndú;fhka /lSu wfm hq;=lu hs'

N+ñh" m%d.aOkh" Y%uh" jHjidhl;ajh

fï f,i wms j¾. lruq ksIamdok idOl

by; .S;fhka lshjqKq foa ms<sn| j YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'


NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍug ksIamdok iïm;a fhdod .efka'

tu iïm;a ysÕ neúka tajd msßueiSfuka Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'

tu ksIamdok iïm;a N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" jHjidhl;ajh f,i j¾. l< yels h'


`

12

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia :-

my; i|yka ksIamdok wjia:d w;ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok wjia:dj

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ueá j<ka ksIamdokh

mka meÿre ksIamdokh

fld< le| ksIamdokh

Tng wod< ksIamdok wjia:dj i|yd fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a yd

ñsksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o iïm;a jYfhka ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï ±Íu i|yd iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj

fmkajd fokak'

ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a iy ñksid úiska

ks¾udKh lrk ,o iïm;aj, ,laIK fjk fjk u olajkak'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï ±Ífuys we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fokak'

by; ksIamdokhg fhdod.kakd iïm;aj,g ork úhoï wju lr.ekSug yd jeä

ksuejqula ,nd.ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrkak'

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'

`

13

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la

ksIamdok ìys lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh iy

jHjidhl;ajh ksIamdok idOl f,i ye¢kafõ'

N+ñh yd m%d.aOkh foam< iïm;a jYfhka o Y%uh yd jHjidhl;ajh udkj iïm;a

jYfhka o j¾. l< yels h'

iajNdjO¾uh odhdo fldg we;s M,odhs;dfjka hqla; j ksIamdokhg fhdojd .; yels

iajdNdúl iïm;a N+ñh f,i ye¢kafõ' jkdka;r" Lksc iïm;a" id.rh we<fod<" jk

i;=ka .xÕd yd jdhqf.da,h jeks fmd<j u;=msg fuka u wNHka;rfha we;s ishü iïm;a

N+ñhg wh;a fõ'

N+ñfha ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

iajNdjO¾ufha odhdohla ùu

iemhqu wkuH ùu

ixp,;dfjka hqla; fkdùu

M,odhs;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu

taldldÍ fkdùu ^ msysàu" foaY.=Kh" Lksc iïm;a" c, iïm;a &

N+ñhg lrk f.ùu nÿ l=,sh ùu

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd ldhsl yd udkisl fjfyi Y%uh f,i

y÷kajhs'

Y%ufha ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'

iÔj idOlhla ùu

ixp,kh l< yels ùu

iucd;Sh fkdùu

wOHdmkh iy mqyqKqj ;=<sska Y%ufha M,odhs;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu'

;SrK .ekSu yd ixúOdkh ùug yels ùu

Y%uhg lrk f.ùu jegqma ùu

Y%u iïmf;ys m%udKh ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl my; mßÈ fõ'

ck.ykfha m%udKh yd jhia jHQyh

ck ixLHdfõ fi!LH ;;a;aj

ck ixLHdfõ wOHdmk uÜgu yd ksmqK;djh

`

14

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsßfï l%shdj,shg ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o wdOdrl

m%d.aOkh f,i ye¢ka fõ'

lïy,a" f.dvkeÕs,s" hkaf;%damlrK" jrdh" uyd ud¾." we<fõ,s iy .=jka f;dgqfmd<

wdÈh m%d.aOkhg ksoiqka fõ'

m%d.aOkfha úfYaI ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'

ñksidf.a ks¾udKhla ùu

m%d.aOkh uQ¾; ixl,amhls' th f;d. ixl,amhls'

M,odhs;dfjka hqla; ùu

kej; kej; ksIamdokhg fhdod.; yels ùu

CIhùug ,la ùu'

m%d.aOkfha m%;s,dNh fmd<sh f,i ie,lSu

m%d.aOk iïm;aj, úúO;ajh yd tajdfhys Ndú;h ;SrKh jkafka ta ta rgj, mj;sk

;dlaIKsl uÜgu wkqj h'

m%d.aOkfha úúO iajrEm my; mßÈ fõ'

ia:djr m%d.aOkh $ uQ¾; m%d.aOkh $ fN!;sl m%d.aOkh

ldrl m%d.aOkh $ ixirK m%d.aOkh $ f;d. $ mßf,aLk

wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh

iudc fmdÿ ld¾hh m%d.aOkh

udkj m%d.aOkh

iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh

iudc m%d.aOkh

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd wLKav j fhoúh yels l,a mj;sk m%d.aOk j;alï jk

l¾udka;Yd,d" hkaf;%damlrK .nvd jeksfoa ia:djr m%d.aOkhg wh;a fõ'

ia:djr m%d.aOkh Ndú;hg .efkk ld,h uq¿,af,a u lsishï m%;s,dN m%jdyhla tu

iïm;a ysñlreg ,nd foa'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk wuqøjH f;d." w¾Oksñ øjH f;d."

ksIamdokh fjñka mj;sk NdKav yd fnodyerSug iQodkï ksñ NdKav f;d. ixirK

m%d.aOkh f,i y÷kajhs'

fïjd ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ndOdjlska f;dr j lrf.k hdug;a rgl bÈß ksIamdok

ie,eiqï ilia lr .ekSug;a jeo.;a fõ'

`

15

wd¾Ólhl NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍfï l%shdj,sh myiq lrjk m%d.aOk

NdKav wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r fïjd wd¾Ól há;,

myiqlï f,i o y÷kajhs'

ksoiqka (- jrdh" .=jkaf;dgqm<" úÿ,s n, moaO;sh" jdßud¾." c,iïmdok l%u iy

uydud¾.'

wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï foaYSh yd úfoaaYSh fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùug fya;=jk

w;r j¾;udkfha fndfyda rgj, rch úiska fïjd iemhkq ,efí'

uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;djka imqrd,Sug fhdod .kq ,nk fiajdjka iïmdok flfrk m%d.aOk

NdKav iudc fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh hkqfjka y÷kajhs' wOHdmk fCIa;%fha mdi,a

f.dvkeÕs,s" fi!LH lafIa;%fha frday,a f.dvkeÕs,s" Y,Hd.dr" ffjoH m¾fhaIKd.dr yd

WmlrK fukau l=Kq li< bj;a lsßfï k, moaO;s iy mdkSh c, iïmdok moaO;s fï

hg;g .efkk w;r fï u.ska iudc Y=NidOkh bgq fõ'

Y%ñlhka jD;a;shla ;=< jvd;a M,odhS ùu g Wojqjkakd jQ wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj" m¾fhaIK"

w;a±lSï yd fi!LH ;;a;ajh hk fïjdhska ieÿï ,;a Y%ufha ksmqK;dj udkj m%d.aOkh

f,i ye|skafõ'

udkj m%d.aOkh u.ska Y%ñlhdf.a M,odhs;dj jeä lr .; yels w;r" ksIamdokfha

m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul nj o by< kxjd .; yelsh'

jeä ÈhqKq l< Y%uh jQ udkj m%d.aOkhg ksoiqka jkafkda ie,iqï Ys,amSyq" úYaj úoHd,

wdpd¾hjre" mqyqKq .=rejre iy úfYaI{ ffjoHjrek h'

rgl m%d.aOkh ìysjkafka wdfhdackh ;=<sks' wdfhdack ìysjkafka b;sß lsßï u.sks' tu

ksid m%d.aOkh" wdfhdackh yd b;=reï w;r tlsfklg ne£ mj;sk iïnkaO;djhla

mj;S'

wd¾Ólhl b;=reï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh iajrEmfhka mj;sk w;r foaYSh b;=reï" l=gqïn

b;=reï " jHdmdßl b;=reï iy rdcH b;=reï f,i j¾. l< yels h'

l=gqïn wdodhfuka tÈfkod mßfNdackhg fkd.kakd fldgil l=gqïn b;=reï fõ'

jHdmdßl ,dNfhka fldgila fkdfn¥ ,dN f,i jHdmdrh ;=< r|jd .kS' th jHdmdßl

b;=reï fõ' tajd wkd.; wdfhdackh i|yd fhdod .kS'

uq¿ rdcH wdodhfuka mqkrdj¾;k úhoï bj;a l< úg ,efnk fYaIh rdcH b;=reï

jYfhka y÷kajhs'

wd¾Ólhl mj;akd iajdNdúl iïm;a iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh jYfhka yÿkajhs'

iajdNdúl iïm;aj,g ksoiqka f,i N+ñh" .x.d" we< fod<" Lksc jeks iïm;a oelaúh

yels h'

`

16

iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh iq,n ùu wd¾Ól jDoaêhg jeo.;a fõ'

iudc wka;¾ iïnkaO;d .=Kd;aula j yd m%udKd;aul j j¾Okh flfrk wdh;k"

m%;sudk" idrO¾u" iñ;s idudcsl;ajhka yd iïnkaO;d cd,hka iudc m%d.aOkh jYfhka

ye|ska fõ'

m%d.aOkh hkq ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg wdOdrl f,i fhdod .kakd uQ¾; j;alï h' uqo,a

fhdod f.k ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg wjYH uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr.; yels jqjo uqo,a

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha oS uQ¾; j;alula jYfhka fhdod .; fkdyelsh fuu ksid wd¾Ól

úoHdfõ oS uqo,a m%d.aOkh hg;g fkd.kS'

lsishï wd¾Ólhla ;=< úisß mj;sk ksIamdok idOl talrdYs lrñka ksIamdok lghq;=

ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu iy wjodkï orñka m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSu

jHjidhl;ajh hs'

ksIamdok idOl w;ßka jvd jeo.;a ;ekla jHjidhl;ajhg ysñ fõ'

jHjidhl;ajh ;=<ska kfjda;amdok isÿ jk ksid m%d.aOkh j¾Okhg th m%n, f,i

n,mdhs'

jHjidhlhl= bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh my; mßÈ fõ'

ksIamdok iïm;a ixp, lrjñka lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksmoùug

m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSu

ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu

kjH;djka y÷kajd §u

wjodkï ±Íu

jHjidhl;ajfha ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'

udkj idOlhla ùu

wdrïNl Yla;sh

wNsfhda.j,g id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj

kdhl;aj .=Kdx.

wkd.; ±lau

wd;au úYajdih

jHjidhlhd yd l<ukdlrejd w;r fjkialï rdYshla mj;S jHjidhlhd .kakd ;SrK

l%shdjg kxjkafka l<ukdlre h' jHjidhlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dNh jkafka ,dNh jqj;a"

l<ukdlref.a bmehqu jkafka jegqm hs' jHjidhlhd rlaIKh l< fkdyels

wjodkulg uqyqKfok kuqÿ l<ukdlrejd tjeks wjodkulg uqyqK fkdfohs'

`

17

kjiS,ka;h yd TiafÜ%,shdj jeks rgj, N+ñh kue;s ksIamdok idOlh nyq, j olakg

,efí' fuu rgj,a ksIamdokhg jeä jYfhka N+ñh hk ksIamdok idOlh odhl lr

.kshs'

f,dj jeäu ck.ykhla isák Ökh" bkaoshdj jeks rgj,a Y%uh kue;s ksIamdok

idOlh ksIamdok l%shdj,shg nyq,j fhdod.kshs'

cmdkh yd weursldj jeks rgj,a jeä jYfhka m%d.aOkh ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhdod

.kshs'

N+ñh" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk ksIamdok idOl wju uÜgul mej;=K o jHjidhl;ajh

hk ksIamdok idOlh u; oshqKq jQ rgla f,i isx.mamQrej oelaúh yelsfõ'

fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .kakd idudkH ksuejqu M,odhs;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'

idOl M,odhs;djh .Kkh lrkqfha"

M,odhs;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fõ'

;dlaIKh

udkj m%d.aOkh

l<ukdlrKh

Y%u úNckh iy úfYaISlrKh

ksuejqï m%udKh

fhojqï m%udKh idOl M,odhs;dj =

`

18

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 (- wd¾Ólhl flakaøSh .eg¨j ;d¾lsl j úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



ysÕlu hk ixl,amh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

ysÕlug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

iïm;aj, mj;sk úl,am m%fhdack fm< .iajd f;dard

.ekSfï fhdok wdldrh ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh w¾:l:kh lrhs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh ksoiqka weiqfrka

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh Y+kH w.hla .kakd wjia:d meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

YsIHhka fofofkl= ,jd my; i|yka ixjdoh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

mq;d (zz wïfï uf. im;a;= fol leä,d' im;a;= folla wrka fokakfldaZZ

wïud ( zz flda n,kak" wd fïl uy,d ;j ál ojila odkak mq¿jka' ;d;a;g

mä ,efnkak;a ;j i;shla ú;r ;shkjd fkaZZ

mq;d ( zz nE.a tfl;a má .e,ú,d' tafla fmd;a odf.k hkak;a nE' uf.a .Kka

fmd;;a bjr hs'ZZ

wïud ( zz fmd;la ke;s j u nEfka mqf;a" ta yskaod wms fmd;la .ksuq' nE.a tl

,nk udfi j;a .kak n,uqflda ZZ

ixjdoh ;=<ska bÈßm;a jQ lreKq ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

ñksia jqjukd wiSñ; jk w;r iïm;a iSñ; fõ' iSñ; iïm;aj,g

idfmalaI j wiSñ; jqjukd imqrd.ekSug hdfï oS ysÕlu we;s fõ'

lsishï wjia:djl iudchl fjfik ck;djf.a jqjukdjka imqrd,Su

i|yd tu wjia:dfõ iudch i;= j mj;sk iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùu

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ysÕlu f,i y÷kajhs'

`

19

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §

l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'


my; i|yka iïm;a w;=ßka Tng ,eî we;s iïm;a ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

nexl= ;ekam;= uqo,la

wlalrhl bvï fldgila

m%Odk k.rhg wdikak f.dvkeÕs,a,la

Tng ,eî we;s iïmf;ys uQ,sl ,laIK y÷kd .kak' tys úl,am m%fhdack ,ehsia;= .;

lrkak'

tu úl,am jeo.;a jk wdldrh wkqj fm< .iajkak'

ta w;ßka Tn lKavdhu f;dard .kakd úl,am wjia:dj bÈßm;a lrkak'

th f;dard .ekSu ksid Tng wysñ jk B<Õ fyd| u wjia:dj fmkajd fokak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (-

ysÕlu ieu wd¾Ólhlg u fmdÿfõ n,mdk flakaøSh .eg¨jls'

ysÕlu idfmalaI ixl,amhls' tkï ñksia jqjukd iuÕ idfmalaI j i,ld n,k

iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùu hs'

ysÕlu .eg¨j mek kÕskqfha iudcfha mj;akd m%Odk ,laIK folla ksid h' tkï"

1. hï fok ,o wjia:djl ñksiqkaf.a jqjukd wiSñ; ùu

2. hï fok wjia:djl tu jqjukd imqrd .ekSug wjYH lrk NdKav yd fiajd

ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod.; yels iïm;a m%udKh iSud ùu hs'

fjf<|fmd<l NdKavhl ysÕhla mej;Su iïm;a ysÕlu fkdj NdKav f;d. fjf<|

fmd<g <Õdùfï m%udo fodaIh u; we;s jkakls' fjf<|m<g f;d. <Õd ùfuka miq

j tu ;;a;ajh uÕ yeÍ hhs'

ysÕ iïm;a fhdod ksmojk NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav fõ' tajdfha iemhqu iSud iys; fõ'

`

20

b;d msßueiqï f,i iïm;a Ndú;hg .ekSu iïm;a ld¾hCIu f,i Wmfhdackh

lsÍula jk w;r jqjukd wiSñ;j mj;sk ;dla l,a iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; l<

o ysÕlu keue;s .eg¨j úi|sh fkdyels h'

ysÕlu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ flakaøSh .eg¨j f,i ie,flkafka" my; i|yka fya;= ksid

h'

1. ish¨ wd¾Ól ldrlhka fuu .eg¨j fmdÿ fõ'

2. ´kE u iudchla l=ula" fldmuK" flfia" ld i|yd ksmoúh hq;= o hk uQ,sl

wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g fmdÿfõ uqyqK fok ksid

3. ysÕlu ieu iudchlg u fmdÿúu ksid

iïm;a ysÕ iy úl,am m%fhdackj,ska hqla; ksid;a ñksiqkag ;ud leue;s jqjukd

bgqlr .ekSu fjkqjg tla jqjukdjla f;aßug isÿ fõ'

ksoiqka f,i N+ñh ;=< l¾udka;Yd,d bÈlsÍu" f.dú;eka lsÍu iy l%svd msá ieliSu

jeks úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk úg tu" úl,amhka w;=ßka l=uk úl,amh f;dard .kq

,nkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

fï ksid m%uqL;ajhla Èh hq;af;a l=uk jqjukdjg o" miqj imqrd .ekSug wfmalaId

lrk jqjukd l=ula o hkak mqoa.,noaO j fm<.eiaùu isÿ lrhs'

wd¾Ólhl l=gqïn" jHdmdßl wdh;k" rch iy fjk;a ixúOdk úúO wdldrhg

f;aÍu lrhss'

wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< f;aÍfï m%Yakh yg.kafka "

1. iïm;aj, mj;akd ysÕlu yd

2. iïm;aj, úl,am Ndú; yelshdj uq,a lrf.k hs'

úl,am m%fhdack w;=ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.;a úg wfkla úl,am wjia:d lem

lsÍug isÿ fõ'

fuf,i zz iïm;l úl,am m%fhdack w;=ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.; fyd;a ta

fjkqfjka lem lrk B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu wdjiaÓl msßjeh kñka

y÷kajhs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh" uQ¾; msßjeh f,i o wd¾Ól msßjeh f,i o y÷kajhs'

ksoiqka

l,ska i|yka l< ksoiqfka N+ñh ;=< l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍu" f.dú;eka lsÍu iy

l%Svd msá ieliSu jeks úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk úg" mqoa.,hl= by; N+ñfha úl,am

m%fhdack Tyqf.a m%uqL;dj u; fm<.eiajQ úg"

`

21

1 l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍu

2 f.dú;eka lsÍu

3 l%svd msáh bÈ lsÍu fõ kï

by; N+ñfha úl,am m%fhdack w;rska Tyq l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈlsÍu f;dard.;a úg

B<Õg Tyq lem lrk fyd| u úl,amh jkafka f.dú;eka lsÍu kï

l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh jkafka f.dú;eka lsßfuka ,efnk

wiajekak hs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh Ok ixl,amhla jk w;r wdjiaÓl msßjeh Ok w.hla .kafka

wd¾Ól NdKav iïnkaOfhka muKs'

f;aÍul wdjiaÓl msßjeh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhls'

1. wdjiaÓl msßjeh uQ,H ixl,amhla fkdj uQ¾; ixl,amhls'

tkï wdjiaÓl msßjeh fmkajkafka úl,am w;ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.;a

úg wysñ jk B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha uQ¾; jákdlu hs' tys uQ,H jákdlu

fkdfõ'

2. wdjiaÓl msßjeh wd;au.; ixl,amhls' tkï wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%ldY l<

yelafla tu f;aÍu lrk mqoa.,hdg muKs' th mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdj

fjkia fõ'

3. wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksid ndysr msßjehla o yg .kshs'

wdjiaÓl msßjeh Y+kH w.hla .kakd wjia:d lsysmhls'

1. iïm;a wiSñ; j mj;sk úg ^ wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav ;sîu&

2. lsishï iïm;lska úl,am m%fhdack fkdue;s úg

3. iïm;a fiajd úhqla; j mj;sk úg

`

22

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 (- iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu yd ksuejqu fnod yeÍu ms<sn|

;SrK .kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'



uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak kï lrhs'

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqïlsu i|yd Wmfoia (-

wdydr m%Yakh iy ksjdi m%Yakh f,dalfha ieu flfkl=u uqyqK fok

fmdÿ m%Yak o hkak YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'


wdydr m%Yakh iy ksjdi m%Yakh f,dalfha we;eï rgj,a uqyqK fok m%Yak

jk w;r" f,dalfha ieu flfkl=u uqyqK fok fmdÿ m%Yak fkdfõ'

ysÕlu ljr iudchlg jqjo fmdÿ .eg¨jla jk w;r iïm;aj,ska úl,am

m%fhdack mj;sk ksid iïm;a úl,am m%fhdack w;r fjka lsÍfï

.eg¨jlg yeu iudchla u fmdÿfõ uqyqK fohs'

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd§


`

23

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

Tfí mka;sfha YsIHhkag mdif,a wd¾Ól úoHd Èkhg hïlsis wdydrhla

ksIamdokh lr wf,ú lsÍug wjia:djla ,eî we;'

ta i|yd mka;sfha YsIHhka my; mßÈ lKavdhï follg fjka lr we;'

A lKavdhu

B lKavdhu

tla lKavdhulg re' 10000 uqo,la ne.ska ,nd §ug wd¾Ól úoHd ix.uh

;SrKh lr we;'

tla lKavdhula tla wdydr j¾.hla muKla ksmoúh hq;= h'

Tn we;=<;a jQ lKavdhu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr wfkla lKavdhu

iuÕ o idlÉPd lr my; m%Yak úi£ug ;SrKh lrkak'

Tng ,enqKq uqo,ska ksmoúh yels wdydr j¾. ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh<

lrkak'

ksmojk wdydr j¾.h lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ;SrKh lrkak'

tu wdydr j¾.fhka fldmuK m%udKhla ksmoùug Tn woyia lrkafka

o@

wod< wdydr j¾.h yd m%udKh ;SrKh lsßfï § Tn i,ld neÆ idOl

fudkjd o@

tu wdydr j¾.h ksmoùfï § Tn lKavdhu ljr Ys,am l%uhla Ndú;

lrkafka o@

tu Ys,am l%uh Ndú; lsÍug fya;= ljf¾ o@

fuu wdydr j¾.h ksmojkafka ljqreka i|yd wf,ú lsÍug b,lal

lrf.k o@

Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj bÈßm;a lsÍug

iQodkï jkak'

`

24

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (

iïm;aj, mj;akd ysÕlu iy ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack ksid yeu iudchlg uQ,sl f;aÍï ;=kla lsÍu g isÿ fõ'

tu f;aÍï ;=k ´kE u iudchlg fmdÿ h'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak f,iska y÷kajkafka tu f;aÍï h'

ta wkqj uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak jkafka"

1. l=ula $ fldmuK ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@

2. flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@

3. ld i|yd ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@

iïm;aj, ysÕlu iy ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack ;sîu ksid ljr iudchlg jqjo l=ula $ fldmuK ksmojkjd o hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakhg uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'

ksoiqka (- ysÕ iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k" frday,a yokjdo mdi,a yokjd o@ l¾udka;Yd,d yokjd o@ l%Svd msá yokjd o@ mdßfNda.sl NdKav ksmojkjd o@ m%d.aOk NdKav ksmojkjd o@

jYfhka ksmojk NdKavh ;srKh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

tfia u ksmoùug ;SrKh l< NdKavh fldmuK m%udKhlska ksmoúh hq;= o hkak;a ;SrKh l< hq;= h'

ksoiqka(- frday,a fldmuK m%udKhla o@

l¾udka;Yd,d fldmuK m%udKhla o@

m%d.aOk NdKav fldmuK o@

fuf,iska l=uk NdKavhla fldmuK m%udKhlska ksmojkafka o hkak ;SrKh fldg ta i|yd iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu l< hq;= fõ'

tfia u iïm;aj,ska fldmuK m%udKhla j¾;udk mßfNdackhg fhdod .kakjd o" fldmuK m%udKhla wkd.; mßfNdackhg fhdod .kakjd o $ fnod yßkjd o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'

l=ula $ fldmuK ksmojkjd o hkak ;SrKh fldg ta i|yd iïm;a fnod fjka

lsÍula isÿ jk ksid l=ula fldmuK ksmojkjd o hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakh

iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfï m%Yakh f,iska o ye¢kaúh yels h'

iïm;a ysÕlu yd ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack mej;Su ksid ljr iudchlg

jqj o fmdÿfõ flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@ hk m%Yakhg o uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'

flfia ksmojkjd o hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yakfhka woyia jkafka NdKav yd fiajd

ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd l=uk ksIamdok Ys,am l%uhl"a l=uk ;dlaIKhla Ndú;d

`

25

l< hq;= o hkakhs' tkï NdKav ksmoùug ljr iïm;a" ljr wkqmd;hlg Ndú;

l< hq;= o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'

NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd Y%u iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh iy

m%d.aOk iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f,i úl,am ksIamdok Ys,am l%u folla

Ndú;d l< yels h'

Y%uh jeäfhka yd Bg idfmalaI j m%d.aOkh wvqfjka fhdod .kakd ksIamdok

Ys,am l%uh Y%u iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh jk w;r m%d.aOkh jeäfhka yd Bg

idfmalaIj Y%uh wvqfjka fhdod .kakd ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh m%d.aOk iQlaIau

ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f,i ye|skafõ'

úl,am ksIamdok Ys,am l%u w;rska l=uk fyda tla ksIamdok Ys,am l%uhla Ndú;d

fldg ksmoùula isÿjk ksid flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól

m%Yakh ksIamdokh ms<sn| m%Yakh f,iska o ye¢kafõ'

ld i|yd ksmojkjd o hkafkka woyia jkafka iudcfha iuia; ksIamdÈ;h

ljqreka w;r fn§ hkjd o hkak hs'

tkï ysÕ iïm;a fhdod .ksñka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk iSñ; NdKav yd fiajd

m%udKh iudcfha ljqreka úiska ysñ lr .kq ,efí o@ N=la;s ú¢kq ,efí o@

hkak fuhska woyia fõ'

ksmojk NdKav N=la;s ú§fï yelshdj r|d mj;skafka ta ta mqoa.,hka ,nk

wdodhu u; h'

idOl ysñfhdaa jegqma " nÿ l=,S " fmd<S yd ,dN jYfhka wdodhï Wmh;s'

ta ta mqoa.,hka ,nk wdodhu jeä fyda wvq fyda jkafka idOl ysñldr;ajh iy

idOl ñ, mokï lrf.k h'

idOl wdodhï jeäfhka ,nk whg ksmojk NdKavj,ska jeä m%udKhla N=la;s

ú|Sug yelshdj ,efnk w;r idOl wdodhu wvqfjka ,efnk whg yels jkafka

wvq NdKav m%udKhla N=la;s ú§ug h'

fuf,iska ksmojk NdKav m%udKh N=la;s ú|Su ta ta mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhu u;

;SrKh jk ksid ld i|yd ksmoúh hq;= o hkak wdodhï fn§ hdu ms<sn| m%Yakh

f,iska o ye¢kafõ'

`

26

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 (-uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd ixúOdkh jk

wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sldx. meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yaj kï lrhs'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yajj, ld¾hNdrh

úuihs'


uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd iudchla ;=< Ôj;a jk ñksiqka úiska

ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;s hka;%Kh fyj;a wdh;ksl jev ms<sfj< wd¾Ól moaO;shla

fyj;a wd¾Ól ixúOdkhla f,i ye¢ka fõ'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl § ñksid úiska ilid .kakd kS;s ud,djlg wkqj tys we;s wdh;k

iuQyhla l%shd;aul fõ'

tu wdh;k ñksiqka f.ka iukaú; iÔj tall jk w;r" ta ksid u tys l%shdldß;ajh

o il%sh jQjls'

fN!;sl moaO;shla ;=< mj;akd iajdNdúl jia;= fuka wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< olakg

,efnk jia;= jkafka tys mj;akd wd¾Ól wdh;k h'

fuu wd¾Ól wdh;k wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sldx." wdh;ksl ,laIK wdos kïj,ska o

ye¢kafõ'

ta ta rgj, mj;sk iudc" ixialD;sl iy ft;sydisl rgdjka u; úúO iajrEmfha

wdh;ksl rgdjka ta ta wd¾Ólhkays ±lsh yels h'

tjeks fjkialï mej;sh o fmdÿfõ .;a úg wd¾Ól moaO;shl olakg ,efnk

uQ,sldx. lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'

l=gqïn

wdKavqj

jHdmdßl wxYh

`

27

lïlre ixúOdk

rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk

fjf<|fmd<j,a

idkqn,

ffk;sl jHQyh

isß;a úß;a idïm%odhka yd ixialD;sh

fuu uQ,sldx.hka w;=frka wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK.ekSu yd iïnkaO jk úfYaI

md¾Yaj jkafka l=gqïn" wdKavqj" jHdmdßl wxYh" lïlre ixúOdk iy rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdk wdÈh hs'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl we;s jeo.;au wdh;ksl ,laIKhla jkafka l=gqïn h'

tl u whjehlska tl u .Dyhla ;=< tlg jdih lrk msßila l=gqïnhla fia

ie,fla'

úsúO iudcj, isák l=gqïn tlaflda kHIaál mjq,a" tfia;a ke;skï úia;D; mjq,a

úh yels h'

l=gqïnhka tla w;lska Y%u iemhqïlrejka jk w;r" ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk

fndfyda NdKav yd fiajd i|yd mdßfNda.slhka jkafka o l=gqïn h'

tfia u ksIamdok idOl ms<sn| whs;sh o l=gqïnhka i;= h'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl l=gqïn úiska bgq lrkq ,nk jeo.;a ld¾hNdr mj;S'

l=gqïn úiska .kq ,nk wd¾Ól ;SrK f,iska ie,eflkafka o l=gqïnhkaf.a tu

ld¾hNdr h'

tu ld¾hNdrh my; ±la fõ'

1. idOl iemhSu ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

2. NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

3. wdodhfuka fldmuK mdßfNdackh lrkafka o fldmuK b;sß lrkafka o

hkak ;SrKh .ekSu

ieu rgl u l=uk fyda iajrEmhl wdKavqjla mj;sk w;r th i;= j úYd,

ld¾hNdrhla o mj;S'

wdKavqjla i;= ld¾hNdrh my; ±la fõ'

1. wd¾Ól yd fm!oa.,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr§u

2. l¾udka; yd jHdmdr kshdukh lsÍu

`

28

3. NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

4. wdodhï mqk¾jHdma;sh

5. kS;sÍ;s yd jHjia:djka ieliSu

wd¾Ólhl úúO iajrEmfha jHdmdßl wdh;k mj;S'

ksoiqkA(- fm!oa.,sl wdh;k " iuqmldr " rdcH wdh;k

jHdmdrsl wxYh i;= ld¾hNdrhka my; i|yka mßos ±laúh yels h'

1. ksIamdok iïm;a ñ, § .ekSu

2. l=ula" fldmuK " flfia " ld i|yd ksmojkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu

3. NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu

4. idOdrK ñ,lg NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu

Y%ñlhka úiska f.dvk.d .kq ,nk lïlre ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdr lSmhla my;

±lafõ'

1. fiajl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu

2. fiajd kshqla;sh" ksIamdokh ;dlaIKh yd jegqma uÜgï flfrys n,mEï we;s

lsÍu

kQ;k wd¾Ólhkays j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk i;= ld¾hNdr

/ila mj;S'

ksoiqkA(- - È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍu

- mßir ixrlaIKh

- udkj whs;sjdislï ^ysñlï& wdrlaId lsÍu

- iajdNdúl wdmod ;;a;ajhka § wj;eka jQ ck;djf.a iqNidOkh

fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu'

`

29

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 (- úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lrhs'



wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl úia;r lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'

úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

wd¾Ól moaO;s iïnkaO kj m%jK;d úuid n,hs'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl ld¾h idOkh ñkqï lsßfï ks¾Kdhl fm<.iajhs'


wd¾Ól moaO;shla l%shd;aul jkafka kS;sÍ;s" iïm%odh" isß;a úß;a hkdÈfhka iukaú; wdh;ksl jHQyhla wkqj h'

fuu wdh;ksl jHqyhkaf.a iajrEmhka u; wd¾Ól moaO;s w;r fjkialï olakg ,efí'

t wkqj wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl lsysmhls'

;SrK iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh

iïm;a ysñldß;ajfha iajrEmh

idkqn,j, iajNdjh

;SrK iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kfha iajrEmh hk ks¾Kdhl u; wd¾Ól moaO;s my;

my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s

`

30

úOdk.; ^ ie,iqï.;& wd¾Ól moaO;s

ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñldß;ajh yd foafmd< whs;sjdislïj, iajNdjh hk

ks¾Kdhl u; wd¾Ól moaO;s my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'

OfkaYajr wd¾Ól moaO;s

iudcjdÈ wd¾Ól moaO;s

foafmd< ysñldÍ;ajh yd whs;sjdislï w;ska OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%u yd iudcjd§ wd¾Ól l%u w;r meyeÈ,s fjkialï ±lsh yelsh'

OfkaYajr wd¾Ól moaO;shl foafmd< ysñlu fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= jk w;r iudcjd§ wd¾Ól moaO;shl iïm;a ysñ lr.kq ,nkafka rch úiskss'

úúO wd¾Ól moaO;sj, olakg ,efnk idkqn, m%Odk iajrEm ;=kla fmkakqï lrhs' tkï"

øjHd;aul m%;s,dN iys; idkqn,

iodpdrd;aul idkqn, ^ ck;dj fjkqfjka fufyjr&

n,h mokï lr.;a idkqn,

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhl øjHd;aul idkqn, m%Odkfõ' ,dN bmehSu idkqn,hls'

úOdk u.ska fufhjk wd¾Ól moaO;sj, idkqn, l%shd;aul jkafka wêldß n,h ;=<sks'

wdpdrO¾u Ndjuh mokï Tiafia o idkqn, l%shd;aul fõ' Y=oaO" iajdNdúl úm;a" wdKavq ì| jeàï jeks isÿùï ksid wd¾Ólfha lïmk yg.;a wjia:dj, § iodpdr moku Tiafia" mqoa.,fhda tu wjia:dfõ l< hq;= ksjerÈ foa ;SrKh lr" ta wkqj lghq;= lr;s' thska mqoa.,fhda wNsfm%arKh fj;s'

wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl ish,a,u ie,ls,a,g f.k my; mrsos wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. l< yels h'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s

úOdk yd ksfhda. mokï lr.;a wd¾Ól moaO;s fyj;a ie,iqï.; wd¾Ól moaO;s

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh hkq fjf<|fmdf<ys b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. wkqj ;SrKh jk ñ, u; uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|k wd¾Ól l%uhls'

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh" Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh" ksoyia jHjidh w¾: l%uh wdÈ úl,am kï j,ska o yªkajhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

foafmd< ms<sn| fm!oa.,sl ysñlula ;sîu

ksoyia jHjidh yd f;aÍfï ksoyi

;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj

iajd¾:h u; mokï lr.;a idkqn, mej;Su

ñ, hdka;%Kfha l%shdldß;ajh

mdßfNda.sl iajdêm;ajh

wdKavqfõ ld¾hNdrh iSud iys; ùu

`

31

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi§fï iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh f,i ñ, hdka;%Kh lghq;= lrhs'

fjf<|+fmd< l%uhl ñ, b;d jeo.;a ld¾h ;=kla bgqlrhs' tkï"

f;dr;=re yd ix{d iemhSfï ld¾hh

idkqn, iemhSfï ld¾hh

i,dlkh lsßfï ld¾hh

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhl wd¾Ól tallhkays yeisÍu ;SrKh lrk uQ,sl n,fõ.h iajd¾:h hs' mrd¾:h" iudc Y=NidOkh jeks lreKq fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl ie,ls,a,g fkd.efka'

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhl moku fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ysñlu hs' fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ysñlu yd ne|S we;s ksoyia jHjidh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl m%Odk ,laIKhlss'

uOH.; ie,iqï wêldßhla úiska fokq ,nk ksfhda. u.ska uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kq ,nk w¾: l%uhla úOdk w¾: l%uhla f,i ye|skafjhs'

uOH.; ie,eiaula hgf;a fufyhjk wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

Y%uh yer wfkl=;a ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñldÍ;ajh rch i;= ùu

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd ie,iqï l%shdj,sh fhdod .ekSu

iudc Y=NidOkh u; lghq;= lsÍu

fmdÿ hym; h i|yd lghq;= lsÍu

l=ula fldmuK" flfia" ld i|yd ksmojkjdo hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak i|yd úiÿï uOH ie,iqï wêldßh .kq ,nhs'

úOdk w¾: l%uhl ÿ¾j,;d my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

ixúOdkh yd iïnkaëlrKh ms<sn| .eg¨

;;a;aj md,kfha ì| jeàï

idkqn, m%udKj;a fkdùu

mßir ydhkh

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s hkq fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kh u.ska iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu yd ie,iqï l%shdj,sh u.ska iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu isÿjk wd¾Ól l%uh hs'

ñY% wd¾Ólhl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h' o wd¾Ólfha m%Odk l%shdldß wxY jkafka mdßfNda.slfhd" ksIamdolfhd"

ksIamdok iïm;a ysñlrefõ yd wdKavqj hs' o fm!oa.,sl wxYh wNsfm%arKh flfrk idOlh iajd¾:h jk w;r fmdÿ wxYh

wNsfm%arKh idOlh fmdÿ hym; h' o fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd fmdÿ wxYh hk fol u ksIamdok iïm;a ysñlrf.k

isà' o iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrK ie,iqï hdka;%Kh u.ska isÿ lrhs' fm!oa.,sl wxYh u.ska ;r.h l%shd;aul fõ' o wdKavqj wd¾Ólh ;=< jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' o

`

32

ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ' 1 iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól 2 iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd rch ueÈy;a jk wd¾Ól iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól kñka ye|skafõ' tkï iudc idOdrK;ajh ±äj wjOdrKh flfrk wd¾Ól moaO;s iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhhs'

iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uh ìysj we;af;a ,snr,a fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhg tfrysj h' ,snr,a fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla ;=<ska fmkajd fokafka rdcH ueÈy;aùulska f;drj ksoyia fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska wd¾Ólh l%shd;aul ùug bv Èh hq;= njhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shg rch ueÈy;a ùu mqoa., ksoyi iSud lsÍug;a fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kh ld¾hËu;dj .s,syS hdug;a fya;= jk nj ,snr,ajd§kaf.a woyihs'

,snr,ajd§kaf.a woyi m%;slafIam lrk iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shg mlaI jQjkaf.a woyi jkafka iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shg rch ueÈy;aúh hq;= njhs'

iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhkays ksIamdok iïm;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= jqj o iïm;a Ndú;h ms<sn| úYd, n,mEula rcfhka flf¾' wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" isú,a" iudc" ixialD;sl hk udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ù mq¿,a iudc cd, l%shd;aul lrhs' iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl mqrjeishkaf.a uQ,sl whs;Ska wk;=rg ,la jk fyda W,a,x>kh jk ;;ajhkays § Tjqkag wdrlaIdjla rch úiska imhkq ,efí'

fiajfha fh§ isáh § yg .kakd yÈis wk;=re" wikSm ;;ajhka jeks wdmod ;;ajhkays § iy úhm;a ùu" os<s÷ nj" ú/lshdj" orejka yod jvd .ekSu jeks iudcSh ;;ajhkays § iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rch tys mqrjeishka fj; iudc wdrlaIK cd,hla imh hs'

rcfha fujeks iudc wdrlaIK cd, iemhSu i|yd wjYH wruqo,a fndfyduhla imhd .kafka mqrjeishkaf.ka nÿ wh lsrSfuks' iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha Y=NidOkh ;uka fj; ,efnk neúka mqrjeishka o rchg leue;af;ka nÿ f.ùu isÿ lrhs'

iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s mj;sk rgj,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i fkda¾fõ" þ¾uksh" iaùvkh" mska,ka;h wdosh ±laúh yels h'

`

33

iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól f,iska ye¢kafjkafka uQ,sl jYfhka iudcjd§ o¾Ykhka u; fufyh fjk lsishï ÿrlg fjf<|fmd< n,fõ.j,g l%shd;aul ùug bv i,id we;s wd¾Ól moaO;Ska h'

iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólj,g jvd yd;amiska u fjkia h' iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla ;=< ksIamdok iïm;a rch i;= h' tfy;a iïm;a Ndú;h ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= h' tkï fjf<|fmd< n,fõ.j,g wkqj ksIamdok wdh;kj,g ksIamdok m%udKh yd NdKavj, ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfï whs;sh mj;S'

iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka i|yd ksoiqka f,i Ökh" yxf.aßhdj yd n,af.aßhdj ±laúh yels h'

wd¾Ól moaO;s iïnkaO kj m%jK;dj,g ksoiqka f,i kj iïm%odhsl wd¾Ól moaO;s oelaúh yels h'

fuysoS wd.ula fyda iïm%odhsl iudchla fyda mokï lr .ksñka kj ixial!;sl rduqjlg fhduqùfï m%jKdjhla olakg ,efí'

wd¾Ól moaO;shl ld¾h idOkh we.hSfï§ ks¾Kdhl fhdod .kS' tkï" o mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh o wd¾Ól ld¾hCIu;dj o wd¾Ól jDoaêh o ñ, ia:dhs;dj o idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;sh o ndysr ia:dhs;dj o mdßißl .=Kd;aulNdjh o wd¾Ól ksoyi

`

34

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 (-ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% weiqfrka wdjiaÓl msrjeh

yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



ksIamdok yelshd udhsu w¾: olajhs'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï ks¾udKh lsßfï § fhdod .kq ,nk Wml,amk kï lrhs'

ia:djr yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;aj hgf;a ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% ks¾udKh lrhs'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu Ndú; lrñka wdjiaÓl msßjefha yeisÍu ú.%y lrhs'

ia:djr yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhkag n,mdk idOl bÈßm;a lrhs'

jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh jvd;a ;d;aúl ;;a;ajhla nj ;yjqre lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqïlsu i|yd Wmfoia (-

j¾. wä 50"000l bvul ksjdi fhdackd l%uhla l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaId lrk nj;a" tys j¾. wä 1000 yd j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi bÈ lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;s nj;a" is;k f,i YsIHhkag ±kqï fokak'

fuu bvfï j¾. wä 1000 ksjdi muKla ;ekqj fyd;a fldmuK ksjdi m%udKhla bÈ l< yelsoehs YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'

fuu bvfï j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi muKla ;ekqj fyd;a fldmuK ksjdi m%udKhla bÈ l< yels oehs YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'

fuu bvfï j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi jeä lrk úg wfkla ksjdi j¾.fhka lem lsÍug isÿjk m%udKh YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'


j¾. wä 50"000l bvul j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi muKla 25la o j¾.

wä 1000 ksjdi muKla 50la o bÈ l< yels h'

j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi jeä lrk úg j¾. wä 1000 ksjdi fol

ne.ska wvq lsÍug isÿ fõ'

`

35

my; i|yka ksIamdok wdh;k w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok wdh;kh

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wfhaId fglaia wdh;kh

wfhaId fglaia wdh;kh i;= j N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh wdos ksYaÑ; iïm;a m%udKhla we;' fok

,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § tu iïm;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;djka

fhdod .ksñka l,siï yd lñi ksmoùug ie,iqï lrhs' Tyq i;= iïm;a ish,a, u lñi

ksmoùug fhojqjfyd;a Wmßu jYfhka lñi 50la ksmoúh yels h' lñi ksIamdokhg fhojQ

iïm;a l,siï ksmoùug udre lrk úg" lñi ksIamdokh tall 10 ne.ska wvq lrñka l,siï

ksIamdokh tall my ne.ska jeä l< yels h' ish¨ u iïm;a l,siï ksIamdokhg fhÿjfyd;a

Wmßu jYfhka l,siï 25la ksmoúh yels h'

jðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;kh

jðr ;ud i;=" isñ; iïm;a ksYaÑ; m%udKhla fhdod .ksñka frÈ fyda iy,a fyda ksmojhs'

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka yd Wmßu

ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hq;= j fhdod .ksñka frÈ muKla ksIamdokh l<fyd;a frÈ tall 45la

ksmoúh yels h' iy,a tallh ne.ska ksIamdokh jeä lrk úg ms<sfj<ska frÈ tall 2" 3" 10" 14"

16 wdos jYfhka lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' frÈ ksIamdokh Y+kH jk úg Wmßu iy,a tall 05la

ksmoúh yels h'

Tng ,eî we;s ksIamdok wdh;kfha f;dr;=re ie,ls,af,ka hq;= j fyd¢ka wOHhkh

lrkak'

tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka NdKav j¾. foflys ksuejqï ixfhda. ±lafjk j.=jla

ilia lrkak'

tla ksIamdokfhka tallh ne.ska ksuejqu jeä lsßfï § wfkla ksIamdokfhka

lem lsÍug isÿjk tall m%udKh tu j.=fjys u olajkak'

tu ixLHd j.=j wdY%hfhka NdKav foflys úl,am ksIamdok ixfhda. oelafjk

m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

tu m%ia;drfha yevh ms<sn| woyi olajkak'

