wd¾Ól úoHdj - abcd.lk 1213/Economics.pdf · lrhs' fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj iudchl NdKav yd fiajd iïmdokh lrk ls%hdj,sh yd iïnkaOj wOHhkhla lrk nj mejish yels h' fnfyda l

7

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í$õÚæ àø]$ûù à$×õù×.

1

1'0 ye¢kaùu

Wiia fm< l,d yd jdKscúoHd úIh lafIa;%j, bf.k .kakd isiqka w;r wd¾Ól úoHdj b;d jeo.;a ckms%h úIhls' 2009 j¾Ifha isg

ls%hd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs; fuu kj úIh ks¾foaYh Wiia fm< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a fuf;la mej;s 1995 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul jk

wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha ld,Sk fjkiaùï yd f.da,Sh m%jK;d ie,ls,a,g f.k ksmqK;d mdolj ixúOdkh fldg bÈßm;a lr we;'

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh tÈfkod ñksia Ôú;hg ióm iudchSh úoHdjls' úúO iudchSh úoHd úIhj,ska ñksid iudcfha yeisfrk wdldrh úúO

oDIaÀ fldaKj,ska wOHhkh lrk w;r" ñksid iudcfha yeisfrk wdldrh wd¾Ól úoHd oDIaÀ fldaKhl yeoEÍu fuu úIhfhka isÿ flf¾'

ñksid Tjqkaf.a jqjukd imqrd .ksñka iajlSh Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lr .ekSug lghq;= lrk w;r" ta i|yd NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackh

lrhs' fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj iudchl NdKav yd fiajd iïmdokh lrk ls%hdj,sh yd iïnkaOj wOHhkhla lrk nj mejish yels h'

fnfyda l<ukdlrK yd jdKscúoHd úIhj,g moku jkafka o wd¾Ól úoHdj nj mejish yels h' tfyhska fuu úIhh yodrK isiqkag

Wiia wOHdmk yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wjia:d o iq,N fõ' fndfyda jdKsc" l<ukdlrK yd .sKqïlrK jD;a;Sh mdGud,dj, § wd¾Ól úoHdj

úIhla jYfhka yeoEÍfï wjia:dj isiqkag ,efí' tfuka u wd¾Ól úoHdj" ñksia Ôú;hg ióm úIhhla jk fyhska fuu úIh bf.k .kakd

isiqkag iudcfha Ôj;aùu i|yd fyd| mokula imhkq we;' fuu úIh id¾:l j yodrk isiqka YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha ;sridr ixj¾Okhg

ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS j odhl úh yels ksmqK;dj,ska fyì mqrjeishka fõ hehs wfmalaId flf¾'

2

2'0 úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq

iudchl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úoHd;aul j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd tu uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak ksrdlrKh lsÍu msKsi fhdod .; yels úl,am l%u

ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul wjfndaOhla ,nd§u'

wd¾Ól ixl,am yd kHdh fhdod .ksñka m%dfhda.sl wd¾Ól m%Yak yd Wmk;s úYaf,aIKh i|yd wjYH l=i,;d ,nd§u'

id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu yd tu úp,H w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;d f;areï .ekSug ie,eiaùu'

fjf<|fmd<l wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka ;d¾lsl j yeisfrk wdldrh úu¾IKh lsÍug fm<Uùu'

wd¾Ól úoHdkql+, j is;Su i|yd wjYH jk ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh we;s lsÍu'

úúO wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ms<sn| j ms<s.;a w¾:l:k wOHhkhg wjia:d ,nd§u'

fjf<|fmd< l%uhla Tiafia id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd rch ueÈy;a jk wdldrh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sug fhduq lsÍu'

mj;sk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s úpdrYS,S j ú.%y lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd§u'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha úúO;aj ;=,kd;aul j úuiSug wjYH l=i,;d ,nd§u'

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh úYaf,aIKd;aul j meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl ksmqK;d ,nd§u'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï yd uQ,Hfha jeo.;alu yd f.da,ShlrKh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj fmkajd§u'

YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha ld¾h idOkh ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul j ±lSug yels l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

iudcfha hymeje;aug lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wjYH mokula ,nd§u'

Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduqùu i|yd fhda.H mokula ,nd§u'

3

úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdrj,g wkqj fnod .ekSug fhdað; Wmfoia

fYa%Ksh jdrh ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï

m<uqjk jdrh m<uq ksmqK;dfõ isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 18&

fojk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 isg ;=kajk ksmqK;dj olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 17&

;=kajk jdrh y;rjk ksmqK;dj isg yhjk ksmqK;dj olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 17&

m<uqjk jdrh y;ajk ksmqK;dfõ isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'5olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 17&

fojk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'6 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 17&

;=kajk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'2 isg fodf<diajk ksmqK;dj olajd ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 16&

12 jk

fYa%Ksh

13 jk

fYa%Ksh

ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgïksmqK;d uÜgïksmqK;d uÜgïksmqK;d uÜgïksmqK;d uÜgï úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo

4

1'1'1'1'1' wd¾Ól

moaO;shl uQ,sl

wd¾Ól m%Yakh

úi|d .kakd

wdldrh

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

06

7070707070

051'1 wd¾Ól úoHdj iudchSh

úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lrhs'

1'2 ;SrK .ekSu i|yd wd¾Ól

úoHdfõ kHdhd;aul yd

jHjydßl moku fhdod

.kshs'

1'3 wd¾Ól ú.%y i|yd

m%ia;dr yd iólrK Ndú;

lrhs'

w¾Ól úoHdj ks¾jpkh

wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j is;Su

iudchSh úoHdjla f,i wd¾Ól úoHdj

wd¾Ól úoHdj bf.kSfï jeo.;alu

h:dkqrEmS yd wNsu;dkqrEmS wd¾Ól úoHdj

iQlaIau yd id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ l%ufõoh

wdlD;s

Wml,amk

kHdhhka

wd¾Ól úp,H

wd¾Ól úp,H w;r iïnkaO;dj

iajdh;a; úp,Hh

mrdh;a; úp,Hh

Ok yd iDK iïnkaO;d

Ok nEjqu yd iDK nEjqu

m%ia;dr yd iólrK

f¾Çh m%ia;dr

f¾Çh iólrK

05

3'0 úIh ks¾foaYh3'0 úIh ks¾foaYh3'0 úIh ks¾foaYh3'0 úIh ks¾foaYh3'0 úIh ks¾foaYh3'1 - 12 jk fYa%Ksh3'1 - 12 jk fYa%Ksh3'1 - 12 jk fYa%Ksh3'1 - 12 jk fYa%Ksh3'1 - 12 jk fYa%Ksh

ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,Éfþo


5

06

06

06

1'4 NdKav yd fiajd

mßfNdackfhka

wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a

jk nj fmkajd fohs'

1'5 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg

Ndú;lrk iïm;a j¾. lrhs'

1'6 úl,am m%fhdack iys; iSñ;

iïm;aj,ska wiSñ; jqjukd

imqrd .ekSug ;d¾lsl j ;SrK

.kshs'

