Bo co Cng ngh sn xut sn phm thy sn truyn thng
Bo co Cng ngh sn xut sn phm thy sn truyn thng
LI M UThu sn l mt trong nhng ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca Vit Nam , c
gi tr ngoi t xut khu ng hng th t trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn ( sau
du , go , v hng may mc ) trc nm 2001v vn ln hng th ba vo nm 2001.
Thu sn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp thc phm cho nhn loi .
Thc phm thu sn c gi tr dinh dng cao rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca
con ngi. Khng nhng th n cn l mt ngnh kinh t to cng n vic lm cho
nhiu cng ng dn c c bit nhng vng nng thn v ven bin . Vit Nam , ngh
khai thc v nui trng thu sn cung cp cng n vic lm thng xuyn cho khong
1,1 triu ngi , tng ng vi 2,9 % lc lng lao ng c cng n vic lm . Thu
sn cng c nhng ng gp ng k cho s khi ng v tng trng kinh t ni chung ca
nhiu nc .Khng nhng l ngun thc phm , thu sn cn l ngun thu nhp trc
tip v gin tip cho mt b phn dn c lm ngh khai thc , nui trng , ch bin
v tiu th cng nh cc ngnh dch v cho ngh c nh : Cng , bn , ng sa tu
thuyn , sn xut nc , cung cp du nht, cung cp cc thit b nui , cung cp
bao b ... v sn xut hng tiu dng cho ng dn . Theo c tnh c ti 150 triu
ngi trn th gii sng ph thuc hon ton hay mt phn vo ngnh thu sn .Thu
sn l ngnh xut khu mnh ca Vit Nam . Hot ng xut khu thu sn hng nm
mang v cho ngn sch nh nc mt khon ngoi t ln , rt quan trng trong vic
xy dng v pht trin t nc . Cc sn phm c xut khu ra nhiu nc trong khu
vc v trn th gii, gp phn nng cao v tr ca Vit Nam ni chung v ngnh thu
sn Vit Nam ni ring trn trng quc t .Vi nhng vai tr ht sc to ln nh
trn v nhng thun li , tim nng v cng di do ca Vit Nam c v iu kin t
nhin v con ngi , pht trin ngh nui trng, khai thc v ch bin thu sn
phc v tiu dng trong nc v hot ng xut khu l mt trong nhng mc tiu sng
cn ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. Thy sn ngy cng nhiu v sn phm v thy sn cng
ngy cng tr nn a dng, cc loi sn phm kh tr nn dn quen thuc vi ngi tiu
dng trong nc v quc t v ngy cng a dng ha, thng mi ha trn th
trng.
MC LCCHNG 1: TNG QUAN V SN PHM KH31.1.Ngun li thu hi sn Vit
Nam31.2.Gii thiu v sn phm kh41.2.1. Gii thiu v kh sng41.2.2 Gii
thiu v kh chn61.2.3 Gii thiu v kh mn71.2.4. Gii thiu v kh tm gia
v8CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU DNG TRONG SN XUT
KH112.1.C112.2.Tm122.3.Mc13CHNG 3: QUY TRNH SN XUT SN PHM163.1. Sn
xut sn phm kh sng163.1.1. Quy trnh sn xut163.1.2. Thuyt minh quy
trnh:163.2.Sn xut sn phm kh chn273.2.1.Quy trnh ch
bin:273.2.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh:27CHNG 4: TIU CHUN SN PHM314.1. Tiu
chun cm quan314.2.Tiu chun ha l324.3. Tiu chun vi sinh vt33TI LIU
THAM KHO35
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V SN PHM KH1.1. Ngun li thu hi sn Vit Nam Vit
Nam c b bin di 3260 km, vng ni thu v lnh hi rng 226.000km2, vng bin
c quyn kinh t rng 1 triu km2 vi hn 4000 hn o, to nn 12 vnh, m ph vi
tng din tch 1.160km2 c che chn tt d tr u tu thuyn. Trong ni a, h
thng sng ngi, knh rch chng cht to nn khong 1,7 ha mt nc nui trng
thu sn. Bin Vit Nam c ngun li hi sn khng giu, cng ra xa mt cng gim,
cng ngho. Ngun li hi sn Vit Nam a loi; h c bin c khong 2100 loi
(trong hn 100 loi c gi tr kinh t); h gip xc bin c 1647 loi san h
(75 loi tm, 25 loi mc, 7 loi bch tuc), c 653 loi rong bin v 298 loi
san h. Tuy ngun li hi sn Vit Nam a loi nhng phn b theo ma v r rng,
sng phn tn vi quy m n nh nn kh t chc khai thc cng nghip cho hiu qu
kinh t cao. Ngun li thu sn nc l v nc ngt ch yu l c, c khong hn 700
loi v hng chc loi gip xc nh tm, trai, nghiu, s v 90 loi rong to.