Tn ks¾udKh l< j.=j yd m%ia;drh weiqßka" NdKav fol yd iïnkaO wdjiaÓl

msßjefha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

`

36


hï fok ,o wjia:djl § wd¾Ólhla i;= ishü iïm;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Wmfhdackh fldg" lsishï NdKav follska ksmoúh yels Wmßu NdKav ixfhda. iïnkaO fldg w|sk ,o f¾Ldj ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h f,i ye|skafõ'

ksIamdok Odß;d bu" ksIamdok YlH;d m¾hka;h" úNj ksIamdok yelshd iSudj hk kïj,ska o ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h y÷kajkq ,nhs'

wd¾Ólhl ksIamdok yelshdj ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h' 1 iïm;a iïNdrh

N+ñh

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

jHjidhl;ajh

"2 idOl M,odhs;dj

;dlaIKh

udkj m%d.aOkh

l<ukdlrKh

Y%u úNckh iy úfYaISlrKh

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h ks¾udKh lsßfï § my; i|yka Wml,amk fhdod .kS'

NdKav j¾. folla muKla ksmoùu

wd¾Ólh i;= iïm;a iïNdrh ia:djr ùu

wod< ld,h ;=< ;dlaIKh fkdfjkia j mej;Su

iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hCIu;djfhka hqla; j Wmfhdackh lsÍu

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla u; .uka lrk úg tla NdKavhl ksIamdokh ksYaÑ; m%udKh ne.ska jeä lrk úg wfkla NdKavfhka lem lsÍug isÿ jk m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h" wkql%uKh fyj;a nEjqu f,i ye|skafõ'

tu nEjqu u.ska wdka;sl wdjiaÓl msßjeh ±lafõ'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdka;sl wdjiaÓl msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh wkqj iajrEm lsysmhla mj;Ss' tkï

1. ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh

2. jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

ksIamdok yelshd udhsula u; .uka lsÍfï § tla NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ; m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï oS wfkla NdKavfhka lem lrk m%udKh fkdfjkia j mj;sk ;;a;ajhla ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh jYfhka y÷kajhs'

`

37

fujeks ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjehlska hq;= ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ir, f¾Çh iajNdjhla .kS' fuh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flf¾'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdjiaÓl msßjeh my; i|yka iQ;%hg wkqj .Kkh l< yels h'

ir, f¾Çh ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdjiaÓl msßjeh yeisfrk

wdldrh my; j.=fjka ±lafõ'

0

1 2 3 4 5

4

8

12

16

20 A

B

C

D

E

F NdKav tall

NdKav tall

`

38

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; .uka lsÍfï § lsishï NdKav j¾.hl ksYaÑ; m%udKh ne.ska jeä lrk úg wfkla NdKavfhka lem lrk m%udKh l%ufhka jeä jk ;;a;ajhla jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh jYfhka y÷kajhs'

fujeks jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjehlska hq;= ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h uQ,hg wj;, yevhla .kshs' fuh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flf¾'

uQ,hg wj;, ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

0

NdKav tall

20

A

40

B

C

60

D

E ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h u; my<g .uka

lrk úg wkqmd;h l%ufhka jeä fõ'

NdKav tall 80 100

200 180

150

110

60

F

`

39

ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùug fya;= jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùug fya;=

iïm;a iucd;Sh ùu tla ksIamdokhla i|yd

ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla ksIamdokh i|yd ld¾hlaIu ùu

iïm;a iucd;Sh fkdùu tla ksIamdokhla i|yd

ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla ksIamdokh i|yd ld¾hlaIu fkdùu

by; i|yka wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka w;ßka jvd;a ;d;a;aúl nj" fmkakqï lrkqfha jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh hs'

fï ksid úúO wd¾Ól ú.%yhka meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh fhdod .kshs'

`

40

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 (-wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am yd ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùï ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqßka ksrEmKh lrhs'



iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrhs'

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% weiqfrka fmkajhs'

ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl wkqj ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkiajk wdldrh ksIamdok yelshd udhsulska fmkajhs'

úIh lreKq b.ekaùug w;aje,la (-

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am iy id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqßka ksrEmKh l< yelsh'

iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,amj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

ysÕlu

úl,am m%fhdack

f;aÍu

wdjiaÓl msßjeh

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj

iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ldrhlaIu;dj

ysÕlu" úl,am m%fhdack iy f;aÍu hk ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqßka my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'

B

C

A

200

300

75

0

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

m%d.aOk NdKav

150 175

150

`

41

by; olajd we;s m%ia;drhg wkqj A ,laIfhka fmkakqï lrk NdKav ixfhda.h ksmoùug wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdjk neúkA

A ,laIHfhka ysÕlu fmkakqï lrhs'

by; ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ;=< úl,am ksuejqï ixfhda. rdYshla mj;S'

B yd C ,CIHj,ska tu ixfhda. fmkajhs'

wd¾Ólhla tu ixfhda. w;ßka tla ixfhda.hla f;dard .; hq;=fõ' by;

ksoiqkg wkqj B yd C ixfhda.hkaf.ka tla ixfhda.hla f;dard .ekSug isÿ fõ'

lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;a;l§ ysÕ iïm;a w;ßka f;aÍï lrk úg ta fjkqfjka w;ayßkq ,nk B<Õ fyd| u úl,am wjia:dj wdjiaÓl msßjeh jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs'

by; ksoiqkg wkqj fuu wd¾Ólh A NdKav ixfhda.h f;dard .;fyd;a mdßfNda.sl NdKav 200 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%d.aOk NdKav 50la jk w;r m%d.aOk NdKav 150 i|yd wdjiaÓl msßjeh mdßfNda.sl NdKav 100ls'

tu wd¾Ólfha A isg B olajd .uka lsÍug ;SrKh l<fyd;a by< oeuq m%d.aOk NdKav 30 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh mdßfNda.sl NdKav tall

100 jk w;r B isg A olajd .uka lsÍug ;SrKh l<fyd;a by< oeuq mdßfNda.sl NdKav 100 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%d.aOk NdKav tall 30ls'

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq" wd¾Ólhl ish¨ iïm;aj,ska jeä u M,odhs;djla ,nd.; yels ùu hs' fuh ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá ,laIHh u.skafmkaúh yelsfõ' fï i|yd wjYH m%Odk fldkafoais 2 jkqfha" mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh yd mQ¾K ksIamdokhhs'

iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq" wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iSñ; iïm;a iudcjrKhg .e<efmk wdldrhg fnod fjka lsÍu fõ' fuys oS bgqúh hq;= fldkafoaish jkqfha" wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh wdkA;sl msßjehg

iudk ùu (MC=MB)fõ'

A

200

200

100

0

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

m%d.aOk NdKav

150 180

B

300

`

42

lsishï NdKavhlska w;sf¾l tllhla mßfNdckh lsÍfuka ,efnk m%;s,dNh wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh hs' th NdKavh i|yd mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug

leu;s Wmßu ñ, fõ' tu ksid wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh (MB) ñ,g (P) iudk fõ' lsishï NdKavhl ksuejqu tlA tllhlSka jeä lrkúg uq¨ msßjehg

w¨f;ks tl;=jk m%udKh wdkA;sl msßjeh(MC) fõ'

fuu ksid iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hCIu;dj oS bgqúh hq;=

fldkafoaish jkqfha" MC=MB=P fõ' fuu fldkafoaish bgq jkafka ksIamdok yelshd udhsfuys tla ,laIHhl oS muKs'

iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hk foflys u tl;=j wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;dj fõ'

fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï lrhs'

0

lDIs NdKav

ld¾ñl NdKav

B

A

C

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj iy

iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj

wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;dj

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj

wdkA;sl msßjeh (MC)

wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh (MB)

MB=MC= P

0

wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh /

wdkA;sl msßjeh

ld¾ñl NdKav

`

43

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,amj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh

W!k iïm;a Wmfhdackh

wd¾Ól miq neiSu

wd¾Ól wjmd;h

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

j¾;udk mßfNdackh yd wkd.; mßfNdackh w;r iïm;a fnod yeÍu

wd¾Ól ì| jeàu

wd¾Ólhl mj;akd ish¨ u iïm;a M,odhS f,i ksIamdokh l%shdj,shl fiajd kshqla; lrùu mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh f,i y÷kajhs' mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá ,CIhlska fmkakqï lrhs' my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá A ,laIHh

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh fmkakqï lrk w;r B ,laIfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha W!k fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhls' W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq iïm;a Wmßu M,odhs;djla fkd,efnk wdldrfhka iïm;a fiajd kshqla; lrùu fõ'

ksoiqk (-WmdêOdßfhlA l<ukdlrK fiajfha /ls%hdjl ksr; ùu

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj C ,laIfhka wd¾Ólfha fiajd úhqla;s ;;a;ajh o fmkakqï l< yels h'

wd¾Ól miqneiSu hkq NdKav yd fiajd i|yd wd¾Ólfha b,aü wvqùu fya;=fjka ksIamdokh my< hdu wd¾Ól miq neiSuls' wd¾Ól miq neiSu flá ld,Sk ;;a;ajhla jk w;r miq neiSï ;;a;ajh fya;=fjka fiajd

úhqla;s ;;a;ajh by< hhs' by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj A ,laIfha isg B ,laIHh olajd udhsï jl%h ;=<g .uka lsÍfuka fuh fmkakqï l< yels h'

0

ld¾ñl NdKav

m%d.aOk NdKav

A C

B

`

44

wd¾Ól miqneiSul È.= ld,Sk ;;a;ajh wd¾Ól wjmd;hla jYfhka y÷kajhs' fuys È fiajd úhqla; j mj;sk iïm;a úkdY ùulg Ndckh úh yels neúka wd¾Ólfha iïm;a iïNdrh wvq ù ksIamdok yeishd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ' wd¾Ól wjmd;fha flá ld,Sk ;;a;ajhl§ tkï" iïm;a úkdY ùulg Ndckh ù fkd;snqKfyd;a ,laIHhlska o jug ú;eka úh yels h'

m<uqjk m%ia;drh fojk m%ia;drh

iïm;a úkdYùulska f;drjQ wd¾Ól wjmd; ;;a;ajhla by; m<uqjk

m%ia;dr igyfka A isg B olajd ,laIHhlska ú;eka ùu u.skafmkakqï lrhs'

by; fojk m%ia;drfhka wd¾Ól wjmd; ;;a;ajhla fmkajk w;r tys È iïm;a úkdY ùulg ,laù we;s neúka jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh hkq wd¾Ólhl uQ¾; ksIamdokh wLKavj È.= ld,hla by< hduh' wd¾Ól j¾Okfha § ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakqï lrhs'

X NdKav

2010

Y NdKav

2015

A B 0

lDIs NdKav

ld¾ñl NdKav 0

lDIs NdKav

ld¾ñl NdKav

B

A

`

45

;dlaIKh oshqKq ùu jeks lsishï fya;=jla ksid tla NdKav j¾.hl muKla isÿjk ksuejqfï by< hdu wdxYsl jDoaOhls' th lsishï wdldrhg wiu;=,s; jDoaOhls' fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakqï lrhs'

j¾;udkfha wd¾Ólh ;u ysÕ iïm;a Ndú; lrk wdldrh u;" tu wd¾Ólhg Wreu jk wkd.; iïm;a iïNdrh ;SrKh jkq we;' j¾;udkfha os by< iïm;a m%udKhla mrsfNdackh i|yd lem l<fyd;a wkd.;fha § wd¾Ólfha j¾;udkfha m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdokh wvq jkq we;' tf,i m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdokh wvq ùu fya;=fjka wkd.; ksIamdok yelshdj my< jefgk w;r wd¾Ól jDoaêhg th ndOdjla fõ'

fï wkqj j¾;udkfha mßfNdackh yd wkd.; mßfNdackh w;r iïm;a fjka lrk wdldrh" wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh lrk jeo.;a idOlhls'

fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakqï lrhs'

m<uq jk m%ia;drh

0

m%d.aOk NdKav

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

2015 2000

m%d.aOk NdKav

0 mdßfNda.sl NdKav 600

250

100

300 400

100 400

2015

300

500

2000

200 400 700

Y NdKav

X NdKav

fojk m%ia;drh

`

46

by; m<uq jk m%ia;drhg wkqj tu wd¾Ólh jeä iïm;a m%udKhla mßfNdackh i|yd fhdojd we;s neúka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h my< w.hla f.k we;'

by; fojk m%ia;drhg wkqj tu wd¾Ólh mßfNdackhg jvd by< iïm;a m%udKhla m%d.aOk NdKav mßfNdackh i|yd fhdojd we;s neúka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h by< w.hla f.k we;'

j¾;udk mßfNdackh lem lsÍug t;rï yelshdjla fkdue;s lsishï rglg úfoaYSh rgj,ska m%d.aOkh ;u rgg f.kajd .; yels kï ^ ksoiqka(- úfoaYdOdr" úfoaY wdfhdack& j¾;udk mßfNdack iSud fkdfldg wdfhdackh jeä lsÍu u.ska fõ.j;a wd¾Ól jDoaêhla lrd <`.d úh yels h'

rgl ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùug n,mdk m%Odk idOl folls'

iïm;a iïNdrh fjkia ùu

M,odhs;dj fjkia ùu

wd¾Ólfha iïm;a iïNdrh yd M,odhs;dj fjkia ùu fya;=fjka tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok Odß;dj ke;fyd;a ksIamdok yelshdj fjkia fõ'

wd¾Ólhl iïm;a iïNdrh fjkia ùu wdldr follska isÿ úh yels h' tkï iïm;a iïNdrh jeä ùu yd wvq ùu hs'

iïm;a iïNdrh jeä ùu fya;=fjka wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj jeä ù ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' ksoiqka(- kj iïm;a fidhd .ekSu" iïm;a i|yd kj ysñldß;ajhla ,eîu" úfoaY rgj,ska iïm;a .,d tau" kj ;dlaIK l%u u.skaiïm;a m%udKh jeä lr .ekSu" úfoaY Kh yd wdOdr yd wdfhdack by< hdu'

fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï l< yels h'

wd¾Ólhl iïm;a iïNdrh wvq ùu u.ska ksIamdok yelshdj wvq jk w;r ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ' ksoiqka(- hqoaO lghq;= fya;=fjka iïm;a úkdY ùu" iajdNdúl úm;a" iqkdñ" .x j;=r Wjÿre" kdh hEï wdÈh" úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu

0 iy,a

frÈ

`

47


wd¾Ólhl iïm;aj, M,odhs;djh by< hdu u.ska tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj by< f.dia ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' ksoiqka(- ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj" kj Ys,am l%u " rch u.ska Y%ñlhka mqyqKq lsÍu'

M,odhs;dj jeä ùu tla wxYhl muKla isÿ jqjfyd;a ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka jkqfha tu wlaIfhka muKs'


by; 1jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj m%d.aOk yd mßfNdack NdKav foj¾.fha u M,odhs;dj jeä ù we;s ksid wlaI foflka u ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' kuq;a 2jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj M,odhs;dj jeä ù we;af;a m%d.aOk NdKav

200

mßfNdack NdKav

100 200 200 100

1 2

0 iy,a

mßfNdack NdKav

frÈ

0 m%d.aOk NdKav

0 m%d.aOk NdKav

`

48

1 2

iïnkaOfhka muKla jk neúka tu wlaIfhka muKla ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'

wd¾Ólhl iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj wvq ùu u.ska tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj my< f.dia ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ' ksoiqka(- mqyqKq Y%ñlhka ráka neyer ùu" merKs Ys,am l%u Ndú;h

fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska l< yels h'

by; 1jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj l!Is yd ld¾ñl NdKav foj¾.fha u ksIamdok M,odhs;dj wvq ù we;s ksid wlaI foflka u ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ' kuq;a 2jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokfha M,odhs;dj wvq ùu fya;=fjka ld¾ñl NdKav wlaIfhka muKla jug ú;eka fõ'

lDIs NdKav

0 ld¾ñl NdKav

0 ld¾ñl NdKav

200 400 200 400

lDIs NdKav

`

49

ksmqK;dj 2 (- b,aü" iemhqu" kuH;dj yd fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 (- b,a¨ï ;Srl weiqßka b,a¨ï kHdh yd b,a¨ï kS;sh ú.%y lrhs'



b,aü ks¾jpkh lrhs'

fm!oa.,sl b,aü yd fjf<|fmd< b,aü w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

b,aü flfrys n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'

b,aü flfrys n,mdk tla tla idOlh b,aü flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

b,a¨ï Y%s;h meyeÈ,s lrhs'

b,a¨ï kS;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

b,a¨ï f,aLkh" b,a¨ï jl%h yd b,a¨ï iólrKh weiqßka b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'

b,a¨ï kS;shg n,mdk fya;=jla jk ñ, m%;súmdlh kï lrhs'

wdodhï m%;súmdlh yd wdfoaYk m%;súmdl weiqßka b,a¨ï kS;sh ;yjqre lrhs'

b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:d úia;r lrhs'


YsIHhka wdmK Yd,djg .sh wjia:djl ñ,§ .;a oE ms<sn| úuikak'

tu wjia:dfõ § wod< NdKav ñ, § .ekSug mokï jQ idOl úuikak'


mqoa.,hska jqjukd imqrd .ekSug NdKav b,a¨ï lrhs'

b,aüla we;sùug my; i|yka lreKq mokï fõ'

jqjukdj

l%h Yla;sh

ñ, § .ekSfï ie,iqu

by; lreKq u; mokï jQ b,aü iM, b,aüla f,i ye¢kafõ'

YsIHhkaa lKavdhï lr bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

`

50


my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,eî ;sfnk ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

tla mqoa.,hl=f.a b,aü

ish¨ u fokdf.a b,a u

Tng ,eî we;s ixjdoh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y÷kajkak'

Tfí ud;Dldjg wod< j b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

tu tla idOlh b,aü flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

wod< b,aü yd tu b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh m%dia;dßl j olajkak'

`

51

ixjdoh

W;a;rd" úYajd iy ;s<sKs tl u ld¾hd, fha fiajh lrk ñ;=ßfhda ;sfofkls' Èjd wdydr

úfõlfha § Tjqka w;r we;s jQ ixjdohl fldgila my; ±lafõ'

W;a;rd ( mdka ñ, ojiska oji by< hkjd ys;d .kakj;a neß úÈhg' ta ksid fjkod jf.a

yeu odu ?g mdka lkak;a wudrehs' mdka fjkqjg ±ka wms fjk fjk foaj,a ;uhs lkafka'

úYajd ( wms;a ±ka mdka lkj f.dvla wvq hs' wfma uy;a;h lsõjd fï <Õ§ m;a;f¾ ,smshla od,d

;snqKd lsh,d" msá wdydr jeäfhka lk whg Èhjeähd frda.h ye§fï yelshdj jeä hs lsh,d' ta

,smsh ±lal ojfia b|,d thd mdka wrka tkafka l,d;=rlska' ±ka thdf.a lkaf;darefõ hd¿fjd;a"

mdka lEu wvq lr,d' yenehs ta ksid fyd| fohl=;a jqKd' cEï" udcßka"ng¾ jf.a taj;a ±ka f.ak

tl f.dvla wvq hs' mdka ke;s j cEï " ng¾ jevl=;a keyefka'

;s<sKs ( we;af;ka u wo wmsg ,efnk jegqmhs" mdka ñ,hs ne¨j u" f.dvla whg mdka lEu

álla wudre hs' ta;a wfma fmdä mq;d yß wdihs mdkaj,g' ta ksid uu yeuodu f.or hkfldg

mdka f.ähla f.kshkjd'

W;a;rd ( ;s<sKs" mdka fjkqjg wdmam" b¢wdmam jf.a fohla f.ksyska fokak' tajfha ñ, t;rï

by< .sfha keye fka'

úYajd ( wms fudkjd lSj;a k.rj, wh mdka lk tl ;j u wvq lr,d keye'

W;a;rd ( ta fudl o@

úYajd ( k.rfha yeu mjq,l u jf.a fkdakhs uy;a;hhs fokak u jevg hkjd' b;ska thd,d

jev bjr fj,d wdfh;a ?g Whkak uykais fjkafka keye' ta ksid ?g mdka lk tl thd,dg

f,aishs'

;s<sKs ( ta ú;rla fkfuhs" .ug jvd i,a,sldrfhda k.rfha bkakjd' thd,d Wfoag ?g ieye,a¨

wdydr .kakhs leu;s' ta ksid ñ, by< .sh;a mdka lkjd'

W;a;rd ( wms jf.a mdka lEu wvq lrkjd kï" rfÜ ;j lS fofkla mdka lEu wvq lrhs o@

tfyu n,k fldg fjf<|fmdf<a mdka ñ, § .ekSu f.dvla wvq fjkak mq¿jka'

`

52

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la

ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh §

i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd jQ úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk úúO

m%udK b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'

b,aü my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h"

fm!oa.,sl b,aü

fjf<|fmd< b,aü

ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< § fjf<|fmdf<aa isák tla .ekqïlrejl= úiska i,ld n,k

NdKavhg mj;sk úl,am ñ, hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk m%udK fm!oa.,sl

b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< § fjf<|fmdf<a isák ish¨ u .ekqïlrejka úiska" i,ld n,k

NdKavh i|yd mj;sk úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk úúO

b,a¨ï m%udKj, tl;=j fjf<|fmd< b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'

fm!oa.,sl b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fm<.eiaúh yelsh'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, P

iïnkaêl NdKavj, ñ, Pn

mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu Y

mdßfNda.slhdf.a reÑh T

wkd.;h ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka Ex

wfkl=;a idOl O

fjf<|fmd< b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yelsh'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, P

iïnkaêl NdKavj, ñ, Pn

mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu Y

mdßfNda.slhdf.a reÑh T

wkd.;h ms<sn| wfmalaIdj Ex

.ekqïlrejka ixLHdj yd tys ixhq;sh N

wfkl=;a idOl O

`

53

fm!oa.,sl b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl j,g wu;r j .ekqïlrejkaf.a ixLHdj yd

ixhq;sh hk idOlh fjf<|fmd< b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdhs'

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fm!oa.,sl b,aü yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh

iólrKhla f,i bÈßm;a l< úg th fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï Y%s;h f,i yeÈkafõ' th my;

mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmd< b,aü yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh

iólrKhla f,i bÈßm;a l< úg th fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï Y%s;h f,i ye|skafjk w;r

th my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels h'

b,a¨ï ;SrKh ùug n,mdk ´kEu idOlhla fjkia ùug wkql+, j i,ld n,k

NdKavfha b,aü fjkia jk wdldrh ú.%y fldg ±laùu b,a¨ï kHdhh f,i ye¢kafõ'

fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl §" b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j

;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd tys b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r mj;sk m%;sf,dau

iïnkaO;dj b,a¨ï kS;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a lsßfï § th my; i|yka Wml,amk u; msysgd we;'

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

ñ, yer b,aüg n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j mej;Su

idudkH NdKavhl b,aü ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

;d¾lsl .ekqïlrejkaf.a yeisÍï ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a l< yels úl,am l%u my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

b,a¨ï f,aLkh

b,a¨ï jl%h

b,a¨ï iólrKh

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl b,a ug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k

NdKavhg mej;sh yels úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a .ekqïlrejka ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId

lrk m%udKhka olajk f,aLkh b,a¨ï f,aLkh f,i y÷kajhs'

Qd = f ( P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, O )

Qd = f ( P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, N, O)

`

54

ksoiqka (-

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re& wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh ^ tall&

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl" b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld

n,k NdKavfha úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a b,aü m%udKhka olajk ,laIHhka iïnkaO

fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldj b,a¨ï jl%h f,i y÷kajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re&

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&

b,a¨ï jl%h

D

`

55

ksYaÑ; wjia:djl b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld

n,k NdKavfha ñ, .Kka yd b,a¨ï m%udK w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj iólrKhla

u.ska idrdxY fldg ±laùu b,a¨ï iólrKh f,i i,lhs'

by< isg my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl fmdÿ iólrKh

f,i ±laúh yels h'

b,a¨ï iólrKh u.skai,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau

iïnkaOh bÈßm;a l< yels h'

idudkH NdKavhl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

idudkH NdKavhl b,a ï jl%h my<g nEjqï jkafka i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd

b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj ksid h' th b,a ï kS;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOh we;s ùug fya;=

úúO m%fõY Tiafia bÈßm;a ù we;s kuqÿ fuys oS i,ld n,kafka ñ, m%;súmdlh ms<sn| j

muKs'

ñ, m%;súmdlh iukaú; jkafka Wm m%;súmdl follsks' tkï

1 ñ, fjkia ùul wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh

b,a¨ï m%udKh ^ mrdh;a; úp,H &

ñ, Y=kH jk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh

ñ, ix.=Klh^ ñ, tla tllhlska fjkia jq úg

b,a¨ï m%udKh fld;rï fjkia jkjdo hkak&

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^ iajdh;a; úp,H &

o by; w¢k ,o b,a¨ï jl%hg wod< iólrKh

o

o

o

o fuys b ñ, ix.=Klh -10 ls'^ ñka woyia jkafka ñ, tla tllhlska wvq jq úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 10lska jeä fõ' tfiau ñ, tla tllhlska jeä jq úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 10lska wvq fõ'&

`

56

2 ñ, fjkia ùul wdodhï m%;súmdlh

b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,

wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu fya;= fldgf.k tys idfmalaI ñ, wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu ksid

i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd jQ b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh f,i

ye¢kafõ'

.eKqïlrejkaf.a uqo,a wdodhu we;=¿ wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § i,ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ, wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu fya;= fldgf.k uQ¾; wdodhfï we;s jk fjkia

ùï u; i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fyda jeä ùu wdodhï m%;súmdlh

f,i i,lhs'

idudkH NdKavhl ñ, by< fyda my< fyda hdul § wdfoaYK m%;súmdlh iEu úgu

iDK iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrk w;r idudkH NdKavhl ñ, by< fyda my< fyda

hdul § wdodhï m%;súmdlh iEu úgu Ok iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrhs'

idudkH NdKavhl ñ, my< hdul § iy ñ, by< hdul § ñ, m%;súmdlh l%shd;aul

ùu my; oelafjk j.=fjka fmkakqï flf¾'

ñ, fjkia ùu wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh wdodhï m%;súmdlh ñ, m%;súmdlh

ñ, my< hdu

ñ, by< hdu

îDK&

îDK&

Ôk&

Ôk&

îDK&

îDK&

0 100 200 300

ñ, ^re&

10

20

30

m%udKh ^ tall&

D

`

57

by; rEm igyfka o ñ, re 20 isg 10 olajd my< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 200 isg 300 olajd by<

hdu b,a¨ï m%idrKh fõ' o ñ, re' 20 isg 30 olajd by< hkúg b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 200 isg 100 olajd

my< hdu b,a ï ixfldapkh fõ'

b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:d my; mßos oelaúh yels h' o .s*ka NdKav o m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKav

fuu NdKavj, ñ, by< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh by< hk w;r ñ, my< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh my< hk neúka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla we;s fõ' fï ksid b,a¨ï jl%fha yevh my< isg by<g nEjqï jQ iajrEmhla .kS'

idudkHfhka .s*ka NdKavj, ñ, by< fyda my< fyda hdul § wdfoaYK m%;súmdlh

iEu úgu iDK iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrk w;r wdodhï m%;súmdlh m%n, iDK

iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrhss'

m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKavj, ñ, by< hk úg tajdg we;s b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä lrkafka

.ekqïlref.a jHdc ;;aa;ajh m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjks' ksoiqkla f,i Èhuka;s"

ñ, wêl jdyk b,a¨ï lrkafka m%o¾Ykd;aul m%;súmdlh u; hs' fuu ksid fuu

NdKavh b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:djls'

ñ, ^re&

b,a¨ï m%udKh

D

`

58

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,aü fjkia ùu w;r fjki

ixikaokh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,aü fjkia ùu w;r fjki ii|hs'

NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,aü fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl fjka fjka

jYfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu b,a¨ï jl%hla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

NdKavhl b,aü fjkia ùu b,a¨ï jl%h weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ, wvq fyda jeä ùulg m%;spdß j tys b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä fyda wvq ùu

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä jqjfyd;a tys b,a¨ï

m%udKh wvq jk w;r tys n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh by<g .uka

lrhs'

fuu isÿùï b,a¨ï ixfldapkh f,i y÷kajhs'

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djrj ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, wvq jqjfyd;a tys b,a¨ï

m%udKh jeä jk w;r tys n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh Èf.a my<g

.uka lrhs'

fuu isÿùu b,a¨ï m%idrKh f,i y÷kajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh§ b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla

fjkia ùu lrK fldgf.k mej;s ñ, hgf;a u b,aü by< hdu fyda my< hdu fyda

b,aü fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla

fjkia ùu ksid mej;s ñ, hgf;a u b,aü by< f.dia b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kq mig ú;eka

ùu b,aü jeä ùu f,i y÷kajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla

fjkia ùu ksid meje;s ñ, hgf;a u b,aü my< f.dia b,a¨ï jl%h jï mig ú;eka

ùu b,aü wvq ùu f,i y÷kajhs'

`

59

NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,aü fjkia ùu w;r fjki my; oelafjk

rEm igykska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu b,aü fjkiaùu

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu ksid b,aü fjkia ùu ksid

b,a¨ï ,laIHh b,a¨ï jl%h Èf.a by<g fyda b,a¨ï jl%h jug fyda ol=Kg my<g .uka lrhs' fyda ú;eka fõ'

b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu g my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

wdfoaYk NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùu

wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùu

mdßfNda.sl wdodhu jeä ùu

mdßfNda.sl reÑh jeä ùu

wkd.;fha § ñ, jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu

.ekqïlrejka ixLHdj jeä ùu

b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka ùug my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

wdfoaYk NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùu

wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùu

mdßfNda.sl wdodhu wvq ùu

mdßfNda.sl reÑh wvq ùu

wkd.;fha § ñ, wvq fj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu

.ekqïlrejka ixLHdj wvq ùu

0 100 200 300

10

20

30

ñ,^re&

m%udKh m%udKh

ñ,^re&

0

20

100 200 300

D

C

A

B

D D2 D1 D3

`

60

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 (- b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajñka ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ú.%y lrhs'



b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

b,a¨ï kuH;dfõ m%fNao kï lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajñka tys iQ;%h bÈßm;a lrhs'

ixLHd o;a; mokï lr .ksñka ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

§ we;s ixLHd o;a; mokï lrf.k pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka kuH;d m%fNao bÈßm;a lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj iy b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqu w;r iïnkaOh úia;r lrhs'

b,a¨ï iólrKh § we;súg ksYaÑ; ñ,lg wod< ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSug Wmfoia (-

my; ±lafjk fílß ksIamdolhl= iuÕ l< ixjdoh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

m%Yakh (- Tnf.a fílßfha ksIamdokh lrkafka fudkjd o@

ms<s;=r (- mdka iy nksia

m%Yakh (- ojilg mdka yd nksia fldmuK wf,ú fjkjd o@

ms<s;=r (- mdka 2000la muK nksia 1000la muK wf,ú fjkjd'

m%Yakh (- miq.sh ld,fh mdka wf,ú lf<a lSh .dfka o@

ms<s;=r (- .sh udfia mdka f.ähla úlafla re' 60 .dfka' ta ldf,a ojilg mdka 1500la ú;r úlald' nksia f.ähl=;a re' 25lg úlafla ojilg nksia f.ä 800la ú;r úl=Kqkd'

by; ixjdoh wdY%fhka fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKfha yeisÍu ms<sn|j YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'


`

61

mdka ñ, fjkia jk úg mdka b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ù we;'

nksiaj, ñ, fjkia ùu wkqj nksia b,a ï m%udKh fjkia ù we;'

fufia fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, fjkia jk úg mdßfNda.sl b,a¨ï lrk m%udK fjkia lrhs'

ñ, fjkia ùu wkqj b,a ï m%udK fjkia jk wdldrh fm<.eiaúh yels h'

YsIHhkaa lKavdhï lr bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd§ l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'


my; ±lafjkafka NdKav j¾. ;=klg wod< fjf<|fmdf<a b,a u fjkia jQ wdldrh ±lafjk m%ldY ;=kls' tajdhska Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ñ, re 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 50 isg 30 olajd wvq fõ'

ñ, re' 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 80 issg 20 olajd wvq fõ'

ñ, re' 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 50 isg 10 olajd wvq fõ'

Tng ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqfrka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh fm<.eiajQ f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'

ñ, fjkia jQ m%;sY; yd b,a¨ï m%udK fjkia jQ m%;sY; fjk fjk u .Kkh lr olajkak'

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia jQ m%;sY; ñ, fjkia jQ m%;sY; j,ska fn¥ úg ,efnk w.h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

b,aü flfrys n,mdk m%udKd;aul j ueksh yels ´kEu idOlhl m%;sY;l fjkilg idfmalaI j b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu b,a ï kuH;dj fõ'

my; mßÈ b,a¨ï kuH;dfõ m%fNao ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj

ñf,ys m%;sY; fjkilg idfmalaI j b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjkia ùu uek ±laùu

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i y÷kajhs'

my; ±lafjk mßÈ ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels wdldr folla mj;S tkï"

,laIHh ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj

pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

`

62

b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh §" b,a ï jl%fha lsishï

,laIHhhl ñf,a iq¿ m%;sY;l fjkilg wkqj b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki uek

±laùu ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i y÷kajhs'

,laIHh ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj uekSug my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod .efka'

by< isg my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl my<g .uka lrk úg ,laIHh

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wmßñ;fha isg 0 olajd úys§ hhs'

my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl iEu ,laIHhlu nEjqï mriamrh ia:djr

jk neúka ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj isg 0 olajd fjkia jkafka ta ta

,laIHhkays § ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqmd;slh my< hdu ksid h'

,laIH ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj =

b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki

ñf,ys m%;sY;l fjki =

`

63

b,a¨ï jl%fha ksYaÑ; ,laI folla w;r m%foaYfha ñf,ys úYd, m%;sY;l fjkilg

idfmalaI j b,a ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu pdm ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj fõ'

th .Kkh lrk iQ;%h my; oelafõ'

AEd - pdm b,a¨ï kuH;dj

- b,a¨ï m%udKfha fjki

- ñf,a fjki

- ñf,ys idudkHh

- b,a¨ï m%udKfha idudkHh

`

64

tla;rd NdKavhl b,a ï jl%h my; rEmfha ±lafõ'

by; rEm igyfka A ,laIfha;a B ,laIfha;a A ydB w;r ´kEu ,laIHhla kuH;dj 1 fõ'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klfha jákdlu wkqj ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;djfha m%fNao 5la y÷kd.; yels h'

I. kï& mQ¾K wkuH b,aü

II. kï& wkuH b,aü

III. kï& talSh kuH b,aü

IV. kï& kuH b,aü

V. kï& mQ¾K kuH b,aü

mQ¾K wkuH b,aü

hï NdKavhl ñ, m%;sY;hlska fjkia jqj o tys b,a¨ï m%udKh fkdfjkia j mj;S kï th mQ¾K wkuH b,aü fõ' ksoiqka (-

`

65

o mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨fï § b,a¨ï jl%h isria wlaIhg iudka;rj msysghs' o b,a¨ï jl%fha ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;dj Y=kH fõ'

wkuH b,aü

hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th wkuH b,aü fõ'

o wkuH b,aül § b,a¨ï jl%fha ueo ,laIHhg my<ska ´kEu ia:dkhl kuH;d ix.=Klh 1g wvq w.hla .kS'

talSh kuH b,aü

hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th talSh kuH b,aü fõ'

ñ, b,a¨ï m%udKh mdßfNda.sl meyeou

10 10 100

20 5 100

25 4 100

talSh kuH b,a¨fï § b,a¨ï jl%h iDcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hla fõ'

2 4 6 8 10 12

30

40

50

ñ,

m%udKh 0

20 B

A

D

`

66

b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;dj 1 fõ'

b,a¨ï jl%h u; ´kEu ,laIHhlg wod< ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKfha .=Ks;h jk mdßfNda.sl meyeou fkdfjkia j mj;S'

kuH b,aü -

hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th kuH b,aü fõ'

kuH b,a¨fï § b,a ï jl%fha ueo ,laIHhg by<ska msysá ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;d ix.=Klh 1g jeä w.hla .kS'

mQ¾K kuH b,aü

hï NdKavhl ñ, b;d u iq¿ m%;sY;hlska fjkia jk úg tu

NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh b;du úYd, m%;sY;hlska fjkia fõ kï th mQ¾K kuH b,aü f,i yÿkajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a ksrfmalaI fjki;a tys b,a¨ï m%udKfha ksrfmalaI fjki;a w;r wkqmd;slh b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrh fõ' th f,i .Kkh lrhs'

ñ, b'm%udKh

20 200

20 100

0

20

ñ,

m%udkh

100 200

A D

`

67

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh §" ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj hkq i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a m%;sY;l fjki yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki w;r wkqmd;lh fõ'

th i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a ksrfmalaI fjki yd b,a¨ï jl%fha m%udKfha ksrfmalaI

fjki w;r wkqmd;slh fyj;a b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrfha iy i,ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqmd;slfhka .=Kkh u.ska .Kkh l<

yels h'

b,a¨ï iólrKh § we;s úg ksYaÑ; ñ,lg wod< ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels h' fï i|yd ksoiqka my; ±l fõ'

hk b,a¨ï iólrKh wkqj ñ, re10g wod< b,a¨ï kuH;dj my;

mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'

`

68

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 (- ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'



ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl kï lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj weiqfrka mqfrdal:kh lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj § we;s úfgl wod< NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùu u; mdßfNda.sl meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh fjkia jk wdldrh ksYaph lrhs'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wjia:d wkdjrKh lrhs'


fjf<|fmdf<a NdKavfhka NdKavhg ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj fjkia fõ' ta wkqj

iuyr NdKav i|yd wkuH b,aüla o iuyr NdKavj,g kuH

b,aüla o we;s fõ' fufia NdKavhlg we;s b,aü wkuH nj kuH

nj ;SrKh lrk idOl ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl f,i ye¢kafõ'

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl my; oela fõ'

1. i,ld n,k NdKavhl iqfLdamfNda.s nj fyda w;HjYH nj

2. NdKavhlg we;s wdfoaYl ixLHdj yd tajdfha ióm nj

3. mdßfNda.sl wdodhfuka NdKavh ñ, § .ekSug jeh lrk m%udKh

4. NdKavhl we;s úl,am Ndú; ixLHdj

5. ñ, fjkia ùu fya;=fjka thg yev .eiSug .; jk ld,h

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj § we;s úfgl wod< NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùu u; mdrsfNda.sl meyeou fjkia jk wdldrh ksYaph l< yels h' ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj yd mdrsfNda.sl meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;S' th m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

`

69

by; m%ia;drhg wkqj kuH b,a¨ï m%foaYfha § ñ, my< hk úg jHdmdßl whNdrh by< hhs' talSh kuH ,laIHhfha § jHdmdßl whNdrh Wmßu fjhs' wkuH b,a¨ï m%foaYfha § ñ, my< hk úg jHdmdßl whNdrh my< hhs'

m%udKh

ñ,

whNdrh

m%udKh

`

70

b,a¨ï kuH;dj mdßfNda.sl uq¿ meyeou w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj my; j.=j weiqfrka o fmkaúh yels h'

kuH;dj kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h

ñ, fjkia ùu mdßfNda.sl meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh

wmßñ; kuH;dj

by< hdu my< hdu

Y=kH fõ n,mEu wmßñ; fõ

kuH

by< hdu my< hdu

my; jefÜ by< hhs

talSh

by< hdu my< hdu

fjkia fkdfõ fjkia fkdfõ

wkuH

by< hdu my< hdu

by< hdu my< hdu

Y=kH ^ mQ¾K wkuH &

by< hdu my< hdu

by< hdu my< hdu

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wjia:d kï"

mdßfNda.slhkag" ksIamdolhdg yd wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkg ;SrK .ekSu i|yd kuH;d ixl,amh jeo.;a fõ'

NdKavhl ñ, jeä $ wvq jk úg mdßfNda.sl meyeou $ ksIamdok whNdrhg flfrk n,mEu m%frdal:kh l< yels ùu'

wdodhu Wmßu flfrk wjia:djl iy ksuejqu i|yd ;SrKh l< yels ùu

jHdmdr wdh;khlg we;s taldêldß Yla;sh ksYaph l< yels ùu

wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd Ndú; l< yels ùu

jl% nÿ mekùfï § wod< NdKav f;dard .ekSu

`

71

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5 (- yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'



yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr.ksñka wdfoaYk NdKav hq., yd wkqmQrl NdKav hq., fjka lr olajhs'

yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klh m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSug Wmfoia (-

my; i|yka isoaêh YsIHhl= ,jd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

zzchkd;a WoEik lvhg .sfha Wfoa lEug mdka iy ng¾ f.k taug h' tfy;a mdkaj,g

jvd b¢wdmamj, ñ, wvq ù we;s nj Tyqg fmkqKs' fï ksid Tyq mdka ñ, § fkdf.k b¢

wdmam ñ, § .ekSug ;SrKh lf<ah' tfia u" mdka ñ, § fkd.;a ksid Tyq ng¾ o ñ, §

fkd.;af;a h' Wfoa lEug b¢wdmam /f.k chkd;a f.or wdfõ h'ZZ

isoaêh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

my; i|yka oE u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

mdkaj,g b¢wdmam wdfoaYl NdKavhla fõ'

mdkaj,g ng¾ wkqmQrl NdKavhla fõ'

NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § tla NdKavhl ñ, by< hdu wfkla NdKavfha b,aüg

n,mdhs'

fï wdldrhg iïnkaê; NdKav j¾. folla we; tkï

wdfoaYl NdKav

wkqmQrl NdKav

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §"


`

72


my; ±lafjkafka NdKav j¾. foll ñ, fjkia jk úg fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk

fjk;a NdKav j¾. foll b,aü fjkia jk wdldrh ms<sno m%ldY folls'

tajdhska Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

mdka ñ, re' 50 isg 60 olajd by< hk úg nksia b,aü tall 300 isg

400 olajd jeä úh'

iSks ñ, re' 100 isg 120 olajd by< hk úg f;a fld< b,aü tall 200

isg 150 olajd wvq lrk ,È'

Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqfrka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh fm<.eia

jQ j.=jla ilia lrkak'

i,ld n,k NdKavh yd iïkaê; NdKavh fjk fjk u kï lrkak'

iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;h yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha

b,aü fjkia jk m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü fjkia jQ m%;sY;h iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñ,

fjkia jk m%;sY;fhka fn¥ úg ,efnk w.h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lrkak'


fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre jk tla NdKavhl ñ, fjkia ùu ;j;a NdKavhl

b,aü fjkia ùug n,mdhs'

b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § iïnkaê; NdKavhl

ñf,a m%;sY;l fjkig idfmalaI j i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï m%;sY;l

fjki uek oelaùu yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'

my; i|yka iQ;% fhdod .ksñka yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels h'

`

73

Exy = yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

= i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki

iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñf,a fjki

Py = iïnkaê; NdKavhg l,ska meje;s ñ,

Qx = i,ld n,k NdKavhg l,ska mej;s b,aü

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ,

yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tfia

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdfoaYk NdKavj, h'

yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kq ,nkafka iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ,

yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tfia

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kafka wkqmQrl NdKavj, h'

yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klfha m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wdldr my; mßÈ ú.%y

l< yels h'

NdKav j¾. w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lsÍug

NdKav i|yd fjf<|fmdf<a ;r.ldÍ;ajh ;SrKh lsÍug

NdKavj, yd fiajdj, idfmalaI b,aü fjkia ùï mqfrdal:kh lsÍug

`

74

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 (- wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre

úuihs'



wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka wdodhï b,a ï kuH;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lrhs'

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr.ksñka NdKav j¾. lrhs'

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;djfha jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSu i|yd Wmfoia(-

my; i|yka isoaêh YsIHhl= ,jd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

zz ;u is,a,r lvfha NdKav úlsKSu flfrys ndysr isoaë n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| j

úYajkd;a úuis,af,ka isà' miq.sh Èkj, ish¨ u rcfha fiajlhkaf.a jegqma jeä ùu

ksid ;u lvfha nvq úlsKSu iïnkaOfhka Tyq fufia m%ldY lr isà'

zzmä jeä jqK ksid ñÈ" iqj| ú,jqka" whsial%Sï jf.a foaj, kï b,aü jeä jqKd' ta

jqKdg yd,a jf.a foaj,a kï b,aü tÉpr jeä jqfKa kE' yenehs udcßka b,a,mq wh ta

fjkqjg ng¾ b,a,kak mgka .;a;d'ZZ

isoaêh ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

jeo.;a lreKq mqjrefõ f.dv k.kak'


wdodhu fjkia ùu ksid b,aü fjkia fõ'

wdodhu fjkia ùu iuyr NdKavj, b,aüg t;rï n, fkdmdhs'

wdodhu jeä jk úg b,aü wvq lrk NdKav o mj;S'



`

75


my; i|yka isoaëka w;=ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk isoaêh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lrkak'

I isoaêh

Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqßka mdßfNda.sl wdodhu fjkia jk m%;sY;h yd

b,aü fjkia jQ m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü fjkia jQ m%;sY;h wdodhu fjkia jQ m%;sY;fhka fnod

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lrkak

Tn .Kkh l< wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh ms<sn| j isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq

lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

mdßfNda.sl wdodhu fjkia jk úg tla tla NdKav j¾. i|yd mj;sk b,aü fjkia

jk wdldrh tlsfklg fjkia iajrEmhla .kS'

b,aü flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § " mdßfNda.sl wdodhï m%;sY;

fjkilg idfmalaI j i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj fõ'

my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod f.k wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj ueksh yels h'

ksu,af.a wdodhu

iy,a b,aü ûdisl&

10000

15000

40

50

lu,af.a wdodhu

iqj| ú,jqka lsf,da b,aü

ûdisl&

40000

50000

1

2

ìu,af.a wdodhu

kej; msrjQ gh¾ b,aü

40000

50000

8

4

Yed = i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a ï m%;sY;l fjki

wdodhfï m%;sY;l fjki

`

76

Yed = wdodhï b,a ï kuH;dj

= b,a¨ï fjki

wdodhfï fjki

m<uq j § we;s wdodhu

Q = m<uq wdodhu hgf;a mej;s b,aü

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï fjki yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tys Ok iïnkaO;djla mj;skafka idudkH NdKavj, h'

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok tlg jeä w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhï m%;sY;l fjkig jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü jeä jk úg § h' wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d Ok w.h tlg jeä w.hla .kafka iqfLdamfNda.S NdKavj, h'

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok tlg wvq w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï m%;sY;l fjkig jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,aü jeä jk úg § h' wdodhu b,a¨ï kuH;dj Ok w.h tlg wvq jkafka w;HjYH NdKavj, h'

wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï fjki yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk úg § h' wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kafka nd, NdKavj, h'

wd¾Ól ú.%yhka i|yd wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj fhdod.; yels wdldr lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

w;HjYH NdKav" iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav yd nd, NdKav hkqfjka j¾. lsÍug

wdodhï fjkia ùu u; fjf<|fmdf<a NdKavj,g we;s b,aü fjkia jk wdldrh mqfrdal:kh lsÍug

`

77

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 (- iemhqï ;Srl weiqßka iemhqï kHdh yd iemhqï kS;sh ú.%y

lrhs'



iemhqu w¾: olajhs'

wdh;kfha iemhqu yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu w;r

fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

iemhqug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs

iemhqu yd iemhqug n,mdk idOl w;r iïnkaO;djh

iemhqï Y%s;hka weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

iemhqï kS;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

iemhqï f,aLkhla" iemhqï jl%hla yd iemhqï

iólrKh u.ska iemhqï kS;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'

iemhqï kS;shg fya;=j f,i jeä jk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

kS;sh ú.%y lrhS'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(-

mdvu mgka .ekSug fmr Èk mdi,a wdmK Yd,djg f.dia tys wf,ú lrk wdydr

j¾.j, iemhqu ms<sn| j úuiSula isÿ lr f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd f,i YsIHhkag ±kqï

fokak'

wod< Èkfha YsIHhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqßka wdmK Yd,dfõ wf,ú lrk wdydr j¾."