ñksia wjYH;d

ñksia jqjukd

wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki

NdKav yd fiajd

wd¾Ól NdKav

wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav

iïm;a

iïm;a j¾. lsÍu

wd¾Ól iïm;a yd wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a

m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels yd m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a

ksIamdok idOl

N+ñh

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

jHjidhl;ajh

ysÕlu

wiSñ; jqjukd

iSñ; iïm;a

úl,am m%fhdack iys; wd¾Ól iïm;a

f;dard .ekSu

wdjiaÓl msßjeh


6

06

06

1'7 ksIamdok yelshd udhsu weiqßkaa

úúO wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;aj

bÈßm;a lrhs'

1'8 wd¾Ólhl iïm;a Ndú;h"

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h

weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrhs'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu

w¾: ±laùu

Wml,amk

;Srl

ixLHd;aul j yd m%ia;dßl j wdjia:sl msßjeh bÈßm;a lsÍu'

ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh

jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

wvqjk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

jvd;a ;d;aúl ;;a;ajhla f,i jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh yd Bg fya;=

iïm;a Ndú;h

ysÕlu

iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu Wmfhdackh

iïm;a W!k Wmfhdackh yd wld¾hlaIu Wmfhdackh

ksIamdok Odß;dfõ fjkiaùu ksIamdok yelshdj fjkiaùu'&

iïm;a iïydrh fjkiaùu'

M,odhS;dj fjkiaùu'

;dlaIKh

udkj m%d.aOkh

l<ukdlrKh

Y%u úNckh yd úfYaISlrKh


7

06

06

M,odhs;dj

w¾: oelaùu

uekSu

;Srl

;dlaIKsl fjkiaùu

udkj m%d.aOkh fjkiaùu

l<ukdlrKh fjkiaùu

Y%u úNckh yd úfYaISlrKh

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak

iïm;a fjka lsßu

l=ula fldmuK ksmojkafka o

ksIamdokh

flfia ksmojkafka o

ksIamdÈ;h fnodyeÍu

ld i|yd ksmojkafka o

1'9 idOl M,odhs;dj j¾Okh l<

yels wdldr ;¾ldkql+, j

m%ldY lrhs'

1'10 iïm;a iy ksuejquld¾hlaIu j fnodyeÍums<sn| ;SrK .kshs'


8

061'11 wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK

.kakd md¾Yajhkaf.a yeisÍu

wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

wd¾Ól moaO;s

w¾: ±laùu

uQ,sldx.

wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd lKavdhï

l=gqïn

rch

jHdmdr wdh;k

fjk;a

lïlre ixúOdk

rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk

iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kh

ñ, hka;%Kh

ie,iqï hka;%Kh$ úOdk hka;%Kh

kS;s yd fr.=,dis

kS;s rduqj

ls%hdud¾.

m%;sm;a;s

m%;sudk iy iïm%odhhka

mqreÿ yd ixialD;sh


9

06úúO wd¾Ól moaO;s

wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍfï ks¾Kdhl

iïm;a ysñldÍ;ajh

uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kh

idkqn, iemhSfï iajrEmh

fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh

,dlaIKsl

ls%hdldÍ;ajh

ñf,ys ld¾hNdrh

úOdk w¾:l%uh

,dlaIKsl

ls%hdldÍ;ajh

ñY% w¾: l%uh

,dlaIKsl

ls%hdldÍ;ajh

mßj¾;k wd¾Ól

1'12 úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka

wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lrhs'


10

100

06

06

2'1wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh wkqj

fj<|fmd< j¾. lrhs'

2'2fjf<|fmd<l b,aü

;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk

idOl úuihs'

2'3ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r

iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lrhs'

fjf<|fmd<

fjf<|fmd< j¾.

NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd<

idOl fjf<|fmd<

b,aü

ks¾jpkh

fm!oa.,sl b,aü

fjf<|fmd< b,aü

b,a ï kHdh

fm!oa.,sl b,aü

fjf<|fmd< b,aü

b,a ï Ys%;h

fm!oa.,sl b,a ï Ys%;h

fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï Ys%;h

b,a¨ï kS;sh

b,a¨ï kS;sh m%ldY lrk l%u

b,a¨ï f,aLkh

b,a ï jl%h

b,a ï iólrKh

2' fjf<|fmd<l

l=gqïn yd

jHdmdr wdh;k

;d¾lsl f,i

yeisfrk

wdldrh

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

05


11

06

b,a¨ï kS;shg fya;=

wdodhï m%;súmdlh

wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh

ySkjk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj

b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeks wjia:d

.s*ka NdKav

m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKav

iufmalaIK NdKav

b,a ï m%udKh fjkiaùu

b,a ï m%udKh jeäùu

b,a ï m%udKh wvqùu

b,aü fjkiaùu

b,a u jeäùu

b,a u wvqùu

2'4 b,a¨ï m%udKfha fjkiaùu

yd b,aü fjkiaùu w;r

fjki ikaikaokh lrhs'


12

06

05

2'5 ñ, b,a ï kuH;d m%fNao

y÷kd .ekSug kuH;dj

.Kkh lrhs'

2'6 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj

fjf<|fmd<l ;d¾lsl j

;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'

kuH;d ixl,amh

w¾: oelaùu

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

w¾: oelaùu

,laIH ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj

iQ;%h yd .Kkh

pdm ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj

iQ;%h yd .Kkh

ix.=Klh wkqj kuH;d m%fNao

mq¾K wkuH

wkuH

talSh kuH

kuH

mQ¾K kuH

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj iy b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqu

ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj yd b,a ï iólrKh

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl

ñ, b,a ï kuH;dj yd mdßfNda.sl meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dfõ m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu


13

06

06

2'7 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

wkqj fjf<|fmd<l

;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd

whqre úuihs'

2'8 wdodhï b,a ï kuH;dj wkqj



2'9 fjf<|fmd<l iemhqu

;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk

idOl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

w¾: oelaùu

iQ;%h yd .Kkh

ix.=Klh wkqj NdKav j¾.

wdfoaYk NdKav

wkqmQrl NdKav

yria ñ, b,a ï kuH;djfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu

wdodhï b,a ï kuH;dj

w¾: oelaùu

iQ;%h yd .Kkh

ix.=Klh wkqj NdKav j¾. lsÍu'

idudkH NdKav

w;HjYH NdKav

iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav

nd, NdKav

wdodhï b,a ï kuH;djfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu

iemhqu

w¾: oelaùu

wdh;khl iemhqu

fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

06


14

iemhqï kHdh

iemhqï Ys%;h

iemhqï kS;sh

iemhqï kS;sh m%ldY lrk l%u

iemhqï f,aLkh

iemhqï jl%h

iemhqï iólrKh

iemhqï kS;shg fya;=

jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

iemhqï m%udKh fjkiaùu

iemhqï m%udKh jeäùu

iemhqï m%udKh wvqùu

iemhqu fjkiaùu

iemhqu jeäùu yd Bg fya;=

iemhqu wvqùu yd Bg fya;=

2'10 ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r

iïnkaO;dj úuihs'

2'11 iemhqï m%udKh fjkiaùu

yd iemhqu fjkiaùu w;r

fjkiikaikaokh lrhs'

05

05


15

2'12 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj wkqj



2'13 fjf<|fmd<l ñ, ;SrKh

jk wdldrh úuihs'