Theo 2 ma, ngh khai thc c bin trong mt nm cng chia thnh 2 v c c tnh
khc bit l v Nam (thng 3 - 9) v v BC (thng 10 - 2 nm sau). B chi phi
bi c th ca vng bin nhit i, ngun li thu sn nc ta c thnh phn loi a
dng, kch thc c th nh, tc ti to ngun li cao. Ch gi ma to nn s thay i
cn bn iu kin hi dng hc, lm cho s phn b ca c cng thay i r rng, sng
phn tn vi quy m n nh. T l n c nh c kch thc di 5 x 20m chim ti 82% s
n c, cc n va (10 x 20m) chim 15%, cc n ln (20 x 50m tr ln) ch chim
0,7% v cc n rt ln (20 x 500m) ch chim 0,1% tng s n c. S n c mang c
im sinh thi vng gn b chim 68%, cc n mang tnh i dng ch chim 32%. Phn
b tr lng v kh nng khai thc c y tp trung ch yu vng bin c su di 50m
(56,2%), tip l vng su t 51 - 100m (23,4%). Theo s liu thng k, kh
nng cho php khai thc c bin Vit Nam bao gm c c ni v c y khu vc gn b
c th duy tr mc 600.000 tn. Nu k c cc hi sn khc, sn lng cho php khai
thc n nh mc 700.000 tn/nm, thp hn so vi sn lng khai thc khu vc ny
hng nm trong mt s nm qua. Trong khi , ngun li vng xa b cn ln, cha
khai thc ht. Theo vng v theo su, ngun li c cng khc nhau. Vng bin ng
Nam B cho kh nng khai thc hi sn xa b ln nht, chim 49,7% kh nng khai
thc c nc, tip l Vnh Bc B (16,0%), bin min Trung (14,3%), Ty Nam B
(11,9%), cc g ni (0,15%), c ni i dng (7,1%).
1.2. Gii thiu v sn phm kh Ngnh thy sn c xc nh l mt trong nhng
ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca c nc, ngoi cc sn phm xut khu chnh l thy sn ng
lnh nh tm, c ng lnhth hin nay, cc sn phm thy sn kh cng dn chim mt v
tr quan trng v ngy cng khng nh c uy tn trn th trng, nht l trong thi
gian qua mt s a phng pht huy c li th ca a phng mnh trong vic pht
trin thng hiu mt s sn phm thy sn nh kh c lc Trm Chim (ng Thp), tm
kh Rch Gc (C Mau).C kh l sn phm c ch bin t nguyn liu c, trong quy
trnh ch bin tri qua cng on lm kh. C kh c ch bin khp cc a phng ven
bin nc ta. C th ch bin vi quy m cng nghip ti cc nh my, x nghip; hoc
quy m va v nh cc hp tc x hay gia nh. C kh l mt mt hng xut khu nc
ta. C kh cn l mt c sn thng c du khch chn mua lm qu khi n tham quan
du lch ti cc a phng ven bin; cng l s la chn ca ngi dn vng bin lm qu
tng ngi thn khi i xa. Hin nay, trn th trng c cc loi c kh ph bin nh:
c kh sng, c kh chn, c kh mn v c kh tm gia v.1.2.1. Gii thiu v kh
sng kh sng l sn phm c lm kh t nguyn liu c ti sng, khng qua bc gia
nhit lm chn. Mt s dng sn phm c kh sng hin nay c mt trn th trng nh:
nguyn con, b u, x banh, ct khc, phi l, (hnh 1.1) C cm kh sng nguyn
con C chun kh sng b u C c kh sng x banh C h kh sng ct khc
C lc kh mc kh
C nc kh tm kh
Hnh 1.1. Mt s dng sn phm c kh sngTm kh, mt trong nhng sn phm c
trng ca C Mau, c mt hng trm nm nay. Tuy nhin, t trc n nay, ngi dn C
Mau lm tm kh bng phng php th cng ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit, cng nhn
lao ng nn nng sut sn xut khng cao, cht lng sn phm v an ton v sinh
thc phm cha c n nh.Ngh sn xut tm kh lm quanh nm, cao im vo v thu
hoch chnh ca nm l t thng 10 n thng 12 m lch. c bit, trong dp Tt
Nguyn n nhu cu tiu th tm kh rt ln, p ng nhu cu tiu th cn thit phi