Èkm;d wf,ú jk m%udKhka" tu m%udKhka" fjkia ùug n,mdk fya;= YsIHhkaa iuÕ

idlÉPd lrkak'


jpkd¾:fhka .;a úg iemqhu hkq lsishï NdKav m%udKhla fõ'

wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j .;a úg fuu ixl,amh Bg jvd mq¿,a w¾:hla f.k foa'

lsishï NdKavhlska tla wdh;khla úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a fjf<|fmd<g imhk

m%udKh wdh;khl iemhqu fõ'

lsishï NdKavhla fjf<|fmd<g imhk ish¨ u wdh;kj, iemhqï m%udKhkaf.a

tl;=j fjf<|fmd< iemhqu fõ'

iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys úúO idOl n,mdhs'

`

78




my; i|yka ud;!ld weiqßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ud;!ldj flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

A wdh;kfha iemhqu

B wdh;kfha iemhqu

C wdh;kfha iemhqu

fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ud;!ldjg wod< j.=fõ iemhqï ;Srej iïmQ¾K lrkak'

tu f;dr;=re weiqßka isria wlaIhg XNdKavfha ñ, o ;sria wlaIhg i|yd wod<

iemhqu o f.k iemhqï jl%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'

Tn ks¾udKh l< iemhqï jl%fha yevh ms<sn| ie,ls,a,g .ksñka XNdKavfha ñ,

yd XNdKavfha iemhqu w;r we;s iïnkaOh meyeos,s lrkak'

NdKavfha ñ,

^re&

A wdh;kfha

iemhqu

B wdh;kfha

iemhqu

C wdh;kfha

iemhqu

fjf<|fmd<

iemhqu

10

20

30

40

50

---

30

40

---

60

50

---

90

110

---

30

40

---

----

70

`

79

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § iemhqu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka hï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohla ;=<

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmdf<a mej;sh yels úl,am ñ,hka yS § ksIamdolhka

úiska iemhSug leu;s" iemhSug yelshdj we;s iy imhkq ,nk úúO m%udK h'

iemhqu my; ±lafjk mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'

wdh;khl iemhqu

fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

iïm;a Ndú; lrñka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lr úlsKSug bÈßm;a lrk wd¾Ól

tallhla wdh;khla kï fõ'

ksoiqka(- úlsKSu i|yd ù j.d lrk f.dúfhls'

tjeks wdh;khla ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug leu;s

m%udK wdh;ksl iemhqu fõ'

ksoiqka (- by; i|yka f.dúhd úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a

fjf<|fmd<g wf,ú lrk ù lsf,da .a?ï m%udK

hï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ksIamdokh lrk ish¨ wdh;khkays tl;=j

fjf<|fmd< kï fõ'

ksoiqka (- úlsKSu i|yd ù j.d lrk ish¨ u f.dùkaf.a tl;=j

tu wdh;k ish,a, u ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< wf,ú lrk tall m%udKhkaf.a tl;=j

fjf<|fmd< iemhquhs'

ksoiqka (- (- ish¨ u ù f.dùka úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a wf,ú lrk ù

lsf,da .a?ï m%udKh

wdh;khl iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl my; i|yka mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yels h'

o i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)

o fhojqï ñ, (C)

o ;dlaIKh (T)

o iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka (Pn)

o ksIamdolhkaf.a wfmalaId (Ex)

o rcfha m%;sm;a;s (G)

o fjk;a idOl (O)

`

80

fjf<|fmd< iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl my; i|yka mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yels h'

o i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)

o fhojqï ñ, (C)

o ;dlaIKh (T)

o iïnkaê; NdKav j, ñ, .Kka (Pn)

o ksIamdolhkaf.a wfmalaId (Ex)

o fjf<|fmdf<a isák ksIamdolhskaf.a ixLHdj ^N)

o rcfha m%;sm;a;s (G)

o fjk;a idOl (O)

wdh;ksl iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl j,g wu;r j fjf<|fmdf<a isák

ksIamdolhkaf.a ixLHdj fjf<|fmd< iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOlj,g tl;= fõ'

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd wdh;ksl iemhqu yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r

iïnkaOh olajk iólrKh wdh;ksl iemhqï Y%s;h fõ' th my; mßos bÈßm;a l<

yels h'

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r

iïnkaOh olajk iólrKh fjf<|fmd< iemhqu Y%s;h fõ' th my; mßos bÈßm;a

l< yelsh'

iemhqu ;SrKh lrk ´kEu idOlhla fjkia ùu g wkql+, j i,ld n,k

NdKavfha iemhqu fjkia jk wdldrh ú.%y fldg ±laùu iemhqï kHdhhs'

iemhqï kS;sh hkq hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl

fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r mj;sk

wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhs'

iemhqï kS;sh bÈßm;a l< yels l%u lsysmhla we;' tkï

iemhqï f,aLkhla u.ska

iemhqï jl%hla u.ska

iemhqï iólrKhla u.ska

iemhqï f,aLkh hkq ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr

j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavhg mej;sh yels úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug

`

81

wfmalaId lrk úúO m%udKhka olajk ixLHd igyk hs' th my; mßos bÈßm;a l<

yels h'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re& i,ld n,k NdKavfha iemhqï

m%udKh ^tall&

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqug n,mdk wksl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh §

i,ld n,k NdKavhg mj;sk úúO jQ ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug wfmalaId lrk

m%udKhka iïnkaO fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldj iemhqï jl%h hs' th my; mßos bÈßm;a

l< yels h'

iemhqï jl%h

(S)

wfmalaIs; iemhqï m%udKh ^ tall&

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,

^re&

0

10

20

30

70

60

50

40

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

`

82

fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wksl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j

;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r mj;sk wkqf,dau

iïnkaO;dj ùÔh m%ldYkhla u.ska ±laùu iemhqï iólrKh hs'

Qs =iemhqï m%udKh ^ mrdh;a; úp,H&

iemhqï jl%fha ;sria wka;#LKavh ^ ñ, 0 § iemhqï m%udKh&

ñ, ix.=Klh^ ñ, tla tllhlska fjkia jq úg iemhqï m%udKh fld;rï fjkia

jkjdo hkak&

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^ iajdh;a; úp,H&

ksoiqka by; iemhqï jl%hg wod< iemhqï iólrKh fufia f.dvke.sh yels h'

Qs= 0+ 10P

iemhqï kS;shg jeä jk wdka;sl msßjeh kS;sh n,mdhs'

lsishï NdKavhla jeäfhka ksIamdokh lrk úg tys wdjiaÓl msßjeh o by< hk nj

jeä jk wdka;sl msßjeh kS;sfhka lshfõ' ksuejqu jeä jk úg wdka;sl msßjeh o by<

k.sk neúka ish ksIamdokh jeä lsÍug ksIamdolhka fm,fTkqfha jeäjk wdka;sl

msßjeh mshjd .ekSug yels jk mßÈ NdKavfha ñ, by< k.skjd kï muKs'

`

83

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8 (- iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu yd iemhqu fjkia ùu w;r fjki ii|hs'



NdKavhl iemhqï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd iemhqu fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl fjka fjka j bÈßm;a lrhs'

NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk úg iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jk wdldrh iemhqï jl%hla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

NdKavhl ñ, ia:djr j mj;sk úg wfkl=;a idOl fjkia ùu wkqj iemhqu fjkia jk wdldrh iemhqï jl% weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'


ñ, yer iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, fjkia jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKfha we;s jk fjki iemhqï m%udKh fjkia ùu hs'

iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a lreKq ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh jeä fõ' th iemhqï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh tu jl%h Èf.a ;j;a by< ,laIHhlg .uka lsÍuls'

iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a lreKq ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,lk NdKavfha ñ, wvq jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh wvq fõ' tysÈ iemhqï jl%h ,laIHhl isg tu jl%fha Èf.a ;j;a my< ,laIHhl g .uka lrhs'

iemhqï m%udKh jeä ùu Px

0

P0

P

P1 B

Sx

iemhqï m%udKh wvq ùu

Qs0 Qs Qs1 Qsx

`

84

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu ;SrKh lrk wfkl=;a idOl fjkia ùu ksid iemhqu wvq ùu fyda jeä ùu fyda iemhqu fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'

ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fjkia ùu ksid iemhqï f¾Ldj jug .uka lsÍu ^ ú;eka ùu& iemhqfï wvq ùuls'

ixl,amh i,lk NdKavfha ñ, iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl

iemhqï m%udKfha fjki fjkia fõ ia:djr fõ

iemhqfï fjki ia:djr fõ fjkia fõ

iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg .uka lsÍug n,mdk idOl

iemhqï f¾Ldj jug .uka lsÍug n,mdk idOl

1. iïnkaêl NdKav ñ, wvq ùu 2. ksIamdokhg fhdod.kakd fhojqï ñ,

wvq ùu 3. ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj 4. fjf<|ief,a isák iemhqïlrejka

m%udKh jeä ùu' 5. rch ksIamdolhdf.ka wh lrk nÿ

lmd yeÍu 6. rch ksIamdolhdg iydkdOdr ,nd §u 7. wkd.;fha i,lk NdKavfha ñ, wvq

fj;ehs ksIamdolhd wfmalaId lsÍu

1 iïnkaêl NdKav ñ, jeä ùu 2 ksIamdolhdg fhdod.kakd fhojqï

ñ, jeä ùu 3 ;dlaIKh h,a mekSu 4 fjf<|mf,a isák iemhqïlrejka

m%udKh wvq ùu 5 rch ksIamdolhdf.ka wh lrk

nÿ jeä lsÍu 6 rch ksIamdolhdg ,ndfok

iykdOdr lmd yeÍu 7 wkd.;fha i,lk NdKavfha ñ,

fj;ehs ksIamdolhd wfmalaId lsÍu

iemhqï wvq ùu

iemhqï jeä ùu

Qs0 Qs Qs1 Qs

0

P1

P

Sx Sx1

Sx2

`

85

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9 (- iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lrñka tys Ndú;fha

jeo.;alu ú.%y lrhs'



iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj w¾: olaajhs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lrk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

fok ,o o;a; mokï lr.ksñka iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ

m%fNao fm< .iajhs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ ;Srl úia;r lrhs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la

iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùu flfrys iemhqï m%udKh olajk ixfõ§;dj iemhqï ñ,

kuH;dj hs'

tkï i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, hï m%;sY;hlska fjkia jk úg iemhqï m%udKh

fldmuK m%;sY;hlska fjkia fõ o hkak uek ±laùu iemhqï ñ, kuH;djfhka

isÿ lrhs' iemhqï kuH;dj f,iska jHjydr jkafka o iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj u h'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj my; wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

`

86

ES = iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj

QS = iemhqï m%udKfha fjki

P = ñf,a fjki

P = NdKavfha ñ, ûq,a ñ,&

QS = NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh ûq,a m%udKh&

ksoiqk ( lsishï NdKavhl ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh ms<snò f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

ñ, ^re'& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

5 100

10 500

ñ, remsh,a 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg iemhqï kuH;dj

`

87

NdKavfha ñ, iemhqï m%udKhla w;r mj;akd wkqf,dau iïnkaOh ksid iemhqï

kuH;dj ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kS' fufia isÿ jkafka iemhqï jl%h Ok nejqulska

hqla; ksid h'

iemhqï jl%fha lsishï ,CIHhl kuH;dj .Kkh l< úg tu ,CIHh iemhqï

kuH;djhs'

,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu iòyd o fhdod .kq ,nkafka by; ±lajQ iemhqï

kuH;d iQ;%h u h' th my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj kHdhd;aul ixl,amhls'

úYd, ñ, fjkia ùul kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu iòyd ,CIH iemhqï kuH;d ixl,amh

fhda.H fkdfõ'

Bg fya;=j jkafka tl u m%udKhlska ñ, wvq ùul § fyda jeä ùul § fyda úYd,

fjkialï iys; kuH;d w.h folla ,eîu hs'

fuh my; ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

by; ie,ls,a,g .;a ksoiqk wkqj ñ, remsh,a 5 -10 olajd remsh,a mylska jeä ùfï §

,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj 4la úh'

tfy;a ñ, remsh,a 10 isg 5 olajd remsh,a 5lska wvq ùfï §"

fuf,i tl u m%udKhlska ñ, wvq ùfï § yd jeä ùfï § úYd, fjkialï iys; kuH;d w.h folla ,eîu ,CIHh kuH;dfjys ÿ¾j,;djhls'

`

88

fï ksid úYd, ñ, fjkialï yd iïnkaO j iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu iòyd pdm

iemhqï kuH;dj fhdod .kS'

pdm iemhqï kuH;dj my; wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

fuu iQ;%fhys"

QS = iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu'

P = ñf,a fjkia ùï

P 1 + P 2 = idudkH ñ,

2

Q1 + Q2 = idudkH iemhqï m%udKh

2

ksoiqk -

lsishï NdKAvhl ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh ms<snò f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

10 100

20 200

by; f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO pdm iemhqï kuH;dj

`

89

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj yd iemhqï jl%fha nEjqu w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h Ndú; lrñka iemhqï jl%fha ´kEu ,CIHhl iemhqï kuH;dj

.Kkh l< yels h'

fuu iQ;%fhys"

QS/ P hkq iemhqï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrhhs' [iemhqï m%udKh isria wCIfhys;a" ñ, ;sria wCIfhys;a ,l=Kq lrkafka kï QS/ P u`.ska

m%ldY lrkqfha iemhqï jl%fha nEjquhs' tfy;a iemhqï jl%hla w`Èkq ,nkafka ñ, isria

wCIfhys yd iemhqï m%udKh ;sria wCIfhys olajñka ksid iemhqï jl%fha nEjQu P/ QS

f,i fõ']

iemhqï jl%fha nejqu P/ QS f,iska yd iemhqu kuH;d iQ;%fhys uq, moh f,iska

jk nEjqfï mriamrhla ksid iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h"

f,i ±laúh yels h'

fuhska o woyia jkafka fmr ±la jQ iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h u h' tkï"

`

90

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj iemhqï iólrKhla weiqfrka o .Kkh l< yels h'

ksoiqk -

QS = 100 + 4P" iemhqï iólrKh weiqfrka remsh,a 10 ñf,a § iemhqï kuH;dj my;

mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

iemhqï iólrKfhys +4 hkq fuu iQ;%fha uq, moh hs' tkï QS ys w.h hs'

P

iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh iòyd ,efnk w.h Y+kHfha ^0& isg wmßñ; ^& olajd fjkia

fõ'

tu ix.=Klfhys w.h mokï lr.ksñka iemqhï ñ, kuH;d m%fNao myla ±laúh yels

h'

1. talSh iemhqï kuH;dj

2. tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;dj

3. tlg jeä iemhqï kuH;dj

4. mQ¾K kuH iemhqï kuH;dj

5. mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï kuH;dj

`

91

iemhqï flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha

ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;fhka u iemhqï m%udKh o fjkia fõ kï th talSh kuH

iemhquhs'

fuys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h tl ^1& fõ'

uQ, ,CIHh yryd .uka lrk ieu iemhqï jl%hl u iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h

tl fõ'

Bg fya;=j uQ, ,CIHfhka wdrïN jk iemhqï jl%hl ñ, iy iemhqï m%udKh w;r

wkqmd;h iudk ùu hs'

my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjkafka talSh iemhqï kuH;djla iys; iemhqï jl% h'

ñ, ^re'&

S1

S 2

S3

0 m%udKh ^tall&

by; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjk S1, S2 iy S3 iemhqï jl%j, (P / Qs) w.h ieu

úg u P / Qs j,g iudk fõ' fï ksid kuH;dj ieu úg u talSh fõ'

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr u ;sìh § NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq

m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jkafka kï th tlg wvq ^wkuH iemhqï

kuH;dj& iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'

tys oS iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h tlg wvq ^< 1& fõ' ;sria wCIh yryd

.uka lrk ieu ir, f¾Åh iemhqï jl%hl u we;af;a tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;djls'

my; m%ia;dr igyfka ±lajd we;af;a tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;djlska hq;a iemhqï jl%h

hs'

`

92

ñ, ^re'& S

0 m%udKh tall

by; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjk ;sria wCIh yryd .uka lrk S iemhqï jl%fhys

kuH;d ix.=Kfhys w.h tlg wvq fõ'

iemhqï jl%h by<g .uka lrk úg kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h tlg wdikak jk

f;la by< hhs'

Bg fya;=j ñ,la iemhqï m%udKhla w;r wkqmd;h by< hEu hs'

wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä

m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th tlg jeä iemhqï kuH;dj^kuH

iemhqu&hs'

fuys § iemhqï kuH;dj iòyd ,efnk w.h tlg jeä ^>1& fõ'

isria wCIhg yryd .uka lrk ieu iemhqï jl%hl u we;af;a tlg jeä iemhqï

kuH;djhs'

my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjkafka iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh tlg jeä w.hlska

hq;a iemhqï jl%hls'

ñ, ^re& S

0 m%udKh ^tall&

`

93

m%ia;r igyfkys ±lafjk S iemhqï jl%fhys kuH;d w.h tlg jeä fõ'

iemhqï jl%h by<g .uka lrk úg jl%h Èf.a by<g h;a u tu tlg jeä w.h

l%ufhka wvq ù tlg ióm fõ'

Bg fya;=j ñ, iy iemhqï m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h my< hdu hs'

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § NdKavfha ñf,a we;s jk fjkia ùulg m%;spdr

jYfhka NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKfhys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdfõ kï ta mQ¾K

wkuH iemhqï kuH;djhs'

tys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h Y=kH ^0& fõ'

fuys oS iemhqï jl%h isria wCIhg iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

ñ, ^re&

S

0 m%udKh ^tall&

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § NdKavfha ñf,ys we;s jk b;d iq¿ m%;sY;l fjkia

ùulg ^Y=kH ñ, uÜgfï fjkilg& m%;spdr jYfhka iemqhï m%udKh úYd, jYfhka

fjkia fõ kï ta mQ¾K kuH iemhqï kuH;djhs'

fuys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h wmßñ; fõ'

iemhqï jl%h ;sria wCIHg iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

ñ, ^re'&

S

0 m%udKh ^tall&

`

94

NdKavhl iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl .Kkdjls'

ta w;ßka jeo.;a m%Odk idOl my; ±la fõ'

1. idOl ixp,k yelshdj

2. NdKavfha iajNdjh

3. f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEfï yelshdj

4. ñ, fjkia ùu fya;=fjka iemhqï fjkia lsÍug .; jk ld,h

tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg fjk;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla iòyd iïm;a udre ùu idOl

ixp,kh hkafkka woyia fõ'

lsishï NdKavhl ñ, jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqu flá ld,hla ;=< jeä l<

yelafla tu NdKavh iòyd wjYH lrk fhojqï fjk;a ksIamdokj,ska ,nd

.ekSfuks'

tf,iska tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg ;j;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla iòyd iïm;a

myiqfjka udre lsÍug yels jk úg NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg iemhqï o flá

ld,hla ;=< jeä fõ'

fï wkqj idOl ixp,k yelshdj jeä jk úg mj;skafka kuH iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'

tfy;a idOl ixp,k yelshdj ÿIalr jk úg tu NdKav iòyd we;af;a wkuH

iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'

i,ld n,k NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk ksIamdok iïm;a fjk;a

NdKav ksmoùu iòyd wdfoaY lsÍfï yelshdj NdKavfha iajNdjh hkafkka woyia fõ'

lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùu iòyd Ndú; lrk ksIamdok idOhla fjk;a ksIamdok

idOhlhla fjk;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla iòyd wdfoaY lsÍfï yelshdj jeä kï tu

NdKavfha iemhqu kuH fõ'

ksoiqka -

fïi ksIamdokh iòyd Ndú; lrk iïm;a weòka ksIamdokh iòyd

myiqfjka wdfoaY l< yels h' fï ksid weòka ksIamdokj, ñ, by< .sh úg fïi

iòyd fhdod .;a iïm;a weòka io`yd wdfoaY l< yels neúka weòka iemhqu jeä fõ'

fïi iemhqu wvq fõ'

hï NdKavhl f;d. mj;S o keoao hkak;a tu NdKavfha iemhqï kuH;dj flfrys

n,mdhs'

f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEfï yelshdj jeä kï tu NdKav iòyd kuH iemhqula mj;S'

tfy;a f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEu ÿIalr j mj;sk NdKav iòyd we;af;a wkuH iemhqï

;;a;ajhls'

`

95

ñ, fjkia ùfuka miq .; ù we;s ld,h úYd, kï tjeks NdKav iòyd we;af;a kuH

iemhquls' Bg fya;=j wod< ld,h úYd, j;a u idOl ixp,kh ùug bvlv jeä úu

hs'

tfy;a ñ, fjkia ùfuka miq .; ù we;s ld,h flá kï tjeks NdKav iòyd

we;af;a wkuH iemhquls' wod< ld,h flá ksid idOl ixp,kh ùug we;s bvlv

wvq úu thg fya;=j hs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;d ixl,amh wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh iòyd b;d jeo.;a fõ'

mßfNda.slhkag" ksIamdolhkag" wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkag úúO ;SrK .ekSfï §

iemhqï kuH;d ms<snò j ±kqj;a j isàu jeo.;a h'

my; ±lafjkafka fuu úúO msßiaj,g m%dfhda.sl jYfhka iemhqï kuH;d ixl,amh

jeo.;a jk wjia:d lsysmhls'

NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk úg md¾fNda.sl meyeou $ ksIamdokl whNdrhg

flfrk n,mEu mqfrdal:kh l< yels ùu

;u ksIamdok iòyd wdodhu Wmßu flfrk wdldrhg ñ,la ;SrKh l< yels ùu

jHdmdr wdh;khlg we;s taldêldÍ Yla;sh ksYaph l< yels ùu

hï NdKavhla iòyd mj;sk wdfoaYl yd wkqmqrl NdKav ljf¾ o hkak y`ÿkd

.ekSu

idOl ixp,k yelshdj y`ÿkd .; yels ùu

`

96

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10 (- wd¾Ól úoHdkql+, j fjf<|fmd< ú.%y lrhs'



fjf<|fmd< w¾: olajhs'

fjf<|fmd<l ld¾h kï lrhs'

NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< ksoiqka iys;j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

NdKav fjf<|fmd< yd idOl fjf<|fmd< w;r fjki ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'


YsIHhkaa okakd fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| j úuikak'

tla tla fjf<|fmd< ;=< yqjudre jk foa iy m%Odk ,laIK úuikak'

fjf<|fmd<la hkak w¾: olajkak'

fjf<|fmd< j¾. mj;sk njg bÕs imhkak'



bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

my; i|yka fjf<|fmd<j,a w;=ßka Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd< flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

mdjyka fjf<|fmd<

mdjyka ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH wuqøjH fjf<|fmd<

Tng ,eî we;s isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

tu isoaêh weiqfrka Tng ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| my; f;dr;=re f.dkq lrkak'

b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka

b,a¨fï iajNdjh

b,aü ;SrKh jk wdldrh

Tng ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd< wfkla fjf<|fmd< yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKd;aul j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

`

97

isoaêh

iSfoaú kue;s mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;kh ;u NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH wuqøjH úfoaY rglska wdkhkh lr .kS' fiajlhka wjYH njg wdh;kh úiska m< lrkq ,enQ mqj;am;a ±kaùulg wkqj m%foaYfha lsysm fofkl=g u tys fiajh lsÍug wjia:dj ie,isKs' w¨;ska ñ,§ .;a hkaf;%damlrK ksid;a kj ;dlaIKh fhdod.ekSu;a ksid;a mdjyka ksIamdokh jeä ù we;'

Èjhsfka m<d;a lsysmhl u iSfoaù mdjyka wf,úh i|yd fj<|ie,a újD; lr we;' fj<|ie,a ysñhka ÿrl:kfhka ±kqï ÿka úg mdjyka iemhSug ;rï wdh;kh ld¾hlaIu ù we;'

mdjyka b,aü jeä ùu ksid ksIamdokh jeä ù m%foaYjdiSkag o kj /lshd wjia: do Wod ù we;'


mßfNdackh i|yd ksñ NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú jk fjf<|fmd< NdKav yd fiajd

fjf<|fmd< f,i ye¢kafõ'

N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< f,i y÷kajhs'

mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav b,a¨ï lrkafka mdßfNda.slhka jk w;r" wf,úlrejka jkafka ksIamdok wdh;k hs'

ksIamdok idOl i|yd b,a¨ï lrkafka ksIamdok wdh;k jk w;r idOl iemhqïlrejka jkafka l=gqïn wxYh hs'

mdßfNda.sl NdKav i|yd b,aüla we;s jkafka tajdfhys wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj ksid h'

mdßfNda.sl NdKav i|yd iDcq b,aüla mj;S'

ksIamdok idOl fiajd i|yd jl% b,aüla fyj;a jHq;amkak b,a ula mj;S'

my; mßÈ NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< idOl fiajd fjf<|fmd< ixikaokd;aulj ú.%y l< yels h'

NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< idOl fiajd fjf<|fmd<

mßfNdack NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre fjhs'

l=gqïn wxYh NdKav yd fiajd i|yd b,a¨ï lrhs'

ksIamdok wdh;k NdKav yd fiajd imhhs'

NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iDcq b,aüla mj;S'

idOl fiajd yqjudre fjhs'

ksIamdok wdh;k idOl fiajd b,a¨ï lrhs'

ksIamdok wdh;k j,g idOl fiajd imhkafka l=gqïn wxYh hs'

idOl fiajd i|yd jl% b,aüla mj;S'

`

98

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2' 11 (-fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

mÍlaId lrhs'



fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h w¾: olajhs'

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h m%ldY l< yels úl,am l%u kï lrhs'

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqßka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'

iu;=,s;h wdY%s; ixl,am w¾: olajñka tajd m%ia;dr u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'


iy,a fjf<|ie,la fj; iy,a ñ, § .ekSug .sh mdßfNda.slhl= iy fjf<|ie,a ysñhd w;r we;s jQ ixjdoh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

mdßfNda.slhd ( uqo,d,s iïnd iy,a lsf,da tlla lSh o@

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( re' 90'00 hs uy;a;hd

mdßfNda.slhd ( uu .sh i;sfha re' 80$- .dfka lsf,da 10la .;a;fka

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( fï oskj, iy,a ñ, jeähs uy;a;hd

mdßfNda.slhd ( iy,a lsf,da 25la ñ,g .kak iy,a lsf,da tlla lSh .dfka

fokjd o@

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( uy;a;hd wfma fyd| mdßfNda.slhl= yskaod lsf,da tlla re' 85$- .dfka fokakï'

ixjdoh ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'


`

99

mdßfNda.slhd tkï b,a¨ïlre úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a úúO m%udK b,a¨ï lrk w;r fjf<|ie,a ysñhd tkï iemhqïlre úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a úúO m%udK iemhSu g wfmalaId lrhs'

b,a¨ïlre iy iemhqïlre tl`.;d u; ;SrKh jk ñ, iy m%udKh iu;=,s; ñ, iy m%udKh fõ'

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'


my; iòyka b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK hq., w;ßka Tng ,eî we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï

iólrK hq.,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = - 60 + 3P

Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = -10 + 5P

Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk f.dvk.kak'

Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï m%udKh yd iemhqï m%udKh

iudk w.hla .kakd ñ, yd m%udKh y`ÿkd.kak'

Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% tl u m%ia;dr

igykl ks¾udKh lrkak'

b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h tlsfklg fcaokh jk wjia:dj ms<snò j woyia bÈßm;a

lrkak'

`

100


;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l .ekqïlrejkaf.a yd úl=Kqïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIdjka ;=,kh jk wjia:dj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h hs'

tys oS b,a ïlrejka b,a,k m%udKh;a iemhqïlrejka imhk m%udKh;a tlsfklg iudk fjk ksid wê b,a¨ïla fyda wê iemhqula fyda olakg fkd,efnk w;r b,a¨ïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIs; ñ, yd iemhqïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIs; ñ, tlsfklg iudk jk neúka wê b,a ï ñ,la fyda wê iemhqï ñ,la we;s fkdfõ'

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hl we;s fldkafoais my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

1. wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï ñ, yd wfmalaIs; iemhqï ñ, iudk úh hq;= h'

2. wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wfmalaIs; iemhqï m%udKh iudkúh hq;= h'

3. wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh Y=kH úh hq;= h'

4. wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, Y=kH úh hq;= h'

5. mdßfNda.sl meyeou yd jHdmdßl whNdrh iudk úh hq;= h'

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h i;H fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhla fkdj wfmalaIs; ;;a;ajhls'

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjf<|fmd< ÈYdj fmkakqï lrk o¾Ylhls'

iu;=,s; ;;a;ajfhka fjf<|fmd<la wE;ajqKq úg kej; iajhxl%sh j iu;=,s;h lrd <Õd fõ'

fjf<|fmd, iu;=,s;h fmkaúh yels úl,am l%u my; oelafõ'

1. b,a¨ï iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka

2. b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% weiqfrka ^ m%ia;drhla u.ska&

3. b,a¨ï iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h f,aLkhla u.ska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h' ñ, b,a¨ï m%udKh iemhqï m%udKh

0 12 0

1 10 2

2 08 4

3 06 6

4 04 8

5 02 10

6 0 12

`

101

by; f,aLkhg wkqj ñ, re' 3'00 § b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 06la jk w;r iemhqï m%udKho tall 06la fyhska wê b,aüla fyda wê iemhqula fyda fkdfmkajhs' tkï wê b,aü yd wê iemhqu Y=kH fõ'

by; f,aLkfha i|yka ixLHd o;a; Wmfhda.S lr f.k m%ia;dßl j fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

b,a¨ï iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

by; f,aLkhg wod< j b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK my; mßos f.dvke.sh yels h'

b,a¨ï iólrKh Qd= a-bP

iemhqï iólrKh Qs = a+bP

a = ñ, Y+kHfha § b,a¨ï m%udKh fyda iemhqï m%udKh

S

D Q

m%

E

P b,aü yd iemhqu iudk jk wjia:dfõ oS ñ, re'3$- ls' m%udKh tall 6ls' tys oS wê b,a¨ï fyda wê iemhqï fyda ;;a;ajhla fkdue;s ksid

fuh fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h hs'

1

2

3

4

5

6

2 4 6 8 10 12

`

102

iu;=,s; ñ,

P ys w.h b,a¨ï fyda iemhqï fyda iólrKhg wdfoaY lsßfuka my; mßos m%udKh fidhd.; yels h'

lsishï ñ,l oS imhk m%udKh blaujd b,a ï lrkakd jQ m%udKh wê b,a¨ï m%udKh

fõ' wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = ^b,a¨ï m%udKh - iemhqï m%udKh&

lsishï ñ,l oS b,a ï lrkakd jQ m%udKh blaujd imhk m%udKh wê iemhqï m%udKh

fõ' wê iemhqï m%udKh = ^ iemhqï m%udKh - b,a¨ï m%udKh&

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh my; mßos ixLHd igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h' ñ, ^re& b,a¨ï

m%udKh tall

iemhqï m%udKh tall

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh

wê iemhqï m%udKh

0 12 0 12 -12

1 10 2 8 -8

2 8 4 4 -4

3 6 6 0 0 iu;=,s;h

4 4 8 -4 4

5 2 10 -8 8

6 0 12 -12 12

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l< yelsh'

`

103

lsishï tall m%udKhl oS imhk ñ, blaujd b,a ï lrkakd jQ ñ, wê b,a¨ï ñ, fõ'

wê b,a¨ï ñ, = b,a¨ï ñ, - iemhqï ñ,

lsishï tall m%udKhl oS b,a¨ï lrk ñ, blaujd imhk ñ, wê iemhqï ñ, fõ'

wê iemhqï ñ, = iemhqï ñ, - b,a¨ï ñ,

wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, my; mßos ixLHd igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h' m%udKh tall

b' ñ,

^re&

ie' ñ,

^re&

wê b,a¨ï ñ, ^re&

wê iemhqï ñ,

0 6 0 6 -6

2 5 1 4 -4

4 4 2 2 -2

6 3 3 0 0 iu;=,s;h

8 2 4 -2 2

10 1 5 -4 4

12 0 6 -6 6

wê iemhqï m%udKh S ksoiqka 1 (- ñ, re1 § b,a¨ï m%udKh = taall10

ñ, re1 § iemhqï m%udKh = taall 2

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 10-2=8

ksoiqka 2 (- ñ, re5 § iemhqï m%udKh = taall10

ñ, re 5 § b,a¨ï m%udKh = taall 2

wê iemhqï m%udKh = 10-2=8

Q D

P

1

2

3

4

5

6

2 4 6 8 10 12

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh

`

104

ksoiqka tall 2 § wê b,a¨ï ñ,

wê b,a¨ï ñ, = b,a¨ï ñ, - iemhqï ñ,

= 5 - 1

= 4 tall 10 § wê iemhqï ñ,

wê iemhqï ñ, = iemhqï ñ, - b,a¨ï ñ,

= 5 - 1

= 4

wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, Y+kH wjia:dj iu;=,s; fõ'

wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, m%ia;dr igyklska o meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, iólrK weiqfrka o meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

Qd = 12- 2P b,a¨ï iólrKh

Qs = 12- 4P iemhqï iólrKh

wê b,a¨ï iólrKh = b,a¨ï iólrKh - iemhqï iólrKh

= 12 – 2P - (2P)

wê b,a¨ï iólrKh = 12 – 4P

wê iemhqï iólrKh = iemhqï iólrKh - b,a¨ï iólrKh

= 2P - (12 – 2P)

= 2P - 12 + 2P

wê iemhqï iólrKh = 12 + 4P

by; wê b,a¨ï iólrKh iy wê iemhqï iólrKh Ndú;fhka wê b,a¨ï m%udKh fyda wê iemhqï m%udKh fidhd .; yels w;r wê b,a¨ï ñ, fyda wê iemhqï ñ, fidhd .; yels h'

ksoiqka (- ñ, re 3$- wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 12 – 4P

1

2

3

4

5

6

2 4 6 8 10 12

D

tall 10 § wê iemhqï ñ, ±lafjk m%foaYh

tall 2 § wê b,a¨ï ñ, ±lafjk m%foaYh

S P

Q

`

105

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 12 - 4

= 12 - 12

= 0

fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre lr.kq ,nk iu;=,s; NdKav m%udKh i|yd mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leue;s ñ,;a i;H jYfhka u Tyq f.jk ñ,;a w;r fjki mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h hs'

fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; ñ, hkq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, úkd f.ùug leue;s ñ, fkdfõ' mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug leue;s ñ, Bg jvd jeä úh yels h' jeä ñ,la f.ùug wfmalaIdfjka isáh § b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. ;=<ska Bg .e<fmk ñ,la ;SrK ù th iu;=,s; ñ, jYfhka mj;S' fï ksid mdßfNda.slhdg jdis odhl ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ'

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkqfha fufia h'

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h my; mßos meyeÈ,s .Kkh l< yels h'

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h =

= `

=

= 200//

Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, iólrKhla u.ska my; mßos fidhd .; yels h'

S

D Q

Q 50 100

8

16

P

p1

p0

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

`

106

iemhqïlrejka NdKav i|yd wfmalaId lrk wju ñ,;a ^ wdka;sl msßjeh& i;H jYfhka u Tjqkag fjf<|fmdf<a § ,efnk ñ,;a w;r fjki ksIamdol w;sßla;hhs'

ksIamdolhdf.a uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh wvq l< úg b;sßjk m%udKh ksIamdol w;sßla;hhs'

ksIamdol w;sßla;h m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

ksIamdol w;srsla;h .Kkh lrkq ,nk iQ;%h jkafka"

by; m%i;drhg wkqj ksIamdol w;srsla;h my; mßos .Kkh l< yels h'

Q D

16

8

ksIamdol w;srsla;h

50 100

S

S

`

107

ksIamdol w;srsla;h =

=

= 200//

ගැ��ක�ව� හා ��ක�ව� සම��ත �වමා�ව �� ලාභ අ�ප� කර ග�. ෙ�

ෙද��ස ම අ�කර ග�නා වා�ය ආ��ක අ��තය වශෙය� හැ|s�ෙ�.

ආ��ක අ��තය = පා�ෙභ��ක අ��තය + �ෂපාදl අ��තය ෙ�.