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj

w¾: oelaùu

iQ;%h yd .Kkh lsÍu

ix.=Klh wkqj iemhqï ñ, kuH;d m%fNao

mQ¾K wkuH

wkuH

talSh kuH

kuH

mQ¾K kuH

iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj yd iemhqï jl%fha nEjqu

iemhqfï ñ, kuH;dj yd iemhqï iólrKh

iemhqï kuH;d ;Srl

iemhqï kuH;dfõ m%fhdack yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

w¾: oelaùu

iu;=,s;h m%ldY l< yels l%u

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLkh uÕska

m%ia;dr uÕska

iólrK uÕska

iu;=,s;h wdYs%; ixl,am

06

05


16

2'14' b,aü yd iemhqu fjkiaùu

wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

fjkia jk wdldrh ú.%y

lrhs'

2'15 ksIamdok nÿ fjf<|fmd<

ls%hdldÍ;ajhg n,mdk

wdldrh úuihs'

wê b,aü

wê iemhqu

wê b,a ï ñ,

wê iemhqï ñ,

mdßfNda.asl w;sßla;h

ksIamdol w;sßla;h

iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu

iemhqu fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § b,aü fjkiaùu'

b,aü fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § iemhqu fjkiaùu'

b,aü yd iemhqu tljr fjkiaùu

NdKav yd fiajd u; nÿ

tall noao

jákdlu u; noao

nÿj, n,mEu bÈßm;a lsßu'

f,aLkhla uÕska

m%ia;dßl j

iólrKh uÕska

nÿj, n,meu

iu;=,s;hg

mdßfNda.sl meyeoug

ksIamdol whNdrhg

05

05


17

mdßfNda.sl w;srsla;hg

ksIamdol w;sßla;h

rdcH wdodhug

iudc iqNidOkhg

nÿ nr fn§hdu$ nÿ wdmd;h

mdßfNda.slhdg

ksIamdolhdg

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dj wkqj nÿ nr fn§hdu'

ksIamdok iykdOdr

tall iykdOdrh

jákdlu u; iykdOdrh

iykdOdrj, n,mEu bÈßm;a lsÍu

f,aLkhla uÕska

m%ia;dßlj

iólrKh uÕska

ksIamdok iykdOdrj, n,mEu

iu;=,s;hg

mdßfNda.sl meyeoug

ksIamdol whNdrhg

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg

2'16 b,a¨ï kuH;dj yd iemhqï

kuH;dj wkqj nÿ nr fn§

hk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

2'17 ksIamdok iykdOdr

fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldÍ;a

-jhg n,mdk wdldrh

úuihs'

05

06


18

ksIamdol w;sßla;hg

rdcH úhoug

iudc Y=NidOkhg

iykdOdrfha jdish fn§hdu

mdßfNda.slhdg

ksIamdolhdg

b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dj wkqj iykdOdrfha jdish

fn§hdu

ñ, md,kh

Wmßu ñ,

m%ia;dßl ksrEmkh

m%;súmdl

Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd ls%hdud¾.

i,dlkh

wdkhkh

ksIamdokh Èß.ekaùu

wju ñ,

m%ia;dßl ksrEmkh

m%;súmdl

2'18 ñ, md,kh fjf<|fmd<

ls%hdldrs;ajhg we;s lrk

n,mEu úuihs'

06


19

3'1 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha iajNdjh

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd ls%hdud¾.

w;sßla;h .nvd lsÍu

w;=re ksIamdokh

mj;akd b,aü m%j¾Okh

wmkhkh

iy;sl ñ,

m%ia;dßl ksrEmKh

m%;súmdl

ksIamdok ixúOdk

ksIamdok wdh;k

jHdmdr ixúOdk

ksIamdok Ys%;h

fláld,h

ySkjk wdka;sl M,od kHdh ^f,aLkhla wdY%fhka&

È.=ld,h

mßudKdkql+, M, kHdh ^f,aLkhla wdY%fhka&

jefvk mßudKdkql+, M,

ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,

wvqjk mßudKdkql+, M,

35353535353' fjf<|fmd<

;=< ksIamdok

ixúOdk

;d¾lsl j

yeisfrk

wdldrh

.fõIKh

lrhs'

08


20

3'2úúO m%fõY Ndú;fhka

ksIamdok msßjeh .Kkh lrhs'

3'3 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § msßjeh

yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

3'4uQ,sl ,laIK wkqj

fjf<|fmd< jHQy úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

ksIamdok msßjeh

ksIamdok msßjeh yd iïnkaO uQ,sl ixl,am

wd¾Ól msßjeh iy .KldêlrK msßjeh

iDcq msßjeh iy jl% msßjeh

m%dudKsl ,dNh msßjehla f,i

fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh

ia:djr msßjeh (FC)

úp,Hh msßjeh (VC)

uq¿ msßjeh (TC)

wdka;sl msßjeh (MC)

idudkH msßjeh (AC)

fláld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh bÈßm;a lsÍu

f,aLkhla weiqßka

m%ia;dßlj

fjf<|fmd< jHQy yd tajdfha uQ,sl ,laIK

mQ¾K ;r.h

taldêldrh

taldêldÍ ;r.h

l;smhdêldrh

08

06

05


21

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a ï jl%h

fláld,fha § ,dN WmßulsÍu

uq¿ whNdrh - uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh ir, f,aLkhla uÕska&

wdka;sl whNdrh - wdka;sl msßjeh m%fõYh ir, f,aLkhla uÕska&

fláld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl iu;=,s;h m%ia;dßlj&

w;sm%dudKsl ,dN bmhSu

m%dudKsl ,dN bmhSu

mdvq ú£u

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdlD;sh i;H fjf<|fmdf<ka wm.ukh ùu'

idOl wdodhï ;Srl

ksIamdok idOl i|yd b,a u ^jHq;amkak b,a u&

idOl iemhqu

N+ñh

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

jegqma wkqmd;sl ;Srl

Y%uhg we;s b,a u yd iemhqu

jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, n,mEu

jegqma úIu;d

wju jegqma

3'5 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l

wdh;khla fláld,fha §

yeisfrk wdldrh úuid

n,hs'

4'1 idOl fjf<|fmd<l ñ,

;SrKh jk wdldrh úuihs'

4'2 ;r.ldÍ idOl fjf<|fmd<l

jegqma ;SrKh jk wdldr

úuihs'

4' idOl

fjf<|fmd<l

yeisÍu

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

08

05

05

1515151515


22

05

06

wfkl=;a idOl wdodhï

ixl%du bmhqu yd wd¾Ól nÿl=,sh

fmd<S wkqmd;slh

fmd<S wkqmd;sl jHQyh

wd¾Ól ,dNh

jHjidhl;ajhg lrk f.ùula f,i

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh

wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj

idOdrK;ajh

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

;sridr ixj¾Okh

id¾j wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh

id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

wdodhï m%;sm;a;s

iuia; iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s

iDcq md,k m%;sm;a;s

úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s

4'3 idOl fjf<|fmd<l Y%uh

yerwfkl=;a idOl wdYs%;

wdodhï úuihs'