thay i phng thc sn xut,nng cao cht lng sn phm. Do , vic u t dy
chuyn sn xut tm kh t tiu chun, cht lng l rt quan trng v cn thit. ch
bin c kh sng thng tin hnh qua cc bc nh: x l c, lm kh, phn loi, bao
gi v bo qun. C kh sng cha c cng on lm chn. V vy c kh sng cn ch bin
tip theo nng, chin trc khi s dng. 1.2.2 Gii thiu v kh chn C kh chn
l sn phm c cng on lm chn trc khi lm kh. Phng php lm chn c s dng ph
bin l hp. i vi tm: c sn phm tm kh cht lng i hi ngi lm phi la chn
tht k t khu chn nguyn liu n khu luc tm to nn con tm kh thng phm cht
lng phi tri qua 4 giai on chnh l: luc, phi (sy), tch v, nh bng;
trong , khu luc l quan trng nht, quyt nh cht lng con tm, nu lt
(nht) kh bo qun lu, cn mn qu s lm mt hng v c trng ca tm. Thng thng
th luc trong nc phi tht si t 4-5 pht, sau cho mui vo theo t l 20g
mui/kg tm ri luc tip khong 4 pht na l c.Hin nay trn th trng c kh
chn thng c cc dng nh: nguyn con, b u, v.v... (hnh 1.2). ch bin c kh
chn thng tin hnh qua cc bc nh: x l c, lm chn, lm kh, phn loi v bao
gi.
C nc kh chn nguyn con C cm kh chn b u Hnh 1.2. Mt s dng sn phm c
kh chn1.2.3 Gii thiu v kh mn C kh mn l sn phm c ch bin t c nguyn
liu tri quan cng on p mui trc khi lm kh. Sn phm ny c mn nht nh nn
thi gian bo qun lu. Mt s dng sn phm c kh mn hin nay c mt trn th
trng nh: nguyn con b u, x banh, ct khc, phi l, v.v... (hnh 1.3). C
bc kh mn nguyn con C ng kh mn nguyn con b u
C ch vng x banh kh mn C mi ct khc kh mn Hnh 1.3. Mt s dng sn phm
c kh mn ch bin c kh mn thng tin hnh qua cc bc nh: x l c, p mui, kh
mui, lm kh, phn loi v bao gi. C kh mn c hm lng mui cao. V vy thng c
ngm vi nc gim bt lng mui trc khi s dng.1.2.4. Gii thiu v kh tm gia
v C kh tm gia v l sn phm c kh c tm cc gia v cn thit nh: mui, ng, bt
ngt, t bt, v.v... nhm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. C kh tm gia v
thng c 2 loi: c kh tm gia v dng sng v c kh tm gia v n lin. 1.2.4.1.
C kh tm gia v dng sng - L sn phm m trong quy trnh ch bin khng c cng
on lm chn. i vi sn phm dng ny cn c nng hoc chin trc khi s dng. - Mt
s sn phm c kh tm gia v dng sng ph bin trn th trng C bnh ng kh tm
gia v ghp C trc tm gia v nh hnh vo khun
ming C ngn kh tm gia v dng x banh C ch vng kh tm gia v vi m
Kh c mi tm gia v kh c ui tm gia vHnh 1.4. Mt s dng sn phm c kh
tm gia v dng sng ch bin c kh tm gia v dng sng thng tin hnh qua cc
bc nh: x l c, tm gia v, nh hnh hoc ghp ming, lm kh, phn loi, bao gi
v bo qun. 1.2.4.2 C kh tm gia v n lin L sn phm m trong quy trnh ch
bin c cng on nng hoc chin. i vi sn phm dng ny c th s dng ngay m
khng cn phi ch bin g thm. Mt s dng sn phm c kh tm gia v n lin ph
bin trn th trng nh: tm m nng, ming nh, ghp ming nng cn, x bm nng
cn, C cm kh tm gia v chin gin C bng kh tm gia v chin gin
C trp kh ghp ming tm gia v C c kh tm gia v x banh nng
Kh c m tm gia v n lin mc tm gia v n lin Hnh 1.5. Mt s dng sn phm
c kh tm gia v n lin Ty theo dng sn phm c kh tm gia v n lin m c cch
ch bin khc nhau. Thng thng ch bin c kh tm gia v n lin tin hnh qua
cc bc c bn nh: x l c, tm gia v, nh hnh, lm kh, nng hoc chin, cn, ct
ming, phn loi, bao gi v bo qun.
CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU DNG TRONG SN XUT KH2.1. C C cm C cm c dng nhiu
trong ch bin c kh. C cm c nhiu loi trong hai loi c dng nhiu trong
ch bin c kh l c cm than (hnh 2.1) v c cm trng (hnh 2.2). Hnh 2.1. C
cm than Hnh 2.2. C cm trng Ma thu hoch c cm ty thuc tng vng min, tp
trung nhiu nht vo thng 4-5 v thng 7-8. Kch thc lc thu hoch khong t
6-9 cm. Trong ch bin kh, c cm c ch bin ch yu dng kh sng, kh chn v
kh tm gia v. C nc C nc c nhiu loi: nc s (nc gai), nc thun (nc
chui), nc bng, v.v... c im v ma v thu hoch c nc ging c cm nhng kch
thc lc thu hoch ln hn khong t 12-18cm. c nc s c nc thun
Trong ch bin kh, c nc c ch bin ch yu dng kh sng, kh chn v kh tm
gia v.
C ch vng C ch vng c khai thc gn nh quanh nm. Hnh 2.3. C ch vng
Trong ch bin c kh, c ch vng c ch bin ch yu dng c kh sng, kh mn v kh
tm gia v. 2.2. TmLoi tm no cng c th lm tm kh, c tm sng v tm bin.
Trong s cc loi tm bin th c tm st, tm s bin, tm bp, v.v... l nhng
loi thng dng lm nguyn liu ch bin tm
Tm st Tm s bin Tm bp
Hnh 2.4. Mt s loi tm bin thng s dng ch bin tm khTrong cc loi tm
bin s dng sn xut tm kh thng s dng nht l ging tm st. Ging tm st gm
nhiu loi: tm st v cng (chon), tm st rn, tm st lng, tm st coocna, tm
st hoa, v.v... Tm st v cng (hnh 1) Phn b: Phn b khp ven bin Vit
Nam, gp nhiu t Ct B n vnh Din Chu v t Vng Tu n Bc. c im hnh thi: Tm
c mu hng, vin chi ui mu . Ma v khai thc: t thng 2 n thng 11. Kch
thc khai thc: 7,59cm. Tm st rn (hnh 2) Phn b: vnh Bc B v bin min
Trung Vit Nam. c im hnh thi: Tm c mu hng nht hoc kem, ton thn c vn
mu nu sm. Chn b, chn bi, chi ui mu hng nht. Kch thc khai thc 4 5,2
cm Ma v khai thc: t thng 2 n thng 11. Kch thc khai thc: 812cm. hnh
1 hnh 2 hnh 3 Tm st lng Phn b: khp ven bin Vit Nam. c im hnh thi:
Thn tm mu vng ru, c vn xm xanh m hoc nu. Chn bi v chi ui mu hng m.
Ma v khai thc: t thng 2 n thng 10. 2.3. Mc
Mc ng Trung Hoa- c im hnh thi : l loi mc ng c th ln, thn di
khong 350-400mm, thn hnh ho tin, chiu di thn gp 6 ln chiu rng, ui
nhon, vy di bng 2/3 chiu di thn. V trong bng sng trong sut, gia c g
dc.- Vng phn b : Loi mc ng ny sng tng mt, phn b rng khp c dc b bin
Vit Nam t Bc n Nam .- Ma v khai thc : quanh nm, chnh v vo cc thng
1-3 v thng 6-9 - Cc dng sn phm : nguyn con sch, phi l, ct khoanh,
kh, kh tm gia v. Mc ng Nht bn
- c im hnh thi : Thn hnh u n, chiu di thn gp i khong 4 ln chiu
rng. B mt thn c cc c im sc t gn trn, to, nh xen k. Chiu di vy bng
65% chiu di thn.- Vng phn b : Loi mc ng ny sng vng bin nng v thm lc
a. Ma h thng vo vng nc ven b