ෙමය m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'

S

Q

E

Q

ksIamdol w;srsla;h

පා�ෙභ��ක w;srsla;h

P

P

0

`

108

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2' 12 (-fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu ú.%y lrhs'



fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu meyeos,s lrhs' fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh b,a¨ï

iemhqï f,aLk yd iólrK weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'


;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iu;=,s; ñ,l § wfkl=;a idOl n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h fyda iemhqï jl%h fyda jug fyda ol=Kg ú;eka ùu ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia fõ'

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldr my; mßos fõ'

iemhqï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨ï jl%h fjkia ùu b,a¨ï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh o iemhqï jl%h fjkia ùu b,a¨ï iy iemhqï jl% fol u tl jr fjkia ùu

iemhqï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨ï jl%h fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

E = fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

b,a¨ï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu jl%h fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

Q

Q

E1 E

Qd/Qs

S0 S1 P

P0 P1

Q0 Q1 0

E1

E

E= fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

D

P0

P1

0

Q1 D1

S

D0

P

`

109

b,a¨ï jl%h iy iemhqï jl%h iudk m%udKhlska fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj b,aü iy iemhqu iudk m%;sY;hlska fjkia ùu ksid iu;=,s; ñ, lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdfõ'

b,aü jeä jk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska iemhqu wvq jQ úg iu;=,s; m%udKh fjkia fkdfõ' fuh m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

S1

S

E1 E

D1 D

q q1 0

P

P

Qd/Qs

q

0

D1 D

S1 S

E1

E P

P1

P

Qd/Qs

E= fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

iu;=,s; m%udKh fjkia fkfõ'

P

P

0 Q1 Q0

S1

S0

Qd/Qs D1 D0

20%

20%

E1 E

E= fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

E= fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

`

110

ksmqK;dj 3 (- fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 (- fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;ajk wdldr ú.%y lrhs'



fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a wdldr fmkajd fohs'

úIhh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la :-

b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h u.ska

iudchla ;=< NdKav ksIamdokh lsßfï iy fnodyeÍfuys,d lsishï wdldrhl

jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'

tfia jqj o iudcSh" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól oDIaáfldaKj,ska n,d fuu

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h iudchg wys;lr fõ hehs hk úúO u; m< flf¾'

fï ksid ksoyia fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldß;ajhg úúO iajrEmj,ska rch ueÈy;a jkq

olakg ,efí'

fuf,i fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a jk m%Odk wdldr lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

nÿ mekùu

iykdOdr ,nd §u

ñ, md,kh

ñ, ia:dhslrKh

fjf<|fmd< l%shdj,shg wdKavqj ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wdldrhla jkafka

ksIamdolhkaf.ka yd mdßfNda.slhka f.ka nÿ wh lsÍu hs'

úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj nÿ wh lsßï isÿ lrk w;r ksIamdokh fyda

mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk tallhla u; ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhl nÿ wh lsÍu

fyda NdKavfha jákdlu u; lsishï m%;sY;hla nÿ jYfhka wh lsÍu fyda

f,iska nÿ wh lsßfï m%Odk iajrEm folla ±lsh yels h'

fuf,iska nÿ wh lsßï ksid b,a¨ï" iemhqï ;;a;aj fjkia jk neúka" b,a¨ï

iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;fhys fjkialï yg .kS'

nÿ wh lrkakd fia u rch ksIamdolhkag yd mdßfNda.slhkag iykdOdr §u o

isÿ lrhs'

iykdOdr §ï ksid o b,a¨ï" iemhqï ;;a;aj fjkia jk neúka" b,a¨ï iemhqï

n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;fhys fjkialï yg .kS'

`

111

nÿ wh lsßï yd iykdOdr ,nd §ï yereKq úg rch ñ, m%;sm;a;s u.ska o" b,a¨ï

iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; w.hka fjkia lrk wjia:d o mj;S'

ñ, m%;sm;a;s hgf;a md,kh lrk ,o ñ, .Kka y÷kajd §u j¾;udkfha úúO

wdKavq úiska wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk iq,n l%shdud¾.hls'

tys oS wdKavqj kS;s u.ska ñ, kshu lsÍfï ld¾hhg wj;S¾K ùula isÿ lrk

w;r ta ksid fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kfha l%shdldß;ajh ksIal%sh ùula isÿ fõ'

ksS;s u.ska wdKavqj kshu lrkq ,nk fujeks ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'

1) Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu

2) wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu

ksIamdos; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ksrka;rfhka WÉpdjpkh jkúg wd¾Ólh ;=<

ñ, wia:dhS;djhla yg .kS' tjeks ñ, wia:dhS;djhka je<elaùu wruqKq lr

f.k wdKavq úiska úúO ñ, ia:dhslrKh l%shdud¾. .kq ,efí'

`

112

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 (-fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a ùu tall noaola weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'



NdKav u; nÿ mkjk wdldr kï lrhs'

m%;sY;l noao w¾: olajhs'

tall noao w¾: olajhs

iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg iemhqï jl%hg jk n,mEu fmkajhs'

iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk

n,mEu b,a ï yd iemhqï f,aLkhla weiqßka fmkajhs'


n,mEu b,a ï yd iemhqï jl% weiqfrka fmkajhs'


n,mEï b,a ï yd iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fmkajhs'

tall noaol iqNidOk m%;súmdlh ú.%y lrhs'

.ekqïlre u; tall noaola mekùu y÷kajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(-

foaYSh w, f.dùka wdrlaId lsÍug wdkhksl w, lsf,da 1lska re 5 l noaola wh lsÍug ;SrKh lrhs hk m%ldYh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

tu m%ldYh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'


iemhqïlrejka iy .ekqïlrejka u; nÿ mekùu" wdKavqjla úisska

fjf<|fmd< l%shdj,shg ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wjia:djla f,i

ie,lsh yels h'

úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj nÿ wh lsÍï isÿ lrhs'

NdKav u; mkjkq ,nk nÿ wkqmd;slj, iajrEm folls'

1& m%;sY;l noao

`

113

2& tall noao






Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = (- 60) + 3P

Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = (-10) + 5P

Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK hq., Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k




fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h

.Kkh lrkak'

wdKavqj úiska fuu NdKavfha ieu úl=Kqï tallhlska u remsh,a 2'00 l noaola wh

lrkafka hehs is;kak'

noao wh l< miq kj iemhqï iólrKh Qst = a + b(P - 2) f,i f.k Tn l,ska fhdod

.;a ñ, .Kka Ndú; lr noao wh l< miq kj iemhqï f,aLkh f.dvk.kak'

tu iemhqï f,aLkhg wod< kj iemhqï jl%h fmr m%ia;dr igyfka u ks¾udKh

lrkak'

m%ia;dr igyk Ndú;fhka noao wh l< miq kj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkak'

Tn fidhd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka noao wh lsÍug fmr fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh yd noao

wh l< miq fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ms<snò j ii|kak'

`

114

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la :-

iemhqïlrejka iy .ekqïlrejka u; nÿ mekùu" wdKavqjla úisska fjf<|fmd<

l%shdj,shg ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'

NdKav u; mkjkq ,nk nÿ wkqmd;slj, iajrEm folls'

1& m%;sY;l noao

2& tall noao

ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh fyda lrk NdKavfha jákdlu u; lsishï

m%;sY;hla nÿ jYfhka wh lr .ekSu m%;sY; noaola jYfhka y÷kajhs'

ksoiqk -

- iSks 1 ls'.aï jákdlu u; 2] l noaola mekùu

ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhla u; lsishï remsh,a

m%udKhla nÿ jYfhka whlr .ekSu tall noaola mekùu hkafkka woyia fõ'

fuh ksYaÑ; noaols'

ksoiqka

iSks lsf,da.a?ï tlla i|yd remsh,a 10$-la nÿ wh lsÍu

mdka rd;a;l,lg remsh,a 2$- l noaola wh lsÍu

frÈ ógrhlg remsh,a 3$- la nÿ wh lsÍu

iemhqïlre u; tall nÿ mekùfï ksid isÿ jkafka ksIamdok msßjeh by< hEu

hs'

fï ksid iemhqfuys wvq ùula isÿ jk w;r" noafoa m%udKfhka iemhqï jl%h jug

ú;eka ùula o isÿ fõ'

fuf,iska tall noaola mekùu ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg jk n,mEu

f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska fmkakqï l< yels h'

iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tu noao iemhqï f,aLkhg" iemhqï

jl%hg iy iemhqï iólrKhg my; f,i .e<msh yels h'

`

115

my; ±lafjkafka ;r.ldÍ NdKav fjf<|fmd<l lsishï NdKavhla i|yd jk b,a ï yd

iemhqï f,aLkhls'

ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

0 0 5 10 10 20 15 30 20 40 25 50 30 60 35 70 40 80

wdKavqj fuu NdKavfha iEu úl=Kqï tallhlska u remsh,a 5'00 l noaola wh lrk nj is;uq'

fï ksid fjf<|fmd< kj iemhqï f,aLkh my; mßos fõ'

ñ, ^re& tall noao ^re& noafoka miq ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall& 0 5 5 0 5 5 10 10 10 5 15 20 15 5 20 30 20 5 25 40 25 5 30 50 30 5 35 60 35 5 40 70 40 5 45 80

tall noao ksIamdolhdg msßjehla jk neúka noao mekùu ksid iemhqï m%udKh wvq ù

we;s nj by; j.= igyfkka meyeÈ,s fõ'

tall noao mekùug fmr b,a¨ï iy iemhqï f;dr;=re iy noao mekùu ksid kj

iemhqï f,aLkfhka ±lafjk wdldrhg iemhqu wvq ùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; mßÈ

m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

`

116

ksIamdolhka u; remsh,a 5l tall noao mekùu ksid iemhqï jl%h s-s1 olajd jug ú;eka ù we;s w;r iu;=,s;h o fjkia ù we;'

tkï " noaog fmr"

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 20'00

iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 40 noao miq"

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 22'50

iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 35

ksIamdolhka u; tall nÿ mekùu ksid iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug wu;r j Y=NidOk m%;smdlhka o yg .kS'

my; m%ia;dr igyk u.ska tu Y=NidOk m%;súmdlhka y÷kd .; yels h'

0

5

10

15

17.50

20

22.5

25

30

35

40

ñ,^re&

S1

S

D

10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 m%udKh^tall&

E

E1

`

117

`

118

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

re' 400 + re' 400

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

//

(iii) noao ksid mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

//

noao ksid ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

`

119

//

noao ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

^ I l%uh &

//

(ii) l%uh

noao ksid wysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = noaog fmr wd¾Ól w;sßla;h - noaog miq wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

= 800 - 612.50 //

mdßfNda.slhd ork nÿ nr

ksIamdolhdf.a nÿ nr

`

120

(vii) mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd hk fofokdf.a u nÿ nr

^ tall noafoka rchg ,efnk wdodhu ksIamdolhd iy mdßfNda.slhd fofokdf.a u nÿ nfrys tl;=jg iudk fõ'&

(vii) tall noao ksid iuia; iudchg jQ wysñ ùu rcfha wdodhu wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha wysñ ùu

tall noao ksid iuia; iudchg re' 12'50l wysñ ùula isÿ j we;'

tall nÿ mekùu wdY%s; wd¾Ól m%;súmdl iólrK Ndú;fhka o fidhd ne,sh yels h' by; ie,ls,a,g .;a ksoiqkg wkqj tall nÿ mekùug fmr b,a¨ï iy iemhqï

iólrK my; mßÈ fõ'

fï ksid noaog fmr" iu;=,s;h"

`

121

iu;=,s; ñ, remsh,a 20$$

iu;=,s; remsh,a 40$$

ksIamdolhkaf.ka tall nÿ mekùu ksIamdolhdg msßjehla fõ' ta nj iemhqï iólrK u.ska my; f,i ±laúh yels h'

kj iemhqï iólrKh

noaog miq kj iu;=,s;h"

P = 22.50, iemhqï iólrKhg wdfoaYfhka kj iu;=,s; m%udKh"

Qs = 10 + 2 (22.50)

Qs = 35

noaog miq iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 22'50

noaog miq iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 35//

ksIamdolhka u; tall nÿ mekùu ksid we;s jk wfkl=;a m%;súmdl b,a,qï iemhqï

iólrK u.ska o oelaúh yels h'

.ekqïlrejka u; tall nÿ mekùu hkafkka woyia jkafka NdKavhla ñ,§ .kakd

wjia:dfõ § tallhla u; ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhla .ekqïlref.ka nÿ f,i wh lsÍuhs'

ksoiqka (- úl=Kqï nÿ" mdßfNda.sl jeÜ nÿ

80 = 4P

20 = P

p = 20 b,a¨ï iólrKhg wdfoaYfha

80 - 2x20

=40

`

122

fuys § NdKavhla ñ, § .kakd wjia:dfõ § wh lrk fyhska ffk;sl jYfhka noao uq¿ukskau f.jkq ,nkafka .ekqïlre h'

ksoiqk (-

fodvï f.ähla u; re' 10 l wf,ú noaola wh lrkq ,nhs kï fodvï ñ,§ .kakd iEu

wjia:djl § u fodvï f.ählg re' 10 ne.ska noaola wdKavqjg f.úh hq;= h'

.ekqïlrejka u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï jl%hg lsis÷ n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'

tfy;a .ekqïlrejka u; tall nÿ mekjQ úg .ekqïlrejka f.úh hq;= ñ, by< hk neúka .ekqïlrejka ñ, § .;a tall i|yd noafoka miq f.ùug leu;s ñ, wvqfõ' fï ksid mej;s ñ, .Kka hgf;au noafoa m%udKfhka b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'

.ekqïlre u; tall noaaola mek jQ miq iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh my; rEm igyfka ±lafõ'

by; rEm igykg wkqj .ekqïlre u; tall noao mekùug fmr iu;=,s;h E0

,laIfhka ±lafõ' tys§ iu;=,s; ñ, P0 o iu;=,s; m%udKh Q0 o fõ' .ekqïlre u;

tall noao mekùfuka miq kj iu;=,s;h E1 ,laIfhka ±lafõ' tys § iu;=,s; ñ, P1 o

iu;=,s; m%udKh Q1 o fõ'

0

P1

P 0

Q1

S

D m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ,^re&

Dt

E0

Q 0

E1

S

`

123

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 (- iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekùfuka miq nÿ nr fn§ hk

wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'



nÿ nr hkak y÷kajhs'

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;djfha iajrEmh u; tall noaola mekùfuka nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd w;r fnfok wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

úIhh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la'

ksIamdolhka u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tys wjidk nÿ ±Íu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk u idOlh jkafka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dj h'

úúO b,a ï kuH;d wjia:djkays § nÿ nfrys ±Íu isÿjk wdldrh my; f,i rEm igyka u.ska ±laúh yels h'

1 mQ“ wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-

rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h S j,ska ±lafjk w;r noaog miq iemhqï

jl%h S1 fõ'

noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHhfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h b ,laIHhfhka o ±lafõ'

a-b ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r iu;=,s; ñf,ys by< hdua-b ÿrg iudk fõ'

tkï P1 - P2

tall noafoa m%udKfhka u iu;=,s; ñ, by< hdfuka fmkakqï flfrkafka mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:djl § uq¿ nÿ nr u mdßfNda.slhdg ±Íug isÿjk nj hs'

0 Q1

P1

P2

D S1

S

tall noafoa m%udKh

m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ, ^re&

b

a

`

124

ta wkqj rEm igyfka w÷re l< A flaIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.slhd ork tu uq¿ nÿ nr ±lafõ'

mQ¾K kuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-

tall noao ksid iemhqï jl%h S - S1 olajd jug ú;eka ù we;'

noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h a ,laIfhka o ±lafõ'

noao mekùu ksid iu;=,s; m%udKh Q - Q1 olajd wvq ù we;s w;r iu;=,s; ñf,ys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ ù ke;'

tkï noaog fmr;a" miq;a iu;=,s; ñ, P2 u h'

thska woyia jkafka tall noao ksid mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñf,ys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ ù fkdue;s nj hs'

fï ksid a - b ÿfrka ±lafjk tall noafoa m%udKfhka u ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, P2 -

P1 olajd wvq ù we;'

ta wkqj B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk uq¿ nÿ nr u ksIamdolhd úiska orkq ,efí'

0

P1

P2

ñ, ^re&

m%udKh ^ tall& Q1 Q

a

b

c

P1

D

S1

S

tall noao

`

125

rEmigyfka C ,laIHfhka noaog fmr iu;=,s;h;a" a ,laIHfhka noaog miq iu;=,s;h;a

±lafõ'

a - b ÿfrka noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" fuys § nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd

w;r iudk j fn§ f.dia we;'

ta wkqj P - P2 ÿfrka tall noafoka mdßfNda.slhd orK m%udKh;a P - P1 ÿfrka

ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh;a ±lafõ'

fï wkqj rEm igyfka w÷re lr we;s A flaIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.slhdf.a uq¿ nÿ nr;aa" B

flaIa;%M,fhka ksIamdolhd f.a uq¿ nÿ nr;aa ±lafõ'

wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-

rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIHfhka o" noaog miq iu;=,s;h a

,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'

a - b ÿßka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska mdßfNda.slhd ork m%udKh P - P2 jk

w;r ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh P - P1 ka ±lafõ'

ta wkqj wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:djl § A laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ jeä nÿ nrla

mdßfNda.slhd;a " B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd;a or;s'

tall noao

m%udKh ^ tall& 0

P1

P

P2

A

B

S1

S

a

b c

Q1 Q

ñ, ^ re&

D

`

126

kuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj(-

rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhkao ±lafõ'

a-b ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r thska mdßfNda.slhd ork m%udKh P -P2

ÿfrka iy" ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh P -P1 ÿfrka o ±lafõ'

ta wkqj A laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk wvq nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd;a" B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk jeä nÿ nr ksIamdolhd;a or;s'

úúO iemhqï kuH;d wjia:djkays § nÿ nfrys ±Íu isÿjk wdldrh my; f,i rEm igyka u.ska ±laúh yels h'

mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

0

P1

P

P2

A

B

B

m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ, ^re&

0

P1

P a

b

Q

D

S

S1

S

a

b

C

tall noao

m%udKh ^ tall& Q1 Q

ñ,^re&

D

`

127

mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:djl § tall noaola mekjQ úg iemhqï jl%fhys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdfõ'

fï ksid noaog fmr;a miq;a iu;=,s;fhys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdjk w;r a

,laIHfhka ±lafjkafka tu noaog fmr iy miq iu;=,s;h hs'

fuys oS tall noao mekùu ksid mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñf,ys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ j ke;'

th noaog fmr;a miq;a P fõ'

ta ksid a-b ÿfrka ±lafjk m%udKfhka u ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, P - P1 olajd wvq ù

we;'

ta wkqj B lafIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk uq¿ nÿ nr u ksIamdolhd úiska orkq ,efí'

mQ¾K kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

rEm igykg wkqj a ,laIHhfhka noaog fmr iu;=,s;h;a" b ,laIHhfhka noaog miq

iu;=,s;h;a ±lafõ'

b-c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r tu noafoa m%udKfhka u iu;=,s; ñ,

tkï mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, by< f.dia we;'

thska fmkakqï flfrkafka mQ¾K kuH iemhqï wjia:djl § A fCIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk

uq¿ nÿ nr u mdßfNda.slhd úiska orkq ,efí'

0 Q1 Q

D

S1

S

A1

P

P1

c

b

m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ,^re&

a

tll noao

`

128

talSh kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h b ,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'

b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r th mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd w;r iudk j fn§ f.dia we;'

ta wkqj A CIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.slhd;a B CIa;%M,fhka ksIamdolhd;a ork nÿ nr tl iudk fõ'

wkuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

A

B

m%udKh ^ tall&

tall noao

0

P1

P

P2

ñ,^re&

Q1 Q

c

b

a

S1

S

S1

S

tall noao

m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ,^re&

0

P1

P

P2 b

c

a

D

D

A

B

`

129

fuys os noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h b ,laIHhfhka o oela fõ'

b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska P - P2 m%udKh mdßfNda.slhd;a"

P - P1 m%udKh ksIamdolhd;a orhs'

ta wkqj A fCIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla mdßfNda.slhd úiska o B fCIa;% M,fhka ±lafjk jeä nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd úiska o orkq ,efí'

kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

fuys oS noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o miq iu;=,s;h ,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'

b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska P - P2 m%udKh mdßfNda.slhd úiska

o" P - P1 m%udKh ksIamdolhd úiska o orkq ,efí'

ta wkqj kuH iemhqï ;;a;ajhl § A CIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ jeä nÿ nrla

mdßfNda.slhd;a B CIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd;a or;s'

0

P1

P2

P

Q1 Q

Q

tall noao

S1

S

b

c

a

P

A

B

`

130

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 (-iemhqïlrejkag tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u weiqfrka fjf<|fmd<g

rcfha ueÈy;a ùu ú.%y lrhs'



iemhqïlre fj; ,ndfok tall iykdOdrh w¾: olajhs'

iemhqïlre fj; tall iykdOdrh ,ndÿka úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s jk n,mEu b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

iemhqïlre fj; tall iykdOdrh ,ndÿka úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk n,mEï b,a ï iemhqï jl% weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

tall iykdOdrhl Y=N idOk m%;súmdlh m%ia;dr igyka weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'


ù f.dùka i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrhla ,nd §ug rch ;SrKh lrhs hk m%ldYh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

tu m%ldYh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'


iemhqïlrejka u; iykdOdr ,nd §u wdKavqjla úisska isÿ lrhs'

úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj iykdOdr ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'

fufia ,nd fok iykdOdrj, iajrEm folls tkï

m%;sY;l iykdOdr

tall iykdOdr



`

131




Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = (- 60) + 3P

Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = (-10) + 5P

Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK hq., Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k




fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h

.Kkh lrkak'

wdKavqj úiska fuu NdKavfha ieu iemhqïlre tallhla u; remsh,a 2'00 l

iykdOdrhla ,nd foa hehs is;kak'

iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq kj iemhqï iólrKh Qs = a + b(P + 5) f,i f.k Tn

l,ska fhdod .;a ñ, .Kka Ndú; lr iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka mi kj iemhqï f,aLkh

f.dvk.kak'

tu iemhqï f,aLkhg wod< kj iemhqï jl%h fmr m%ia;dr igyfka u ks¾udKh

lrkak'

m%ia;dr igyk Ndú;fhka iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq kj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ,"

m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkak'

Tn fidhd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka iykdOdrhla ,nd oSug fmr fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh yd iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ms<snò j ii|kak'

`

132


ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhla i|yd ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhla iykdOdr jYfhka ,nd §u iemhqïlre u; tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u hkafkka woyia fõ'

ksoiqka - f;a lsf,dajlg re' 20$- l iykdOdrhla ,nd §u

iemhqïlre u; tall iykdOdr ,nd §fï oS wksjd¾h m%;sM,h jkafka ksIamdok msßjeh my< hdu hs'

fï ksid iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿjk w;r iykdOdrfha m%udKfhka iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'

tall iykdOdrhla ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg isÿjk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska fmkakqï l< yels h'

my; ±lafjkafka ;r.ldÍ NdKav fjf<|fmd<l lsishï NdKavhla i|yd jk b,a¨ï iemhqï f,aLk h'

ñ, ^re&

b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&

iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

0 80 0

5 70 10

10 60 20

15 50 30

20 40 40

25 30 50

30 20 60

35 10 70

40 0 80

wdKavqj fuu NdKavfha iEu ksIamdok tallhla i|yd remsh,a 5'00l iykdOdrhla ,nd fokafka hhs is;uq' fï ksid fjf<|fmd< kj iemhqï f,aLkh my; mßÈ fõ'

`

133

ñ, ^re& tall iykdOdrh ^remsh,a &

iykdOdrfha miqñ, ^re&

iemhqï m%udKh ^tall &

0 5 -5 0 5 5 0 10 10 5 5 20 15 5 10 30 20 5 15 40 25 5 20 50 30 5 25 60 35 5 30 70 40 5 35 80

tall iykdOdrh ksid ksIamdolhd f.a msßjeh wvq jk neúka iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid

iemhqï m%udKh jeä ù we;s nj by; j.= igyfkka meyeÈ,s h'

tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u wdY%s; j by; f,aLkj,ska fy<s jk f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyka u.ska o fmkakqï l< yels h'

10

17.5

20

25

30

35

40

S

S 1

0

5

15

-5

10 40 20 30 45 50 60 70 80

E1

E

D m%udKh ^tall&

ñ, ^re&

`

134

ksIamdolhkag tall iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid iemhqï jl%h iykdOdrfha m%udKfhka

S - S1 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka ù we;s w;r fmr ;snQ iu;=,s;h o fjkia ù we;'

iykdOdrhg fmr"

iu;=,s; ñ, = remsh,a 20'00

iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 40 iykdOdrhg miq"

iu;=,s; ñ, = remsh,a 17'50

iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 45

ksIamdolhkag tall iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid by; rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug wu;r j ;j;a Y=NidOk m%;súmdl yg.kS'

m%ia;dr igykla u.ska my; f,i tu Y=NidOk m%;súmdl o y÷kd .; yels h'

0

5

15

-5

10 40 20 30 45 50 60 70 80

10

m%udKh ^tall&

S S1

A

J

B I

c F

H G 17.5

22.5

20

25

30

35

40

ñ,^re&

`

135

iykdOdrhg fmr"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

ksIamdok w;sßla;h

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

//

II. iykdOdrhg miq"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h A+B+I+H+G

25//

ksIamdok w;srsla;h

`

136

//

wd¾Ól w;srsla;h = ( A+B+I+H+G) + (B+C+I+J)

//

iii) iykdOdrh ksid mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

//

iykdOdrh ksid ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

iykdOdrh ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

Î l%uh &

//

ÎI l%uh &

iykdOdrh ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

//

ආ��ක අ��තය

-

`

137

IV) iykdOdrh fjkqfjka rchg ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh

//

V) iykdOdrh ksid iudc Y=N idOkhg jk n,mEu

Î l%uh &

//

ÎI l%uh & , F flaIa;%M,h

//

tall iykdOdr mekùfuka ,efnk wd¾Ól m%;súmdl iólrK u.ska o fidhd ne,sh yels h'

by; ie,els,a,g .;a ksoiqkg wkqj" iykdOdrhg fmr b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK"

Qd = 80 - 2p

Qs = 0 + 2p

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 20'00$$ iu;=,s; m%udKh"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha

jeäùu

ksIamdok w;sßla;fha

jeäùu

rcfha msßjeh + -

`

138

//

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 17'50$$

iu;=,s; m%udKh" (Qs)

Qs =

//

( tall iykdOdrfhys wfkl=;a wd¾Ól m%;súmdl o iólrK weiqßka úuid ne,sh yels h'&

`

139

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 (-ñ, md,kh fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajhg we;s lrk n,mEu

úuihs'



ñ, md,kh w¾: olajhs'

ñ, md,kfha úúO iajrEm kï lrhs'

Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% wdY%s; j ksrEmKh lrhs'

Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sfhys m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'

Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd l%shdud¾. úia;r lrhs'

wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd b,a ï iemhqï jl% wdY%s; j ksrEmKh lrhs'

wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha m%;súmdl bÈßm;a lrhs'

wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajhs'

wju ñ,la iy;sl ñ,la njg m;a lr.; yels ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ñ, ia:dhslrK ls%hdud¾. y÷kajhs'


lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda i|yd fjf<|fmd< b,a ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh ù we;s ñ, we;eï úg" mdßfNda.slhkag iy ksIamdolhkag widOdrK úh yels h'

fujeks wjia:djkays § wdKavqj fjf<|fmd< ñ, md,kh lrhs'

ta wkqj ñ, md,kh hkq wdKavqj úiska kS;sÍ;s wKmk;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k lD;%su ñ,la fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s lsÍu hs'

ñ, md,khla ;=<ska wdKavqj wfmalaId lrkafka tl w;lska mdßfNda.slhd;a" wfkla w;g ksIamdolhd;a wdrlaId lsÍu hs'

ñ, md,kfha iajrEm folls' 1 Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu 2 wju ñ, kshu lsÍu

fjf<|fmd< ñ, hdka;%Kh hgf;a ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; ñ, mdßfNda.slhdg widOdrK fj;ehs is;+ úg Tjqkag idOdrK;ajh ie,iSu i|yd wdKavqj úiska kshu lrkq ,nk kS;Hkql+, ñ, Wmßu ñ, iSudj kñka ye¢kafõ'

wdKavqj Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lrkq ,nkafka mdßfNda.slhkag idOdrK;ajh i|yd jk neúka iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my<ska Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu jeo.;a h'

`

140

tjeks iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my<ska kshu lrkq ,nk Wmßu ñ, iSudj iM, Wmßu ñ, kñka ye¢kafõ' ksoiqka (- iy,a" mdka " isks " mßmamq ñ, kshu lsÍu lsß msá ñ, kshu lsÍu

Wmßu f.j,a l=,S kshu lsÍu

my; rEm igyfkys ±lafjkafka tjeks iM, Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍuls'

by; rEm igyfkys ±lafjk mßÈ P1 Wmßu ñ, iSudj ksid b,a ï m%udKh Q-Q1 olajd

jeä ù we;s w;r" iemhqï m%udKh Q-Q2 olajd wvq ù we;'

fuys m%;sM,h jYfhka fjf<|fmdf<ys Q2-Q1 olajd jk wê b,aüla ygf.k we;'

tfia u Q2 f,iska jk iemhqï m%udKh P2 f,iska jk l¿lv ñ,lg wf,ú lsÍug o ksIamdolfhda fm,fU;s'

Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu ksid we;s jk m%;súmdl ;j ÿrg;a my; mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'

1. wê b,aü ksid fjf<|fmdf<ys NdKav ysÕhla we;s ùu'

2. kS;s úfrdaê l¿ lv ñ, hgf;a NdKav wf,ú lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu'

3. l¿ lv ñ, ksid fmr ;snQ iu;=,s; ñ,g;a (p) jvd by< ñ,lg (p2) NdKav wf,ú lsÍu'

4. Wmßu ñ,;a iuÕska ksIamdolhka f.a ,dN iSud jk ksid tu ksIamdok lafIa;%fha lrkq ,nk wdfhdack iSud ùu'

5. Wmßu ñ, iSudj ksid mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg iy ksIamdok w;sßla;hg o whym;a n,mEula we;s ù iudc Y=N idOkhg o ydks ùu'

6. Wmßu ñ,la mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg" ksIamdok w;sßla;hg n,mdk wdldrh iy ta wkqj iudc Y=N idOkhg isÿ jk n,mEu my; f,i rEm igyklska ±laúh yels h'

0 Q2 Q Q1

ñ, ^re&

Wmßu ñ, iSudj

wê b,aü

S

E

D

l¿ lv ñ, P2

iu;=,s; ñ, P

md,k ñ, P1

m%udKh ^tall&

`

141

i. Wmßu ñ,g fmr mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

ii. Wmßu ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E+F

iii. Wmßu ñ,g fmr wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+ B+C+D+E+F

iv. Wmßu ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A (B+C wysñ ù we;&

v. Wmßu ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = F (D+E wysñ ù we;&

vi. Wmßu ñ,g miq wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+F

vii. wysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = C+E ( wysñ iqnidOkh&

wysñ Y=N idOkh ,nd.kakd wdldrh (-

by; rEm igyfkys B+D mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg tl;= lrkjd o" keoao hkak ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk lreKq folls'

1 ysÕ NdKav ,nd .ekSug jeh jk ld,h yd uqo,a m%udKh 2 fmda,sfï isàug .; jk ld,h

fuu lreKq fol i|yd wu;r msßjehla ±Íug mdßfNda.slhdg isÿ fkdfõ kï B+D fldgiaj, fCI;%M,h o mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg tl;= fõ'

fï wkqj by; .Kkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re o iuÕska Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu mdßfNda.slhdg n,mE wdldrh me;s follska ú.%y l< yels h' tkï

1 B+C = mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wysñ ùu

2 B+D = mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha isÿ úh yels jeä úu

mdßfNda.slhdg jQ n,mEu ksIamdok w;sßla;fhys isÿ jQ wysñ ùu ^D+E) iuÕ .e<emSfuka wysñ Y=N idOkh my; f,i ,nd.; yels h'

wysñ Y=N idOkh = B+D - ( B+C+D+E)

= - ( C+E)

Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a jkafka tys wfmalaIs; jdish tf,iska u mdßfNda.slhdg ,efí kï h'

S

D Q

0

F

D

B

A

C

E

P1

P

P2

Wmßu ñ, iSudj

m%udKh ^ tall&

ñ, ^re&

`

142

ta wkqj Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls' 1 wdkhkh 2 ksIamdolhka Èß.ekaùu 3 i,dl lsÍu

Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu ksid we;s jk wê b,aü fya;=fjka fjf<|fmd<ys we;s jk NdKav ysÕhg ms<shï jYfhka NdKav wdkhkh l< yels h' tfia lsßfuka Wmßu ñ, mekùfï jdis mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd Èh yels h'

tfia u Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu ksid wffO¾hu;a jk ksIamdolhka Èß.ekaùu i|yd wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSfuka o fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s jk ydks j<lajd wfmalaIs; jdish mdßfNda.slhska w;r i,dl lr fnod §ug isÿ fõ'

Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu ksid fjf<|fmd< ñ, hka;%Kh ksIal%sh jk neúka" ysÕ NdKav i,dl lsÍug isÿjkafka ñ, fkdjk udOHhka Ndú; lsßfuka h' my; ±lafjkafka i,dl lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels tjeks ñ, fkdjk udOHh'

1. i,dl m;a fhdod .ekSu

2. fmda,Sï l%uh

3. w,a,ia u.ska i,dl lsÍu

4. fjk;a NdKav iuÕ iïnkaO fldg i,dl lsÍu'

5. l¿ lv ñ,

wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu'

b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u; ;SrKh jQ fjf<|fmd< ñ, ksIamdolhkag widOdrK fj;ehs hk úYajdih u; ksIamdolhskag idOdrK;ajhla ie,iSu i|yd wdKavqj úiska iu;=,s; ñ,g by<ska kS;Hkql+, j kshu lrk ñ, wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu hkafkka woyia fõ'

wju ñ, iSud mekùfï wruqK ksIamdolhkag idOdrK;ajhla ie,iSu jk neúka wju ñ, iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd by<ska kshu l< hq;= h'

iu;=,s; ñ,g by<ska kshu lrkq ,nk wju ñ, iM, wju ñ, kñka ye¢kafõ' ksoiqka (- ù i|yd wju ñ,la kshu lsÍu" wju jegqma wkqmd; kshu lsÍu'

my; rEm igykska ±lafjkafka wju ñ, iSud mekùuls'

S

Q2 Q Q1

0

P

P1

wê iemhqu

wju ñ, iSudj

m%udKh ^tall& D

ñ, ^re&

`

143

by; rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ P1 wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu ksid fjf<|fmd< iemhqï

m%udKh Q-Q2 olajd jeä jk w;r b,a¨ï m%udKh Q-Q1 olajd wvq fõ'

fuys m%;sM,h jkafka Q2-Q1 olajd jk wê iemhqula fjf<|fmdf<ys yg .ekSu hs'

wju ñ, iSud kshu lsßfuys m%;súmdl ;j ÿrg;a my; f,i ±laúh yels h'

1. w;sßla; ksIamdokh fjf<|fmdf<ys f.dv .eiSu fyj;a f;d. iuqÉpkh ùu'

2. fiajd iïnkaOfhka .;a l, ú/lshdj jeks .eg¨ u;= ùu'

3. fjf<÷ka kS;sfhka m,d hdug ;e;a lsÍu ^wju ñ, kdñl ñ,la fia i,ld wvq ñ,g NdKav wf,ú lsÍu'&

4. wê wdfhdack ;;a;ajhla Woa.; ùu'

5. mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg" ksIamdol w;sßla;hg n,mEï we;s ù iudc iqn idOkhg o n,mEï we;s ùu'

wju ñf,ys Y=N idOkh m%;súmdlhka my; f,i m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

wju ñ,g fmr"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+B+C+D+E

wju ñ,g miq"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A

ksIamdo; w;sßla;h =

^ ksIamdolhd Q1 iemhSug ;SrKh l<fyd;a &

S

D

I

H G F

D

B C

A

P

P1

Q Q1 Q2

wju ñ, iSudj

m%udKh ^ tall&

ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh

ksIamdolhdf.a úp,H msßjeh -

ñ, ^re&

0

E

`

144

= ( B+D+F ) - F

= B+D

wju ñ,g miq wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+B+D

wju ñ,g miq ksIamdolhd

Q2 iemhSug ;SrKh l<fyd;a = ksIamdol w;sßla;h

= B+D+F - (F+G+H+I)

fuys oS ksIamdolhd F+G+H+I f,iska jk úp,H msßjeh ±rE Q2 iemhSug ;SrKh l< o

mdßfNda.slhd b,a¨ï lrkafka Q1 ksid B+D+F f,iska jk ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh Tyqf.a msßjehg jvd wvq fõ'

fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka ksIamdolhkag idOdrK;ajh i|yd wju ñ, iSud mekùu isÿ l<;a" wfmalaIs; ;rfï jdishla ksIamdolhdg w;a fkdjk nj hs'

fï ksid wju ñ, w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd hï hï l%shdud¾. .; hq;= h' my; ±lafjkafka tjeks l%shdud¾. lsysmhls'

1. w;sßla;h .nvd lsÍu

2. w;=re ksIamdokh

3. mj;akd b,aü m%j¾Okh

4. wmkhkh

by; l%shdud¾.j,g wu;r j wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk iqúfYaI l%shdud¾.hla f,i ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s ±laúh yels h'

ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s j, § wju ñ, ksIamdolhdg ,efnk nj iy;sl ùula isÿfõ' ta wkqj tys § wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia ie,efla'

wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia i,lñka ksIamdolhd wdrlaId lr .ksñka ksIamdolhkaf.a wdodhu by< kexùu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'

1. rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s

2. W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh

rcfha ñ, § .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh hkq" rch úiska kshu lrkq ,nk wju ñ, hgf;a ksIamdolhd fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug leu;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKfhka wju ñ, hgf;a mdßfNda.slhd ñ, § f.k b;sß jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ, § .ekSu hs'

fuf,iska jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ,g .ekSu yd ta wdY%s; we;s jk m%;súmdl my; f,i rEm igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

ksIamdolhdf.a

whNdrh B+D+F

ksIamdolhdf.a úp,H msßjeh

(F+G+H+I)

-

`

145

i. iy;sl ñ,g fmr" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

iy;sl ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq ùu = A+B+C-A

= B+C

ii. iy;sl ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E

iy;sl ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = B+C+J+D+E

ksIamdol w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = B+C+J

iy;sl ñ, hgf;a w;sßla;h ñ,g .ekSu fjkqfjka

rchg ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh = C+E+G+H+K+J

mdßfNda.slhdf.a meyeou = B+D+F

ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = B+C+J+D+E+F+G+H+K

^ ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = mdßfNda.sl meyeou + rcfha msßjeh &

iii. Y=N idOkhg jQ n,mEu

=

= B+C+J - ( B+C+C+E+G+H+K+J)

= - ( C+E+G+H+K)

(C+E+G+H+K m%udKfhka w;sßla;h ñ, § .ekSfï ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh ksid iudc Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula isÿ j we;'&

W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh hkq wju ñ, iSudj hgf;a ksIamdolhka fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug leue;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKh u mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s fjf<|fmd<

0

S A

B

D

F

C

E

G H

K

J

D

Q1 Q2 Q

w;sßla; iemhqu

iy;sl ñ,

m%udKh^tall&

ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jeä ùu

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq

ùu + rcfha msßjeh -

ñ, ^re&

`

146

;SrKh jk ñ,;a rch úiska mkjk ,o wju ñ,;a w;r m%udKh rch úiska ksIamdolhdg f.ùu hs'

W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh my; f,i rEm igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

i. iy;sl ñ,g fmr mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B

iy;sl ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C+F+G mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = A+B+C+F+G - A+B = C+F+G

ii. iy;sl ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = C+D

iy;sl ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = C+D+B+J ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = B+J

iii. P1 iy;sl ñ, hgf;a ksIamdolhd fjf<|fmd<g imhk uq¿ NdKav m%udKh = Q1 Q1 i|yd mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug leue;s ñ, fyj;a Q1 i|yd jk fjf<|fmd< ñ, = P2

iv. W!k mQ¾K f.ùu i|yd rcfha msßjeh = B+J+C+F+G+K v. Y=N idOkhg jk n,mEu =

= C+F+G+B+J - ( B+J+C+F+G+K)

= - K

-K m%udKfhka iudc Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula isÿj we;'

W!k mQ¾K f.ùu ksid ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = B+J+K+C+F+G+D+E+H

mdßfNda.sl meyeou = D+E+H

( rcfha msßjeh + mdßfNda.sl meyeou = ksIamdol whNdrh fõ' &

ksIamdÈ; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu ñ, wia:dhS;djhla f,i ie,fla' ñ, .Kka wia:dhS jk úg ksImdolhskaf.a wdodhïys o wia:dhS;djka we;s fõ'

ñ, ^re&

S

D

W!k mQrK f.ùu

iy;sl ñ,

m%udKh ^tall&

A

C

J

D E

F

K

B

G

H

Q Q1 0

P2

P1

P

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha

jeäùu

ksIamdol w;sßla;fha

jeäùu

rcfha msßjeh + -

`

147

úfYaIfhkau lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha iq,nj ±lsh yels lreKls' lDIs NdKavj, ñ, .Kka WÉpdjpkh ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk úg f.dùkaf.a wdodhï wia:dhS ùu m%n, .eg¨jla ù we;'

fun÷ wjia:djkays § j.d lrejkaf.a wdodhï ia:dhS lsÍu i|yd wdKavqjla úiska úúOdldr jQ ñ, ia:dhSlrK jev ms<sfj<j,a l%shd;aul lrkq olakg ,efí'

ksIamdolhkau; i,dl kshu lsÍu" f;d. /ia lsÍu yd uqod yeÍu" bvï j.d lrk m%udKh iSud lsÍu" wdkhk ;Sre nÿ mekùu" wdkhk i,dl lsÍu" wNsu;h mßÈ wdkhk iSud lsÍu jeks l%shd ud¾. ñ, ia:dhSlrKh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

ksIamdolhka u; i,dl kshu lsÍu ta w;r jeo.;a jk ia:dhSlrK jev ms<sfj<ls' lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< ksmoúh yels ksuejqï m%udKh ms<sn| Wmßu iSudjka wdKavqj úiska kshu lsÍu ksIamdok i,dl lsÍu hkafkka woyia flf¾'

fjf<|fmd<g <Õd jk iemhqu iSud lrñka ñ, by< uÜgul mj;ajd f.k hdug fuu.ska wfmaËd flf¾'

`

148

ksmqK;dj 04 ( fjf<|fmd< ;=< ksIamdok wdh;k ;d¾lsl j yeisfrk

wdldrh yd ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< yeisÍu .fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( jHdmdr wdh;khl flá ld,Sk yd os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok

l%shdj,sfha iajrEm ú.%y lrhs'



jHdmdr wdh;k y`ÿkajñka tajdfha úúO iajrEm meyeos,s lrhs'

fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Y%s;hla weiqfrka meyeos,s lrhs'

ksIamdokfha flá ld,h yd os.= ld,h w;r fjki ksIamdok Y%s;hla weiqfrka meyeos,s lrhs'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh w¾: olajhs'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sfha Wml,amkh bosrsm;a lrhs'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh ixLHd;aul j yd m%dia;dßl j bosrsm;a lrhs'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha uq¿ ksIamdos;h" idudkH ksIamdos;h iy wdka;sl ksIamdos;h hk ixl,am w¾: olajhs'

uq¿ ksIamdos;h" idudkH ksIamdos;h iy wdka;sl ksIamdos;h hk ixl,am w;r iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lrhs'

mrsudKdkql+, M, kS;sh w¾: olajhs'

os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha jeä jk wvq jk yd ia:djr mrsudKdkql+, M, ;;a;ajj,g n,mdk fya;= ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la

wd¾Ólhla ;=< ñksia wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh fldg fjf<|fmd<g imhkq ,nkafka úúO ksIamdok msrsia úisks'

fuu ksIamdok ld¾hfha oS M,odhs wd¾Ól iïm;a tlsfklg uqiq lsÍula isÿ fõ'

tf,i ksIamdok iïm;a wjYH mßÈ uqiq lrñka ksIamdokh ixúOdkh lrk tallhla ksIamdok wdh;k ^jHdmdrsl wdh;k& kñka ye|skafõ'

`

149

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< lghq;= lrk ksIamdok wdh;k úúO iajrEmhka f.ka hqla; h'

- ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr ^flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr&

- yjq,a jHdmdr

- ixia:dmss; iud.ï

- iuqmldr jHdmdr

rdcH jHjidh ^rdcH ixia:d" rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= " rdcH iud.ï wdos&

ksIamdok wdh;kj, uQ,sl wruqK jkafka ,dN Wmrsu lsÍu hs'

tfia jqj o ta ta ksIamdok wdh;k w;r wfmalaIs; ,dNfhys úúO fjkialï mj;S'

ksIamdok iïm;a NdKav yd fiajd njg mßj¾;kh lsrsfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdokh f,i ye|skafõ'

fuys § fhojqï lsishï ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohla Tiafia ksuejqï njg m;a fõ'

fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Y%s;h kï fõ'

ksIamdok Y%s;h

ksuejqu

Y%s;hla fõ

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

by; Y%s;fhka fmkakqï flfrkafka lsishï NdKavhl ksuejqu" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk fhojqï u; r|d mj;akd nj hs'

ksIamdolhdg fhojqï wvq jeä lsÍu u.ska ksuejqu wvq jeä l< yels h'

fuys oS we;eï fhojqï blaukska fjkia l< yels w;r we;eï fhojqï tfia blaukska fjkia l< fkdyels h'

ksuejqu wvq jeä lsÍfï yelshdj r|d mj;afka fld;rï blaukska fhojqï fjkia lsrsug ksIamdolhdg yelshdjla ;sfí o hkak u; h'

Q = f ( L , K)

`

150

fuf,iska fhojqu fjkia lsÍug .; jk ld,h u; ksIamdokh yd iïnkaO m%Odk ld, iajrEm folla y÷kd.; yels h' tkï

1& flá ld,h

2& os.= ld,h

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .efkk we;eï fhojqï ^ wju jYfhka tla idOlhla j;a& fjkia l< fkdyels ld, mrsÉfÊoh flá ld,h kï fõ'

fï ksid u flá ld,fha ia:djr fhojqï yd úp,H fhojqï f,iska idOl foj¾.hla oelsh yels h'

l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ;dlaIKh yd Odrs;dj fkdfjkia j ;sìh § úp,H fhojqï fjkia lrk úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj flá ld,Sk ksIamdok Y%s;h kñka ye|skafõ tkï"

úp,H idOlh ^Y%uh& ia:djr idOlh ^m%d.aOkh&

flá ld,fha oS fjkia l< yelafla úp,H idOl muKla jk fyhska ;j ÿrg;a fuu Y%s;h

my; f,i oelaúh yels h'

^Y%uh fjkia l< yels idOlh hk w¾:fhka

f,i o ±laúh yels h'

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lsÍug m%udKj;a ld,h os.= ld,h hs'

fï ksid u ksIamdok wdh;khl os.= ld,fha oS mj;sk ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï fõ'

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< ish¨ fhojqï fjkia lrk úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;sk

iïnkaO;dj my; mßos os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok Y%s;fhka fmkaúh yels h'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh m%Odk woshr follg fjka l< yels h'

`

151

1. flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

2. È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

flá ld,fha ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § isák ksIamdok wdh;k úiska úp,H fhojqï yd

ia:djr fhojqï hk foj¾.h u Ndú; flf¾'

flá ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;k" ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;nd .ksñka úp,H fhojqï

muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokfha fhfoa'

ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;ndf.k úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokh jeä

lsßfï § ksuejqu lsishï rgdjla wkqj yeisf¾'

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka flá ld,fha ksuejqfuys tu

yeisÍï rgdj hs'

ksIamdok wdh;khla flá ld,fha § ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ ñY% lrñka úp,H fhojqï

muKla jeä lrk úg" úp,H fhojqfï wdka;sl M,odj yd idudkH M,odj tla;rd

wjia:djlg miq j my< hEu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh kñka ye¢kafõ'

flá ld,Sk ksuejqu yd iïnkaO fuu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh mokï jkafka my;

Wml,amk u; h'

1. ish¨ úp,H fhojqï tall iucd;sh ùu

2. wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< ;dlaIKh fkdfjkia j meje;Su

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh my; ksoiqk weiqßka úuid ne,sh yels h'

ksoiqk ( wlalrhl bvul f;a j.d lsÍu i|yd Y%ñlhska fhoùu

ia:djr idOlh bvu

úp,H idOlh Y%ñlhska

fuys § úp,H idOl m%udKh jeä lsÍu;a iuÕ ia:djr idOl m%udKh úp,H idOl

m%udKh w;r fn§ hk fyhska úp,H idOl tallhlg ,efnk ia:djr idOl m%udKh

l%ufhka wvq fõ'

bvfuys f;a j.d lsÍug wvqqfjka Y%uh fhdok úg Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä

m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu jeä lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

tfy;aa wlalrhlg fhdojk Y%u m%udKh iSudj blaujd hk mßÈ jeä lrk úg ,efnk f;a

wiajkq m%udKh Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;h fukaa jeä fkdfõ'

wfkla w;g tla tla Y%ñlfhl= ne.ska jeä lsÍfuka uq¿ ksuejqug w¨f;ka tl;= jk

m%udKh;a l%ufhka wvq ù th Y+kH uÜgula lrd <Õd ùug o mq¿jk'

`

152

ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sfhka fy<s jk fuu f;dr;=re ;j ÿrg;a my; wdldrhg j.=

igykla u.ska o ±laúh yels h'

ia:djr idOlh

^wlalr &

úp,H idOlh ^Y%uh&

uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h

^tall TP)

idudkH ksIamdÈ;h

^tall&

wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h

^tall MP)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

6

20

48

72

80

84

84

80

0

6

10

16

18

16

14

12

10

6

14

28

24

08

04

0

-4

fuu f;dr;=re ;j ÿrg;a my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyka u.ska o ±laúh yels h'