5'1 id¾j wd¾Ól

l<ukdlrKh

i|yd wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

fhdod .kakd wdldrh

úuid n,hs'

5' id¾j wd¾Ól

ls%hdldÍ;ajh

ie,ls,a,g

.ksñka cd;sl

.sKqï ilia

lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh

lrhs'

5050505050


23

5'2 m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H

úu¾Ykh lrhs'

5'3 cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h

m%jdyh Ndú;fhka cd;sl

.sKqïlrKfha úúO m%fõY

ú.%y lrhs'

m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H

cd;sl ksuejqu

fiajd kshqla;sh

ñ, uÜgu

f.jqï fYaIh

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh

jHdmdr pl%

úNj ksuejqu yd i;H ksuejqu

ixfldapkh iy m%idrKh

cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyh

cd;sl .sKqïlrK m%fõY

ksuejqï m%fõYh

wdodhï m%fõYh

úhoï m%fõYh

cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha § neyer l< hq;= whs;u

06

05


24

05

06

05

5'4 ksuejqï m%fõYhg wkqj

cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï

iQodku m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

5'5 ksuejqï m%fõYh wkqj cd;sl

.sKqï ilia lsÍu wdYs%; úúO

ixl,am ;=,kd;aul j úuihs'

5'6 úhoï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl

.sKqï ilia lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksuejqï m%fõYh

ksuejqu .Kkh lsÍu

nyq .Kk fodaIh

nyq .Kk fodaIh uÕ yrjd .ekSfï l%u

wjidk ksuejqï l%uh

tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh

ksuejqï m%fõYfha úúO ixl,am

o< foaYSSh ksIamdÈ;h

o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h

Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

Y=oaO cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h

idOl ñ, iy fjf<|fmd< ñ,

j¾;k ñ, iy ia:djr ñ,

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha yd o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh

úhoï m%fõYh

mßfNdack (C)

wdfhdackh (I)

rdcH ñ,§ .ekSï (G)

Y=oaO wmkhk (NX)


25

o<foaYSh úhou iy o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h

o< cd;sl úhou

nyq.Kk fodaIh uÕyrjd .ekSfï l%u

uq¿ iïm;a iy tajdfha Wmfhdackh

wodhï m%fõYh

idOl wdodhï

fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a wdodhu

nÿl=,S wdodhu

Y=oaO fmd<sh

,dNh iy jHjidhl;aj wdodhï

foaYSh wdodhu

cd;sl wdodhu

nyq .Kk fodaIh j<lajd .ekSfï l%u

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

fm!oa.,sl wdodhu

jeh l< yels fm!oa.,sl wdodhu

úfoaY .sKqï iy cd;sl .sKqï w;r iïnkaO;dj

jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu

uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu

o<foaYSh b;=reï iy cd;sl b;=reï

5'7 wdodhï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl

.sKqïilia lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

06


26

06cd;sl .sKqïj, m%dfhda.sl Ndú;

YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl .sKqï

cd;sl ksuejqfï ixhq;sh yd uE;ld,Sk fjkiaùï

lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajdj, wdxYsl odhl;ajh

lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYhkays uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d

cd;sl ksuejqu fnodyeÍu

tal mqoa., ksuejqu$wdodhu

wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu

cd;sl .sKqïj, iSud

fjf<|fmd< fkdjk .kqfokq

kS;s úfrdaê wd¾Ól lghq;=

fkdúêu;a wd¾Ól lghq;=

ksIamdÈ;fha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh

mßirhg jk n,mEu ie<ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

mrsir ydhkh

Nß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh

5'8cd;sl .sKqïj, m%dfhda.sl

Ndú; úuihs'

5'9 cd;sl .sKqïj, iSud u;=lr

olajhs'

05


27

6' id¾j wd¾Ól

iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk

wdldrh ú.%y

lrhs'''''

06

06

iudydr úhoï - wdodhï m%fõYh

iudydr úhofï ixrpl yd ;Srl

mßfNdack úhou

wdfhdack

rch NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSu rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï&

Y=oaO wmkhk

ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

wdodhï iy úhoï m%fõYh

.s,sySï iy tl;=ùï m%fõYh ldkaÿùï iy ú§ï m%fõYh&

mßfNdack YS%;h

b;=reï YS%;h

wdfhdackh

ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsßu

ixLHdf,aLkhla uÕska

m%ia;dßlj

iólrK uÕska

6'1 id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hg

m%fõY ùu i|yd iudydr

úhofï ixrpl úuihs'

6'2ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h


3030303030


28

6'3 iudydr b,a ï ixrpl

fjkiaùu u; ir,

wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

fjkiaùu .=Kl ls%hdj,sh

weiqßka fmkajd fohs'

6'4 ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h


ir, wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkiaùu

mßfNdack Ys%;h fjkiaùu

wdfhdackh fjkiaùu

ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh

f,aLkhla uÕska

iólrKh uÕska

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgu yd iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu

w;r fjki ye¢kaùu

ixjD; wd¾:slhl iu;=,s;h

wdodhï yd úhoï m%fõYh

.s,sySï yd tl;=ùï m%fõYh

mßfNdack Ys%;h (C)

b;=reï Ys%;h (S)

iajdh;a; nÿ (T)

rcfha úhoï

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï (G)

ixl%du (TR)

wdfhdackh (I)

ixjD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍu


m%ia;dßl j

iólrK uÕska

06

06


29

6'5újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h


újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

wdodhï iy úhoï m%fõYh

.s,sySï iy tl;=ùï m%fõYh

mßfNdack YS%;h (C)

b;=reï YS%;h (S)

wdfhdackh

rdcH úhoï

rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï G

ixl%du TR

iajdh;a; nÿ

iajdh;a; wdkhk

wmkhk

újD; wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h .Kkh lsÍu


iólrK uÕska

300

06


30

7'1 idudkH ñ, uÜgu wdYs%;

ñkqï ú.%y lrhs'

7'2 YS% ,xldfõ iudkH ñ,

uÜgfï fjkiaùu uksk ñ,

o¾Yl úuid n,hs'

7'3WoaOukh ms<sn| ixl,am ú.%y

lrñka WoaOuk m%fNao

wOHhkh lrhs'

idudkH ñ, uÜgu

w¾: ±laùu

idudkH ñ, uÜgfï ñkqï

ñ, o¾Yl

YS% ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgu uksk ñ, o¾Yl

fld<U mßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh kj&

YS% ,xld mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh

f;d. ñ, o¾Ylh

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdfrdams; ñ, o¾Ylh

WoaOukh (inflation)

w¾: ±laùu

WoaOuk ñkqï

u;=msg WoaOukh

há±ß WoaOukh

WoaOuk m%fNao

cjk WoaOukh (Galloping)

m%i¾mK WoaOukh (Creeping)

7' id¾j wd¾Ól

ls%hdldÍ;ajhg

n,mdk ñ,

uÜgïj,

fjkiaùu

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

05

08

06

2525252525

3'2 - 13 jk fYa%Ksh3'2 - 13 jk fYa%Ksh3'2 - 13 jk fYa%Ksh3'2 - 13 jk fYa%Ksh3'2 - 13 jk fYa%Ksh

ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,ÉfþoksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï"úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,Éfþo