`

153

uq¿

ksIamdÈ;h ^ tall&

idudkH wdka;sl

ksIamdÈ;h ^ tall&

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

úp,H fhojqï ^ tall&

úp,H fhojqï ^ tall&

(a) uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h

(b) idudkH ksIamdÈ;h yd wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h

II III I

II III I

TP

MP

AP

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

`

154

by; rEm igykaj,g wkqj'

uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h uq, § fõ.fhka by< f.dia miq j l%ufhka j¾Ok fõ.h miq neiSfï

m%jK;djlg uqyqK foa'

úp,H fhojqï ;j ÿrg;a jeä lrkq ,enqjfyd;a tla;rd wjia:djl § uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h Wmßu

ù miq j my; jeàug o bv we;'

ksIamdÈ;fha yeisÍï wjê ;=kls' tkï" uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h uq, § jeä jk fõ.fhka by< f.dia

(I), miq j wvq jk fõ.fhka by< f.dia (II), kej; ksuejqu my< niS' (III),

uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h fõ.fhka by< kÕsk úg wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h Wmßu jk w;r" uq¿ ksuejqï fõ.h wvq ùfï § wdka;sl ksIamdÈ; jl%h idudkH ksIamdÈ; jl%fha Wmßu ,laIHh fcaokh lrñka fõ.fhka my;g .uka lrhs' tys § iudkH M,odj Wmßu fõ' uq¿ M,odj Wmßu jk úg wdka;sl M,odj Y+kH fõ'

úp,H fhojqï jeä lrk úg ia:djr fhojqï o jeä lsÍug yelshdjla we;akï wdka;sl M,odj ySk ùu j<lajd .; yels h' tfy;a flá ld,fha ia:djr fhojqï jeä l< fkdyels h'

flá ld,fha § ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lsßfï § ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO j y÷kd.; yels ksIamdokfha iajrEm ;=kls'

1. uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h (TP)

2. idudkH ksIamdÈ;h (AP)

3. wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h (MP)

ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ úp,H fhojqï ñY% lrñka ksIamdokfha fhfok úg ,efnk ksIamdok m%;sM,h uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h hs'

ksoiqka (- wlalrhl l=Uqre bvulska Y%ñlfhda 100 fofkla Èklg ù nqi,a 1500la ,nd

.kafka kï ta uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h hs'

úp,H fhojqï tallhlg idudkH jYfhka ,efnk ksuejqï tall m%udKh idudkH ksIamdÈ;h hs'

uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h úp,H fhojqïj,ska fn§fuka idudkH ksIamdÈ;h ,nd.; yels h'

`

155

úp,H fhojqï tla tallhlska fjkia lrkq ,enqj fyd;a uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fha yg .kakd fjkia ùu wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h hs'

uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fha fjki úp,H fhojqïj, fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h ,nd .; yels h'

È.= ld,fha§ ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrñka ksIamdokfha fh§ug ksIamdok wdh;khg

yels h'

ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï jk úg ksuejqu yeisfrk wdldrh mßudKdkql+, M,

kS;sh hkafkka woyia fõ'

È.= ld,fha § ;u ksIamdok wdh;kfha iuia; mßudj fjkia lsÍug ksIamdok

wdh;khg yels h'

È.= ld,fha § ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï jk úg ksuejqfï yeisßu ms<sn| rgd ;=kla

±lsh yels h' tkï

1. jefvk mßudKdkql+, M,

2. wvq jk mßudKdkql+, M,

3. ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,

mßudKdkql+, M, wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj,

ld¾hCIu;dj by< hEfuka w;am;a lr .kq ,nk uQ¾; m%;s,dN fõ'

ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrk m%;sY;hg jvd úYd, m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu j¾Okh ùu

jefvk mßudKdkql+, M, hkafkka woyia fõ'

`

156

ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20 ]lska jeä lrk úg

ksuejqu 30]lska j¾Okh ùu'

jeä jk mßudKdkql+, M, yg .ekSu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'

1. ksIamdok idOlj, wNcH;djh fyj;a fkdfnÈh yels fhojqï ;sîu

2. Y%u úNckh u.ska úfYaI m%d.=KH lsßfï yelshdj

3. hka;% Ndú;d lsßfï yelshdj

4. tla jrl § muKla ±ßh hq;= úhoï ;sîu

fhojqï jeä lrk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu jeä ùu wvq jk

mßudKdkql+, M,hs'

ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20]lska jeä lrk úg

ksuejqï 15]lska j¾Okh ùu

wvq jk mßudKdkql+, yg .ekSu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'

1. iïm;a ySk ùu îïm;a CIh ùu&

2. wd;;sh

3. l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaëlrKh ms<sn| .eg¨ we;s ùu'

fhojqï fjkia lrk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu j¾Okh ùu ia:djr

mßudKdkql+, M, hs'

ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20]lska jeä lrk úg

ksuejqï 20 ]lska j¾Okh ùu'

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157

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( ksIamdok msrsjeh wdY%s; uQ,sl ixl,am ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y

lrhs'



(

ksIamdok msrsjeh y`ÿkajhs'

ksIamdok msrsjeh yd iïnkaO uQ,sl ixl,am meyeos,s lrhs'

iDcq msrsjeh yd jl% msrsjeh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeos,s lrhs'

.sKqïlrK msrsjeh yd wd¾Ól msrsjeh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys;j meyeos,s

lrhs'

hg l< msrsjeh fyj;a .s,qKq msrsjeh ksoiqka iys; j meyeos,s lrhs'

m%dudKsl ,dN ksIamdok msrsjefhys we;=<;a lsrsug fya;= olajhs'

(

úIhh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la (

ksIamdok msßjeh ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=<ska yg .kakd ixisoaêhla jk w;r th uQ,Huh

m%mxphla fõ'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS lem lrkq ,nk ish¨ u ksIamdok idOlj, uQ,Huh jákdlu

ksIamdok msßjeh u.ska m%ldY lrkq ,nk w;r tu jákdlu u.ska ksIamdokfha ienE

wdjiaÓl msßjeh ms<sìUq l< hq;= hs'

ksIamdok l%shdj,shl wdjiaÓl msrsjeh jkafka lsishï Ndú;hla i|yd iïm;a fhdod .;a

úg tu iïm;a Ndú; fldg ksmoùug yelshdj ;snQ B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu hs'

fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=< ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS lem lrkq ,nk ish¨ wd¾Ól

iïm;aj, wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksIamdok msrsjeh f,iska jvd;a mrsmQ¾K w¾:hlska

ks¾jpkh flf¾'

wdjiaÓl msrsjehg wh;a msrsjeh j¾. folls' ta iDcq msßjeh iy jl% ^wdfrdams;& msßjeh

hs' ta wkqj"

wdjiaÓl msrsjeh iDcq msßjeh jl% msßjeh

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158

iDcq msßjeh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd wdh;kh úiska msg;ska ñ, oS .;a fhojqï

i|yd jeh jk uqo,a m%udKh hs'

ksoiqka -

- wuqøjH ñ, oS .ekSu i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh

- Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùu i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh

- bkaOk" úÿ,sh wdosh i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh

jl% msrsjeh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,shg Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk wdh;kh i;= ksIamdok

iïm;aj, wdjiaÓl msßjeh hs'

jl% msßjefhys ixrpl my; oelafõ'

- wysñ jQ jegqma wdodhu

- ksIamdolhdg wysñ jQ fmd<S wdodhu

- wd¾Ól CIh ùï

- m%dudKsl ,dN

jHjidhlhl= oekg lsishï jHdmdrsl lghq;a;l ksr; j isákafka ta fjkqfjka ;u

Y%uh lem lsrsfuks' Tyq ;u Y%uh fjk;a jHdmdßl lghq;a;l fhÿfõ kï Tyqg jegqmla

Wmhd .; yels j ;sìKs' ta Tyqf.a wysñ jegqma wdodhu hs'

ksoiqka jYfhka jHjidhlfhl= oekg j;=r fnda;,a ksIamdok l¾udka;hla wdrïN

fldg we;ehs is;uq' fuys oS Tyqg tu jHdmdrfha ksr; fkdù fjk;a lsishï wdh;khl

ksIamdok lghq;a;l ksr; j uilg remsh,a 60000la ,nd .; yels j ;sìKs kï th

Tyqf.a wysñ jegqma wdodhu hs'

ksIamdolhdg wysñ jQ fmd<S wdodhu hkq ;uka i;= m%d.aOk Ndú;fhys wdjiaÓl msrsjeh

hs'

ksoiqka jYfhka lsishï jHjidhlhl= jHdmdrhla lrf.k hEu i|yd ,laI 50l wruqo,a

wdfhdackh lr we;ehs is;uq' tu wruqo,a m%udKh ;u jHdmdrfha wdfhdackh fkdlr

ms<sKm;aj, wdfhdackh lf<a kï Tyqg fmd<S wdodhula ,nd.; yelsj ;snqKs' fkdtfia

kï nexl=jl ;ekam;a lf<a kï fmd,S wdodhula o ,nd .; yelsj ;snqKs' tfy;a ;u

jHdmdrh fjkqfjka wdfhdackh lsÍu u.ska jHjidhlhdg fuu fmd<S wdodhu wysñ jk

ksid th wdjiaÓl msrsjehls'

wd¾Ól CIh ùï hkq hï fok ,o ld,hla ;=< m%d.aOk j;alïj, fjf<|fmd<

jákdlfï isÿ jk my< neiSu hs'

ksoiqka jYfhka lsishï jHdmdrhl Ndú; lrk ,o m%d.aOk j;alïj, jir wdrïNfha

jákdlu remsh,a 50000la kï iy jir wjidkfha tu m%d.aOk j;alïys jákdlu

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159

remsh,a 40000la kï wd¾Ól CIhùïys jákdlu remsh,a 10"000ls' fuu remsh,a 10"000 jl%

msrsjehls'

wdh;kfha ysñlrejd fndfyda úg ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ksr; fjñka ksIamdok ld¾hhg

wjYH jHjidhl;ajh ^ksIamdok iïm;a ixp, lrñka ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh lsrsu"

wjodkï oerSu" jHdmdrsl ;SrK .ekSu" kjH;d y|qkajdoSu jeks& imhhs'

ta fjkqfjka jHjidhlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dNh ,dNh hs'

tn`ÿ ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ksr; fjñka Wmhd .ekSug jHjidhlfhl= wfmalaId lrk

wju fyda idudkH fyda ,dN m%udKh m%dudKsl ,dN kï fõ'

tu wju f.ùu j;a Tyqg Wmhd .; fkdyels fõ kï Tyq ;ud ksr;jk jHdmdrfhka

bj;a fõ' tneúka jHjidhl;ajhg lrk f.ùula ksid fuu m%dudKsl ,dN o jl%

msrsjehls' fï u.ska jHjidhlhdf.a wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksrEmKh lrhs'

ksoiqka jYfhka jHjidhlhl= oekg A kue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fha ksr; j isák

w;r Tyq lem lrk ,o B keue;s l¾udka;fhys fhoSfuka jd¾Isl j remsh,a 40000l

wju fyda idudkH ,dN m%udKhla ^ wju f.ùu& Wmhd.; yels j ;sìKs kï tu remsh,a

40000l ,dN m%udKh oekg ksr; j isák A keue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fhka fkd,efí

kï Tyq ;ud ksr; j isák A keue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fhka bj;a fõ'

.Kldêldrsjrhl= ksIamdok msrsjehg we;=<;a lrkqfha iDcq msrsjeh ûQ,H msrsjeh& muKs'

ta wkqj" .sKqïlrK msrsjeh = iDcq msrsjeh fõ

.KldêlrK ,dN .Kkh lrkqfha uq¿ whNdrfhka iDcq msrsjeh wvq lsrsfukS'

ksoiqka

jYfhka wdh;khl ksuejqu tall 500ls' tallhl ñ, remsh,a 20la fõ' wuq øjH ñ,g

.ekSu i|yd re' 2000la o" Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùug remsh,a 1000la o" bkaOk yd úÿ,sh

i|yd remsh,a 500lao ,nd.;a Kh i|yd fmd<S f.ùug remsh,a 800la o wdh;khhg jeh

ù we;' .KldêlrK ,dN fldmuK o@

.KldêlrK ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - iDcq msßjeh .KldêlrK ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - iDcq msßjeh

`

160

uq¿ whNdrh = 500 x 20

= remsh,a 10000

iDcq msrsjeh = 2000+ 1000+500+800

= remsh,a 4300

.KldêlrK ,dN = 10000 - 4300

= remsh,a 5700

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ksIamdok msrsjeh .Kkh lrkqfha b;d mq¿,a w¾:hlsks'

wd¾Ól úoHd{hkag ksIamdok msrsjeh f,iska i,lkafka wdjiaÓl msrsjehhs'

uQ¾; msrsjeh" wd¾Ól msrsjeh hk kïj,ska ye|skafjkafka o fuu wdjiaÓl msrsjeh u hs'

wd¾Ól msrsjeh iDcq msrsjeh iy jl% msrsjeh hk fldgia folska iukaú; h'

ta wkqj"

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ ,dN .Kkfha oS .KldêlrKfha fuka iDcq msrsjeh muKla fkdj jl%

msrsjeh o ie,ls,a,g .kS'

Bg fya;=j lsishï ksIamdok l%shdj,shl oS wdh;kh i;= iïm;a ta i|yd fhoùu ;=<" tu

ksIamdok iïm;a fhoùug ;snQ fjk;a wjia:djla wysó ùu hs'

fï ksid wd¾Ól ,dN .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka uq¿ whNdrfhka wd¾Ól msrsjeh wvq

lsrsfuks'

wdrA:Sl msrsjeh = iDcq msrsjeh + jl% msrsjeh wd¾Ól msßjeh = iDcq msßjeh + jl% msßjeh

wd¾Òl ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - wd¾Òl msßjeh îDcq msßjeh + jl% msßjeh&

`

161

ksoiqk (

wdh;khl ksuejqu = tall 500

ksuejqï tallhl ñ, = remsh,a 20

Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùu = remsh,a 1000

wuqøjH ñ, oS .ekSu = remsh,a 2000

bkaOk yd úÿ,sh i|yd f.ùu = remsh,a 500

,nd .kakd Khj,g fmd<S f.ùu = remsh,a 800

wysñ jQ jegqma wdodhu = remsh,a 500

wd¾Ól CIh ùu = remsh,a 200

wysñ fmd<S wdodhu = remsh,a 100

m%dudKsl ,dN = remsh,a 1000

uq¿ whNdrh = 500 x 20

= remsh,a 10"000

iDcq msßjeh = 2000+ 1000+500+800

= remsh,a 4300

jl% msßjeh = 500 + 200 + 100+ 1000

= remsh,a 1800

wd¾Ól ,dN = 10000 – (4300+1800)

= remsh,a 3900

wd¾Ól ,dN ksjeros j .Kkh ùug kï ta yd iïnkaO wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksjeros

j .Kkh úh hq;= hs'

iDcq msrsjeh

jl% msrsjeh

`

162

tfia fkdjqKfyd;a .kq ,nk wd¾Ól ;SrK o ld¾hCIu fkdfõ'

we;eï úg wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a fkdjk oE wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a l<

fyd;a iy wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a jk oE we;=<;a fkdl< fyd;a th fodaI

iys; h'

wdjia:Sl msrsjehg we;=<;a l< fkdl< hq;= foa ljrla o hkak f;dard .ekSu yd

iïnkaO jeo.;a ixl,amhla f,iska .s Kq msßjeh ie,lsh yels h'

w;S;fha jeh lrk ,o msrsjeh j¾;udkfha wdmiq ,nd.; fkdyels kï ta hg

l< msrsjeh f,iska w¾: oelafõ'

.s¨Kq msrsjeh fia ie,lsh yels oE ms<sn| j ksoiqka lSmhla my; oelafõ'

flá ld,fha oS wdh;khla ia:djr j;alï ñ,g .ekSu i|yd ork ,o msrsjeh

wdh;khla ksIamdokh l<;a ke;;a ia:djr j;alï yd iïnkaO ia:djr msrsjeh ord yudr h' ia:djr j;alï fjkqfjka oerE msrsjeh tu ksIamdok lghq;a; yd iïnkaO j hg ù we;s neúka th wdmiq ,nd .; fkdyels h' th fjk;a úl,amhla i|yd o fhdod .; fkdyels h'

ksoiqka (- c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl iú lr we;s úÿ,s ckl hka;%h

fuu hka;%h ñ, oS .kakd wjia:dfõ oS kï ta i|yd jeh l< uqo,a

m%udKfhys wdjia:Sl msrsjehla ;sìKs' tfy;a oeka tu uqo,aj,ska tu hka;%h

ñ,g f.k c, úoq,s n,d.drfhys iú l< miq tys wdjiaÓl msrsjeh Y+kH fõ'

Bg fya;=j oeka tu hka;%fhys úl,am Ndú; fkdue;s ùSu hs' n,d.drfha

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg tu hka;%h fhdod fkd.kafka kï th ksYal%shj mj;S'

fõosld kdgHhla keröu i|yd re' 500l álÜ m;la /f.k we;=,a ù

kdgHfhys fldgila krUd wdmiq tau' fuh o hg l< msrsjehls' tu álÜ mf;ys

uqo, wdmiq ,nd .; fkdyels h'

tu ÜlÜ mf;ka kdgHh ne,Su ñi fjk;a úl,am fkdue;s fyhska wdjiaÓl

msrsjeh Y=kHh fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ( ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'


`

163


flá ld,Sk ksIamdok mssßjefha uQ,sldx. w¾: olajhs'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx. .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx. f,aLk yd m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh jl% yd M,odhs;d jl% w;r iïnkaO;dj h ú.%y lrhs'

È.=ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh jl%fhys yeisÍu yd mßudKdkql+, M, w;r iïnkaO;dj

ú.%y lrhs'

mßudKkdkql+, msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqï w¾: olajhs'

mßudKkdkql+, msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqïj,g fya;= olajhs'


lsrs fldams ksmoúh yels hka;%hla Ndú;fhka lsß fldams ksmojd wf,ú lsÍug

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mqoa.,fhl=g oeÍug isÿjk úhoï isiqkaf.ka úuikak'


lsß fldams ksmoùug fhdod.kakd hka;%fha msßjeh" lsßmsá msßjeh" fldams msßjeh"

iSks msßjeh" ma,diaála fldamam msßjeh" úÿ,s úhou wdÈh oeÍug isÿ fõ'

fïjdhska fldams ksIamdokh lrk hka;%fha msßjeh ia:djr msßjehla jk w;r

wfkl=;a msßjeh j¾. úp,H msßjeh fõ'

fï wdldrhg ksIamdok wdh;khlg oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh j¾. folls' tkï

ia:djr msßjeh

úp,H msßjeh isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §


`

164

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (

my; i|yka m%ldY fol w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' X NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeÍug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 60 ls' tu

NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,H msßjeh my;

oela fõ'

ksuejqï m%udKh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

1 30

2 40

3 45

4 55

5 75

6 120

Y NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeßug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 120 ls' tu

NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,Hh msßjeh my;

oela fõ'

ksuejqï m%udKh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

1 60

2 80

3 90

4 110

5 150

6 240

`

165

tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (TFC) oelafjk f,aLkhla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

ta wkqj tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ msßjeh (TC) .Kkh lr tu f,aLkhgu

we;=<;a lrkak'

msßjeh isria wlaIfha o ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o oelafjk mßÈ Tn

ieliq f,aLkfha we;=<;a f;dr;=re m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

ksIamdok uÜgu tallh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï § uq¿ msßjeh jeä jk m%udKh

^wdka;sl msßjeh MC& wod< ksIamdok tall m%udKh bÈßfhka oelafjk

f,aLkhla ilia lrkak' by; f,aLkfha Tn bÈßm;a l< f;dr;=re weiqßka kj m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh

lrkak' ^msßjeh isria wlaIfha o yd ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o olajkak'&


ksIamdok msßjeh ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhka jHq;amkak jQ ixisoaêhls'

fï ksid u flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh hk

iajrEm fol yd iïnkaO j ksIamdok msßjefhys o m%Odk fldgia folla mj;S'

1. flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh

2. È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< úp,H idOl yd ia:djr idOl hk foj¾.h u

Ndú; jk neúka flá ld,fha msßjeh j¾. folla mj;S'

1. uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ( TFC)

2. uq¿ úp,H msßjeh (TVC)

fuu msßjeh j¾. foflys tl;=fjka flá ld,Sk uq¿ msßjeh ,efí'

fuu msßjeh ;;a;aj,g w;sf¾l j flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh wdY%s; j y÷kd.; yels

;j;a mssßjeh ixl,am lsysmhls'

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh (AFC)

idudkH úp,H msßjeh (AVC)

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh (AC)

wdka;sl msßjeh (MC)

`

166

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO lr.kq ,nk ia:djr idOl i|yd ork msßjeh ia:djr

msßjeh( TFC) hs'

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKh iuÕ fjkia fkdfõ'

tkï ksuejqï uÜgu iuÕ uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iïnkaOhla fkdfmkajhs'

ksuejqu Y=kH w.hla .kq ,enqj o ia:djr msßjeh wjYHfhka u ±Íug wdh;khg isÿ

fõ'

fï ksid u flá ld,fha § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh wdh;khg fkdje<elaúh yels msßjehla

fõ'

ia:djr msßjehg wh;a m%Odk ixrpl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

1. l%u CIh .dia;=

2. foafmd< nÿ

3. rlaIK jdßl

4. n,m;% .dia;=

5. m%d.aOkh i|yd fmd<S f.ùï

6. fldka;%d;a mokula u; n|jd .;a l<ukdlrejkag iy

wëlaIljrekag f.jkq ,nk jegqma

7. m%dudKsl ,dN

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKh iuÕ iïnkaO;djla fkdolajk neúka th ieu

ksuejqï uÜgul § u ia:djr w.hla .kS'

fï ksidu uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh jl%h ;sria w;g iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

TFC 50

0 100 200 300 400

ksujqï m%udKh^tall&

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh^ remsh,a &

`

167

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ksuejqu Y=kH uÜgfï § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh remsh,a 50la

jk w;r ksuejqï m%udKh 100"200"300"400 wdoS jYfhka jeä ù .sh o uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh

fjkia fkdfõ'

ksuejqï tallhlg ork ia:djr msßjeh idudkH ia:djr msßjeh(AFC)hs' uq¿ ia:djr

msßjeh ksuejqï tall m%udKfhka fn§fuka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh ,nd.kS'

ksuejqï tall m%udKh jeä jk úg idudkH ia:djr msßjeh l%ufhka ySk fõ' tfy;a

Y+kH fkdfõ' fï ksid idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%h iDcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hl yevh

.kshs'

tfia jkafka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqfuka .=K lsßfuka ,efnk uq¿ ia:djr

msßjeh ieu wjia:djl § u tl iudk jk ksid h'

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%fha ´kEu ,laIHhla iïnkaO fldg wÈkq ,nk

iDcqfldaKdi% flaIa;%M,h iudk ùula fuys § isÿ jk w;r ta u.ska fmkakqï

flfrkafka ta ieu wjia:djl § u uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iudk w.hla jk nj hs'

fuu ,laIK fmkakqï flfrk idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%hla my; fmkakqï flf¾'

ksuejqu ^tall& uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh^re& idudkH ia:djr

msßjeh^re&

100 50 0'5

200 50 0'25

300 50 0'167

400 50 0' 125

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh = uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh uq¿ ksujqï m%udKh

`

168

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO lrk úp,H idOl jk wuqøjH" Y%uh" bkaOk" úÿ,s .dia;=

wdÈh i|yd orkakg isÿjk msßjeh úp,H msßjeh( TVC) fõ'

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh ;=< we;=<;a uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqï iuÕ fjkia fõ'

ksuejqu Y=kH jk úg úp,H idOl wjYH fkdjk neúka úp,H msßjeh Y+kH jk w;r

ksuqju jeä jk úg úp,H msßjeh o jeä fõ'

ksuejqu jeä jk úg úp,H msßjeh jeä ùfï fõ.h úúO ksuejqï uÜgï w;r fjkia

fõ'

fï wkqj ksuejqu Y+kHfha § Y+kHh w.hla .kakd uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqu my<

uÜgï j, § wvq jk fõ.hlska jeä ù" ksuejqu by< uÜgïj, oS jeä jk fõ.hlska

by< k.S'

tla ksuejqï tallhlg ork úp,H msßjeh m%udKh idudkH úp,H msßjeh(AVC) fõ'

TVC úp,H msßjeh

^re&

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

ksujqï ^tall&

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh^ remsh,a &

AFC

`

169

uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKfhka fn§fuka idudkH úp,H msßjeh ,nd.; yels h'

idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ Û) wl=rl yevh .kS'

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg fhdod .kq ,nk iuia; úp,H fhojqï m%udKh iy iuia; ia:djr

fhojqï m%udKh fjkqfjka ork uq¿ úhou uq¿ msßjeh( TC) hs'

uq¿ msßjeh = uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh + uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

TC = TFC + TVC

ksuejqu Y+kH jqj o uq¿ msßjehla mj;S' Bg fya;=j Y+kH ksuejqul § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

Y+kH jqj o uq¿ ia:djr msßjehla mj;akd fyhsks'

fï ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%h wdrïN jkafka ia:djr msßjeh wdrïN jk ,laIHfhka h'

ksuejqu l%ufhka jeä lsÍu;a iuÕ uq¿ msßjeh my< ksuejqï uÜgïj, § wvq jk

fõ.hlska yd by< ksuejqï uÜgïj, § jeä jk fõ.hlska by< hhs'

idudkH úp,H msßjeh ^re&


`

170

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS ksuejqu jeä jk úg uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh fkdfjkia

j mj;soaoS uq¿ úp,H msßjeh muKla fjkia jk ksid uq¿ msßjeh fjkia ùug

n,mdkafka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh fjkia ùu hs' fï ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%fha yevh uq¿

úp,H msßjeh jl%fha yevhg iurEms fõ'

ksuejqu iuÕ uq¿ msßjeh ielfik wdldrh iy uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iy uq¿ úp,H

msßjeh uq¿ msßjehg iïnkaO jk wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafõ'

msßjeh ^tall&

TFC

0 ksuejqï ^tall&

by; rEm igyfkys 0-Mj,ska fmkakqï flfrkafka uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh hs'

ksuejqu Y+kHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh Y+kH jk w;r tu uq¿ úp,H msßjehg 0-M jk

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh tl;= ùu ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%h M ,laIHhfhka wdrïN fõ'

ta wkqj rEm igyfkys TC iy TVC w;r ´kEu ,ïnl ÿrlg TFC w.h iudk fõ'

TVC w.h;a TC iy TVC w;r ,ïnl ÿr;a(TFC) tl;= ùfuka TC jl%h ,eî we;'

ksoiqka (- by; rEm igykg wkqj

tla ksuejqï tallhlg ork uq¿ msßjeh idudkH uq¿ msßjeh (ATC) hs'

TFC

TVC

TC

M

TVC

a

b

c

`

171

uq¿ msßjeh ksuejqfuka

fn§fuka idudkH

uq¿ msßjeh ,efí'

ksuejqu jeä lrk úg" idudkH uq¿ msßjeh l%ufhka wvq ù kej;;a by< hhs'

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%fha yevh o idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ (U)wl=rl yevh .kS'

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%h ieu úg u idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%hg by<ska msysghs' fuh

my; m%ia;dr igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

by; rEm igykg wkqj ,ïnl ÿfrka ±lafjkafka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh hs'

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh l%ufhka ySk jk w;r Y+kHh fkdfõ' ksuejqu jeä ùu;a iuÕ

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%hg ióm fõ' tfy;a lsis úfgl;a th

idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h u; m;s; fkdfõ'

idudkH ia:djr yd idudkH úp,H msßjefha tl;=fjka idudkH uq¿ msßjeh iliajk

ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%fhys wju ,laIHh msysgkafka idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%fhys wju

,laIHhg by<ska h'


msßjeh ^re&

ATC

AVC

AFC

AVC

`

172

wdka;sl msßjeh hkq ksuejqu tla tllhlska fjkia lrk úg uq¿ msßjeh fjkia jk

m%udKh hs'

uq¿ msßjefha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl mssßjeh ,efí'

flá ld,h ;=< ksuejqu jeä lrk úg wdka;sl msßjeh l%ufhka wvq ù kej;;a by<

hhs'

wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h o idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ (U) wl=rl yevh .kS' fuh my; m%ia;dr

igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

`

173

flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO wdka;sl msßjeh yd idudkH msßjeh jl%j,

yeisÍï rgd my; m%ia;dr igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj"

wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h" idudkH úp,H msßjeh yd idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%hkays wju

,laIHh fcaokh lrñka fõ.fhka by<g .uka lrhs'

idudkH úp,H msßjeh yd idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%hka w;ßka idudkH úp,H msßjefhys

wju ,laIHhhg jï miska idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs'

0


msßjeh ^re&

01

0 Q1

Q2 Q3

AFC


wdka;sl msßjeh ^re&

`

174

wdka;sl msßjeh wju jk ksuejqï uÜgu Q1 fõ' tu wjia:djg wod< wdka;sl msßjeh 01

fõ'

Q2 ksuejqï uÜgfuka fmkajkafka wju iudkH úp,H msßjeh jk w;r Q3 wju

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh fmkajhs'

flá ld,sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx.hka my; mßÈ ixLHd f,aLkhla u.ska o

fmkakqï l< yels h'

ksuejqu

tall

uq¿

ia:djr

msßjeh

(TFC) re

uq¿

úp,H

msßjeh

(TVC) re

uq¿

msßjeh

(TC) re

idudkH

ia:djr

msßjeh

(AFC) re

idudkH

úp,H

msßjeh

(AVC) re

idudkH

msßjeh

(ATC) re

wdka;sl

msßjeh(MC)

re

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

0

40'00

70'00

92'00

107'00

117'00

127'00

142'00

164'00

194'00

234'00

40'00

80'00

110'00

132'00

147'00

157'00

167'00

182'00

204'00

234'00

274'00

0

40'00

20'00

13'33

10'00

8'00

6'67

5'71

5'00

4'44

4'00

0

40'00

35'00

30'67

26'75

23'40

21'16

20'29

20'50

21'56

23'40

80'00

55'00

44'00

36'75

31'40

27'82

26'00

25'50

26'00

27'40

40

30

22

15

10

10

15

22

30

40

^ j.= igyk weiqßka msßjeh jl%hka wÈñka tajdys iïnkaO;d ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu;a" ta

ta ixl,am .Kkh lrk wdOdrh;a ms<sn| wNHdi l< hq;= hs'&

flá ld,Sk msßjeh jl% ySk jk M,od kS;sfha ms<sìUqjls'

úp,H idOlfha ñ, fkdfjkia j ;sìh § úp,H fhojqfï wdka;sl M,odj by< hk úg

wdka;sl msßjeh my; jefÜ'

wdka;sl M,odj ySk ùug mgka .kakd úg wdka;sl mssßjeh o by< hEug mgka .kS'

fï ksid fláld,Sk wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h wdka;sl M,od jl%fha m%;sìïnh fõ'

`

175

tfiau idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h o ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;shg wkqj u idudkH

M,od jl%fha m%;sìïnhla fia u msysghs'

fuf,iska jk flá ld,fha M,odhs;d jl% iy msßjeh jl% w;r iïnkaOh my; m%ia;dr

igykska ksrEmKh flf¾'

by; rEm igykg wkqj"

- MP Wmrsu jk úsg MC wju fõ'

fhojqï ^tall&

ksujqï ^tall&


msßjeh ^re&

AP MP

MC AVC

0

0

`

176

- AP Wmrsu jk úsg AVC wju fõ'

- MP jl%h AP jl%fhys Wmßu ,laIHh fcaokh lrñka fõ.fhka my; niS'

È.= ld,fha § ishü fhojqï úp,H fhojqï fõ'

ksIamdokh jeä lsßfuys ,d n,mdk lsis ÿ ixfrdaOhla È.= ld,fha § olakg fkdue; '

ta wkqj os.= ld,fha § ishü ksIamdok wdh;k jvd kuHYS,s ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'

tfia u ;u ksIamdok Odß;dj wjYH mßÈ fjkia lr .ekSug wdh;kj,g yels h'

È.= ld,fha § ksIamdok Odß;dj m%idrKh lsßfï m%;sM, jYfhka mßudKdkql+,

msßueiqï yd mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï yg .kshs'

msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqï hk fol u fkdmj;sk úg ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M, yg

.kshs'

msßueiqï mj;sk úg § jefvk mßudKdkql+, M,;a fkdmsßueiqï mj;ks úg § wvq jk

mßudKdkql+, M,;a yg .kshs'

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqïj,g yd fkdmsßueiqïj,g uqyqK fok ksIamdok wdh;khl È.=

ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh jl%h bx.%Sis hQ (U) wl=rl yevh .kS'

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï hkq È.=ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;khla ksIamdok m%idrKh

lsßfï § wdh;kfha idudkH msßjeh fyj;a ^tall msßjeh& my< neiSu hs'

wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj, ld¾hCIu;dj by< hEu;a"

ksIamdok fhojqïj, ñ, my< jeàu;a ksid w;am;a lr.; yels uQ,H m%;s,dNhla f,i

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï ye|skaúh yels h'


msßjeh ^re&

0 Q1 Q2

jefvk mßudKdkq

l+, M,

ia:djr mßudKdkql+,

M,

wvq jk mßudKdkql+,

M,

LRAC

`

177

by; rEm igyfkys Q1 ksuejqï uÜgu olajd È.= ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh my; jeàula

isÿj we;s w;r th mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï mj;sk m%foaYh fõ' tysÈ mj;skafka jefvk

mrsudKdkql+, M, h'

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;sùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= my; oelafõ'

1. Odß;dj úYd, ùu ksid yg.kakd ;dlaIKsl msßueiqï

2. l<ukdlrKh wdY%s; mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

3. wf,úlrKh yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

4. uQ,Huh mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

5. wjodkï ±Íu yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï hkq È.= ld,fha § wdhkhla ksIamdokh m%idrKh lsßfï §

wdh;kfha idudkH msßjeh fyj;a tall msßjeh by< hdu hs'

tkï wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj, ld¾hCI;dj my< hEu

ksid uQ,Huh jYfhka isÿ jk mdvqj hs'

by; rEm igykg wkqj ksuejqu uÜgfuka miq È.= ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh by<

hEula isÿj we;s w;r tu m%foaYfha § fkdmsßueiqï mj;S' tys oS mj;skafka wvq jk

mßudKdkql+, M,h'

mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï we;s ùu flfrys o n,mdk fya;= idOl lSysmhls'

1. Odß;dj úYd, ùu ksid yg.kakd ;dlaIKsl fkdmsßueiqï

2. l<ukdlrKh wdY%s; mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï

3. wf,úlrKh yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï

4. uQ,Huh fkdmsßueiqï

5. wjodkï ±Íu yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï fyda fkdmsßueiqï fyda fkdmj;sk úg wdh;kfha È.= ld,Sk

idudkH msßjeh ia:djr j mj;S' tys oS mj;skafka ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M, h'

by; rEm igyfka ÿfrka ±lafjkafka tjeks ia:djr msßjeh ;;a;ajhls'

`

178

ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'4 (- fjf<|fmd< jHqyhkays uQ,sl ,laIK ixikaokh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (08


fjf<|fmd< jHQy kï lrhs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

taldêldß ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< jHQyj, uQ,sl ,laIK ixikaokh lrhs'


lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ksmoùfuys fh§ isák ish¨ u wdh;kj,

tl;=fjka fjf<|fmd< fyj;a l¾udka;h iukaú; h'

wdh;kj,ska ksmojkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd úúO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhka hgf;a

wf,ú lrk w;r tu fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj ye|skaùug fjf<|fmd< jHQy hk ixl,amh

Ndú;d flf¾'

m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha úúO fjf<|fmd< jHQyhka mj;S'

fjf<|fmd< jHQy úúO ùu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhss'

1. fjf<|fmd< ;=< issák wdh;k ixLHdj

2. ksIamdÈ;fha iucd;sSh nj

3. wdh;khlg fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug yd fjf<|fmdf<ka bj;a ùug we;s

yelshdj

4. fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ksIamdok wdh;k w;r mj;akd ;r.fhys iajNdjh

fjf<|fmd< jHQy my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'

1. mQ¾K ;r.h

2. taldêldrh

3. tldêldÍ ;r.h

4. l;smhdêldrh

iucd;Sh NdKav ksmojk" wndO msúiqula yd msgùula we;s wdh;k rdYshlska iukaú;

fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh mQ¾K ;r.h f,i ye|skafõ'

`

179

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhl ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

'

1. ksIamdÈ;h iucd;Sh ùu

2. .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka ixLHdj b;d úYd, ùu

3. wdh;kh ñ, .kqjl= ùu

4. wndO msúiqu yd msgùu

5. .ekqïlrejkag yd úl=Kqïlrejkag fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| f;dr;=re mQ¾K

jYfhka yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; yels ùu'

6. idOl ixp,;djhg ndOd fkdue;sùu

7. È.= ld,Sk iu;=,s;fha § fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ish¨ u wdh;k

m%dudKsl ,dN muKla ,eîu

ksIamdÈ;h iucd;sh ùu hkafkka woyia jkafka l¾udka;h ;=< isák ishü ksIamdok

wdh;k ksIamdokh lrkq ,nkafka uqükskau iudk jQ tlsfklg wdfoaYl jQ NdKav

nj hs'

.ekqïlrejkag l=uk ksIamdok wdh;khlska tu NdKavh ñ, § .;a; o tys lsis ÿ

fjkila Tyqg fkdfmfka'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla isák

ksid tla .ekqïlrefjl=f.a fyd úl=Kqïlrejl=f.a l%shdl,dmh fjf<|fmd<

l%shdldß;ajh flfrys lsis ÿ n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs'

fjf<|fmd< b,aü fyda iemhqu fjkia lsÍug tla .ekqïlrejl=g fyda tla

úl=Kqïlrejl=g lsis ÿ yelshdjla fkdue;'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß ksIamdok wdh;khlg ñ, ;SrKh lsßfï yelshdjla fkdue;s w;r

fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ ñ, hgf;a wjYH ;rï iemhSug wdh;khg isÿ fõ'

fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk ñ, flfrys tla wdh;khlg lsis ÿ n,mEula l< fkdyels

ksid;a" fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ ñ, hgf;a uq¿ iemhqu wf,ú lr.; yels ksid;a mQ¾K

;r.ldß wdh;khla ñ, .kqjl= ( Price taker) f,iska ye|skafõ'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .kqjl= fia lghq;= lsÍug isoq jkafka fjf<|fmdf<a isák iEu

wdh;khla u iucd;Sh NdKav ksmoùu;a tla wdh;khla uq¿ fjf<|fmd< iemhqfuka

b;d iq¿ fldgila muKla ksIamdokh lsÍu ksid;a h'

`

180

fï ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos ;sria wlaIhg iudka;r jQ

ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l wndO msúiqula iy msgùula mej;Su úfYaI ,laIKhls'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß l¾udka;hlg wh;a NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a ùug kj

wdh;kj,g ndOdjla fkdue;s ùu wndO msúiqu hkqfjka ye|skafõ'

tfia u l¾udka;fha isák wdh;kj,g ksIamdok lghq;=j,ska bj;a ù hdug o lsis ÿ

ndOdjla fkdue;s w;r tu ;;a;ajh wndO msg úu hkafkka woyia fõ'

f;dr;=re mQ¾K yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd .; yels ùu o mQ¾K ;r.ldß

fjf<|fmd<l ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhls'

NdKavfha ñ,;a tys iemhqï m%udKh;a ms<sn| j .ekqïlrejka ±kqj;a j isàu fuhska

woyia fõ'

fuu ksid hï úl=Kqïlrejl= ;u ksIamdÈ;fha ñ, jeä l<fyd;a .ekqïlrejka tu

NdKav wvq ñ,g úl=Kk fjk;a úl=Kqïlrejl= fj; .uka lrhs'

idOl ixp,kh lsßfï yelshdjla o mej;s u mQ¾K ;r.fha úfYaI ,laIKhla jk w;r

fuhska woyia jkafka l¾udka; w;f¾ idOl udre úug we;s yelshdj hs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l lghq;= lrk wdh;khla flá ld,fha oS w;sm%dudKsl

,dN bmhSug bv we;'

tfia jqjfyd;a fjk;a l¾udka;j, ksr; jk wdh;k o tlS ,dN bmhSu i|yd mQ¾K

;r.ldß l¾udka;hg msúfia'

tys m%;sM,h jYfhka l¾udka;fha iemhqu jeä ù NdKavfha ñ, wvq fõ'

ñ, ^re&

m%udKh ^tall& 0

D/ AR/ MR P

`

181

fuu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldß wdh;kj,g È.= ld,fha § m%dudKsl ,dN muKla bmhSug

yels fjhs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmdf<a ,laIKj,g wdikak ,laIK we;s fjf<|fmd< f,i"

ù" nvbß`.=" jÜglald " lerÜ jeks fjf<|fmd<j,a ±laúh yels h'

;ks úl=Kqïlrejl= isák l¾udka;hla taldêldrh jYfhka ye|skafõ'

fuh mQ¾K ;r.hg m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajhhs'

taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<l wdh;kh iy l¾udka;h hk fol u tlla fõ'

taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< jHQyhl lems fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1 ksIamdokh iqúfYaI úu

2 tla wdh;khla muKla ksIamdokfha ksr; ùu

3 m%fõYhg ndOd mej;Su

4 fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re wmQ¾K ùu yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; fkdyels ùu

taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l wf,ú jk NdKav i|yd ióm wdfoaYl fkdue;'

wod< ksIamdÈ;h ,nd.; yelafla tl u ksIamdolhl= f.ka muKla jk w;r ta yd

iudk NdKav ksIamdokh lrk fjk;a ksIamdolfhla fkdue;' fï ksid fjf<|fmd<

;=< ksIamdolhdg taldêldß n,hla ysñ fõ'

fuu iqúfYaI nj ksid mdßfNda.slhdg f;aÍï lsÍug bvla fkd,efnk w;r

ksIamdolhdf.ka NdKavh ñ, È .eksug fydaa fkdf.k isáug fydaa mdßfNda.slhdg isÿ

fõ'

ksIamdÈ;h iïnkaOfhka mj;sk fuu iqúfYaI nj ksid wdh;khg NdKavfha ñ,

flfrys n,meï l< yels h'

ñ, wvq jeä lsÍug we;s yelshdj ksid taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l wdh;khla uqyqK fok

b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

ñ, ^re&

m%udKh ^tall& 0 D

taldêldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h

`

182

taldêldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< tl u wdh;khla muKla isák ksid ;r.hla olakg

fkdue;s w;r ta ksid u taldêldß n,hlska lghq;= lsÍug wdh;khg yelshdj ,efí'

wdh;khlg taldêldß l¾udka;hlg w¨;ska m%fõY ùu b;d ÿIalr fõ'

wdh;khlg taldêldß l¾udka;hlg w¨;ska m%fõY ùu j<lajk iajdNdúl fyda lD;%su

fyda iajrEmfha ndOl mj;S' my; ±lafjkafka tn÷ ndOl lsysmhls'

1. m%Odk wuqøjH ms<sn| ysñlu

2. rcfha kS;suh ndOl

3. mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;s ùu

NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsßfï m%Odk wuq øjHj, whs;sh ;ks wdh;khlg ysñ jk wjia:d

mj;S'

ksoiqka jYfhka rgl msysá ueKsla ksêsj, whs;sh tla wdh;khlg ysñ ùu fya;=fjka

tls øjHh Ndú;fhka lrk ksIamdÈ; i|yd taldêldÍ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh fõ' fï

ksid tjeks ksIamdok i|yd w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu ndOdldÍ fõ'

tfiau rch .kakd l%shdud¾. ksid o w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu je<ls taldêldß ;;a;aj

ìysjk wjia:d mj;S'

hï hï jHdmdr ld¾h lrf.k hdfï whs;sh ;ks wdh;kj,g mejÍu;a" we;eï jHdmdr

ld¾h rchg wh;a wdh;k u.ska muKla lrf.k hdu;a i|yd rch mshjr .kakd

wjia:d mj;S'

ksoiqka - › ,xldfõ ÿïßh wêldßh" úÿ,sn, uKav,h

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï mj;sk úg o w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu g ndOdldß fõ'

È.= ld,fha È ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrñka ksIamdokh lrk úg mßudKdkql=,

msßueiqï yg.kS'

msßueiqï mj;sk úg È.= ld,sk idudkH msßjeh my; jefgk w;r ta ksid u wdh;khg

;u ksIamdokh jeä lsßfï yelshdj o ,efí'

fuys oS wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksmoúug yelshdj ,efnk ksid ksmojk NdKav wvq ñ,lg

wf,ú lsÍug o yelshdj ,efí'

fun÷ ;;a;ajhla iajdNdúl taldêldß ;;a;ajhla f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r tjeks

;;a;ajhla f.dvke.=Kq úg w¨;a wdh;kj,g m%fõY ùu wmyiq fõ'

Bg fya;=j iajdNdúl taldêldrh f.dv ke.=Kq úg wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksuejqu jeä

lsÍug;a" wvq ñ,la hgf;a NdKav wf,ú lsÍug yelshdjla ,efnk ksid w¨;ska msúfik

wdh;kj,g ta yd iu`. ;r. lsÍu wmyiq ùu hs'

`

183

taldêldß ksIamdolhl=f.a fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re yd ksIamdokhg wod< f;dr;=re

fjk;a ksIamdolhl=g mQ¾K yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; fkdyels h'

ksoiqka (

lsishï NdKavhl b,a¨ï ;;a;aj" ñ, .Kka' ,dNodhs;ajh" ksIamdok msrsjeh iy

;dlaIKh jeks f;dr;=re ,nd .eksfï yelshdjla fjk;a wdh;kj,g fkdue;'

fujeks f;dr;=re fkdue;s j fjk;a w¨;a ksIamdok wdh;kj,g fjf<|fmd<g m%fõY

ùug wmyiq fõ'

l¾udka;hg we;=¿ úfï ndOl fkdue;s jQ;a wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjlska l¾udka;h

iukaú; jQ;a fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh taldêldß ;r.h kñka ye|skafõ'

taldêldß ;r.h ;=< taldêldß ,laIK fukau mQ¾K ;r.ldß ,laIK o mj;S'

ta ksid mQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldrh hk fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkays ixl,khla f,i

taldêldß ;r.h ±laúh yels h'

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ksIamdÈ; w;r m%fNaokhla mj;S'

taldêldß ;r.h mQ¾K ;r.fhka fjkia jkafka fï ksihs'

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd< ixl,amh uq,ska u y÷kajd fok ,oafoa 1930 j¾Ifha

—tâjâ jEïn¾,ska˜ kue;s wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úisks'

ienE f,dj iqug j ±lsh yels fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh jkafka o taldêldß ;r.h hs'

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ,laIK my; oelafõ'

l¾udka; ;=< wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjla mej;Su

tla tla wdh;kh m%fNaokh lrk ,o NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu

l¾udka;h ;=<g m%fõY ùug fyda msg ùug fyda ndOd fkd;sîu

wdh;kh uqyqK fok b,a ï jl%h my;g nEjqï ùu

idOl ixp,;djg ndOd fkdmej;su

taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;k È.= ld,fha È m%dudKsl ,dN muKla ,eîu

mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l fuka u taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< o wdh;k

úYd, ixLHdjla isák w;r tla tla wdh;k iajdëk ñ, m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrhs'

wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjla fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ksid tla wdh;khlg uq¿ fjf<|fmd<

iemhqfuka ysñ jkafka b;d l=vd fldgils'

fï ksid tla wdh;khl ksIamdokhg wka wdh;k flfrys lsis ÿ n,mEula l<

fkdyels h'

`

184

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< isák ish¨ u wdh;k tl u NdKav j¾.hla

ksIamdokh l<;a" tla tla wdh;kfha ksIamdÈ; w;r úúO fjkialï mj;S'

ksoiqka (-

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ksmojk NdKavh inka jqj;a ta ta wdh;k

ksmojk inka fjk fjk u .;a úg ta ;=< úúO fjkialï ;sîu'

fï ksid taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;k ksmojk NdKav iucd;Sh fkdjk w;r tla

NdKavhla ;j;a NdKavhla i|yd mQ¾K wdfoaYk fkdfõ' NdKav m%fNaokh hkafkka

woyia jkafka fuu ;;a;ajh hs'

NdKav m%fNaokh lsÍu ksid ksIamdok wdh;k w;r ;r.ldß;ajhla we;s fõ'

wdh;k ;r.ldß;ajhla we;s lsÍug my; i|yka udOHh Ndú; lrhs'

o NdKavfha .=Kd;aul nj ^NdKavfha yevh" úYajikSh;ajh" l,a

meje;au" mdßfNda.sl fiajd&

o NdKavfha ñ,

o wf,úlrKh

tla tla wdh;k m%fNaÈ; NdKav ksmoúu ksid NdKav tl iudk jqj;a tajd w;r hï hï

wiudklï mj;sk njg mdßfNda.slhka ;=< úYajdihla mj;sk ksid NdKavj, ñ,

fjkia lsÍfï yelshdjla taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khg we;'

fï ksid taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

mQ¾K ;r.fha fukau taldêldß ;r.fha È o jHdmdr wdh;kj,g l¾udka;hg we;=t

ùug;a" l¾udka;fhka bj;a j hdug;a ksoyi ;sfí'

taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khla flá ld,fha oS w;sm%dudKsl ,dN bmhSug bvlv mj;sk

w;r fï ksid kj wdh;k l¾udka;hg m%fõY fõ' fï ksid È.= ld,fha È taldêldß

;r.ldß wdh;khlg ,eìh yelafla m%dudKsl ,dN muKs'

taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksoiqka my; i|yka fõ'

o wdmK Yd,d

o is,a,r lv

o ndn¾ idmamq

o inka

o oka;df,am

o fifrmamq

o mdjyka j¾.

`

185

uqt fjf<|fmd< u ksIamdok wdh;k w;f<diailg muKla ysñ j mj;sk fjf<|fmd<

;;a;ajh l;smhdêldrh f,i ye|skafõ'

fujeks fjf<|fmd<l ±lsh yels úfYaIs; ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

o iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj w;sYhska iSñ; úu

o m%fõYhg ±ä ndOd mej;Su

o wdh;k w;r ±ä wfkHdakH /|shdjla mej;Su

o m%fNaokh jQ fyda m%fNaokh fkdjQ fyda NdKav ksmoùu

o wdh;kh uqyqKfok b,a¨ï jl%h idfmalaI jYfhka wkuH jQ my<g nEjqï jk

tlla ùu

fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;r. flfrk wdh;k ixLHdj w;sYhska iSñ; úu ksid tla

wdh;khl yeisÍu wfkl=;a wdh;kj, yeisßu flfrys n,mEu l;smhdêldrfha úfYaI

,laIKhls'

n,mEug ,lajk wdh;k o wfkla wdh;kj,g m%;sl%shd olajhs'

tfia u l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd<l iajdNdúl fyda lD;%su fyda ndOl mj;sk w;r th

w¨;a wdh;k l¾udka;h ;=<g m%fõY ùu j<lajhs'

tjeks ndOl lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

o wdh;k ;=< mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï mej;Su

o Wmdh ud¾. l%shd wkq.ukh lsÍu

o ffk;sl idOl

o wdrïNl m%d.aOkh úYd, ùu

o wuqøjH md,kh wdh;k lsysmhla i;= ùu

fujeks ndOl ksid l¾udka;hg w¨;ska meñfKk wdh;khlg fjf<|fmd< ;=<

lghq;= lsÍu ÿIalr fõ'

wdh;k ixLHdj iSñ; jk fyhska tla wdh;khlg fjf<|fmdf<ka ysñ jk fldgi

idfmlaI jYfhka úYd, fõ'

ieu wdh;khla u fjf<|fmd< ;=< úYd, fldgila ysñlr f.k ;sfnk ksid wdh;k

w;r ±ä wfkHdakH /|shdjla mj;S'

tla wdh;khla wkq.ukh lrk m%;sm;a;s wfkla wdh;kj,g iDcqj u n,mdk w;r

ieu wdh;khla u ;r.lrejkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh flfrys ±ä ie,els,af,ka miqfõ'

ta ta wdh;k" ;r. lsßfï wdYdj ksid tlsfklg m%;sl%shd olajñka lghq;= lrhs'

ksoiqka jYfhka" hï wdh;khla NdKavfha ñ, my< fy<Sug ;srKh l<fyd;a th

wfkla wdh;kj, NdKavfha b,aü wvq ù ,dNh wvq ùug fya;=fõ' túg tu wdh;kh o

`

186

;r.ldß f,i NdKavfha ñ, my< ouhs' túg m%:ufhka ñ, wvq l< wdh;kh

wjodkulg ,la jk w;r ta ksid úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka Tjqka w;r iyfhda.s;dj

j¾Okh lr.ekSug W;aidy .kS'

mqj;a m;a" rEmjdysks fiajd" jdKsc nexl= iy isfuka;s lïy,a wdÈh l;smhdêldß

fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkag ksoiqka fõ'

l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd< ;=< ta ta wdh;k ksmojk NdKav m%fNaÈ; fyda m%fNaÈ;

fkdjQ fyda tajd úug mq¿jk'

tla tla wdh;k fjf<|fmd< uq¿ iemhqfuka úYd, fldgila ysñlr f.k ;sfnk ksid

ta ta wdh;kj,g fjf<|fmd< ñ, flfrys n,mEï we;s l< yels h'

fï ksid wdh;khl b,a ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

fjf<|fmdf<a tla wdh;khla ñf,ys fjkila isÿ lrkafka kï wfkla wdh;k Bg

m%;spdr olajk ksid wdh;kfha b,a¨ï m%udKh ksYaÑ; ke;'

ta ksid ñ, flfrys olajk m%;spdrhka u; b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia úh yels neúka

b,a¨ï jl%fhys ì÷Kq iajNdjhla yg .ekSug mqtjk'

by; i|yka lrk ,o m%Odk fjf<|fmd< jHQyhkays uQ,sl ,laIK ixikaokd;aul j

jvd;a ixCIsma; wdldrfhka my; j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'

`

187

fjf<|fmdf<a

iajrEmh

wdh;k

ixLHdj

l¾udka;hg

m%fõY ùu

ksIamdÈ;fha

iajNdjh

ksoiqka wdh;kh

uqyqK fok

b,a¨ï jl%h

mQ¾K ;r.h w;súYd, fõ' ndOd rys; fõ' iucd;sh

NdKavhls'

ú nvbß.="

jÜglald

lerÜ" wdikak

,laIK we;s

;sria wlaIhg

iudka;r fõ'

wdh;kh ñ,

.kqfjls'

taldêldrh tla wdh;khla

muKs'

ndOd iys; fõ' iqúfYaI jQjls' ÿïßh fiajd"

c, iïmdokh"

úÿ,s n,

iemhsu"

my<g nEjqï

fõ' wdh;khg

ñ, flfrys

ie,lsh hq;=

n,mEula l<

yels h'

taldêldß

;r.h

úYd, fõ' ndOd rys; fõ' m%fyaokh

jQjls'

wdmk Yd,d"

is,a,r lv"

ndn¾ idmamq

my<g nEjqï

fõ' tfy;a

idfmalaI

jYfhka

kuH;dj jeä

h'

ñ, flfrys

n,mEï l<

yels h'

l;smhdêldrh w;f<diails' ndOdldß fõ' m%fyaokh jQ

fyda m%fyaokh

fkdjQ fyda tajd

fõ'

mqj;a m;a'

rEmjdyskS

fiajd" .Eia"

jdKsc nexl=

my<g nEjqï

fõ' idfmalaI

jYfhka wkuH

fõ' tfy;a ñ,

flfrys

ksrka;rfhka

olajk m%;spdr

u; r|d mj;S'

`

188

ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'5 (-mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khla iy l¾udka;h flá ld,fha § yeisfrk wdldrh úuid n,hs'


wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, ( ² mq¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a ï jl%h yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï

jl%h fjka fjka j y÷kajhs'

² wdh;khl b,a ï jl%h yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï jl%h w;r

iïnkaO;dj m%ia;dr weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdh;khla ,dN Wmßu lsÍfï uQ,sl m%fõY kï lrhs'

² uq¿ whNdrh - uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh ixLHd f,aLk yd m%ia;dr

weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

² wdka;sl whNdrh - wdka;sl msßjeh m%fõYh ixLHd f,aLk yd

m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

² mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl flá ld,fha yeisÍu ixLHd f,aLk

yd m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

² mq¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl m%dudKssl ,dN" ksIam%dudKssl ,dN"

wjm%dudKssl ,dN yd wdh;khl ksIamdokh w;aysgqùu hk ixl,am

m%ia;dr weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdh;khl flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%fha yeisÍu m%ia;dr igyka

weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

² fjf<|fmd< iemhqï jl%h yd b,a¨ï jl%h u.ska l¾udka;fha

iu;=,s;h m%ia;dr igyka weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

`

189

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

iucd;Sh NdKav ksmoùu;a tla wdh;khla uq¿ fjf<|fmd< iemhqfuka b;d iq¿

fldgila muKla ksIamdokh lrk ksid;a mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla ñ,

.kqjl= ( Price Taker) f,i ie,efla'

ñ,g n,mEula fkdlr fjf<òfmd< mj;sk ñ,g ´kEu m%udKhla wf,ú lr .; yels

ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos ;sria wCIhg iudka;r jQ ir,

f¾Ldjl wdldrhg msysghs'

wdh;kh b,a¨ï jl%h

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khla ñ, .kqjl= jqj o mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hg NdKavhl ñ, ;SrKh lsÍug yels h'

fï ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï jkakls'

th my; mßos ±laúh yels h'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h

D

0 b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&

ñ, ^remsh,a&

ñ, ^remsh,a&

D b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&

0

`

190

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h yd mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hl b,a¨ï jl%h w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;S' fuu iïnkaO;dj my; mßos ±laúh yels h'

Â& rEmigyk ^B& rEmigyk

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hl iy wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl% w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj

by; Â& rEm igyfka DM jl%fhka l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h;a" SM jl%fhka l¾udka;fha iemhqï jl%h;a ±lafõ'

l¾udka;fha ;SrKh ù we;s iu;=,s; ñ, P0 fõ'

wdh;kj, ksIamdos; fuu P0 ñ,g wf,ú lr .; yels h' fuu ksid wdh;kfha b,a¨ï jl%h mQ¾K kuH tlla jk w;r ^B) rEm igyfka D jl%fhka tu b,a¨ï jl%h fmkakqï flf¾'

wdh;k uqyqK fok ñ, fjkia jkafka l¾udka;fha b,aü iemhqu fjkia jqj fyd;a muKs'

ksoiqka (

l¾udka;fha iemhqu ia:djr j ;sìh § b,aü jeä jqj fyd;a iu;=,s; ñ, by< hhs' ta wkqj wdh;kj,g ,efnk ñ, o by< hhs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khlg flá ld,fha § ixfrdaOl follg uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ' tkï

1. ñ, .kqjl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu'

2. wdh;kh i;= j mj;sk ;dCIKh yd Odß;dj u; lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu'

ñ, ^re'&

0

PO



D

ñ, ^re'&

PO

0 DM

SM

`

191

fuu ixfrdaOl foll hgf;a lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a ;SrK folla .ekSug wdh;khg isÿ fõ'

1. ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a /`§ isákjd o@ fkd tfia kï wdh;kh jid oukjd

o @

2. ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a /`§ isàug ;SrKh l< fyd;a fldmuK NdKav m%udKhla ksmojkjd o@

wdh;kh jid fkd oud ;j ÿrg;a ksIamdokfha /`§ isàug ;SrKh l< fyd;a mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khg ish m%Yia; ksuejqu ;SrKh lsÍug úYaf,aIK l%u 2la Ndú; l< yels h' tkï

1. uq¿ whNdr - uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh

2. wdka;sl whNdr - wdka;sl msßjeh m%fõYh

uq¿ whNdrh yd uq¿ msßjeh weiqßka wd¾Ól ,dN .Kkh fldg wd¾Ól ,dN jeã u ksuejqu m%Yia; ksuejqu f,i f;dard .ekSu uq¿ whNdr yd uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh u.ska isÿ lrhs'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh fyj;a wf,ú wdodhu my; mßos ,nd .; yels h'

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (TFC) iy uq¿ úp,H msßjeh (TVC) hk foflys tl;=fjka flá ld,Sk uq¿ msßjeh (TC) ,efí'

fuf,iska ,nd .kakd uq¿ wdNdrh yd uq¿ msßjeh weiqfrka m%Yia; ksuejqu f;dard .kakd wdldrh my; ixLHd igyk weiqfrka meyeos,s l< yels h'

TR = P × Q

uq¿ whNdrh = NdKavfha ñ, × m%udKh

`

192

ksuejqu ^Èklg tall&

uq¿ whNdrh

^re'&

uq¿ msßjeh ^re'&

wd¾Ól ,dN ^re'&

0 0 20 -20

1 20 36'8 -16'8

2 40 52'8 -12'8

3 60 68'0 -80

4 80 80'0 0

5 100 90'4 9'6

6 120 101'6 18'4

7 140 114'4 25'6

8 160 128'0 32'0

9 180 146'4 33'6

10 200 168'0 32'0

11 220 196'0 24'0

12 240 240'0 0

fuys § fjf<òfmdf<a ;SrKh ù we;s NdKav tallhl ñ, remsh,a 20$- f,iska ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'

ixLHd igykg wkqj uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ msßjeh wvq lsÍfuka wd¾Ól ,dN ,nd f.k we;s w;r jeä u wd¾Ól ,dNh remsh,a 33'60ls'

tu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh wd¾Ól ,dNh jeä u ksuejqï uÜgu jk ksuejqu tall 9 m%Yia; ksuejqula fia f;dard .kS'

by; ixLHd f,aLk igyfka ±lafjk f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska bosßm;a l< yels h'

`

193

B

N

M

4 9 12

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj a iy b ,CIHhkays § uq¿ whNdr jl%h uq¿ msßjeh jl%h

fÊokh lrhs' ta wkqj a iy b ,CIHhkays § wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH fõ'

a ,CIhg my< fldgfia § uq¿ whNdr jl%hg jvd by<ska uq¿ msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs' tu m%foaYfha § u wd¾Ól ,dN RK w.hla .kS'

b ,CIhg by< fldgfia § uq¿ whNdr jl%hg jvd by<ska uq¿ msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs' tu m%foaYfha o wd¾Ól ,dN RK w.hla .kS'

a yd b w;r m%foaYfha § uq¿ msßjehg jvd by<ska uq¿ whNdr jl%h .uka lrhs'

whNdrh msßjeh ^re'&

240

180

146.4

80

0

4

TC

TR

ksuejqu ^Èklg tall&

A

9 12

whNdr- msßjeh ^re&

,dNh

ksujqu ^Èklg tall&

-20

-60

33.6

0

`

194

tu ksid a yd b w;r m%foaYh wd¾Ól ,dN iys; m%foaYhla fõ'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh wd¾Ól ,dN iys; m%foaYfha § ;u m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu jYfhka f;dard .kafka jeä u wd¾Ól ,dN mj;sk wjia:dj hs'

rEm igyfka N – M olajd ,ïnl ÿfrka jeäu wd¾Ól ,dN ±la fõ' ta wkqj remsh,a 33'60 jeä u wd¾Ól ,dNh hs'

fï kssid jeä u wd¾Ól ,dN mj;sk tall 9 flá ld,fha oS m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu fia f;dard .kS'

wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh^ MR=MC & m%fõYfha § ksIamdok wdh;kfha wdka;sl whNdrh yd wdka;sl msßjeh mokï lr f.k ,dN .Kkh lsÍu isÿ fõ' ta wkqj hï wjia:djl wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jk ksuejqï uÜgu m%Yia; ksuejqu fia f;dard .kS'

ksuejqu tla tallhlskaa jeä lrk úg wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrhg w¨f;ka tl;= jk m%udKh wdka;sl whNdrh hs'

uq¿ whNdrfha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl whNdrh ,nd .; yels h'

ksuejqu tla tallh ne.ska jeä lrk úg uq¿ msßjehg w¨f;ka tl;= jk m%udKh wdka;sl msßjeh hs'

uq¿ msßjefha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl msßjeh ,nd .; yels h'

wdka;sl whNdrh uq¿ whNdrfha fjki ksujqfï fjki

`

195

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khlg mejreKq ñ,la hgf;a lghq;= lsÍug isÿjk ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl ñ, idudkH whNdrhg iy wdka;sl whNdrhg iudk

^P=AR=MR&fõ' fuh my; ixLHd ksoiqk weiqßka f,i meyeos,s l< yels h'

tys § NdKavfha ñ, remsh,a 25 f,iska ie<ls,a,g f.k we;'

m%udKh ^Q&

ñ, ^P&

uq¿ whNdrh

^TR&

idudkH whNdrh

ÂR&

wdka;sl whNdrh

^MR& 0

1

2

3

4

5

25

25

25

25

25

25

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

25

25

25

25

25

-

25

25

25

25

25

ñ, remsh,a 25la fia ia:djr j mj;akd neúka th idudkH whNdrhg iy wdka;sl whNdrhg iudk fõ'

wdka;sl msßjeh uq¿ msßjefha fjki ksujqfï

fjki

`

196

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha ñ, = idudkH whNdrh = wdka;sl whNdrh (P = AR =MR) jk neúka tu ;;a;ajh my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jk úg § iu;=,s;;djg m;afjñka m%Yia; ksuejqu f;dard .kakd wdldrh my; mßÈ ixLHd igykla yd m%ia;dr igykla weiqfrka meyeos,s l< yels h'

ksuejqu ^Q&

uq¿ whNdrh

^TR&

uq¿ msßjeh

^TC)

wdka;sl whNdrh

^MR&

wdka;sl msßjeh

^MC&

wd¾Ól ,dNh

^TR - TC& 6

7

8

9

10

11

120

140

160

180

200

220

101'6

114'4

128'0

146'4

168'0

196

20

20

20

20

20

12'8

13'6

18'4

20

21'6

28'0

18'4

25'6

32'0

33'6

32'0

24'0

ixLHd igykg wkqj ksuejqu tall 9 § wd¾Ól ,dNh Wmßu fõ' tys § wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk fõ'

ñ,

idudkH whNdrh

wdka;sl whNdrh

D / P = AR =MR

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall& 0

`

197

tu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh ksuejqï tall 9 m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu fia f;dard

.kS' wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh^ MR=MC & fldkafoaish ;Dma; lrñka ,dN Wmßu lrk m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu my; m%ia;drfhka fmkakqï flf¾'

K A

9

rEm igykg wkqj a ,CIHfha § wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC) fõ' tu wjia:dfõ § wd¾Ól ,dN o Wmßu jk w;r m%Yia; ksuejqu tall 9 ls'

rEm igyfka ±lafjk K ,CIHfha § wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC) fldkafoaish ;Dma; jqj;a Bg wod< ksuejqu m%Yia; ksuejqu fia f;dard fkd .kS'

Bg fya;=j K ,CIHhg wod< ksuejqï uÜgfï oS lsisÿ ,dNhla fkd,efí' ksuejqu

m%idrKh l<fyd;a ,dN yg .kS' ,dN WmÍu ùu i|yd wdka;sl whNdrh = wdka;sl

msßjeh (MR = MC) hk fldkafoaish bgq ùu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fï i|yd ;j;a fldkafoaishla bgq úh hq;==h tkï wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jk

(MR = MC) ,CIHfha § wdka;sl msßjeh ( MC) jl%h wdka;sl whNdr (MR ) jl%h fPokh l< hq;af;a by< isg my<ska fkdj my< isg by<sks tkï wdka;sl msßjeh

( MC) jl%fha nEjqu Ok w.hla úh hq;= h'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl flá ld,Sk yeisÍu ;=< uqyqK osh yels úl,am wjia:d lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

1. wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu ^ksIam%dudKsl ,dN $ w;sm%dudKsl ,dN&

2. wd¾Ól ,dN Y+kH uÜgfï ksIamdokfha fh§u ^m%dudKsl ,dN&

3. mdvq ,eîu ^wjm%dudKsl ,dN& $ mdvq ,nñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu

4. ksIamdok wdh;kh jid ±óu

MR/MC

20

ksujqï tall

MR

MC

0

`

198

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isák wjia:dfõ § ñ, idudkH msßjeh blaujd hk w;r uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh blaujd hhs'

my; rEm igyfka ±lafjkafka fujeks ksIam%dudKsl ,dN ,nk ;;a;ajhls'

a

b

9

by; rEm igykg wkqj wdka;sl whNdrh = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC) hk

fldkafoaish ;Dma; lrñka a ,CIH § wdh;kh iu;=,s;;djg m;a w;r Bg wod< ksuejqu

uÜgu tall 9la fõ'

tu wjia:dfõ § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh yd wd¾Ól ,dNh

my; mßÈ fõ'

- uq¿ whNdrh idudkH whNdrh « ksuejqï tall m%udKh

TR = AR « Q

TR = 20 « 9

TR = remsh,a 180

- uq¿ msßjeh idudkH msßjeh « ksuejqï tall m%udKh

TC = ATC « Q

TC = 12 « 9

20

ksujqï tall

P = AR = MR

0

ñ, msßjeh

MC

ATC

12

`

199

MC

TC = remsh,a 108

- wd¾Ól ,dNh uq¿ whNdrh - uq¿ msßjeh

= TC –TC

= 180 « 108

TC = remsh,a 72

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla m%dudKsl ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isák wjia:dfõ § ñ, idudkH msßjehg iudk jk w;r uq¿ whNdrh o uq¿ msßjehg iudk fõ'

my; rEm igyfkys fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks m%dudKsl ,dN ,nk ;;ajhls'

a

by; rEm igyfkys a ,CIHfhka iu;=,s; wjia:dj ±lafjk w;r Bg wod< ksuejqu

tall 9 fõ'

fuu wjia:dfõ § wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh iy wd¾Ól ,dN ;;a;aj my;

mßÈ fõ'

uq¿ whNdrh 20 « 9

remsh,a 180

uq¿ msßjeh 20 « 9

remsh,a 180

20

ksujqï tall

P = AR = MR

0

ñ, msßjeh

9

ATC

`

200

25

20

wd¾Ól ,dN 0

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl NdKav tallhl idudkH msßjeh NdKav tallhl

ñ, blaujd hk wjia:dfõ oS mdvq ,eîu isÿ fõ' fuys oS uq¿ whNdrhg jvd uq¿ msßjeh

jeä jk ksid wdh;khg wjm%dudKsl ,dN ysñ fõ'

my; rEm igyfkys fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks mdvq ^wjm%dudKsl ,dN& ,nk ;;ajhls'

rEm igyfka w`ÿre l< fldgfia fCI;%M,fhka ±lafjkafka fuu wjm%dudKsl ,dN m%udKh hs'

flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wjm%udKsl ,dN ,enq j o ksIamdok wdh;kh jid fkdoud ksIamdokfha ksr; ùug ;SrKh l< yels h' tfia ;SrKh lrkqfha ksIamdokfha ksr; ùfuka ia:djr msßjefhka lsishï m%udKhla fyda mshjd .ekSug bv ie,fia kï muKs'

flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khlg uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksh; jYfhka oeÍug isÿjk msßjehla jk w;r" uq¿ úp,H msßjeh j<lajd .; yels msßjehla fõ'

wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ msßjeh mshjd .ekSug fkdyels jQj;a uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug yelshdjla mj;S kï mdvq ,nk ;;a;ajhl jqj o ksIamdokfha fhfoñka l¾udka;fha ;jÿrg;a re|S isàug wdh;kh lghq;= lrhs' my; rEm igykska fuu ;;a;ajh ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

ksujqï tall

P = AR = MR

0

ñ, msßjeh

9

ATC MC

wjm%dudKsl ,dN

uq¿ whNdrh 20 « 9 remsh,a 180

uq¿ msßjeh 25 « 9 remsh,a 225

wjm%udKsl ,dN 180-225

remsh, -45

`

201

b

a

8 11 14

by; rEm igykg wkqj a ,CIHfhka oelafjk iu;=,s; wjia:dfõ § wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug m%udKj;a fõ'

a ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrh = 15 × 8

= remsh,a 120

a ,CIHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh = 15 × 8

= remsh,a 120

b ,CIHfha § mdvq ,enqj o uq¿ úp,H msßjehg jvd uq¿ whNdrh jeä h'

b ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrh = 20 × 11 = remsh,a 220

b ,CIHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh = 17 × 11 = remsh,a 187

b ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshùfuka miq ;j remsh,a 33la ^220 -

187& b;sß fõ' tu b;sß fldgiska ia:djr msßjefhka fldgila fyda mshùug o wdh;khg

fhdod .; yels h' fuu ksid mdvq ,nk ;;a;ajhl jqj o flá ld,fha § ksIamdokfha

fhfoñka l¾udka;fha ;jÿrg;a re|S isàug wdh;kh lghq;= lrhs'

rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ a ,CIHh g my< ,CIHj,g wod< iu;=,s; wjia:dj, §

wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug fkdyels ksid ksIamdokh

w;aysgqùu ;d¾lsl h'

15

ksujqï tall

P = AR = MR

0

P = AR = MR

P = AR = MR

P = AR = MR

25

20

10

ñ, msßjeh

MC AVC

AC

17

`

202

a0 a1

a2

by; rEm igykska fy<s jk iuia; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka flá ld,fha

oS mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl ksIamdokfha /`§ isákjd o w;a ysgqjkjd o hkak

;SrKh flfrk ;SrKd;aul ,CIHh jkafka ñ, wju idudkH úp,H msßjehg iudk

jk a0 ,CIHh hs '

08 11 14

by; rEm igyfkys a0 ,CIHfha oS ñ, wju idudkH úp,H msßjehg iudk jk ksid a0

,CIHhka by< msysá MC jl%h wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h fõ'

t wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h my; mßos m%ia;dr

igyklska ±laúh yels h'

S=(MC)

ñ, ^re&

0 ksuejqï tall 08 11 14 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h

ñ, ^msßjeh&

P2 = AR2 =MR2

P1 = AR1 =MR1

P0 = AR0 =MR0

ksujqï tall

MC

0

AVC

25

20

15

25

20

15

`

203

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;;dj we;s jkafka l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h l¾udka;fha iemhqï jl%h fcaokh jk ,CIHfha § h'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h NdKavh iòyd wod< fjf<òfmdf<a ish¨ u fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï jl% ;sria w;g tl;= lsÍfuka ,nd .kakls'

ta wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<òfmd< b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nejqï jkakls'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<òfmd< iemhqu jl%h ,nd .kafka wdh;kj, iemhqï jl%j, ;sria tl;=fjks'

ta wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;k ish,a, u idudkH úp,H msßjehg by<ska msysá wdka;sl msßjeh jl%j, ;sria tl;=fjka fjf<òfmd< iemhqï jl%h jHq;amkak lr .; yels h'

ksoiqka f,i mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fj<òfmdf<a wdh;k 100la mj;S kï fj<òfmdf<ys iemhqï ;;a;aj yd Bg wod< fjf<òfmd< iemhqï jl%h my; mßÈ jHq;amkak lr .; yels h'

ñ, ^re'&

tla wdh;khl iemhqu ^tall&

fjf<òfmd< iemhqu ^tall&

15

20

25

12

13

14

1200

1300

1400

by; f;dr;=rej,g wdod< fjf<òfmd< iemhqï jl%h my; mßÈ fõ'

ñ, ^re'& SM

0 m%udKh ^tall& 1200 1300 1400

20

15

`

204

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<òfmd< b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h mokï lr f.k mq¾K

;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igykska ±lafõ'

by; rEm igyfka l¾udka;fha b,a,qu jl%h DM jl%fhka o l¾udka;fha iemhqu SM

jl%fhka o ±lafõ'

tu b,aü iy iemhqu u; l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;h ;SrKh fõ'

tf,i ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; ñ, remsh,a 20 jk w;r iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 1300 fõ'

`

205

ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'6 ( ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< yeisÍu úia;r lrhs'



idOl b,aü ú.%y lrhs'

idOl iemhqu ú.%y lrhs'

idOl ñ, ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ksIamdok idOl bmehqu úia;r lrhs'

ixl%du bmehqu iy wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh b,a ï iemhqï jl% weiqfrka fmkajhs'

ixl%du bmehqu yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhl;ajh jeks ksIamdok idOl úlsKSu;a" ñ,g .ekSu;a isÿ flfrk fjf<|fmd< idOl fjf<|fmd< kñka ye|skafõ'

NdKav fjf<|fmdf<ys NdKavj,g we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; NdKav ñ, ;SrKh jkakd fia u idOl fjf<|fmdf<ys idOlj,g we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; idOl ñ, ;SrKh fõ'

idOl fiajd úlsKSug bÈßm;a jkafka l=gqïn wxYh jk w;r" idOl fiajd ñ,g .kq ,nkafka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lrk wdh;k úisks'

idOlj,g we;s b,aü r|d mj;afka tu idOl Ndú; fldg ksmojkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajdj,g we;s b,aü u; h'

fï ksid ksIamdok idOl i|yd we;s b,aü jHq;amkak b,a ula fia ie,fla'

ksoiqka (-

bÈ lsßï i|yd we;s b,aü u; fmof¾rejka i|yd b,aüla we;s ùu

we`.¨ï i|yd we;s b,aü u; tajd ksmojk Y%ñlhkag b,aüla we;s ùu

mß.Klj,g we;s b,aü u; mß.Kl uDÿldx. Ys,amSkag b,a ula we;s ùu

lDIsfNda.j,g we;s b,aü u; N+ñhg b,aüla we;s ùu

ksIamdok wdh;k idOl i|yd b,a¨ï lrkqfha idOl ñ, ^jegqma" nÿ l=,S" fmd<S" ,dN& ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks'

idOl ñ, jeä kï idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh wvq jk w;r idOl ñ, wvq kï idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh jeä fõ' fuu ksid idOl ñ, yd idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iunkaOhla mj;S' ksoiqka (- Y%ñlhl=f.a jegqma by< h;a u Y%u b,aü wvq jk w;r" jegqma my< hk úg Y%u b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä fõ'

fï ksid idOl i|yd jk b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

ksoiqka (-Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßÈ jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'

`

206

idOl ysñhka idOl imhkq ,nkafka o idOl ñ, ie,ls,a,g .ekSfukS'

idOl ñ, jeä jk úg idOl iemhqu jeä jk w;r" idOl ñ, wvq jk úg idOl iemhqu wvq lrhs' fuu ksid idOl ñ, yd idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau iunkaOhla mj;S'

ksoiqka (jegqma jeä j;a u Y%ñlhka jeäfhka Y%uh iemhSug leue;a;la olajk w;r jegqma wvq j;a u Y%u iemhqu wvq lsÍug fm,fU;s'

fï ksid idOl i|yd jk iemhqu jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg by<g nEjqï fõ'

fï wkqj idOl b,a¨ï jl%h yd idOl iemhqï jl%fhys wfkdakH l%shdldß;ajh u; idOl ñ, iy iu;=,s; m%udKh ;SrKh fõ'

DL

DL = Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h

jegqm

^remsh,a &

0 Y%u ^tall&

NS = Y%u iemhqï jl%h

jegqm

^ remsh,a &

0 Y%uh

NS

`

207

ksoiqka (

by; rEm igykg wkqj ,laIHfha oS Y%u fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; wjia:dj jk w;r

tys § iu;=,s; jegqma wkqmd;slh W1 fõ' ^Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a Y%u b,aü yd Y%u iemhqu u; Y%ufha ñ, ;SrKh jkakd fia u " wfkl=;a idOlj, o b,aü yd iemhqu u; tajdys o ñ, .Kka ;SrKh fõ'&

lsishï idOl fiajdjl ñ, u.ska fmkakqï flfrkqfha tu idOlfha bmehSu hs'

lsishï ksIamdok idOlhla mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd ;nd .ekSu i|yd tu idOlh wfmalaId lrk wju ñ, tu idOlfha ixl%du bmhSu f,i ye¢kafõ' ^hï idOlhla fiajd kshqla; lrùu i|yd f.úh hq;= wjuh ixl%du bmhSï fõ' &

idOlhlg tu wju m%udKhj;a ,nd .; fkdyels kï tu idOlh ;j ÿrg;a tu ld¾hfha ksr; fkdù tu bmhSï ,nd .; yels fjk;a Ndú;hla lrd bj;a ù hdug mq¿jk'

fï ksid tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg ;j;a ksIamdok ld¾hhlg iïm;a udre ùu je<elaùu i|yd idOlhlg wjYH wju bmehqu ixl%du bmehqï u.ska ms<sìUq flf¾'

tfyhska idOlhl j¾;udk Ndú;fha wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl%du bmehqï u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

lsishï idOlhl mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd .; yelafla tu wdjiaÓl msßjeh mshùug m%udKj;a wdodhula ,efí kï muKs'

lsishï ksIamdok idOlhla mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd .ekSu i|yd wfmalaId lrk wju f.ùu blaujd wdodhula Wmhd .kafka kï tu w;sßla; wdodhu wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh f,i yªkajkq ,efí'

tkï hï idOlhl j¾;udk bmhqu ixl%du f.ùï blaujd hkafka kï ta blaujd hk m%udKh wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka fmkakqï flf¾'

ksoiqk lsishï mqoa.,hl=g j¾;udk fiajd kshqla;sh u.ska Èklg remsh,a 1000la o" B<`.g l< yels /lshdj ;=<ska Èklg remsh,a 800lao bmhSug yels nj is;uq'

fï wkqj Tyqf.a"

ixl%du bmhSï = remsh,a 800

wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh = remsh,a 200

jegqm ^remsh,a &

0 Y%u ^tall&

W1

ND

S

`

208

wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska fmkakqï l< yelshs'

idOl iemhqï jl%fhka tu idOlfha ta ta tallh iemhSu i|yd iemhqïlrejd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wju ñ, tkï wdjiaÓl mssßjeh fmkakqï flf¾'

rEm igykg wkqj idOlfhys iu;=,s; ñ, P3 yd iu;=,s; m%udKh Q3 fõ'

OP3 EQ3 iDcqfldaKdi%fha flaIa;%M,fhka Q3 m%udKh fiajd kshqla; jk úg idOlh i|yd ,efnk uq¿ bmehSï m%udKh fmkakqï flf¾'

fu uq¿ bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï hk ixrpl follska iukaú; h'

ta wkqj OP3 E ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h Q3 m%udKh fiajd kshqla; lsÍfuka ,efnk

wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh o OE Q3 ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h Q3 fiajd kshqla;sh lsÍfuka ,efnk ixl%du bmehqï o fõ'

;j ÿrg;a idOlfha uq¿ bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï f,i fldgia ú hk wdldrh my; mßÈ y`ÿkd.; yels h'

rEm igyk wkqj"

Q1 fiajd kshqla; lrùu i|yd idOl ysñhkag f.úh hq;= wju ñ, tkï ixl%du bmehqu

P1 fõ' tfy;a Q1 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg tu idOlfha fjf<|fmd< ñ, P3 fõ'fï ksid

P3 - P1 w;r fjki wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'

fï wdldrfhka u Q2 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg ixl%du bmehqï P2 fõ' P3 - P1 w;r fjki wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'

Q3 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg f.úh hq;= wju ñ, P3 fõ' th idOlfha fjf<|fmd< ñ,g iudk fyhska tys oS uq¿ bmehqu ixl%du bmehqï fõ'

idOl iemhqï kuH;dj úúO jk úg wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqïys o fjkialï we;sfõ'

my; oelafjkafka úúO idOl iemhqï kuH;d wjia:dj, § wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï yeisfrk wdldrh hs'

ñ, ^re&

fhojqï tall

wd¾Ól nÿl=,sh

ixl%du bmehqï

S

D

P3

P2

P1

Q1 Q2 Q3

E

`

209

talSh kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl idOl bmehqï

idOl iemhqu talSh kuH jk úg wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï tlsfklg iudk fõ'

my; rEm igyfkka oelafjkafka tu ;;a;ajh hs'

by; rEm igyfka 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h idOlfha uq¿ bmehqï fõ'

uq¿ bmehqïj,ska 0P1E ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh o " 0E Q1;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h ixl%du bmehqï o fõ'

0P1E iy 0E Q1;%sfldaK foflys flaIaa;%M,h tlsfklg iudk jk w;r thska ms<sìUq jkafka wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï tlsfklg iudk jk nj hs'

mQ¾K wkuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl idOl bmehqï

idOl iemhqu mQ¾K wkuH jk úg uq¿ idOl bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka iukaú; fõ'

my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flfrkafka tn÷ ;;a;ajhls'

m%ia;dr igyfkys oelafjk mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:dfõ § idOlfha ñ, Y=kH jqj o

tu idOlfha iemhqï m%udKh Q1 fõ'

S

E P1

D

ñ,

^re&

m%udKh tall Q1

0

S idOl iemhqï jl%h

D idOl b,a¨ï jl%h

ñ,

^re&

m%udKh tall Q1

0

S

E

`

210

fjf<|fmd< idOl b,aü yd iemhqu u.ska ;SrKh jQ ñ, P1 fõ' túg uq¿ bmehqï

0P1EQ1 flaIa;%M,fhka oelafjk w;r tu uq¿ bmehqu u wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla fõ'

idOlfha bmehqu uq¿ukska u wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla ùug fya;=j jkafka mQ¾K wkuH

iemhqï wjia:dfõ § Q1 m%udKhla fiajd kshqla; lsÍu i|yd f.úh hq;= ñ, Y=kH ùu hs'

mQ¾K kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-

idOlfha iemhqu mQ¾K kuH jk úg uq¿ bmehqï ixl%du bmehqï fõ'

my; rEm igykska tu ;;a;ajh fmkakqï flf¾'

idOl iemhqu mQ¾K kuH jk úg P1 ñ,g ´kE u idOl m%udKhla iemhSug idOl ysñfhda leue;a;la olaj;s'

fï ksid 0P1 EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h uq¿ukskau ixl%du bmehqï fõ' o ^ksoiqka - N+ñ idOlh ie,ls,a,g .; fyd;a tla j.djlska fjk;a j.djlg udre

úh yels ùu& wkuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-

wkuH idOl iemhqula mj;sk úg uq¿ bmehqïj,ska jeä fldgila wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka o " wvq fldgila ixl%du bmehqï fõ'

my; rEm igyfkka tu ;;a;ajh fmkakqï flf¾'

ñ,

^re&

m%udKh tall Q1

0

P1 E

S

S

0

E

ñ,

^re&

m%udKh tall Q1

P1

Q

D

`

211

rEm igykg wkqj 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKh uq¿ idOl bmehqï fmkakqï lrk w;r thska

0P1EQ m%foaaYfhka wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla QEQ1 m%foaYfhka ixl%du bmehqula fmkakqï lrhs'

fuys § 0P1EQ lafIa;%M,h QEQ1 lafIa;%M,hg jvd jeä ùfuka fmkakqï flfrkafka wkuH idOl iemhqul § wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh ixl%du bmehqïj,g jvd jeä nj hs' kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-

idOl iemhqu kuH jk úg jeä fldgila ixl%du bmehqï jk w;r w;r wvq fldgi wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'

my; rEm igyfkka fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks ;;a;ajhls"

by; rEm igyfka 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h uq¿ idOl bmehqï fõ'

thska NP1E lafIa;%M,h wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh jk w;r 0NEQ1 m%foaYh ixl%du bmehqï fõ'

fuys§ 0NEQ1 lafIa;%M,h NP1E lafIa;%M,hg jvd jeä ùfuka kuH idOl iemhqul § jeä fldgila ixl%du bmehqï nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

0

E

ñ,

^re&

m%udKh tall Q1

P1

Q

D

S

N

`

212

ksmqK;dj 05 (- id¾j wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka cd;sl .sKqï ilia

lsßfï iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 (- id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ iy id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

úuihs'



id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq iy id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H kï lrhs' ² id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ úia;r lrhs' ² jHdmdr pl%h y÷kajhs' ² jHdmdr pl%hl úúO woshr y÷kajhs' ² jHdmdr pl% weiqqfrka wd¾Ól WÉpdjpk meyeÈ,s lrhs' ² id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'


iudchla úiska iuia; wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska bgqlr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk úúO wruqKq id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq jYfhka ye|skafõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq my; iòyka mßÈ ±laúh yels h¡

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh

wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj

idOdrK;ajh

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

;srir ixj¾Okh

iuia; wd¾Ólfha l%shdldrs;ajhg n,mEï lrk uQ,sl úp,Hka id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hka fõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka ioyd ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h¡

iuia; ksuejqu

fiajd kshqla;sh

fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu

úksuh wkqmd;slh

fmd<S wkqmd;slh

f.jqï fYaIh

fiajd kshqla;sh

id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka wfmalaIs; uÜgug <Õd fkdjk wjia:dj, oS tkï wkfmalaIs; id¾j wd¾Ól WÉpdjpkhka we;s jk úg oS id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ we;s fõ'