31

06

05

i¾ms, WoaOukh (Spiral)

u¾ê; WoaOukh (Suppressed)

ksreoaOukh (Disinflation)

wjOukh (Deflation)

WoaOukh ú.%y lrk úúO m%fõY

b,a¨fuka weÿk WoaOukh

msßjefhka ;,a¨ jQ WoaOukh

jHQyd;aul WoaOukh

WoaOukfha m%;súmdl

WoaOukfha msßjeh

uqo,a

ks¾jpkh

uqof,a ,dlaIKsl

uqo,a j¾.

jHjydr uqo,a

nexl= uqo,a

wdikak uqo,a

wdfoaY uqo,a

úoHq;a uqo,a

7'4WoaOukh ú.%y lrk úúO

m%fõY wkqidrfhka WoaOukhg

n,mdk fya;= iy m%;súmdl

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

8'1 uqo,a" uqo,a j¾. yd uqof,a

ld¾hhka úuid n,hs'

8' wd¾Ólhl

ls%hdldÍ;ajhg

uqo,a yd

nexl= moaO;sh

odhl jk

wdldrh

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

4545454545


32

06

uqof,a ld¾h

uqof,a w.h

wNHka;r w.h

ndysr w.h

uqo,a b,aü

w¾: ±laùu

uqo,a b,aü flfrys n,mdk idOl

.kqfokq fÉ;kdj

wdrlaIK fõ;kdj

iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj

uqo,a iemhqu

w¾: ±laùu

uQ,Hh iuia;hka

b;d mgq uqo,a iemhqu (Mo)

mgq uqo,a iemhqu (M1)

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu (M2)

taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu (M2b

)



8'2uqo,a b,a,qu flfrys n,mdk

idOl bÈßm;a lrhs'

8'3YS% ,xldfõ uqo,a iemhqu

úYaf,aIKd;aul j mÍlaId

lrhs'

05


33

06

mokï uqo,a

mokï uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl

uy nexl=fõ j.lSï weiqfrka

uy nexl=fõ j;alï weiqfrka

uqo,a .=Klh

uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl

nexl= wxYh

YS% ,xld uy nexl=j

n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=

n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k

,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=

iliqrejï yd Kh fok iuqmldr iñ;s

wfkl=;a úfYaIs; uQ,H wdh;k

úfYaIs; l,anÿ iud.ï

m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka

jKsla nexl=

fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï

tall Ndr

8'4 YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sh

j¾. lrhs'


34

8'5 nexl= moaO;sh ;=< jdKsc

nexl=j, ld¾hNdrh úuihs'

8'6 YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk uQ,H

wdh;kh jk YS% ,xld uy

nexl=fõ ld¾hNdrh úuihs'

jHjidhl m%d.aOk iud.ï

Kh fYa%Ks.; lsÍfï wdh;k

.súiqï.; b;sßlsÍfï wdh;k

rlaIK iud.ï

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,

wksl=;a w¾:idOl wruqo,a

rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl wruqo,a

ûQ,dY%h( 2007 uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqßka&

jdKsc nexl=

w¾: ±laùu

ld¾h

øjYS,;dj yd ,dNodhS;ajh

fYaI m;%h

uqo,a ueùu

uqo,a ueùu ;SrKh lrk idOl

;ekam;= .=Klh

YS% ,xld uy nexl=j

w¾: ±laùu

wruqKq

ld¾h

06

05


35

06uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK

m%udKd;aul uQ,H WmlrK

m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;sl

nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh

m%;sñ,§ .ekSï wkqmd;h

m%;súl=Kqï wkqmd;h

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh

újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;=

.=Kd;aul Kh md,k WmlrK

Kh iSud kshu lsrSu

Kh i|yd wemiq/l=ï

kshu lssÍu

jrKd;aul fmd<S wkqmd;sl kshu lsÍu

hyfm<Uqï

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s iïfm%aIK hdka;%Kh

YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H fjf<|fmd<

w¾: ±laùu

j¾. lsÍu

8'7YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H m%;sm;a;s

WmlrKj, Ndú; úuihs'

8'8YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H fjf<|fmd<

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

06


36

06

uqo,a fjf<|fmd<

w¾: ±laùu

Wm uqo,a fjf<|fmd<

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<

w¾: ±laùu

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<g wh;a wdh;k

fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a ùu

fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;aùug fya;=

ndysr;d

wmq¾K ;r.h

f;dr;=rej, wmQ¾K;ajh

fmdÿ NdKav fkdiemhSu

w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu

iqNidOk NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu

iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSu

ndysr;d

ksIamdokfha ndysr;d

Ok ndysr;d

iDK ndysr;d

9'1 fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;aùug

fya;= ;d¾lsl j bÈßm;a lrhs'

9'2fjf<|fmd< l%uh wid¾:lùu

flfrys ndysr;dj, n,mEï

mÍlaId lrhs'

9' id¾j wd¾Ól

wruqKq <Õd

lr .ekSfuys,d

rch ueÈy;a

jk wdldrh

úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

06

6060606060


37

mßfNdackfha ndysr;d

Ok ndysr;d

iDK ndysr;d

ndysr;d yd fjf<|fmd< l%ufha wid¾:l;ajh

ndysr;d yuqfõ fjf<|fmd< wid¾:lùu ksjerÈ lsÍug .kq ,nk

ls%hdud¾.

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rdcH ld¾hNdrh

iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j fnodyeÍu

wdodhu yd Okh idOdrK j fnodyeÍu

kS;sÍ;s iïmdokh iy md,kh

id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhslrKh we;s lsÍu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh we;s lsrSu

há;, myiqlï iemhSu

rdcH wid¾:lùu

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

w¾: ±laùu

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK

9'3fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rdcH

ld¾hNdrh úuihs'

9'4id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq <Õd lr

.ekSug rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

fhdod.kakd wdldrh úuihs'

06

06


38

06

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod

.kakd wdldrh


ñ, ia:dhs;djh

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

f.jqï fYaI ia:dhS;dj

wdodhï yd Okh fnodyeÍfï idOdrK;ajh

OrKSh$ ;sridr ix¾Okh

id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï § u;=jk .eg¿

rdcH wdodhu

nÿ wdodhu

nÿ fkdjk wdodhu

nÿ uQ,O¾u

nÿ j¾.

nÿ wdmd;h u; nÿ j¾. lsÍu

iDcq nÿ

jl% nÿ

nÿ wh lsÍfï l%u wkqj nÿ j¾. lsÍu

iudkqmd;sl nÿ

wkql%ñl nÿ

m%;sl%ñl nÿ

9'5rdcH wdodhfï m%Odk uQ,dY%hla

f,i nÿ l%uh úuihs'


39

nÿ l%uhl wd¾Ól m%;súmdl$ n,mEu

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wdodhï

jHQyh

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wdodhfï Wmk;s

rdcH úhou

rdcH úhoï j¾.SlrKh

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh

j¾;k úhoï

m%d.aOk úhoï

ld¾h noaO j¾.SlrKh

idudkH yd fmdÿ fiajd úhoï

iudc fiajd úhoï

wd¾Ól fiajd úhoï

fjk;a úhoï

rcfha úhoïj, uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s

9'6 rdcH úhoï ixhq;sh

wOHhkfhka uE;ld,Sk

fjkialï wkdjrKh

lrhs'

06


40

06

06

06

rdcH whjeh f,aLkh

w¾: ±laùu

wdlD;sh

ysÕ" w;sßla; iy ;=,s; whjeh

whjeh m%;sm;a;s

m%idrKd;aul whjeh m%;sm;a;sh

ixfldapkd;aul whjeh m%;sm;a;sh

YS% ,xldfõ whjeh

whjeh ysÕh

whjeh ysÕhg fya;=

whjeh ysÕh mshùu

whjeh ysÕfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

rdcH Kh

rdcH Kh jHQyh

rdcH Kfhys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

rdcH Kh fiajdlrK f.ùï

uE;ld,Sk m%jK;d

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s

w¾: ±laùu

9'7 rdcH whjeh m%;sm;a;sj,

wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

úYaf,aIKd;aul j fidhd

n,hs'

9'8 YS% ,xldfõ rdcH whjeh yd

tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

úu¾Ykh lrhs'

9'9 YS% ,xldfõ rdcH Kh ixhq;sh

yd tys m%jK;d úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

9'10 rdcH iemhqï m%j¾Ok

m%;sm;a;sj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

úYaf,aIKd;aul j fidhd

n,hs'

06


41

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;suh ls%hdud¾.

nÿ m%;sixialrKh

fm!oa.,SlrKh

kshdukyrKh

Y%u fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;sj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du

w¾: ±laùu

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ kHdh

ksrfmalaI jdis kHdh

idfmalaI jdis kHdh

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï jdis

iaÓ;sl jdis

úfYaISlrKfha jdish

yqjudrefõ jdish

.;sl jdis

;dlaIKsl ±kqu yqjudrej

l<ukdlrK olaI;d yqjudrej

10'1 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug

mokï jQ idOl úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

10'úfoaY fjf<|du

yd uQ,H rgl

iuia;

wd¾Ólhg we;s

lrk n,mEu

úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

05

6565656565


42

ksoyia fjf<\du

wdrlaIKjdoh

wdrlaIKjd§ ls%hdud¾.

;Srenÿ

;Srenÿ fkdjk

(GSP+)fjf<| jrK ms<sn| fmdÿ l%uh

wdrlaIKjd§ ls%hd ud¾.j, m%;súmdl$n,mEu

wdrlaIK jdohg mlaIj yd úmlaIj we;s ;¾l

cd;Hkaa;r fjf<|du kshdukh lrk wdh;k

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh (WTO)

YS% ,xldfõ wmkhk

jHQyh

Wmk;s

YS% ,xldfõ wdkhk

jHQyh

Wmk;s

10'2 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï §

wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;sj,ska

we;s lrk n,mEï

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

10'3 YS% ,xldfõ úfoaY

fjf<|dfï jHQyh yd

Wmk;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

06

05


43

06

06

fjf<| wkqmd;

fjf<| wkqmd; j¾.

úfoaY fjf<| wkqmd;h

.Kkh lsßu

wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;h

.Kkh lsßu

wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

f.jqï fYaIh

w¾: ±laùu

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ixrpl

cx.u .sKqu

fjf<| .sKqu

fiajd .sKqu

wdodhï .sKqu

j¾;k ixl%du .sKqu

m%d.aOk yd uQ,H .sKqu

m%d.aOk .sKqu

uQ,H .sKqu

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wdlD;sh

10'4 fjf<| wkqmd; weiqßka

úfoaY fjf<|dfï wd¾Ól

m%;súmdl úuihs'

10'5 f.jqï fYaI f,aLkhl

wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh

lrñka tys wdlD;shla

ms<sfh, lrhs'


44

06

06

YS% ,xldfõ f.jqï fYaIfha j¾;udk Wmk;s

f.jqï fYaIfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

ysÕh

w;sßla;h

f.jqï fYaI w¾nqoh yd thg úi÷ï

úfoaY úksuh fj<|fmd<

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh

w¾: ±laùu

kdñl yd uq¾; úksuh wkqmd;sl

kdñl iM, yd uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;sl

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h yd tys m%;súmdl

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;h

mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;h

md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;h

úksuh wkqmd;h yd f.jqï fYaI .e<mqï

uqo,a wjm%udKh ùu yd m%;sm%udKh

úksuh wkqmd;slh laIhùu yd j¾Okh

10'6 úfoaY .kqfokq wd¾Ólhg

we;s lrk n,mEu

YS% ,xldfõ f.jqï fYaI

f,aLkh weiqfrka ú.%y

lrhs'

10'7 úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh

;SrKh ùu iy tys

m%;súmdl úu¾IKh lrhs'


45

úfoaY wdfhdack

úfoaY wdfhdack j¾.

iDcq wdfhdack

l<U wdfhdack

úfoaY wdfhdackj, wd¾Ól n,mEu

úfoaY j;alï$ ndysr j;alï

wd¾Ól taldnoaOùï

j¾Kd;aul fjf<| ms<sfj;a

ksoyia fjf<| m%foaY

;Sre nÿ ix.ï

fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<

wd¾Ól ix.ï

fjf<| .súiqï

oaùmd¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(

bkaÿ YS% ,xld fjf<| .súiqu (ISLFTA)

mlsia;dkq YS% ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (PSLFTA)

YS% ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r fhdað; úia;SrK wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;d

.súiqu (CEPA)

10'8 úfoaY wdfhdack rgl

wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh

úuihs'

10'9 wka;¾cd;sl wd¾Ól

iyfhda.S;djhi|yd

ls%hd;aul jk úúO wd¾Ól

ixúOdkj, jeo.;alu

úuihs'

06

08


46

nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(ksoiqka(

nyq wxYsl ;dlaIKsl yd wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;dj Wfoid fnx.d,

fndlafla rgj, uQ,sl;ajh (BIMSTEC)

W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (NAFTA)

ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (SAFTA)

wdishd Ydka;slr fjf<| .súiqu (AFTA)

wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wdh;k

wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo, (IMF)

f,dal nexl= uq¿j (WBG)

wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j (ADB)

f.da,ShlrKh

ft;sydisl ls%hdj,shla f,i f.da,ShlrKh

f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk ,laIK

f.da,ShlrKfha .dul n,fõ.

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g

f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEu

10'10 wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H

wdh;kj, ld¾hh úuihs'

10'11 ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk rgj,g

f.da,ShlrKfhka we;s

jk n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'

05

06


47

11'1 wd¾Ól j¾Okfha

jeo.;alu w.hñka wd¾Ól

j¾Okhg bjy,a jk idOl

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

11'2 wd¾:sl ixj¾Ok

ls%hdj,shl .=Kdx. yd

th uekSu ú.%y lrhs'

11' ixj¾Okfha

úúO;ajh

;=,kd;aul j

ú.%y lrñka

;sridr

ixj¾Okhg

odhlùfï

we,au

m%o¾Ykh lrhs’

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

w¾: ±laùu

;Srl j¾Okhg odhl jk idOl&

iïm;a iïNdrh

idOl M,odhs;dj

wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj

foaYmd,k ia:djrNdjh

hymd,kh

wd¾Ól j¾Okh uekSu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a iuÕ wd¾Ól jHQyh fjkia ùu

wd¾Ól j¾Okfha jeo.;alu

wd¾Ól j¾Okfha msßjeh

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

w¾: ±laùu

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh ;=< ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.

ixj¾Okh uekSfï o¾Yl

06

06

6565656565


48

06wd¾Ól ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl j¾.SlrK

f,dal nexl= j¾.SlrKh

wfkl=;a j¾.SlrK

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r úúO;aj

;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amh

wdodhï úIu;dj

w¾: ±laùu

wdodhï jHdma;sfha iajrEm

ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

wdodhï jHdma;s ñkqï

f,darkaia jl%h

.sks ix.=Klh

11'3 ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh

;=<kd;aul j ú.%y

lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okh

w.h lrhs'

11'4 wdodhï úIu;dj uekSug

fhdod .kakd iïu; l%u

mÍlaId lrhs'

06


49

oßø;d ixl,amh

w¾: ±laùu

ksrfmalaI yd idfmalaI oßø;dj

oßø;djfha me;slv

wdodhï mßfNdack& oßø;dj

udkj ixj¾Okfha oßø;dj

oßø;dj uekSu

cd;sl oßø;d bu

cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh

YS% ,xldfõ oßø;dj

oßø;d uÜgï

m%dfoaYSh fjkialï

oßø;djg fya;=

oßø;dj wju lsÍug f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy oßø;dj

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy oßø;dj w;r iïnkaOh

È<sÿ ck;djg ys;lr wd¾Ól jDoaêh

È<sÿ ck;djg ys;lr wd¾Ól jDoaê m%;sm;a;s

11'5 oßø;d ixl,amh ú.%y

lrñka th ñkqï lrk

whqre olajhs'

11'6 YS% ,xldfõ oßø;dj yd

th wju lsÍug f.k we;s

m%h;ak w.h hs'

11'7 wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd oßø;dj

w;r iïnkaO;dj ú.%y

lrhs'

06

06

06


50

ck.ykh

ck.yk j¾Okh yd tys ;Srl

ck.yk jHdma;sfha fjkiaùï iy m%;súmdl

mqñ;sß nj

jhia jHQyh

kd.ßl" .%dóh iy j;=

Y%u n,ldh

w¾: ±laùu

.Kkh lsÍu

;SrKh jk idOl

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh

Y%u n,ld iyNd.S;aj wkqmd;h

fiajd kshqla;sh

w¾: ±laùu

jHQyh


W!k fiajd kshqla;sh

fiajd úhqla;sh

w¾: ±laùu

jHQyh

YS% ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;shg fya;=

fiajd úhqla;sfha m%;súmdl

11'8 YS% ,xldfõ ck.yk

jHdma;sh yd tys m%;súmdl

úuihs'

11'9 YS% ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh

.Kkh lrk whqre olajhs'

11'10 YS% ,xldfõ fiajd

kshqla;sfha yd fiajd

úhqla;sfha m%udKd;aul yd

jHQyd;aul ;;a;aj

úuid n,hs'

06

06

06


51

05Y%u fj<|fmdf<a újdÈ; (ISSUES)

Y%uh ndysr ixl%uKh

Y%u fjf<|fmd< oDV;dj

o<foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

wdxYsl ixhq;sh

rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha idfmalaI iyNd.s;ajh

fiajd kshqla;sh

wdxYsl ixhq;sh

rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha idfmalaI iyNd.s;ajh

uq¿ iïm;a

o<foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

wdkhk

iïm;a Wmfhdackh

mßfNdackh

wdfhdackh

wdkhk

11'11YS% ,xldfõ Y%u

fjf<|fmd< wdYs%; újdÈ;

lreKq úuihs'

12'1 YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;h yd fiajd

kshqla;sfha wdxYsl ixhq;sh

úuihs'

12'2 ksoyiska miq YS% ,xldfõ

uq¿ iïm;a iy tys

Wmfhdackh úuiñka

wd¾Ól j¾Okfha rgdj

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

12'ksoyiska miq

YS% ,xld

wd¾Ólfha

ls%hdldrs;ajh

;=,kd;aul j

w.h hs'

06

06

4040404040


52

b;=reï

foaYSh b;=reï

cd;sl b;=reï

ksoyiska miq wd¾Ól j¾Ok rgdj

1948 - 1977 olajd

1977ka miq

lDIsld¾ñl wxYh

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shg lDIsld¾ñl wxYfha odhl;ajh

iuia; ld¾h idOkh iy m%jK;d

foaYSh lDIsl¾ufha úNjH;d yd .eg¿

jeú,s lDIsl¾ufha úNjH;d yd .eg¿

lDIs wdYs%; l¾udka;

ld¾ñl wxYh

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shg ld¾ñl wxYfha odhl;ajh

iuia; ld¾h idOkh iy m%jK;d

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha m%jK;d

rdcH wxYfha l¾udka;

iq¿ yd laIqø jHjidhlhkaf.aa ld¾hNdrh

12'3 YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl

wxYh yd iïnkaO

újdÈ; lreKq úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

12'4 YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl wxYh

yd iïnkaO újdÈ; lreKq

úu¾Ykh lrhs'

08

06


53

fiajd wxYh

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shg fiajd wxYfha odhl;ajh

jHQyh iy m%Odk m%jK;d

j¾Okh iy jHQyuh fjkiaùï

há;, myiqlï b,lal lr.;a fiajd

wd¾Ól" iudchSh yd uQ,H há;, myiqlï

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍfuys,d fm!oa.,sl wxYfha

odhl;ajh

iuld,Sk wd¾Ól isÿùï

foaYSh

f.da,Sh

iuld,Sk wd¾Ól isÿùïj, m%;súmdl

12'5 YS% ,xldfõ fiajd wxYh

yd iïnkaO újdÈ; lreKq

úu¾Ykh lrhs'

12'6 iuld,Sk wd¾Òl isÿùï

úu¾Ykh lrhs'

08

06

300

4

4'04'04'04'04'0 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamdhbf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamdhbf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamdhbf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamdhbf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamdh

wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska ñksid iudcfha wd¾Ól úoHd;aul yeisfrk wdldrh wOHhkh flf¾' fuu úIh bf.kqï- b.ekaùï lghq;=j, §isiqka wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j is;Sug;a" ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍug;a Wkkaÿ flf¾' fï ksid fhdað; bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh jvd;a m%dfhda.slyd YsIH flakaøSh ùu w;HjYH fõ' ta u.ska YsIHhdg wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ir< j .%yKh lr .ekSug;a" m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍug;a yelsfõ hehs wfmalaId flf¾' fï ksid ±kqu wdl,am yd l=i,;d fuka u fyd| Ôjk mqreÿ we;slr .; yels l%ufõo Ndú;hg .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'fuu úIhg wh;a úúO kHdh" uQ,O¾u yd mßph ,eìh yels fia bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh M,odhS j ie,iqï lr .; hq;= h' wd¾Ól úoHdj"ñksid wd¾Ól úoHd;aul yeisfrk wdldrh wOHhkh flfrk iudc úoHdjla jk fyhska úIhg wod< .eUqre" ixlS¾K yd úhqla; ixl,amisiqka Ôj;ajk iudcfhkau w;a±lSug ie,eiaúh yels jk bf.kqï l%ufõo fndfyda fõ' tajd iqÿiq f,i f;dard .ekSu" ta wkqj l%ufõohie,iqï lr .ekSu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId flf¾'

ksmqK;d mdol j f.dvk.d we;s fuu úIh ks¾foaYfha we;=<;a ta ta ksmqK;d uÜgï <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd .fõIKd;aul m%fõYhlaTiafia ie,iqï lrk l%ufõo ls%hd;aul lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd .fõIKd;aulbf.kqï m%fõYh Inquiry Based Learning Approach& w;a±lSï mokï lr.;a bf.kqï m%fõYh (Experiential Learning Approach) iajks¾udKbf.kqï m%fõYh (Constructivist Learning Approach) hk fïjd fhdod .ekSug fhdað; h' ta ta bf.kqï m%fõY hgf;a Ndú; l< yelsbf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%u i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ' fujeks l%u Ndú;fhka m%fndaod;aul bf.kqulg u. i,id .; yels h' tu.ska mka;sldurfha kSri nj ke;slr .; yelsfõ hehs úYajdi flf¾'

fmd; m; mßYS,kh yd iajhx wOHhkh ksnkaOkmejreï yd jHdmD;s mqyqKq wNHdiksÍlaIKh yd .fõIKh lafIa;% pdßld.eg¨ úi§u iurEmkhiduQysl bf.kqï lKavdhï l%uh isoaê wOHhkhnqoaê l,ïnkh rEmsl ixúOdk l%uh (Graphic Organizer)lS%vd wdo¾Ykhújdo ls%hdfjka bf.kqïN+ñld rx.k

iEuúgl u .=rejrhd iqidOHldrlhl= kshdukh lrkakl= yd iïm;a mqoa.,hl= f,ig b;d jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< hq;= h' YsIHhdks;r ks¾udKYS,S yd úpdrYS,S Ñka;khg fhduq lrjk flaj, fyda iduQysl fyda ls%hdldrlï" mejreï" jHdmD;s wd§ m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla we;s

bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%fudamd flfrys úfYaIfhka fhduqjkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

54

5

5'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka ixúOdkh

wd¾Ól úoHdj úIhfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq yd ksmqK;d M,odhS f,i idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd mka;s ldur bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha

id¾:l;ajh fnfyúka bjy,a fõ' tneúka thg iß,k mßÈ mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

fuu úIh j¾Ihlg i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,Éfþo .Kk 300ls' bf.kqï- b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd j¾Ihlg idudkHfhka óg jvd

ld,Éfþo m%udKhla fjka ù we;;a" fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ie,iqï lr we;af;a j¾Ihlg kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdjg jvd wvq ld,Éfþo

ixLHdjla we;=<;a jk mßÈ h' fuu wu;r ld,Éfþo bf.kqï- b.ekaùï we.hSï WmlrK ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels h' ta wkqj

isiqkag ;u bf.kqï w;a±lSï ;jÿrg;a fmdaIKh lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efnkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd fhdod .; yels úúO l%fudamdh ie,ls,a,g .kakd úg m%dfhda.sl keUqrej we;s

úIh iu.dó jevigyka iy úIhdkqnoaO mdi,a m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsßu w;HjYH lghq;a;la fõ' tu.ska YsIHhdf.a iyc olaI;d biau;= lr

.ekSug iy ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;khg bvlv újD; fõ' ta i|yd fhdod .; yels mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<

hq;= h'

ls%hd;aul l< yels jevigyka i|yd ksoiqka(

fjf<|fmd< ksÍlaIKh fldg f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu'

wd¾Ól úoHdkql+, j is;Sug isiqka yqre lsÍu'

jdKscúoHd ix.ï ksfhdackh lsÍu'

iudcfha w;a±lSï mka;s ldurhg f.ktau i|yd idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K ixúOdkh lsÍu'

wd¾Ól uOHia:dk" fldgia fjf<|fmd< jeks ia:dk ksÍlaIKh fldg wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd lafIa;% pdßld ixúOdkh lsÍu'

úIhg wod< j mqj;am;aj, iy iÕrdj, m<fjk ,sms tl;=jla mj;ajdf.k hdu'

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6

wd¾Ól úoHdjg wod< úYaùh m%jK;d w<,d ì;a;s mqj;am;la yd iÕrdjla mj;ajdf.k hEug isiqka fhduq lsÍu'

fjf<|fmd<la ixúOdkh lr meje;aùu uÕska fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh wOHhkh lsÍu'

ñksid wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j yeisÍu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq kdgHh ks¾udKh yd rÕ ±laùu'

;rÕ" ixjdo" újdo yd iïuka;%K meje;aùu'

wka;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka wd¾Ól úoHjg wod< j f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu'

wd¾Ól úoHdjg wod< j mßirfha ld,Sk isÿùï ms<sn| j ±kqj;a lsÍu'

by; ±lafjk wdldrfha fuu úIhg iqúfYaI jQ ls%hdldrlï yd jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd ta ta mdi,g iqúfYaI jQ m%;sm;a;shla

f.dvkÕd .ekSu wjYH fõ' fï ksid mdif,a jd¾Isl jevigyfka Wm jevigykla f,i fuu úIhhg wod< j j¾I folla i|yd iqúfYaI

jevigykla yd m%;sm;a;s ilia lr .ekSu i|yd wd¾Ól úoHd .=rejrekaf.ka yd isiqkaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla m;a lr .ekSu fhda.H fõ' tu

lñgqj úiska Wiia fm< i|yd wd¾Ól úoHd úIhhg iu.dó j lsÍug wfmalaIs; jevigyka iy m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lr mdif,a jd¾Isl

jevigyk iuÕ taldnoaO lsÍu jvd iqÿiq h' fï iEu wjia:djl § u wOHdmkfha ienE .kqfokqlrejka jk orejka iy foudmshkaf.a

wjYH;d o" rdcH m%;sm;a;s o mokï lr .; hq;= h' tfuka u wod< iïm;a" wruqo,a" mdi,a yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaOh o ukdj wOHhkhg

Ndckh lsrSu wjYH h'

6'0 ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj, hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd kshñ; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ bf.kqï-

b.ekaùï we.hSï WmlrK ks¾udKd;aul j ms<sfh, fldg ls%hd;aul lsÍu wfmalaIs; h'

13 jk fYa%Ksh wjidkfha § cd;sl uÜgfï we.hSu jk w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<& úNd.h i|yd fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ks¾foaYs; h' fuu úIh

ks¾foaYh mokï lrf.k" YS% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.h m<uqjrg 2011 j¾Ifha § meje;afõ'

fuu úNd.fha m%Yak m;%j, wdlD;sh yd iajNdjh ms<sn| wjYH úia;r úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iemfhkq we;'

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Documents

wd¾Ól úoHdj - abcd.lk 1213/Economics.pdf · lrhs' fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj iudchl NdKav yd fiajd iïmdokh lrk ls%hdj,sh yd iïnkaOj wOHhkhla lrk nj mejish yels h' fnfyda l