`

213

id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ i|yd ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

wd¾Ól miq neiSï yd wd¾Ól m%idrKh

fiajd úhqla;sh

WoaOukh

wd¾Ól miqneiSu hkq flá ld,Sk ^ld¾;= follg jvd wvq ld,hl oS isÿ jk & ;;a;ajh ls' wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iuia; b,aü wvq ù ksIamdokh wvq ùu u.ska wd¾Ól miqneiSu we;s fõ' wd¾Ól miqneiSu ;=<ska fiajd úhqla;sh by< hhs' ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%fha ,laIHhlska we;=<g ú;eka ùula u.ska wd¾Ól miqneiSu fmkakqï l< yels h'

wd¾Ól m%idrKfha oS wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iuia; b,aü jeä ù iuia; ksuejqu by< hdu isÿ fõ'

wd¾Ólfha iuia; ksIamdok idOl M,odhS wdldrfhka ksIamdokh ioyd Wmrsu f,i Ndú; fkdlsrSu fiajd úhqla;sh hs'

wd¾Ólhl fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys wLKav by< hdu WoaOukh jYfhka y`ÿkajhs'

id¾j wd¾Ól WÉpdjpk jHdmdr pl%h wdY%fhka fmkakqï l< yels h'

tfia u id¾j wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk yeisÍïj, iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug o jHdmdr pl% Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h'

ld,h;a iuÕ wd¾Ólfha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha pl%Sh yeisÍu jHdmdr pl% f,i y÷kajhs'

jHdmdr pl%hl wjê 04la y÷kd.; yels h'

miqneiSfï wjêh

m;=,

m%idrK wjêh

uqÿk;

th my; ±lafjk wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h uqÿk;

úNj ksuejqu

ld,h

m%idrK

wjêh

miq neiSï

wjêh

^m%;s.ukh& 0

ienE ksujqj î;H ksuejqu&

m;=,

`

214

ienE ksuejqfuka iuia; wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yeisrSu fmkakqï lrk w;r úNj

ksuejqfuka iuia; wd¾Ólfha os.= ld,Sk yeisrSu fmkakqï lrhs'

úNj ksuejqu hkq wd¾Ólhl iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmrsu ld¾hlaIu;djfhka

Wmfhdackh l< úg WoaOuk mSvkhlska f;drj ,nd .; yels Wmrsu jQ;a ;srir jQ;a

ksuejqï uÜgu hs'

ld,h;a iuÕ úNj ksuejqu jgd ienE ksuejqu foda,kh fõ'

úNj ksuejqug my< i;H ksuejqfï my< u wjia:dj m;=, yd úNj ksuejqug by<

ienE ksuejqfï by< u wjia:dj uqÿk; fõ'

m;=f,a isg uqÿk; olajd .uka lrk wjêh ksuejqfï m%idrK wjêh fõ'

uqÿk; isg m;=, olajd .uka lrk wjêh ksuejqfï miqneiSfï wjêh fõ'

m%idrK wjêh miqneiSfï wjêhg jvd §¾> fõ'

jHdmdr pl%hl tla uqÿkl isg ;j;a uqÿklg we;s ÿr jHdmdr pl%hl ld,h fõ'

tlu jHdmdr pl%hl uqÿk;a w;r È. tlsfklg fjkia fõ'

jHdmdr pl%hl È.= ld,Sk Wmk;s ;;a;ajhla o úNj ksuejqï uÜgfuys fmkakqï

lrhs' úNj ksuejqï f¾Ldfjka fmkakqï lrkqfha È.= ld,Sk wd¾Ól jDoaêfha yeisÍu

hs'

úNj ksuejqï uÜgu yd ienE ksuejqï uÜgï w;r fjki ksuejqï mr;rh hs'

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd <Õd ùug ksuejqï mr;rh wju lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd wd¾Ólh fufyhùug .kq ,nk l%shdud¾. id¾j wd¾Ól

m%;sm;a;s f,i ye|skafõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s my; oelafõ'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

msial,a ke;fyd;a rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s

wdodhï m%;sm;a;s

iDcq md,k m%;sm;a;s

úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s

tu m%;sm;a;sj,ska lsysmhla my; mrsos meyeos,s l< yels h'

`

215

uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh u.ska isÿ lrkqfha uqo,a iemhqug yd fmd<S wkqmd;hg n,mEï lsÍu

hs' uqo,a iemhqu yd fmd<S wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu u.ska ksIamdokh" mdßfNdackh"

b;sß lsßï" wdfhdack" ñ, uÜgu" wdÈ úp,Hj,g n,mEï l< yels h' uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrK jkqfha"

uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh

újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= fõ'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul flrkqfha uy nexl=j úisks'

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka msial,a m%;sm;a;sh hs' rdcH wdodhu yd

rdcH úhou fjkia lsÍu u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkag n,mEï lsrSu u.ska id¾j

wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd <Õd úh yels h' fuu msial,a m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsßfï m%Odk

WmlrK jkqfha"

rdcH úhoï

rdcH nÿ

rdcH Kh hs'

`

216

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (- jD;a;dldr m%jdyh wdY%fhka cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha úúO

m%fõY ú.%y lrhs'



² wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g iïnkaO wd¾Ól ldrl kï lrñka meyeÈ,s lrhs' ² ir, wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka wd¾Ólhl ldrl w;r mj;sk wka;¾

iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs' ² ir, wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha m%fõY ;=k u;=

lrhs'


id¾j wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajhg odhl jk úúO wxY" wd¾Ól ldrl kñka yeÈkafõ' tu ldrl" isjq je±reï fõ' tajd kï"

1' l=gqïn wxYh

2' jHdmdßl wxYh

3' rdcH wxYh

4' úfoaY wxYh

l=gqïn wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oelafõ'

wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok idOlj,j, ysñldß;ajh l=gqïn wxYh i;= jk w;r tu ksIamdok idOl jHdmdßl wxYhg iemhSu u.ska idOl wdodhï bmhSu

jHdmdßl wxYh ksmojk NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSu

wd¾Ólhl b;sß lsßï ìys lsrSu

l=gqïn wxYh rchg nÿ f.jk w;r rch u.ska imhk fmdÿ fiajd mrsfNdackh lsrSu

jHdmdßl wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oela fõ'

l=gqïn wxYfhka ksIamdok idOl ñ, § f.k NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsrSu ksIamdok NdKav úl=Kd wdodhï ,nhs¡

jHdmdr Wmhk ,dNj,ska ysñlrejkag ,dNdxY o rchg nÿ fldgila o ,nd § wdfhdackh lrhs'

rdcH wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oelafõ'

rch úiska wh lr .kq ,nk noq wdodhfuka uyck;djg fmdÿ NdKav iqNidOk NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

`

217

cd;sl wdrlaIdj" kS;sh yd iduh /lSu" mßirh iq/lSu" wOHdmkh" fi!LHh jeks fiajd iemhSu

uydud¾." ikaksfõokh jeks wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh o iemhSu

l=gqïnj,g mdßfNda.sl iykdOdr;a jHdmdßl wxYj,g ksIamdok iykdOdr;a iemhSu

úfoaY wxYfha m%Odk ld¾hh my; oelafõ'

NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh yd wmkhkh lsÍu úfoaY idOl wdodhï ,eîï yd f.ùï isÿ lsrSu

ir, wd¾Ólhla l%shdldß;ajh jD;a;dldr wdodhï m%jdyhla weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lsßfï§ ldrl w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj o meyeÈ,s lsÍug my; rEm igyk Wmldß lr .; yels h'

ksIamdok idOl ysñ

l=gqun wxYh

ksIamdokfha ksr; jk jHdmdßl wxYh

Y%uh

N+ñh m%d.aOkh

jHjidh

ûQ¾; m%jdyh&

jegqma nÿl=,s fmd<S ,dN

ûQ,H m%jdyh&

(E=1000)

mdßfNdack úhoï

ûQ,H m%jdyh&

mdßfNdack NdKav yd fiajd

ûQ¾; m%jdyh&

`

218

by; rEm igyk weiqrska cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha m%fõY ;=k wxY folla muKla we;s îr, & wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka my; iòyka mrsos l< yels h'

l=gqïn wxYfhka ,nd .;a ksIamdok idOl ixfhda. fldg jHdmdßl wxYh úiska NdKav yd fiajd ksmojk w;r th cd;sl .sKqïlrKhg wod<j ksIamdok m%fõYh fõ'

jHdmdßl wxYh ksIamdok idOl l=gqïn wxYfhka ñ, § .kakd úg l=gqïn wxYh fj; idOl wdodhï m%jdyhla .uka lrhs' th cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha wdodhï m%fõYh fõ'

jHdmdßl wxYh ksmojkq ,nk ksIamdok NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSug l=gqïn wxYh ork úhoï cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha úhoï m%fõYh fõ'

`

219

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3 (- ksuejqï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'



nyq .Kk fodaIh u`. yrjd .ekSfï l%u kï lrhs'

wjidk ksuejqï l%uh meyeÈ,s lr" tu l%uh hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ilia lrk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'

tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh meyeÈ,s lr" tu l%uh hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ilia lrk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'

o< ksuejqfï jákdlu iy w;rueÈ fhojqï jákdlu hk ixl,amh úia;r lrhs'


ksIamdok m%fõYh Tiafia m%ODk jYfhka isÿ jkafka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

.Kkh lsrSu hs' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hkq lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=<

îdudkHfhka j¾Ihla jeks ld, iSudjla ;=<& rgl wd¾Ól m%foaYh we;=<;

ksIamdokh lrk ,o ish¨ u wjidk NdKav yd fiajdj, jákdlu hs'

ksuejqï m%fõYhg wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsÍfï oS tl u

NdKavfha jákdlu lsysm jrla tl;= ùfuka ksIamdÈ;fha w.h wê;lafiarejg

,la fõ' fuf,i tl u NdKav jákdlu lsysm jrla ksIamdÈ;fha w.hg we;=<;a

ùu nyq.Kk fodaIh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

fï ksid nyq.Kk fodaIh u`. yrjd .ekSu i|yd iuia; ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh

lsßfï l%u folla mj;S'

1 wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uh

2 tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh

wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uhg ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh l< o o< tl;= l< jákdlï

l%uhg .Kkh l< o ta i|yd ,efnk w.h iudk úh hq;= h'

ksIamdÈ; l%shdj,sfha wjidk wÈhr miq l<" tkï ;jÿrg;a ilia lsÍfuka f;dr

j mßfNdackh fyda wdfhdackh fyda i|yd fhdod.; yels NdKav fyda fiajd

muKla cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a lsÍu wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uh hs'

wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uhg wkqj iuia; ksIamdos;h .Kkh lrkqfha mßfNdack

NdKav yd m%d.aOk NdKavj, ksIamdokfha tl;=jg f;d. fjkia ùï .e<mSfuks'

`

220

nyq .Kk fodaI uÕyerùug wjidk ksuejqï l%uh Ndú; l< o tys o .eg,q

mj;S¡ tkï we;eï úg mdrsfNda.sl NdKav yd wka;¾ NdKav fjka fldg y÷kd

.ekSfï ÿIalr;d mej;Su hs'

ksoiqka

iSks wjidk mdrsfNda.sl NdKavhla jqj o ri leú,s ksIamdolhdg th

wka;¾ NdKavhla úh yels h'

wjidk ksuejqï l%ufha mj;sk fuu .eg,q ;;a;aj uÕyrjk ksuejqu ;lafiare

lsrSfï jvd;a iqoqiq u l%uh jkafka tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh hs'

ksIamdokh lrk ,o NdKav yd fiajdj, uQ,Huh jákdlu ksuejqfï o<

jákdlu f,i y÷kajhs' ( GVO)

ksIamdok lss%hdj,sh i|yd msg;ska ñ, § .kq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd w;rueos

fhojqï f,i y÷kajhs'

ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< jákdlu hkq (GVA) NdKavj, yd fiajdj, ksuejqfï o<

jákdlñka (GVO) w;rueos fhojqïj, ^w;rueos mßfNdackh& jákdlu wvq l<

úg ,efnk w.h fõ'

ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< jákdlu .Kkh l< yels wdldr folls'

¡² ksIamdok uQ,dY%h

² wdodhï uQ,dY%h

ksIamdok uQ,dY%h wkqj tl;= l< w.h .Kkh lrkqfha ksuejqfï jákdlñka

msg;ska ,nd .;a ish,qu fhojqïj, jákdlu wvq lsrSfuks'

wdodhï uQ,dY%h wkqj tl;= l< w.h .Kkh lrkqfha ksIamdok l%shdj,shg

iyNd.s jk ish¨ u ksIamdok idOlj,g ,efnk idOl wdodhï iy ia:djr

m%d.aOkh Wmfhdackh lsrSfuka yg .kakd laIh ùï tl;= lsrSfuks'

`

221

ksoiqka

ksIamdok uQ,dY%h

wdodhï uQ,dY%h

1¡ ksuejqfï jákdlu 9500

^ fjf<|fmd<g m%fõY ùug fmr &

1¡ ksIamdok idOl i|yd f.ùï ^ re &

2¡ wvq l<d noql=,S 2000

wuq øjH 3000 jegqma 1000

fiajd msrsjeh 1500 fmd<S 800

tl;=j 4500 ,dN 500

tl;=j 4300

2¡ idOl fkdjk f.ùï

m%d.aOk laIh ùï 700

tl;=j 700

uq¿ tl;= l< jákdlu 5000 uq¿ tl;= l< jákdlu 5000

`

222

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4 (- ksIamdok m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lrk

wdldrh iy ta wdY%s; ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'



ksIamdok bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksIamdok bu ;=< we;=<;a l< hq;= yd neyer l< hq;= whs;u meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%s ,xldfõ iïu; l¾udka; lghq;= wdY%hfhka wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï yÿkajhs'

wdh;ksl wxY wkqj wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï j, ixhq;sh úia;r lrhs'

jákdlï ;lafiare lsßfï úúO ñ, .Kka kï lrhs'

uQ,sl ñ," ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, yd .ekqïlref.a ñ, hk ixl,am ksoiqka wdY%hfhka úia;r lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iy o< cd;sl wdodhu hk ixl,am úia;r lrhs'

Y%s ,xldfõ l¾udka; Yd,d ksIamdÈ; o¾Ylfha ixhq;sh olajhs'

ksuejqï m%fõYh wdY%s; ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(-

ksIamdok bu ( Production boundary) ixl,amh Ndú; lrkqfha wd¾Ól

ksIamdok l%shdldrlï iy wd¾Ól fkdjk ksIamdok l%shdldrlï fjka

lr w¾: oelaùug hs' SNA – 2008 cd;sl .sKqïlrK l%ufõohg wkqj

ksIamdok bu b;d meyeÈ,s j úia;r lrhs'

ksIamdok bu w¾:l:kh i|yd mj;akd wd¾Ólh ;=< Tjqka bgq lrk

m%Odk ksuejqu wkqj ksIamdolhka fldgia ;=klg j¾. l< yels fõ'

fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg.;a ksIamdolhka ( Market

Producer)

fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg fkd.;a fjk;a ksIamdolhka (

NPISHS)

.Dy wd¾Ól tall lghq;= wh;a ksIamdolhka

cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha oS ksIamdokfha bu ;=<g we;=<;a l< hq;= ksIamdok

l%shdldrlï my; ±lafõ'

`

223

fjf<|fmdf<a úlsfKk ishü NdKav yd fiajdjka ksIamdok bug we;=<;a

fõ'

ksIamdokh l< wdh;kh yer fiiq wdh;ksl tall i|yd ksIamdokh lrk

,o ishü NdKav yd fiajd

;ukaf.a u wjidk mrsfNdackh i|yd fyda m%d.aOk iïmdokh i|yd fyda

ksIamdokh fldg tajdfha ksIamdolhka úiska ;uka fj; r|jd .kakd ,o

ish,qu NdKav

;uka i;= j we;s ;uka mosxÑ ù isák ksjdij,ska ,nd fok fkajdisl fiajh

jegqma ,nk fiajlhka úiska bgq lrkq ,nk .Dy fiajd iy fm!oa.,sl fiajd

;ukaf.a u mrsfNdackh i|yd lDIs fNda. ksIamdokh" tajd .nvd fldg ;nd

.ekSu" jkdka;rj,ska wdydr fNda. ,nd .ekSu yd m,;=re /ia lr .ekSu" or

lemSu iy tl;= lsÍu" ovhï lsÍu iy uiqka w,a,d .ekSu

lDIs ksIamdok ieliSu" ù fldgd iy,a ilid .ekSu" msá fldgd .ekSu" uia

ud¿ l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd ms<sfh< lsÍu" m,;=re fnda;,a lsÍu yd úh,d

.ekSu" lsß uqojd .ekSu" l+v iy mka u¨ úùu" meÿre ùùu wdÈh

frÈ úùu" we`ÿï uid .ekSu" f.d;k ,o we`ÿï iy f;dmams" .Dy NdKav ;kd

.ekSu

c,h imhd .ekSu ^ l=vd we<j,a" Èh we,s u.ska" c,h imhd .ekSu i|yd

l=vd jHdmD;s ieliSu &

fuf,i .Dy tallh ;=< isÿjk NdKav ksIamdok l%shdldrlï ksIamdok bug

we;=<;a l< o .Dy tallfha idudðlhd úiska ;ukaf.a u fm!oa.,sl

mßfNdackh i|yd bgq lrkq ,nk fiajd wd¾Ól ksIamdok l%shdjka f,i

fkdie,lhs'

ksoiqka (- ksjfia idudðlhkag wdydr msiSu

orejka /ln,d .ekSu

ksjfia úhm;a yd wdndê;hka /ln,d .ekSu

ksfjia w,xlrK yd msßisÿ lsßï wdÈh

flfia fj;;a ñksidf.a ueosy;a ùula iys; o keoao hkak u; ksIAmdok

bug we;=<;a lsÍu fyda fkdlsÍu isÿfõ'

iajdNdúl iïm;la jqj o mqoa.,fhl=f.a md,khg k;=ù ksIamdokhla ìys

jkafka kï tajd ksIamdok bug wh;a fõ'

`

224

ksoiqka (- u;aiH WoHdkhl we;s lrk uiqkaf.a fnda ùu

kuq;a újD; c,dYhl u;aiH .ykh ckkh ùu ksIamdok bug we;=<;a

fkdfõ'

o< foaYSh ksuejqu .Kkh lsÍfï oS ksrSlaIKh fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= o

we;=<;a úh hq;= h'

ksÍlaIKh fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= fldgia follska iukaú; fõ' tkï

² ieÕejqKq wd¾Ól lghq;=

² kS;Hkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;=

ie`.ejqKq wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï f,i i,lkq ,nkafka úêu;a .Kkh lsÍulg

md;% fkdjk kS;Hkql+, wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï h'

jqjukdfjka u fuu wd¾Ól l%shd jika fldg ;nd .ekSug W;aidy ±Íug

n,mdk fya;= lSmhls'

nÿ f.ùfuka je<lS isàu

iudc wdrlaIK odhl uqo,a f.ùfuka je,lS isàu

kS;suh m%ñ;Ska ms<sme§fuka je<lS isàu

ksoiqka (- wju jegqma f.ùu" Wmßu jev ld,h ms<sn| kS;s

fuf,i jd¾;d fkd;eîu" f;dr;=re iemhSu yd kS;sÍ;s u`. yeÍu ksid

ie`.jqKq wd¾Ól lghq;= ms<sn| j o;a; fkd,eî hdu fuys § ±lsh yels h'

kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= iajrEm 2 la mj;S'

ks;sfhka ;ykï fldg we;s NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu iy fnod yeÍu'

ksoiqka (- u;ameka" u;aøjh" .Ksld fiajh" ;ykï NdKav m%jdykh

we;eï kS;Hkql+, NdKav yd fiajd kS;Hkql+, j ,shdmosxÑh fkd,;a

mqoa.,hka úiska ksIamdokh lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu'

ksoiqka (- ,shdmosxÑh fkd,;a ffjoH fiajh

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg we;=<;a fkdjk M,odhS lghq;=

f.ùulska f;dr j ksji ;=< bgq lrkq ,nk .Dy fiajh ^fkdf.jQ

.Dy fiajd &

fkdñf,a ,efnk iajdNdúl iïm;a ^ N+ñh" c,h" jd;h wdÈh&

ñksia Y%uhlska f;dr j j¾Okh jk iajdNdúl iïm;a ^jkdka;r

wdÈh&

`

225

bf.kSu yd úfõlh

ñ, fjkia ùu fyda iajdNdúl j¾Okh fyda u.ska iïm;a j, isÿjk

jákdlu fjkia ùu

foaYSh ksuejqu .Kkh lsrSfï oS neyer flfrk M,odhS fkdjk .Kqfokq

M,odhS fkdjk fjf<|fmd< .kqfokq

ixl%du

uqo,auh m;%sld wdY%s; .kqfokq

mdúÉÑ l< NdKav úlsKSu wdY%s; .kqfokq

Y%s ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksuejqu .Kkh lsrSfï oS úúO wdlD;s Ndú; lrhs¡

1¡ l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj j¾.SlrKh

2¡ wdh;ksl wxY wkqj j¾.SlrKh

Y%s ,xldfõ iïu; l¾udka; lghq;=j,g uQ,sl jYfhka we;=<;a jk YS¾Ihka my; ±lafõ'

1' - lDIs l¾udka;h" jk j.dj yd ëjr l¾udka;h

2' - m;,a leKsï" ksIamdok l¾udka; úÿ,sh yd c,h ksIamdok lghq;=

2' 1 - Wm wxYh ksIamdok l¾udka;

3' - boslsÍï

4' - fjf<|du m%jdyk fiajd" kjd;eka iemhSu yd wdydrmdk iemhSu

5' - f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok lghq;= ms<sn| fiajd

6' - uQ,H yd rCIK fiajd

7' - ksjdi whs;sh yd foafmd< fjf<|du

8' - jD;a;Sh úoHd;aul ;dlaIKsl mßmd,k yd iydh fiajd

9' - rdcH mßmd,kh" wdrCIdj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIK fiajd

10' - fjk;a fiajd

`

226

by; YS¾I oyhg wod< wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, uQ,Huh jákdlu uQ,sl ñ, wkqj iuia; tl;= l< w.h fõ'

wdh;ksl wxY j¾.slrKh wkqj wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, ixhq;sh'

wdh;ksl wxYhla ^ tallhla & hkq iuia; wd¾Ólh ;=< j;alï ysñlr .ekSu " j.lSï oerSu fiiq wdh;k;a iuÕ .kqfokqj,g iïnkaOùug yelshdj we;s wd¾Ól tall h'

iuia; wd¾Ólh hkq .sKqïlrK ld, mrsÉfPaoh ;=< ish¨ u wdh;ksl tall fkajdislj lghq;= lrk wd¾Ól m%foaYhla f,i yªkajhs' wd¾Ól m%foaYh hkq iM, wd¾Ól md,khla iys; ;ks wdKavqjla hgf;a mqoa.,hkag" NdKavj,g yd m%d.aOkhg ksoyfia ixp,kh úh yels N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhls'

iuia; wd¾Ól m%foaYh ;=< isák m%Odk wdh;ksl tall myls'

- uQ,H fkdjk iud.ñl wxYh NFC fï hg;g .efkkafka fjf<|fmd< wruqKq lr.;a ksIamdokhkays

ksr; jk úúO ixia:d yd iud.ï h' fï hg;g rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYfha u ksIamdok iud.ï wh;a h'

- uQ,H iud.ñl wxYh FC uQ,H fiajd iemhSu m%Odk wruqK lr.;a ixia:d yd iud.ï fï

hg;g .efka' uQ,H w;rueÈ lghq;= yd fjk;a úfYaIs; NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu fuu wxYfha ld¾hNdrh fõ' fï hg;g rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYfha u iud.ï wh;a h'

- rdcH wxYh GG rdcH wxYhg fjf<|fmd< wruqKq lr fkd.;a fm!oa.,sl yd iduQysl mrsfNdackh i|yd fiajd imhk úúO rdcH wdh;k fuhg wh;a fõ'

ksoiqka wOHdmkh" fi!LH" wdrlaIdj" mrsirh iq/lSu

- ,dN wfmalaIdfjka f;dr j .Dy tall i|yd fiajd imhk wxYh

NPISH

fkdñf,a fyda fjf<|fmd< ñ,g jvd wvqfjka fyda .Dy tall i|yd fiajd imhk wdh;k fõ' fuu wdh;khkays fiajlhska fyda idudðlhska iafõÉPd fjka ;u Y%uh lem lr hs'

ksoiqka mqKH wdh;k" wd.ñl ixúOdk" foaYmd,k mlaI

- .Dy tall HH ^ l=gqïn wxYh & ;ukaf.a u mrsfNdackh i|yd iy fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg f.k ksIamdok lghq;=j, ksr; jk .Dy tall fuu wxYhg wh;a fõ' mdrsfNda.sl yd ksIamdol fomsrsi u fuu .Dy wxYh ;=< isá;s' wd.ñl mQcH mlaIh yd isr .; msrsia o óg wh;a h'

`

227

by; fkajdisl wdh;ksl tall myg wu;r j fkajdisl fkdjk l=gqïn yd iud.ñl wxYh f,i ;j;a wdh;ksl tallhla mj;S" th wjfYaI

f,dalh ROW f,i yªkajhs'

ksIamdok m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlï ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd úúO ñ, .Kka mj;sk w;r tajd my; ±lafõ'

uQ,sl ñ,

ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ,

.ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ,

uQ,sl ñ, hkq ksIamdolhd ;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda ksIamdokh fldg wf,ú lsÍug iQodkï fldg we;s wjia:djl oS tu NdKavh fyda fiajdj i|yd wod< ñ, fõ' tkï .ekqïlrejkaf.ka ksIamdolhdg ,eìh hq;= ñ, uQ,sl ñ, jYfhka yÿkajhs' ksIamdolhd ksIamdokfha oS ,nd.;a iykdOdr fuu ñ,g we;=<;a ù we;'

ksoiqka (- fmdfydr iykdOdrh

m%jdyk úhoï uQ,sl ñ,g we;=<;a fkdjk w;r .ekqïlrejka úiska ksIamdolhdg f.jQ fjka l< fkdyels m%jdyk úhoï fuu ñ,g we;=<;a ù ;sìug bv we;'

ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk lsis ÿ noaola uQ,sl ñ,g we;=<;a fkdfõ'

ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk nÿ yd ksIamdokh u; whlrkq ,nk fjk;a nÿ w;r fjkila mj;S'

ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk nÿ ksIamdÈ; tall u; r|d mj;sk w;r th tall fyda m%;sY;l fyda noaola úh yels h'

ksIamdokh u; wh lrkq ,nk fjk;a nÿ" wh lrkq ,nkafka ksmojkq ,nk NdKavh fyda ksIamdolhdf.a ,dNh fyda u; fkdj ksIamdokhg wod< N+ñh" ia:djr j;alï" fiajl ixLHdj fyda fjk;a wdo< l%shdldrlï hk .kqfokq u;h'

ksoiqka (- - fiajl jegqma m%udKfhka lsishï m%;sY;hla N+ñh" f.dvke.s,s u; wh

lrk nÿ - jHdmdßl yd jD;a;Suh n,m;% .dia;= - uqoaor nÿ - jdyk i|yd whlrk nÿ - mßir ¥IK ^ úfudapk & nÿ - úfoaY ixpdr yd fm%aIK u; whlrk nÿ

ksIamdÈ;h u; ,ndfok iykdOdr yd ksIamdokh u; ,ndfok fjk;a iykdOdr w;r fjkila mj;S'

ksIamdÈ;h u; ,ndfok iykdOdr hkq ksIamdokh lrk NdKavh i|yd ,ndfok iykdOdr fõ' tajd tall iykdOdr yd m%;sY;l iykdOdr j,ska hqla; fõ'

ksoiqka (-

`

228

f;a' fmd,a" rn¾ jeks fnda. i|yd ,nd fok uQ,H iykdOdr

ksIamdokh u; ,nd fok fjk;a iykdOdr hkqfjka woyia jkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr fõ'

ksoiqka (-

- wdh;kfha fiajl ixLHdj u; ,nd fok iykdOdr - /lshd m%j¾Okh Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr - Ydßßl ÿn,;djkaf.ka fmf<k mqoa.,hka fiajd kshqla; lsÍu Èßu;a

lsÍug fok iykdOdr - mqyqKq lsßfï jev igyka Èßu;a lsÍug fok iykdOdr - mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍug fok iydkOdr - m%;spl%ShlrKh i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr

uQ,sl ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

^ ksIamdÈ;h u; Y=oaO nÿ = nÿ - iykdOdr &

ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, f,i ye¢kafjkafka ksIamdok ia:dkfhka fjf<÷ka lrd NdKavh bj;g hk úg ksIamdolhd úiska wh lrkq ,nk ñ, h'

² tkï uQ,sl ñ,g ksIamdolhd fj; iDcqju mejrE ksIamdÈ; nÿ tl;= fldg ksIamdolhdg ,nd ÿka iykdOdr wvq lsrSfuka miq ,efnk w.hhs'

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

.ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, fyj;a .ekqï ñ, hkq mdßfNda.slhd i;H jYfhkau NdKav yd fiajd i|yd f.jk ñ, fõ'

ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ,g w;sf¾lj m%jdyk .dia;= fjf<| wdka;slhka iy .ekqïlrejka úiska f.úh hq;= Y=oaO nÿ we;=<;a fldg .ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, ielfihs'

.ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

uQ,sl ñ, = ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, - ksIamdÈ;h u; mkjk Y=oaO nÿ

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, = uQ,sl ñ, +ksIamdos;h u; nÿ - ksIamdÈ;h u; iykdOdr

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229

.ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, = ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, + w;rueÈhka úiska wh lrkq ,nk fjf<| ;Srej iy m%jdyk wh lsÍï + (mdßfNda.slhkaf.ka wh lrk NdKav u; nÿ - rch úiska mdßfNda.slhka fjkqfjka fjf<kaodg ,ndfok iykdOdr)

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h yeu úg u fjf<|m< ñ,g weia;fïka;= l< hq;= neúka o< tl;= l< w.hka iuQyhg Y=oaO jl% nÿ .e<mQ úg fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a o<foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ,efí'

GDP = ¡¡¡¡ GVA + NT GVA = o< tl;= l< w.hka iuQyh

NT= Y=oaO jl% nÿ

kj l%ufõohg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ieliSfï § o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrkqfha fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a muKS'

rfgys l¾udka; wxYfha l%shdldß;ajh fmkajk m%Odk o¾Ylh l¾udka;Yd,d ksIamdok o¾Ylhhs' wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;shg wkqj fuh m%Odk l%shdldrlï 17la wdjrKh lrhs'

l¾udka;Yd,d ksIamdok o¾Ylhg ksoiqka f,i 2015 j¾Ifha ixhq;sh my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu mj;akd ñ,g rgl ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ld,h;a iuÕ fjkia ù we;a o ke;s o hkak ±k .ekSu cd;sl .sKqïj, tla jeo.;a wruqKls'

ÿïfld< ksIamdÈ;h 6]

wfkl=;a f,day fkdjk Lksc 7 ]

ridhk øjH yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok 6]

rn¾ yd ma,diaála 11 ]

ieliQ f,day 3]

msßmyÿ l< Lkscf;,a ksIamdÈ; 1]

wfkl=;a 6]

wdydr ksIamdÈ; 20] mdk j¾. 8]

weÕ¨ï 32]

Y%s ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2015 weiqfrka

`

230

wod< ld,h ;=< ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd f;d.fhys jákdlu tu j¾Ifha mj;akd ñf,ka ;lafiare lsrSfuka j¾;k ñ, hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdos;fha w.h ,efí'

wod< ld,h ;=< ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd f;d.fhys jákdlu lsishï mdol j¾Ihl ñf,ka ;lafiare lsÍu u.ska ,nd.kakd w.h ia:djr ñ, u; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h f,i ie,fla'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh hkq mj;akd ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu iy ia:djr ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h w;r wkqmd;sl iïnkaOh hs¡

² ixl,amuh jYfhka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha rgl wd¾Ól m%foaYh we;=<; lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ^ idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=<& ksIamdokh lrk ,o ish¨ u wjidk NdKavj, yd fiajdj, jákdluhs'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsrSfï§ m%dfhda.sl l%ufõoh jkqfha lsishï rgl wd¾Ól m%foaYh ;=< j¾Ihla we;=<; isÿ jk ish¨ u wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, tl;= l< w.h .Kkh lsÍu hs'

² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iukaú; jkafka fuu o< tl;= l< w.hhka iuQyfha tl;=j hs'

ksoiqka (- o< ksuejqu 200

wuq øjH 80

fiajd msßjeh + 40

w;rueÈ mßfNdackh -120

o< tl;= l< w.h 80

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h yeu úg u fjf<|fmd< ñ,g weia;fïka;= l< hq;= neúka by; tl;= lrk ,o o< tl;= l< w.hka iuQyhg Y=oaO nÿ .e<msh hq;= h'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h = o< tl;= l< w.h - Y=oaO nÿ

^ Y=oaO nÿ NdKav u; nÿ - iykdOdr &

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlñka ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hs'

rgl idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=< ksIamdokh lrk ,o ish¨ u wjidk NdKavj, yd fiajdj, jákdlfuka tla mqoa.,hl=g ,efnk jákdlu tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hhs'

tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h my; i|yka whqßka .Kkh lrhs'

o< foaYSh ksIamdos;fha wjOuklh =

mj;akd ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

ia:djr ñ,g o< foaYsh ksIamdÈ;h X 100

`

231

lsishï rgl hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ^ idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=<& ksIamdokh l%shdj,sh ksid ckkh flfrk m%d:ñl wdodhï ish,af,ys tl;=j jk o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg wjfYaI f,dalfha fkajdislhka úiska Wmhkq ,nk m%d:ñl wdodhu fyj;a Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhï tl;= l< úg ,efnk w.h o< cd;sl wdodhu hs'

o< cd;sl ksIamdos;h hk ixl,amh j¾;udkfha Ndú;d fkdflf¾' thg fya;=j o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhï .e<mQ úg ,efnkafka ksIamdos; w.hla fkdj wdodhï w.hla ùu hs'

o< cd;sl wdodhu = o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h + Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhu

^ Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhu = fjk;a rgj,ska ,enQ m%d:ñl wdodhï - fjk;a rgj,g

f.jQ m%d:ñl wdodhï & ² Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu hkqfjka y÷kajkafka o< cd;sl wdodhfuka ia:djr m%d.aOk

mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h hs'

Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu = o< cd;sl wdodhu - ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh

^ ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh = m%d.aOk CIh ùï &

o< foaYsh ksIamdÈ;h uOH jd¾ISl ck.ykh tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h =

`

232

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5 (- wdodhï m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdokh

weia;fïka;= lrk wdldrh wdY%s; ixl,am úuihs'



² foaYSh wdodhï uQ,dY%h úia;r lrhs' ² YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh wdodhï ixrpl olajhs' ² wdodhï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la (-

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § thg odhl jQ ish¨ u ksIamdok idOl bmhSï tl;= l< úg" wdodhï m%fõYh hgf;a foaYSh wdodhu ;lafiare l< yels h'

idOl wdodhï m%Odk uQ,dY% myla hgf;a j¾. l< yels w;r th my; ±lafõ'

o fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a wdodhï o nÿ l=,S wdodhï o Y=oaO fmd<S wdodhï o iud.ï ,dN o iajhx fiajd kshqla;s wdodhï $ ñY% wdodhï

fiajd kshqla;s wdodhï jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd Y%uh iemhsu fjkqfjka ,nk bmhSï fõ' fuu bmhSï m%Odk fldgia 3la hgf;a j¾. l< yels h'

o jegqma $ fõ;k o iudc ixrlaIK l%u i|yd fiajd fhdaclhka lrk f.ùï o fiajd kshqla;slhkag ,efnk rlaIK fiajd" fi!LH myiqlï "

wdmod §ukd" lïlre jkaÈ

nÿ l=,S wdodhï f,i i,lkqfha" m%Odk jYfhka uQ¾; foam< yd iajdNdúl iïm;a l=,shg §fuka Wmhkq ,nk l=,S wdodhï nj meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

nÿ l=,S wdodhu my; i|yka uQ,dY%hj,ska iukaú; fõ' o ksYap, foam< yd iajdNdúl iïm;a l=,shg §fuka Wmhk ,o l=,S

wdodhu o l=,S ksjdi i|yd ,efnk nÿ l=,S iy whs;slre mÈxÑ j isák

ksjdi i|yd wdfrdams; nÿ l=,sh o nqoaêuh foafmd< i|yd ,nk wdodhï

`

233

fmd<S wdodhu hkq jHdmdßl wxYh úiska uQ,H m%d.aOkh Ndú; lsÍu fjkqfjka uQ,H m%d.aOkh iemhqï l< wh fj; lrkq ,nk f.ùï fldgils'

iud.ï jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ fldg we;s jHdmdßl wdh;kj, ysñlrejka úiska Wmhkq ,nk ,dN" iud.ñl ,dN jYfhka yªkajhs'

,dN yd jHdjidhl;aj wdodhï my; i|yka uQ,dY%hj,ska iukaú; fõ' - iud.ï wdodhï nÿ - iud.ñl whs;slrejkag f.jkq ,nk ,dNdxY - jHdmdr i;= r|jd .kq ,enQ fyj;a fkdfnÿ ,dN

uq¿ ,dNh cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a lrhs'

iud.ï jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ fkdjQ flaj, jHdmdr" yjq,a jHdmdr' iuQmldr jHdmdr" f.dúka fjk;a iajhx /lshdj, ksr; úúO Ys,amSka yd jD;a;slhka ,nk wdodhï ñY% wdodhï jYfhka yªkajhs'

wd¾Ól úoHd;aul kHdhhka wkqj" foaYSh wdodhï uQ,dY%h by; wdldrfhka j¾. lr meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

ish¨ u ksIamdok l%shdldrlï ksid ksIamdok idOl úiska Wmhk wdodhï ixrplj, uq¿ tl;=j foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h úiska ìys lrk o< foaYSh wdodhu fõ'

SNA 2008 kj cd;sl .sKqïlrK m%fõYhg wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh wdodhï ixrpl fjk;a iajrEmhlska j¾. lr we;' Mkï"

1' fiajl wdodhï ( CE)

2' o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h (OS)

o< fufyhqï w;sßla;fhys m%Odk ixrpl my; oelafõ'

Y=oaO fufyhqï w;sßla;h

ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh 3' ñY% wdodhï 4' ksIamdokh u; fjk;a nÿ

² by; ixrplhkaf.a tl;=j uQ,sl ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h fõ'

jegqma yd fõ;k" fiajd fhdaclhd úiska ,nd fok iudc wdrlaIKodhl uqo,a' frda.S ;;a;ajhl §" ú/lshd wjia:djl § yd úY%du .kakd úg fiajd fhdaclhd úiska iDcqju fiajlhdg ,nd fok wruqo,a fiajl wdodhï fõ'

fufyhqï w;sßla;h f,i y÷kajkafka iud.ñl wxYh ckkh lrk wdodhï fõ' ^ fuh iukaú; jkafka fmd<sh" nÿ l=,sh yd o< ,dNfhks'&

o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h hkq ksIamdokfha jákdlñka ish¨ u msßjeh yd Y=oaO ksIamdok nÿ bj;a l< úg ,efnk fYaIhhs'

o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h iukaú; jkafka fmd<sh" nÿ l=,sh yd o< ,dNh hk foam< wdodhï ixrpl j,sks'

—

`

234

o< fufyhqï w;sßla;fhka m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg Y=oaO fufyhqï w;sßla;h ,efí'

ñY% wdodhï f,i ie,lkqfha" .Dy tall úiska ysñlrf.k isák fyda yjq,a jHdmdr jYfhka mj;ajkq ,nk fyda iud.ñl fkdjk jHjidhlhka ckkh lrk wdodhï fõ'

ñY%% wdodhï .Kkh lrkqfha .Dy tallj,ska mj;ajd.kq ,nk fujeks jHjidhkaf.a bmhSïj,ska w;rueÈ mßfNdackh" ish¨ u Y=oaO nÿ" yd jegqma ,nk fiajlhkaf.a f.ùï wvq lsrSfuks'

ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § m%d.aOk j;alï m%;siïmdokh i|yd ork úhoï ^ CIh ùï & fõ'

ksIamdokh u; fjk;a nÿ hkq rch úiska imhk mßmd,k fiajd fyda fmdÿ foam< fyda fjkqfjka wh lrkq ,nk nÿ wh lsÍï h' ^ rcfha ksIamdok l%shdj,shg kS;s Í;s mekùu" ksIamdok l%shdj,shg myiqlï yd mßmd,k wjYH;d iemhSu &

fjf<|fmd< ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdokh hkq uQ,sl ñ,g .Kkh l< o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg ksIamdÈ;h yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ .e<mSfuka ,efnk w.h fõ'

wdodhï m%fõYh wdY%s; ixl,am lsysmhla my; ±lafõ' o m%d:ñl wdodhu o o< foaYSh wdodhï iy Y=oaO foaYSh wdodhu o o< cd;sl wdodhu yd Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu o jeh l< yels cd;sl wdodhu o l=gqïn wdodhu $ fm!oa.,sl wdodhu o jeh l< yels l=gqïn wdodhu o uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu

ixLHd;aul ksoiqk'

whs;uh mj;akd fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj

1' fiajl wdodhu 2' o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h 2' 1' Y+oaO fufyhqï w;sßla;h 2' 2' ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh 3 ñY% wdodhu 4' ksIamdok u; fjk;a nÿ ^wvq l<d iykdOdr& 5' uQ,sl ñ, .Kka wkqj iuia; tl;= l< w.h 6' ksIamdokh yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ 7' fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h

3000 5000 4000 1000 2000 100 10100 700 10800

uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2015 f;dr;=re weiqfrka

wdodhï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am my; mßos meyeos,s l< yels h'

`

235

m%d:ñl wdodhu hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fyda ksIamdokhg wjYH lrk j;alï ysñlr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i fyda wdh;ksl tallj,g ,efnk wdodhu hs'

fuys m%Odk ixrpl 4ls'

- fiajl wdodhï ( CE)

- fufyhqï w;sßla;h ( OS)

- ñY% wdodhï( MI)

- ksIamdok yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ ( t-s)

ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ksid ckkh flfrk fuu wdodhï iuQyh

ksIamdokfha o< tl;= l< w.hg ( GVA) iudk jk w;r tajd m%d:ñl wdodhu kñka y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

hïlsis ld,mßÉfPaohl wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iyNd.s jkakkaf.a ish¨ ksIamdok idOlj,g ,efnk wdodhïj,g ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh Ml;= lsrSfuka o< foaYSh wdodhu ,efí'

o< foaYSh wdodhu ;=<ska ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdckh bj;a l< úg Y=oaO foaYSh wdodhï w.h ,efí'

o< cd;sl wdodhu f,i y÷kajkafka o< foaYSh wdodhug Y=oaO úfoaYSh m%d:ñl wdodhï .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h hs'

Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu hkq o< cd;sl wdodhfuka ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh bj;a l< úg ,efnk w.h fõ'

jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu hkq o< cd;sl wdodhug Y=oaO úfoaY cx.u ixl%du ^ úfoaY oaú;Shsl wdodhï ,eîï - úfoaaY oaú;Shsl wdodhï f.ùï & ixl%du .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h hs'

Y=oaO úfoaY cx.u ixl%du Y=oaO úfoaY oaú;Shsl wdodhu fõ'

l=gqïn wdodhu hkq" ^ fm!oa.,sl wdodhu& cd;sl wdodhfuka l=gqïn fj; fkd,efnk wdodhï bj;a lr" cd;sl wdodhug we;=<;a fkdjQ l=gqïn fj; ,efnk wdodhï tl;= lsßfuka ,efnk w.h hs'

l=gqïn fj; fkd,efnk wdodhï - m%d.aOk mßfNdackh - fkdfn¥ iud.ñl ,dN - iud.ñl nÿ - iudc ixrlaIK odhl uqo,a - rcfha foafmd< wdodhï

cd;sl wdodhfï we;=<;a fkdjQ l=gqïn fj; ,efnk wdodhï

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236

- Y=oaO úfoaY fm!oa.,sl oaú;Shsl wdodhï - úY%du jegqma - rdcH Kh i|yd l=gqïnj,g ,efnk fmd<S - l=gqïnj,g ,efnk fjk;a iykdOdr

jeh l< yels l=gqïn wdodhu hkq l=gqïn wdodhu ;=<ska fm!oa.,sl wdodhï nÿ îDcq nÿ& wvq l< miq ,efnk w.h fõ'

uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu hkq ia:djr ñ,g o< cd;sl wdodhug úfoaY fjf<|du hgf;a wmkhkj, l%h Yla;shg isÿ jQ n,mEu .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h fõ'

uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

`

237

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6 (-úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lrk wdldrh iy wdY%s; ixl,am úuihs'



o< foaYSh úhou meyeÈ,s lrhs' ² o< foaYSh úhofï ixrpl kï lrñka úia;r lrhs' ² o< foaYSh úhou .Kkh lrhs' ² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrhs' ² o< cd;sl wdodhu .Kkh lrhs' ² úhoï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am úia;r lrhs'


úhoï m%fõYh Tiafia o< foaYSh ksIamdokh .Kkh lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha hï ld,mßÉfcaohl § ksIamdÈ;h ñ, oS .ekSu i|yd lrk uq¿ úhou .Kkh lsÍfuks'

o< foaYSh úhofï uQ,dY%h iajrEm ;=klska mj;sk w;r tkï"

o l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou o rdcH mßfNdack úhou o o< wdfhdack úhou

mßfNdack úhoï m%Odk fldgia 02 fldgia folls'

o wjidk mßfNdack úhou - Final consumption expenditure

o i;H iqksYaÑ; mrsfNdack úhou - Actual Final consumption

expenditure

wjidk mßfNdack úhou hkq NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr .ekSug lrkq ,nk úhoï fõ'

i;H iqksYaÑ; mßfNdack úhou ieneúka u NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr .eksu i|yd úhoï lrkafka ljfrla o hkak fkdi,ld .Kkh lrk úhou hs'

tfia jkafka ieu úg u úhoï orkakd yd mßfNdackh lrkakd tlu mqoa.,hl= fkdjk ksid h' ^ ksoiqka rcfha fi!LH fiajh u.ska mdßfNda.slhd ,nk jdish&

wjidk mßfNdack úhoï fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhoï (Private

Consumption) yd fmdÿ mßfNdack ^rdcH& úhou (Government

Consumption)jYfhka j¾. follg fjka l< yels fõ'

`

238

fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou hkq l=gqïn mßfNdack úhoï yd ,dN fkd,nd

.Dy tallj,g fiajd imhk wdh;k ,nd fok fiajdj,( NPISH) tl;=j hs'

úfoaY rgj,ska l=gqïn fj; ,efnk ;Hd. wdÈh o fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackhg we;=<;a fõ'

fmdÿ mßfNdack úhoï ^ rdcH ñ, § .ekSï& hkq uOHu rch yd tys Wm wdh;k NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSï i|yd ork úhou hs'

fmdÿ rdcH mßfNdack úhou kej; mqoa., mßfNdack úhou ( Individual

Consumption Expenditure) yd iuQy mßfNdack úhou f,i fldgia

2lg j¾. flf¾' ( Collective Consumption Expenditure)

rch úiska lrkq ,nk mqoa., mßfNdack úhoï f,i wOHdmk' fi!LH" iudc wdrlaIK úhoï' iqNidOk" l%Svd yd úfkdaoh i|yd lrk úhoï we;=<;a fõ'

rch úiska lrkq ,nk iuQy mßfNdack úhoï i|yd wdrlaIK úhoï rdcH mßmd,k úhoï" ÿïßh yd uydud¾. i|yd lrk úhoï we;=<;a fõ'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd Ndú; jk hka;% iQ;%" fuj,ï" f.dvke.s,s" l¾udka; Yd,d yd mj;akd f;d. m%d.aOk iïmdokh f,i i,lhs' fïjd ksIamdok idOlj,g wh;a fõ' jirlg jvd jeä ld,hla Ndú; l< yels ^ È.= ld,Sk j& ksIamdok l%shdj,shg odhl jk NdKav rgl o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh ô< wdfhdack úhou&hs'

o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh hkq" foaYSh wd¾Ólhg tl;= jk È.= ld,Sk m%d.aOk NdKavj, tl;=j hs' tys m%d.aOk CIh ùï o we;=<;a fõ'

Y=oaO foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh hkq o< m%d.aOk iïmdokfhka ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h fõ'

o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh m%Odk fldgia 3lska iukaú; fõ' o o< foaYSh ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh o f;d. fjkia ùï o jákdlïys fjkia ùï ^ rkaß§ uq;= ueKsla wdÈ jákd foaj,a

w;am;a lr .ekSï yd úlsKSu & ksid isÿ jk fjki jákdlfï fjki fõ'

o YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh úhou .Kkh lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha wjidk mßfNdack úhoug o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh .e<mSfuks'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhoug Y=oaO wmkhk .e<mQ úg o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h u; úhou ô< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h& .Kkh l< yels h'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhou = fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou + rdcH mßfNdack

úhou + o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh

`

239

ksoiqka"

1) wjidk mßfNdack úhou ( FCE) 1.1. l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou 1.2. ,dN wfmalaIdfjka f;dr j l=gqïn fj; imhk

fiajd 1.3. rcfha mßfNdack úhou

375 100 25

500

2) o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh 2'1 ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh 2'2 f;d. fjkia ùï 2'3 jákdlï ys fjkia ùï

400 250 150

800

3) fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhou (1+2) 1300

4) Y=oaO wmkhk 4'1 wmkhk 4'2 wdkhk

500 300

200

5) fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh (3+4) ( GVO) 1500

6) fjf<|fmd< ñ,g o< cd;sl wdodhu (5+7) 1400

7) úfoaYSh Y=oaO m%d:ñl wdodhu 7'1 úfoaYSh m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï 7'2 úfoaYSh m%dÓñl wdodhï f.ùï

800 900

-100

8) fjf<|fmd< ñ,g jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu (6+9) 1650

9) úfoaYSh Y=oaO cx.u ixl%du ^ j¾;k ixl%du& 12'1 úfoaYSh cx.u ixl%du ,eîï 12'2 úfoaYSh cx.u ixl%du f.ùï

300 50

250

hïlsis ld, mßÉfPaohl wdrïNfha l=gqïn b;=reï" jHdmdßl b;=reï yd rdcH b;=reïj, tl;=j foaYSh b;=reï fõ'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh u; úhou = o< foaYSh úhou + Y=oaO wmkhk

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj o<

cd;sl wdodhu = fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj ' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

úfoaYSh Y=oaO m%d:ñl wdodhï

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj

jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu = =

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h

úfoaYSh Y=oaO j¾;k ^cx.u& ixl%du

^úfoaYSh Y=oaO oaú;Shl wdodhï&

+

+

`

240

lsishï wd¾Ólhl o< foaYSh ksIamdokfhka uq¿ mßfNdack úhoï bj;a l< miq o b;sß fldgi foaYSh b;=reï f,i y÷kajhs'

foaYSh b;=reï .Kkh lsÍfï§ l=gqïn" jHdmdr yd rdcH b;=reï .Kkh lsÍu wmyiq neúka ta i|yd id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;fha § o< wdfhdackh

b;=reïj,g iudk neúka ( I = S) o< wdfhdackhg Y+oaO wmkhk .e<mSfuka foaYSh b;=reï ,nd .; yels h'

I = GDCF + X – M

I = SD

cd;sl b;=reï hkq hï ld,mßÉfPaohl § foaYSh b;=reïj,g úfoaYSh Y=oaO m%d:ñl wdodhï yd úfoaYSh Y=oaO j¾;k ixl%du .e<mQ úg h'

hï j¾Ihl § Wmfhdackh lsrSu ioyd wd¾Ólh i;= iïm;a m%udKh uq`M iïm;a jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' Mys ixhq;sh my; mßÈ fõ'

o< foaYSh ksIamdokh NdKav yd idOl fkdjk fiajd wdkhk .e<mQ úg uq¿ iïm;a iïNdrh ,efí'

uq`M iïm;a iïNdrh Ndú; lrk wdldrh iïm;a Wmfhdackh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'

o wjidk mßfNdack úhoï o< foaYSh úhou o o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh o NdKav yd idOl fkdjk fiajd wmkhk

o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h 1500

NdKav yd fiajd idOl fkdjk wdkhk 300

iïm;a iïNdrh 1800

o< foaYSh úhou 1300

wmkhk 500

iïm;a Wmfhdackh 1800

GDCF = o< foaYSh m%d.aOk

iïmdokh / o< wdfhdackh

X-M = Y=oaO wmkhk

I = uq`M wdfhdackh

`

241

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7 cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu yd cd;sl .sKqqïlrKfha iSud ú.%y lrhs'



cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhss' ² cd;sl .sKqqïlrKfha iSud bÈßm;a lrhs' ² yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hk ixl,amh ksoiqka wdY%hfhka

úia;r lrhs'


ksuejqï" wdodhï yd úhoï hk ;%súO m%fõY fhdod .ksñka cd;sl .sKqï ms<sfh< lr ,nd .kakd o;a; b;d jeo.;a fõ' iuia; wd¾Ólfha jHQyh" idOkh yd yeisrSu wjfndaO lr .ekSug yd wd¾Ólh l<ukdlrKh lr .eksug Mu o;a; fhdod .ekSug yels fõ'

cd;sl .sKqï o;a;j, m%Odk Ndú; lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

o wd¾Ólfha ld¾h idOkh we.hSug fhdod .ekSu'

o wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu'

o Mal mqoa., cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsrSu'

o wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh ,CIK wkdjrKh lr .; yels ùu'

o ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh wkdjrKh ùu'

o wka;¾cd;sl ixikaokhka iòyd Ndú; l< yels ùu'

o wd¾Ól ldrl w;r Ys%;d;aul iïnkaO;d y`ÿkd .; yels ùu'

o iïm;a ixhq;sh yd Wmfhdackh wkdjrKh ùu'

o wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh iòyd f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu'

o id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkaf.a yeisrSu mqfrdal:kh l< yels ùu'

cd;sl .sKqï o;a; ms<sfh< lsßfï § my; i|yka iSud mj;S'

wd¾Ólfha we;eï M,odhs .kqfokq cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha § we;=<;a fkdflf¾' tajd kï"

.Dy tallh ;=< isÿ jk NdKav ksIamdok l%shdldrlï cd;sl .sKqï i|yd we;=<;a l< o .Dy tallfha idudðlhka ;ukaf.a u fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh i|yd bgq lrkq ,nk fiajd wd¾Ól ksIamdok l%shd f,i fkdi,lk neúka cd;sl .sKqï i|yd we;=<;a fkdflf¾' ^f.ùulska f;dr j ksji ;=< bgq lrkq ,nk fiajd&

`

242

.DyKshkaf.a fiajh cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a fkdùu'

fkdúêu;a wd¾Ólh ;=< isÿjk t,odhS ksIamdok cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg we;=<;a fkdùu'

ksIamdokh fya;=fjka mdßißl iïm;aj,g isÿ jk ydksh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

rdcH fiajd j, t,odhS;djfha we;s jk fjkia ùï ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

úfõlfhka mqoa.,hka ,nk i;=g cd;sl .sKqï ;=< we;=<;a fkdùu'

rdcH Kh fmd<S cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsrSfï§ ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

l,a mj;akd we;eï mßfNdack NdKav wdfhdackhla f,i i,ld cd;sl .sKqï ;=< we;=,;a fkdlsrSu'

cd;sl .sKqï ieliSfï oS ieÕjqKq wd¾Ól lghq;= yd kS;Hkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= we;=<;a úh hq;= jqj o f;dr;=re iemhSu yd kS;s-Í;s uÕyeÍu ksid úêu;a .Kkh lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ'

yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh ;srir ixj¾Okh yd ne÷Kq ixl,amhls'

ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg m%;s,dN w;a jk wjia:d mj;shs'

ksoiqka

- jk j.dj - li< m%;spl%SlrKh - wmú;% c,h msßisÿ lr m%fhdackhg .ekSu

ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg ydks isÿ jk wjia:d mj;shs'

ksoiqka

- ´fidaka ia;rh úkdY ùu - fjr< Ldokh - mdxY= ydhkh - c,c me<Eá yd ðúka úkdY ùu - jk úkdYh

fuf,i ksIamdok lghq;= ksid mßirhg isÿ jk m%;s,dN yd ydks ;lafiare lrñka cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍu yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsßfï § ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg ,efnk m%;s,dN tl;= lrk w;r ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg jk ydksh ;lafiare lsrSfuka ,efnk w.h wvq lrkq ,nhs'

`

243

ksmqK;djh 6'0 ( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h iy wiu;=,s;h ú.%y lrhs'



² id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h hkak w¾: olajhs'

² id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj hkak w¾: olajhs'

² id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a l< yels úl,am m%fõY

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsr.ekSug w;aje,la

iuia; ksuejqfï jákdlug iudk iuia; b,aüla mj;sk wjia:dj id¾j wd¾Ól

iu;=,s;h f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuys § iuia; b,aü imqrd,Sug iu;a iuia; iemhqula

mj;S'

wd¾Ól iu;=,s;fha § iuia; ksuejqu;a iuia; fiajdkshqla;s uÜgu;a WÉpdjpkh fkdù

mj;akd uÜguys u mj;S'

iuia; b,aü imqrd,Sug iu;a iuia; iemhqula we;s fkdjk wjia:dj id¾j wd¾Ól

wiu;=,s;h hs' fuys § iuia; ksuehqu;a iuia; fiajdkshqla;s uÜgu;a WÉpdjpkh fõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a l< yels m%fõY my; i|yka fõ'

1. iudydr wdohï = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh (Y=E)

2. ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh (W=J)

3. iudydr b,a¨qï = iudydr iemhqï m%fõYh (AD=AS)

lsishï ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< iuia; wdodhu iuia; úhoug iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish

u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh ùu iudydr wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'

lsishï ld,mßÉfþohla we;=,; wd¾Ólfha wdodhï jD;a;dldr m%jdyfhka msgùï ^ldkaÿ

ùï& tl;= ùïj,g ^ú§ï& iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s; ;SrKh

ùu ldkaÿ ùï yd ú§ï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'

`

244

lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< wd¾Ólfha iudydr b,aü^ AD & iudydr iemhqu^ AS &g

iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh ùu iudydr b,a¨ï

iemhqï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'

iudydr b,aü ^ AD & iukaú; jkafka fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh ^ C &" rdcH mßfNdackh

^ G &" wdfhdackh ^ I & iy Y=oaO wmkhk ^X-M& hkdÈh i|yd flfrk NdKav yd fiajd b,a¨fuks'

th my; mßos bosßm;a l< yels h'

AD = C + I + G +( X-M)

fï wkqj wd¾Ólhl iudydr b,aü iudydr iemhqug iudk jk wjia:dfõ § id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh fõ' th my; i|yka wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyfkka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

ksuejqu

fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu

P1

Y1

AS

AD

`

245

ksmqK;djh 6'2 ( iudydr úhofï ixrpl ú.%y lrhs'



iudydr úhofï ixrpl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² mßfNdack Ys%;h w¾: olajhs'

² mßfNdack Ys%;h weiqrska iajdh;a; mßfNdackh yd wdka;sl

mßfNdack keñhdj úia;r lrhs'

² iajdh;a; mßfNdackh yd wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj m%dia;dßl

j ksrEmKh lrhs'

² l=gqïn mßfNdack úhoï yd l=gqïn b;==reï w;r iïnkaO;dj

iólrKh yd m%dia;dr weiqfrka úuihs'

² b;=reï Ys%;h w¾: olajhs'

² b;=reï Ys%;h weiqfrka ks¾-b;=reï yd wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

úia;r lrhs'

² ks¾-b;=reï yd wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj m%dia;dßl j ksrEmKh

lrhs'

² idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj yd idudkH b;=reï keñhdj

m%ia;dr weiqfrka úuihs'

² wdfhdack úhoï" rcfha ñ, § .ekSï iy Y=oaO wmkhk y÷kajhs'

² iajdh;a; wdfhdack úhou iy rcfha ñ, § .ekSï m%dia;dßl j

ksrEmKh lrhs'


lsishï ld,mßÉfÊohla ;=< wd¾Ólfha ldrlhka NdKav iy fiajd ñ, § .ekSu iòyd

jeh lrkq ,nk úhou iudydr úhou f,i ye`Èkafõ'

iudydr úhoug wh;a ixrpl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

mßfNdack úhou (C)

wdfhdack úhou (I)

rcfha ñ, § .ekSï(G)

Y=oaO wmkhk Nx(X-M)

l=gqïn úiska mßfNdack iòyd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSug ork úhoï l=gqïn mßfNdack úhoï fõ'

`

246

fuu iïnkaO;dj Y%s;d;aul j my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

C = fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou

Yd = jeh l< yels wdodhu

jeh l< yels wdodhu yd mßfNdackh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk neúka mßfNdack Y%s;h my; f,i ±laúh yels h'

C = l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou

a = iajdh;a; mßfNdackh

b = wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj

Yd = jeh l< yels wdodhu

mßfNdack Y%s;fha "a" ix.=Klfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha iajdh;a; mßfNdackh hs' wdodhu Y=kH wjia:dfõ oS isÿ jk mßfNdack úhoï iajdh;a; mßfNdackh hs' tkï wdodhï n,mEulska f;dr j isÿ lrk mßfNdackh hs'

mßfNdack Y%s;fha "b" ix.=Klfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj hs'

wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj (MPC) hkq jeh l< yels wdohu fjkia ùug idfmaCI j mßfNdackfha fjkia jk wkqmd;h hs' tkï wdodhu tl tallhlska fjkia jk úg mßfNdackh fldmuK m%udKhlska fjkia fõ o hkak hs'

wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

`

247

mßfNdack úhou

(C)

mßfNdack Y%s;h yd iïnkaO mßfNdack f¾Ldj yd wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj ,nd

.kakd wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfka ±lafõ'

mßfNdack f¾Ldfõ nEjqu C j,ska fmkakqï flfrkafka wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj hs

(MPC)'

jeh l< yels wdodhfuka mßfNdackh fkdlrk fldgi l=gqïn b;=reï h' b;=reï ròd

mj;skafka my; mßÈ jeh l< yels wdodhu u; h' fuh Y%s;d;aul j my; mßÈ fõ'

S = l=gqïn b;=reï

Y = wdodhu

C = mßfNdack úhoï

by; Y%s;hg mßfNdack Y%s;h wdfoaY l< miq ,efnk b;=reï Y%s;h my; mßÈ fõ'

S = Y – C

S = Y - (a+bYd)

S = Y – a – bYd

S = – a + (1 – b) Yd

ks¾-b;=reï ^RK b;=reï&(– a)

ks¾-b;=reï hkq Y+kH wdodhï uÜgul oS yg .kakd mßfNdack úhoï fõ' mßfNdack

úhoï jeh l< yels wdodhug iudk jk ;=re mj;skafka ks¾-b;=reï h' wdodhï Y+kH

wjia:dj, oS l,ska /ialr .;a b;=reï fhdodf.k mßfNdack lrhs' b;=reï my< jefgk

ksid tu ;;a;ajh ks¾-b;=reï f,i ye|ska fõ'

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj(1 – b)

C

C

Y

0 Y

a

C=a+bYD

Yd

`

248

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj hkq jeh l< yels wdodhfï fjkia ùug idfmaCI j b;sß lsÍï fjkia jk wkqmd;h hs' tkï wdodhu tl tallhlska fjkia jk úg b;=reï fldmuK m%udKhlska fjkia fõ o hkakhs'

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh flf¾'

b;=reï Y%s;h iïnkaO b;=reï jl%h yd ta weiqfrka wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj ,nd .kakd wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafõ'

ksoiqk (

C = 200 + 0.8 Yd

S = - 200 + 0.2 Yd

b;=reï Y+kH jk wjia:dfõ oS wdodhu S = (- 200) + 0.2 Yd

Y = 1000

tu wdodhï uÜgfï oS uq¿ mßfNdackh (C) = 200 + 0.8Y

`

249

Y j,g 1000 wdfoaY lsÍfuka C = 200 + 0.8 (1000)

C = 1000

m%ia;dr igyfka Y+kH b;=reï jk wjia:dfõ oS wdodhu ^Y) tu wdodhï uÜgfï oS

mßfNdackhg iudk fõ' mßfNdack Y%s;fha nEjqfï w.fha iy b;=reï Y%s;fha

nEjqfï w.fha tl;=j tlg iudk fõ'

ksoiqk (-

iDK b;=reï iajdh;a; mßfNdackhg iudk fõ'

b;=reï Y%s;h my; mßos m%ia;dr igyklska ±laúh yels h'

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

jeh l< wdodhu iy uq¿ mßfNdackh w;r wkqmd;h idudkH mßfNdack

keñhdj (APC) fõ' jeh l< uq¿ wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla mßfNdackhg

fhdod.kafka o hkak idudkH mßfNdack keñhdfjka m%ldY fõ'

idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

S = 1

= 1

ks¾b;=reï

(Dissaving)

S

`

250

uq¿ b;=reï iy uq¿ wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h idudkH b;=reï wkqmd;h fõ' uq¿

wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla b;=reïj,g fhdojkafka o hkak idudkH

b;=reï keñhdfjka (APS) m%ldY fõ' b;=reï m%udKh tu wjia:dfõ jeh l<

yels wdodhfuka fn§fuka idudkH b;=reï keñhdj (APS) .Kkh l< yels h'

idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj iy idudkH b;=reï keñhdj my; j.=j yd m%ia;dr

igyk weiqßka .Kkh l< yels h'

Yd C S

0 100 200 300 400

50 125 200 275 350

-50 -25 0 25 50

0

C

A

B 350

275

200

125

50

100 200 300 400

S

`

251

wdfhdackh úhou wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdjk iajdh;a; úhoula f,i Wml,amkh flfrk ksid wdfhdack úhoï f¾Ldj ;sria wCIhg idudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

fuh my; mßos m%ia;dr igyklska ±laúh yels h'

wdfhdack jl%fha nEjqu Y+kH w.hla .kS' wd¾Ólfha wdfhdackh ú§ïj,g wh;a ixrplhls'

rdcH ñ, § .ekSï(G) o wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdjk iajdh;a; úhoula f,i Wml,amkh flfrk ksid iajdh;a; úhouls' rdcH ñ,§ .ekSïj,g ksoiqka f,i cd;sl wdrlaIdj" wOHdmk" fi!LH" m%jdyKh jeks rdcH fiajd mj;ajdf.k hdug lrk úhoï ±laúh yels h' uq¿ rdcH ñ, § .ekSï NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSug lrk ,o úhoï iy rdcH ixl%du úhoïj,ska iukaú; fõ' úY%du jegqma iy fmdfydr iykdOdr ixl%du úhoïj,g ksoiqka fõ'

rdcH ñ, § .ekSï jl%h my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

wmkhk iy wdkhkh w;r fjki Y=oaO wmkhkh hs'(X-M)

Y=oaO wmkhkh iuia; b,a¨ï ixrplhls'

Y=oaO wmkhk cd;sl wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdfõ' th iajdëk úp,Hhls'

wd¾Ólfha wdkhk cd;sl wdodhu u; ;SrKh jk w;r cd;sl wdodhu Y+kH wjia:djl § jqj o iuyr NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

I

100

0 Y

I

G

100

0 Y

G

`

252

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( úúO m%fõY Tiafia id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h úYaf,aIKh lrhs'



iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh

jk wdldrh ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh m%ia;dr weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh iólrK weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'


m%ia;dr weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'


iólrK weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'


wd¾Ólhla id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hg m;a jk úg iuia; wdodhu (Y) iudydr

úhoug (E) iudk fõ'

Y j,ska woyia jkafka iuia; ksuejquîuia; wdodhu&hs'

wd¾Ólhl iuia; úhou(E) l=gqïn mßfNdackh (C)" wdfhdack úhou (I)" rdcH

ñ<§ .ekSï (G) iy Y=oaO wmkhkj,ska (X-M) iukaú; h'

E = C+I+G+ (X-M)

iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh my; ±lafjk ixLHd j.=j u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

`

253

wdodhu

(Y)

jeh l< yels

wdodhu

(yd)

mßfNdackh

(C)

wdfhdackh

(I)

rdcH úhou

(G)

wmkhkh

(X)

wdkhkh

(M)

Y=oaO wmkhk

(X-M)

iuia; úhou

(E)

0

2000

4000

-250

1750

3750

400

2000

3600

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

300

300

300

-100

-100

-100

800

2400

4000

6000

8000

10000

5750

7750

9750

5200

6800

8400

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

300

300

300

-100

-100

-100

5600

7200

8800

by; ixLHd j.=j wkqj re'ñ'4000 wdodhï uÜgu § iuia; úhofï jákdlu iuia; wdodhug iudk jk ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h re'ñ' 4000 wdodhï uÜgu § isÿ fõ' fuys oS wd¾Ólfha iuia; b,aüg iß,k iuia; ksIamdokhla we;s fõ'

wfkl=;a ieu wdodhï uÜgul § u iuia; úhofï jákdlu iuia; wdodhug iudk fkdjk ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hla isÿ fkdfõ'

iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igyk u.skaa bÈßm;a l< yels h'

`

254

by; m%ia;dr igyfka iuia; úhou (E) isria wCIfhka ±lafjk jk w;r jeh l< yels

wdodhu (Yd) ;sria wCIfhka ±lafjhs'

by; m%ia;dr igyfka iu;=,s; wdodhï úhoï f¾Ldj ^wxYl 450 f¾Ldj& uQ, ,CIfhka

wdrïN ù jfï isg ol=Kg by<g nEjqï fõ'

tu m%ia;dr igyfka a ,CIfha § iuia; wdodhu (Y) iuia; úhoug (E) iudk ù we;' ta

wkqj iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu 4000ls'

iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk

wdldrh iólrK weiqßka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

Y = E

E = C + I + G + (X-M)

ksoiqka

mßfNdack Ys%;h (C) = (C = 600 + 0.8yd)

wdfhdack úhou (I) = 200

rdcH wdodhu (G) = 300

Y=oaO wmkhk (X-M) = -100

jeh l< yels wdodhu (Y-T) = -yd

iajdëk nÿ (T) = -250

Y = E

Y=C+I+G+(X-M)

Y = 600 + 0.8yd + 200 + 300 - 100

Y = 600 + 0.8( Y –T ) + 400

E = 600 + 0.8 ( Y – 250)+400

`

255

E = 1000 – 200 + 0.8Y

Y = 800 + 0.8Yd

Y – 0.8y = 800

0.2Y = 800

Y = 4000 ^re' ñ,shk&

ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõYh u`.ska o wd¾Ólh iu;=,s; ksuejqu ;SrKh jk wdldrh ±laúh

yels h'

lsishï ld,mßÉfPaohla ;=< pl%Sh wdodhï jD;a;dldr m%jdyhka isÿjk .s,sySï ldkaÿ ùu

f,i y`ÿkajhs' wd¾Ólhl ldkaÿ ùï iajrEm ;=kls' tkï

o b;=reï (S)

o iajdëk nÿ (T)

o wdkhk (M)

b;=reï jeh l< yels wdodhfuka mßfNdackh iòyd jeh fkdlrk fldgi hs'

iajdëk nÿ l=gqïn fj; ,efnka wdodhfuka rch fj;" udre jk fldgi hs'

b;=reï" iajdëk nÿ iy wdkhk úhoï fya;=fjka iuia; úhoï m%jdyh ixfldapkh fõ'

uq¿ ú§ï jákdlu pl%Sh wdodhï m%jdyh Yla;su;a lsÍug fya;= jk w;r ú§ï pl%Sh

wdodhï m%jdyh m%idrKh lsÍug fya;= fõ'

wd¾Ólfha ú§ï iajrEm ;=kls' tkï

o iajdëk wdfhdack (I)

o iajdëk rdcH úhoï (G)

o wmkhk (X)

o ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu pl%Sh wdodhï m%jdyh ÿ¾j, lsÍug fya;= jk w;r uq¿ ú§ï

^tl;= ùï& jákdlu pl%Sh wdodhï m%jdyh Yla;su;a lsÍug fya;= fõ' fuu ksid

`

256

tajd tlsfklg iudk ùu ;=<ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h we;s fõ' wd¾Ólfha tu

fldkafoaish my; ±lafjk f,i m%ldY l< yels h'

W = J

S +T + M = I + G + X


my; mßos ixLHd f,aLk u.skabÈßm;a l< yels h'

wdodhu

(Y)

b;=reï

(S)

iajdëk nÿ

(T)

wdkhk

(M)

wdfhdackh

(I)

rdcH úhou

(G)

wmkhk

(X)

uq¿ ldkaÿùï

(W)

uq¿ ú§ï

(J)

0

2000

4000

-650

-250

150

250

250

250

300

300

300

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

-100

300

700

700

700

700

6000

8000

10000

550

950

1350

250

250

250

300

300

300

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

1100

1500

1900

700

700

700

wd¾Ólfha uq¿ ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu uq¿ ú§ï jákdlug iudk jkafka re'ñ 4000

wdodhï uÜgu oS h' tu wjia:dfõ oS id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h isÿ fõ'

ldkaÿùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my;

mßos m%ia;dr igyka u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

`

257

1000

a

by; m%ia;dr igyfka uQ, ,CIhg my<ska ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj wdrïN fõ'

tu m%ia;dr igyfka ú§ï f¾Ldj wdrïN jkafka uQ, ,CIHhg by<ska h' th wdodhï

wCIhg iudka;r fõ'

by; m%ia;dr igyfka a ,CIHfha oS ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj iy ú§ï f¾Ldj fcaokh jk

w;r tu ,CIfha § id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h we;s fõ' tu ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu re'ñ

4000 jk ksid iu;=,s; wdodhï uÜgu re'ñ 4000 fõ'

ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my;

mßos iólrK weiqfrka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

wd¾Ólfha uq¿ ldkaÿ ùïj,g we;=<;a ixrpl my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ólfha uq¿ úoSïj, we;=<;a ixrpl my; ±la fõ'

t wkqj ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

my; mßos iólrK weiqfrka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

( Yd) 0

700

2000 3000

1000

4000

W = S +T + M

J = I + G + X

W = S + T+ M

J = I + G+ X

W , J

-100

`

258

ksoiqka : re' ñ,shk

o b;=reï (S) = 150

o iajdëk nÿ (T) = 250

o wdkhkh (M) = 300

o uq¿ ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu (W) = 700

o wdfhdack (I) = 200

o rdcH úhou (G) = 300

o wmkhk (X) = 200

o uq¿ ú§ï jákdlu (J) = 700

W = J

S +T + M = I + G + X

150+250+300 = 200 + 300+ 200

700 = 700 ^re' ñ,shk&

W = J

S +T + M = I + G + X

W = J

S + T+ M = I + G+ X

`

259

C=600+0.8Yd mßfNdack Ys%;h weiqfrka b;=reï Ys%;h S=(-600)+0.2Yd f,i wdfoaY lr

-600 + 0.2yd + 250 + 300 = 200 + 300 + 200

-600+ 0.2 ( y – 250) + 550 = 700

-650 + 550 + 0.2 y = 700

0.2y = 700 + 100

Y = 800

0.2

Y = 4000

wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh iy ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõYh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ixLHd

f,aLk j.=jlska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

wdodhu

(Y)

b;=reï

(S)

iajdëk nÿ

(T)

mßfNdackh

(C)

wdfhdackh

(I)

rdcH úhou

(G)

wmkhk

(X)

iuia; úhou

(E)

wdkhk

(M)

0

2000

4000

-650

-250

150

250

250

250

600

2000

3600

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

1000

2400

4000

300

300

300

6000

8000

10000

550

950

1350

250

250

250

5200

6800

8400

200

200

200

300

300

300

200

200

200

5600

7200

8800

300

300

300

^remsh,a ñ,shkj,sk ±lafõ'&

by; ixLHd f,aLk j.=j wkqj wd¾Ólfha remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 wdodhï uÜgfï §

wdodhu úhoug iudk ^Y= E) jk w;r ldkaÿ ùï ú§ïj,g iudk^W= J) fõ'

wd¾Ólfha wdodhï úhoï m%fõY ^Y= E) iy ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõY ^W= J) w;r mj;sk

iïnkaO;dj m%ia;dr igykla u.ska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

`

260

1000 2000

-100

-100

by; m%ia;dr igyfka iudydr wdodhï f¾Ldj yd úhoï f¾Ldj E ,CIfha § fcaokh

jk w;r tu ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu jk remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 iy ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj

ú§ï f¾Ldj fcaokh jk a ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu jk remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 iudk w.hla fõ'

fï wkqj wdodhï úhoï m%fõY ^Y= E) iy ldkaÿùï ú§ï m%fõY ^W= J) w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj meyeos,s fõ'

3000

4000

700

2000

3000 5000 re' ñ,shk

0

E

E = C + I + G + ( X – M)

W

Yd

J

Y=E

a

E

4000

5000

700

`

261

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4 ( iudydr b,aü ixrpl fjkia ùu u; id¾j wd¾Ól

iu;=,s;h fjkiaùï .=Kl l%shdj,sh weiqßka fmkajd fohs'



id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'

iajdh;a; úhoï j¾. fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk

wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'

mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wdfhdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu wkqj wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkia jk

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

id¾j wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh y\qkajhs'

wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh f,aLkhla yd iólrKhla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

wdfhdack .=Klh" rcfha úhou .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=Klh iy

;=,s; wh jeh .=Klh ixLHd;aul j úia;r lrhs'

iu;=,s; wdodhu" mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu u; yd bka neyer j msysgk

wjia:d úia;r lrhs'


id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'

mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu

iajdëk wdfhdack fjkia ùu

rdcH ñ, § .ekSï fjkia ùu

iajdëk nÿj, fjkia ùu

ixl%du úhoï fjkia ùu

iajdëk mßfNdackh fyda wdka;sl mßfNdackh keñhdj fyda fjkia ùu wkqj

mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia fõ' fuu ksid iajdëk mßfNdackh fyda wdka;sl

mßfNdackh keñhdj fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h o fjkia fõ'

`

262

iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh

my; ksoiqk weiqrska meyeoss,s l< yels h'

by; ksoiqfka iajdëk mßfNdackh 200 isg 250 olajd by< .sh úg mßfNdack Y%s;h my; wdldrhg fjkia fõ'

^ iajdëk wdfhdackh &

iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh

my; mrsos m%ia;dr igyklska o oelaúh yels h'

`

263

wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj fjkia ùu ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia úh

yels wdldrh my; ksoiqk weiqrska meyeoss,s l< yels h'

ksoiqk

îajdëk wdfhdackh &

Y=E

Y=C+I

Y= 200+0.8Y+100

iu;=,s; wdodhu ^ñ,shk&

f,i wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj by< .sh úg iu;=,s;

wdodhu

Y=E

Y=C+I

Y= 200+0.9Y+100

0.1Y=300 iu;=,s; wdodhu 3000

iajdëk mßfNdackh ia:djr uÜgul § wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj by< hEu ksid

iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia ùu my; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igykska meyeÈ,ss l< yels h'

`

264

wd¾Ólfhys iajdëk wdfhdack úhoï fjkia jQ úg iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu fjkia fõ'

ksoiqk

- wd¾Ólfhys wdfhdackh = 100

- mßfNdackh C = 200 + 0.8 yd

- rdcH ñ, § .ekSï = 200

- nÿ = 50

- Y=oaO wmkhk = - 100

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

= 400 + 0.8 ( Y – 50)

Y – 0.8y = 360

Y = 1800

`

265

by; ksoiqfkys wdfhdack úhou 100lsk by< .shfyd;a kj iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

Y = E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 200 + (-100)

= 500 + 0.8 ( Y – 50)

Y – 0.8Y = 460

Y = 460

0.2

Y = 2300

fuys § wdfhdack úhoï 100 jeä jk úg iu;=,s; cd;sl ksIamdokh wdodhu 1800 isg

2300 olajd by< hk w;r th wd¾Ól m%idrK ls'

th m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

E

1800

0 Y

2300

1800 2300

E1 = C + I + G + ( X- M )

Ex = C + I + G + ( X – M)

Y = E

`

266

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj wfhdack úhoï jeä jk úg iuia; úhou by< f.dia

iudydr b,aü jl%h E1 isg Ex olajd by<g ú;eka fõ' ta wkqj iu;=,s; ksIamdok 1800

isg 2300 olajd by< hhs'

rdcH ñ, § .ekSï fjkia ùï ;=<ska o iu;=,s; ksIamdokh fjkia fõ'

ksoiqka

Y = E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 50) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

Y – 0.8y = 400 - 40

Y = 360

0.2

Y = 1800

fuu wd¾Ólfha rdcH ñ,§ .ekSï 50lska by< .shfyd;a iu;=,s; ksuejqu my; mßÈ by<

hhs'

Y = E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 50) + 100 + 250 + (-100)

Y = 450 + 0.8y - 40

Y = 410

0.2

Y = 2050

rdcH ñ, § .ekSï 50lska jeä jk úg iu;=,s;h 1800 isg 2050 olajd by< hhs'

wd¾Ólfha rch úiska nÿ wh lsÍu fjkia lsÍï ;=<ska o iu;=,s; cd;sl ksuejqu fjkia

fõ'

`

267

nÿ wh lsÍï jeä l< úg iu;=,s; ksuejqu wvq jk w;r nÿ f.ùï wvq l< úg iu;=,s;

ksuejqï uÜgu by< hhs'

ksoiqka

l,sk bosßm;a l< ksoiqk ie<ls,a,g .;a úg nÿ wh lsÍï 50 jk w;r iu;=,s; ksuejqu

1800ls' nÿ wh lsÍï 100 olajd jeä l< fyd;a iu;=,s; ksuejqu my; mßÈ fjkia fõ'

Y = E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 100) + 200 + 200 + (-100)

= 400 + 0.8 Y – 80

Y – 0.8Y = 320

Y = 1600

nÿ wh lsÍu fya;=fjka iu;=,s; ksuejqu 1800 isg 1600 olajd ixfldapkh úh' fuh

m%ia;dr igyk u.skao meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

1600 1800

E2 = C + I + G + ( X- M )

E1 = C + I + G + ( X – M)

Y = E

1600

1800

E

Y 0

`

268

iajdëk úhofï ixrplhla fjkia ùu ksid iu;=,s; wdodhfï we;s jk fjkia ùu

ú.%y lrkafka .=Kl l%shdj,sfhks' iajdëk úhofï fjkia ùu ksid wdodhï uÜgu

lsysm .=Klhlska fjkia ùu .=Kl m%;súmdlh ^Multiplier effect) f,i ye¢kafõ'

iajdëk úhoï by< hEu fyda my< hEu fyda ksid iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu .=Klfha

úYd,;ajh wkqj isÿ fõ'

wd¾Ólfha lsishï iajdëk úhoula hïlsis m%udKhlska jeä jk úg iu;=,s; ksuejqu

fldmuK m%udKhlska jeä fõ±hs fmkajk ix.=Klh .=Klh f,i y÷kajhs'

idudkHfhka ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Klh my; mrsos oelaúh yels h'

K= 1/(1-b) = 1/ (1-MPC) = 1/ (MPS)

rch we;=<;a wd¾Ólhl jqj o mj;sk nÿ iajdh;a; nÿ hehs Wml,amkh u; .=Klh

my; mrsos oelaúh yels h' K= 1/(1-b) = 1/ (1-MPC) = 1/ (1-MPS)

rch we;=<;a wd¾Ólhl iajdh;a; úhoï j¾. ;=kls'

mßfNdack úhou

wdfhdack úhou

rcfha mßfNdack úhou

lsishï iajdh;a; úhoula hï m%udKhlska fjkia lrk úg cd;sl ksuejqu fldmuK

m%udKhlska fjkia jkafka ±hs .=Klh u.ska .Kkh l< yels h'

.=Klfhys úúO iajrEm lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

o mßfNdack úhoï .=Klh

o wdfhdack úhoï .=Klh

o rcfha úhoï .=Klh

o nÿ .=Klh

o ixl%du .=Klh

o ;=,s; whjeh .=Klh

rcfha úhoï .=Klh ^ MPS wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj &

rcfha úhoï .=Klh wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdfõ mriamrh fõ'

`

269

ksoiqk

iu;=,s; wdodhu

wdfhdack .=Klh

wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh u; iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia ùu ixLHd f,aLk j.=jlska

bÈßm;a l< yels h'

ksoiqk (-

wdfhdackfha fjkia ùu

wdfhdack .=Klh(K)

mj;sk iu;=,s; wdodhu

kj iu;=,s; wdodhu iu;=,s; wdodhfï

fjkia ùu

100 100

5 10

1500 1500

500 1000

wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh wkqj iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia fõ'

wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh ;SrKh jkafka wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj u;hs'

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj wdfhdack .=Klh iu;=,s; wdodhu

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj wdfhdack .=Klh iu;=,s; wdodhu

`

270

nÿ .=Klh

iajdëk noaola hï m%udKhlska fjkia lrk úg tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka cd;sl ksuejqu

fldmuK m%udKhlska fjkia fõ±hs nÿ .=Klfhka fmkajhs' iajdëk nÿ iy cd;sl

ksuejqu w;r mj;skafka m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djhls'

rcH úhoï .=Klh iy nÿ .=Klfha jákdlu w;r fjki tlg iudk fõ¡ th ;=,s;

whjeh .=Klh f,i yÿkajhs' rcfha wdodhug iudk úhoula mj;sk whjeh f,aLkhla

;=,s; whjeh .=Klh jákdlu tlg iudk fõ¡

;=,s; whjeh .=Klh = KG + KT

thska woyia lrkafka rdcH úhoï iy nÿ iudk m%udKhlska jeä l< úg cd;sl

wdodhu rdcH úhoï jeä l< m%udKfhka u m%idrKh jk njhs' ;=,s; whjeh

f,aLkhla wd¾Ólfha m%idrKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrhs'

fuhg fya;= jkafka rcfha úhoï jeä lsrSu ksid we;s jk ksujfï m%idrKd;aul

n,mEu rcfha nÿ wdodhu by< oeófuka we;s jk ixfldapkd;aul n,mEug jvd by<

w.hla .ekSu h¡

`

271

ksoiqk (- rdcH úhou iy iajdëk nÿ ñ,shk 50ka jeäl< úg wd¾Ólfha ñ,shk 50ka

iu;=,s; wdodhu m%idrKh fõ'

rdcH úhoï .=Klh ^ KG ) = 1 / 1-b = 1/ 0.2 = 5

rcfha nÿ .=Klh ^ KT ) = -b / 1-b = -0.8 / 0.2 = -4

lsishï wd¾Ólhl úNj ksuejqu ke;fyd;a mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgug iudk

iudydr b,a¨ï uÜgula mj;S kï th mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï iu;=,s; ksuejqu

jYfhka ye|skafõ' fuh my; i|yka m%ia;dr igyfkka weiqfrka fmkaúh yels h'

Y=E

EF

Yd

YF 0

450

E

`

272

by; m%ia;drfha YF ksuejqï uÜgfuka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï

id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hhs' tys § mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgu ^ YF & th mj;ajd

f.k hdug wjYH iudydr úhoug ^ EF & iudk fõ' fuys § WoaOukd;aul fyda

wjOukd;aul ;;a;aj fyda fkdmj;S'

we;eï wjia:dj, § mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï ksuejqug wjYH b,aü blaujd ienE

iudydr b,aü ^úhou& by< .sh úg WoaOukd;aul mr;rhla we;s fõ' th my; m%ia;dr

igyfkka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

by; m%ia;drfha YF hkq mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu jk w;r Y2 hkq wd¾Ólfha mj;sk

id¾j wd¾:sl iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu fõ' fuys EF jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K

fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqug wjYH iudydr úhou jk w;r E1 jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgug wjYH úhou blaujd ±kg mj;sk ienE iudydr úhoï

;;ajhhs' fuys a - b mr;rh u.ska WoaOukd;aul mr;rh fmkakqï lrhs'

wd¾Ólhl we;eï wjia:dj,§ mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqug wjYH iudydr úhoug jvd

wvq ienE iudydr úhoula wd¾Ólh ;=< mj;S' th m%;s.ukd;aul ^wjOukd;aul&

mr;rhla iys; ;;a;ajhls'

E

Yd

Y=E

EF

E1

a

b

450

Y2 YF

`

273

th my; i|yka m%ia;dr igyk weiqßka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

by; m%ia;drhg wkqj YF mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s iu;=,s; ;;a;ajh jk w;r Y2 u.ska fmkakqï

lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu fõ' EF jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K

fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgu wjYH iudydr úhou jk w;r E1 jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgug wjYH úhoug jvd wvq ±kg wd¾Ólfha mj;sk ienE

iudydr úhou fõ' fuys a - b mr;rh u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha wjOukd;aul mr;rhhs' fuys

YF – Y2 u.ska fmkajkafka m%;s.ukd;aul mr;rh fyj;a fiajd úhqla;s mr;rhhs'

E

y

E1

Ef

a

b

450

Y=E

yf y2

`

274

uQ,dY% (

^1& w;m;a;=" vekS" wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 1" 2009

^2& w;m;a;=" vekS" wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 2" 2011

^3& ;s,lr;ak isßfiak" wd¾Ól úoHd moku" 1996

^4& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" 2009

^5& talkdhl l=udr uxcq, B tï" YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl .sKqï" 2014

^6& ohdr;ak" B'" Wiia fm< iy jD;a;Sh úNd. i|yd wd¾Ól úoHdj" 2006

^7& ohdr;ak" B'" wd¾Ól úoHdj 1" 2017

^8& ,laIauka ví'ã'" .=Kfialr tÉ'tï'" wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh" 1974

^9& Lipsey Richard G. and Colin Harbury, First Principles of Economics, 1992

^10& YS% ,xld uy nexl=j - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2015

^11& igyk - YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ iudc yd wd¾:sl úoHd udislh - YS% ,xld uy nexl=j

Documents

wd¾Ól úoHdj - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/SGr12TGEcon.pdf · 2018. 1. 17. · wd¾Ól úoHdj.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh 12 fY%aKsh ^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&' jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl