Writing to publish essentials - editage.jp cited author’s interpretation is in the present tense! Writing to publish essentials Mary Y. Nishikawa, MA, ELS ... study. • Past research

Writing to publish essentials Mary Y. Nishikawa, MA, ELShttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Nishikawa

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Presented by:Mary Nishikawa, MA, ELS

Board Certified Editor in the Life SciencesCustomer Education Specialist, Academia

Cactus Communications K.K.

Writing to Publish Essentialsアクセプトされる論文の書き方

Lecturer Introduction

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Understanding the concerns researchers andacademics have and helping them publish in top SCIjournals such as Science and Cell

®Mary Nishikawa, MA, ELS

Thirty years of experience in the review, editing, andrewriting of biomedical research reports

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary_Nishikawa


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You will learn how to– Interpret a journal’s instructions for authors and avoid

common errors学術雑誌の投稿規定を解読する。よくあるエラーをしない。

– Pay attention to the key sections for getting published文を構成する重要な項目（序文、方法、結果と考察）に注意する。

– Structure an academic paper and use proper verb tenses insections学術論文の構成を整え、動詞の時制を適切に使用する。

Aim目的

Have you had trouble understanding ajournal’s instructions for authors?

学術雑誌の投稿規定に分からない部分がありますか？

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English formatting and writing troubles

投稿規定が不十分や不明瞭

著者が投稿規定に分かりにくいし、定義を従わない

英語と日本語の違い

その結果、原稿がただちリジェクトされる可能性があります

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従うべき事

ジャーナルの投稿規定

その分野の学会・学界の論文規定や報告ガイドライン

学術雑誌スタイルマニュアル (CSE , AMA, Chicago Styles)

論文出版の可能性がたかくなる。

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また、分からないこと

があります。

頑張ったのに

ジャーナルの投稿規定:例１



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“Acronyms and abbreviations should be spelled out the first time

they are used unless they are common throughout the discipline.”

The Instructions for Authors of the AAS states,

— Journals of the American Astronomical Society

意味はなんでしょう？

• Abbreviations

– Grams (g)

– Analysis (Anal.)

– Biology (Biol.)

– Medical Doctor (M.D.)

略語

• Acronyms– Central Intelligence

Agency (CIA)– Japan Standard Time

(JST)– Genetically modified

organisms (GMO)



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Which one of these is an acronym?

HDMI?

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High definition multimedia interface

Common style andgrammar errors

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The most recent reported methods include CE.

Error 1. Unidentifiable acronymエラー1 、意味不明の略語

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The most recent reported methods includecapillary electrophoresis (CE).

Solution (解決法): Name it (フルネームを書く)

Follow instructions for authors:Check journal’s listing of common acronyms and abbreviations.

ジャーナルの投稿規定:例２

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“Equations are read as part of the flow of a sentence and arepunctuated as such.”

The Instructions for Authors of the AAS states,

— Journals of the American Astronomical Society

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意味はなんでしょう？

エラー2、数式内の最後のピリオドがない

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In practice, the fractal dimension is calculatedusing recursive different box sizes, such that

(12)

HERE!

Solution: Treat “=”as the word “equals” and add a period “.”

数式内“=”は、記号だけではなく、言葉である。ピリオドを加える。

Error 2. Missing final period in an equation



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The body weight of the Beagles ranged between 5kg and10kg; their average body weight was 7.5kg.

Error 3. No space between a number and its unitエラー 3、数字と測定単位の間に、スペースがない

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Solution: Add a space. 解決法：スペースを加える。

The body weight of the Beagles ranged between 5 kg and10 kg; their average body weight was 7.5 kg.

• Machine readable tables for– American Astronomical Society

• For example: “Angstroms are given as 0.1nm”– Some physics or computer science journals– NASA

• Temperature: 37degC, 37°C

• Symbols: 95.5%, ≥5 (or thin space) but use spacing if it is in amathematical expression n ≥ 5

Exceptions例外

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Subjects were as follows：A, B, C, and D.

Error 4. Japanese spacing and colon in an English documentエラー4、英語論文の中に日本語のスペースとコロンを使う。

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Subjects were as follows: A, B, C, and D.

Check your document for the presence of Japanese fonts!

Solution: Use English colon and spacing.解決法：英語スペースとコロンを使える。

Figure 4 showed the results of a thermal analysis for aPr6O11 sample.

図4は示した。

Error 5. Using the past tense when referring to tables and figuresエラー5、図表を指すとき、過去形を使う。

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Figure 4 shows the results of a thermal analysis for aPr6O11 sample.

図4は示す。

Solution: Use the present tense. 解決法: 現在形を使いましょう。



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Radiotherapy is valuable in reducing the number of coursesof chemotherapy but some patients cannot tolerate it.

Error 6. Missing a comma before “but”separating 2 independent clauses

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Radiotherapy is valuable in reducing the number ofcourses of chemotherapy, but some patients cannottolerate it.

Solution: Add a comma. 解決法:コンマを入れる。

エラー6、二つの文をつなぐ butの前に , (コンマ）がない。

An independent clause has a subject and predicateand can stand by itself as a sentence.独立節にあるのは主語そして述語、そして文章になっています。

You can join 2 of these together, but you need someconnector. 二つ独立節の場合、接続詞が必要です。

What is an independent clause?

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, for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

; accordingly,; consequently,; for example,; furthermore,; hence,; however,; in addition,; in contrast,; in fact,

; indeed,; instead,; moreover,; nevertheless,; on the otherhand,; otherwise,; then,; therefore,; thus,

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,Coordinator ; Conjunctive adverb,接続副詞

Joining independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions独立節とは、「主語＋述語」接続詞

fanboys =記憶を助ける

CoordinatorSaltwater boils at a higher temperature thanfreshwater, so food cooks faster in saltwater.

Conjunctive adverbSaltwater boils at a higher temperature thanfreshwater; therefore, food cooks faster insaltwater.

SemicolonSaltwater boils at a higher temperature thanfreshwater; food cooks faster in saltwater.

A few examples…

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How to use semicolonsI exercise daily; therefore, I am strong.

When the sentence is broken down into two parts,two complete sentences are formed.

So, using a semicolon before therefore is correct.

I exercise daily therefore I am strong; ,

I exercise daily I am strong

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We adjusted the instrument, and weighed the samples.

Error 7. Separating subject and second verb with a comma

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Solution: Remove the comma. 解決法:コンマを削除する

エラー7、主語一つに動詞二つを and でつなげる構文で、and の前にカンマ（，）をくわえる。

We adjusted the instrument and weighed the samples.



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The hypothesis specifically addresses the relationship betweenemployees with training experiences who have positive attitudesabout training (training attitudes) and those positive trainingattitudes are perceived to improve job proficiency.

Error 8. Repeating the same words over and over again

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We hypothesized that employees who have positiveattitudes about their training will report that they areproficient on the job.

Solution: Try to use words only once, if possible.

Adapted from: DOI: 10.1177/215824401143338

解決法:でき限り、単語は一度だけ使用する。

エラー8、同じ単語を繰り返す。



– Pay attention to the key sections for getting published文を構成する重要な項目（序文、方法、結果と考察）

に注意する。


Aim目的



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What does a journal editor looks at first?

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SectionTitle

AbstractKeywords

IntroductionMethodsResults

Discussion

*Tables and Figures

** Aim/hypothesis

**

*

Overwhelmed ©Dana Robinson CC-BY

https://www.flickr.com/photos/skampy/

Finally, what a journal editor looks at

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SectionTitle

AbstractKeywords


Discussion

*Aim achieved?Hypothesis correct?

*







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A journal editor is a gatekeeper

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– Pay attention to the key sections for getting published文を構成する重要な項目（序文、方法、結果と考察）

に注意する。


Aim目的



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学術論文の構成を整え

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SectionsTitle

AbstractKeywords


Discussion



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The introduction初めに




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The introduction初めに

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• Gives the reader background information

• Explains the context of the work

（過去の研究目的や結果）

• States the aim or hypothesis

• Sometimes includes a summary of key outcomes

Read and follow the journal’s manuscript guidelines.

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Verb tenses動詞の時制in the introduction



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When reporting facts or general information

• DNA is the code of life.

• “The common cold is the most widespread viral

infection in humans.” Ludwig et al. Respiratory Research 2013, 14:124

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Use the present tense現在形

When informing your readers

Past studies [1-3] have reported that not only maternal

diabetes but also slight glucose intolerance are a risk

factor for developing fetal overgrowth.”Kabeya Y et al. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84542. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084542.

Use the present perfect tense現在完了形

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The cited author’s interpretation is in the present tense!



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When reporting results of past studies

• Smith et al. found …

• We reported on this same subject, but it was a pilot

study.

• Past research linking … to … was mostly based on…

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Use the past tense過去形

When stating an aim or hypothesis

• In the present study, we tested the hypothesis…

• The current study tests…

• We investigated the role of …

• This study investigates the role of…

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Use the past or present tense 現在形または、過去形



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The Introduction– Presents the

background– Sets the stage for the

research problem– Formally states the aim

or hypothesis

Use the proper verb tenseaccording to the statementyou are making

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Now what wasthat?

Remember…

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Methods方法



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Methods方法

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• Use headings 見出し

─ Study design and subjects─ Materials─ Procedures─ Methods of analysis

• Use subheadings小見出しto organize content

• Use the past tense 過去形 and short declarativesentences 短い平叙文

• “Normal lighting consisted of 500 lux with atemperature of 3500 K...”

DOI: 10.1177/2158244012445585

• “Students participated in either treatment or normallylit classrooms.”

DOI: 10.1177/2158244012445585

Past tense過去形 in methods: active voice能動態

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• “Student motivation was evaluated with an

instrument adapted from Pintrich and DeGroot

(1990)…” DOI: 10.1177/2158244012445585

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Past tense過去形 in methods: passive voice受動態

Methods

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• Provide details in supplements

• Cite and paraphrase orsummarize previously publishedmethods, including your own

Read and follow the journal’s manuscript guidelines



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Use headings andsubheadings

Use the past tense

Use active or passivevoice according to thestatement you aremaking

Now what wasthat?

Remember…

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Results and discussion結果と考察



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1. Study design andsubjects

2. Materials

3. Procedures

4. Methods of analysis

Methods “guide” Results

1. Study conducted asplanned?Subjects participatedas planned?

2. Materials used asplanned?

3. Procedure followedas planned?

4. Methods of analysis,followed as planned?

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The results = Just the facts!

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Report data in one place

Table,

or Text

Figure

And leave the interpretationfor the Discussion PLOS Clinical Trials (2006) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010022



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When writing the discussion 考察

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• Interpret key results 結果の重要部,キーとなる部分、を解釈する

• Compare and contrast key results to those of past studies結果の重要部を過去の研究結果と比べて、違いを明確にする

• Report any limitations or unexpected findings (制限・限界・付帯条件）があったら、予想しなかった事実があったら全て報告する

• Describe the significance (implications) of the study 意義を説明をする

Adapted from CONSORT 2010 Explanation and ElaborationBMJ 2010;340:c869. Annals of Internal Medicine recommendation.

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Verb tenses in results 結果 and discussion 考察

Past tense 過去形 for findings 結果high blood pressure predicted an early death inthe statistical analysis

Present tense 現在形 for conclusion 結末We can conclude that men with high bloodpressure have a 10% higher risk of CV disease.



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Report data in one place,table, figure or text

Remember, when writing the results 結果

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Now whatwas that?

Interpret the data andconsider implications

Remember, when writing the discussion 考察

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Now whatwas that?



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Take home message

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Follow the journal’s manuscript guidelines

and any specific reporting guidelines to

write your paper

• AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 10th ed.New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.

• Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. ScientificStyle and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers. 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006

References: General style guides

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• Joseph M. Williams. Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. TheUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago and London; 1995.

• Joseph M. Williams. Style: 10 Lessons in Clarity and Grace. 5th

ed. Addison Wesley Publishing Company; 1996. (includesexercises)– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style:_Lessons_in_Clarity_and

_Grace

• Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams. TheCraft of Research. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago andLondon; 2008.

References: English writing

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• Foote MA. How to make a proper introduction. Chest2007;130:1935-1937.

• Foote MA. The proof of the pudding. How to report results andwrite a good discussion. Chest 2008;135:866-868.

• CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration. BMJ2010;340:c869.

• Zeiger M. Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers. 2nd

ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000.

References: Paper structure

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style:_Lessons_in_Clarity_and


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• How to select the right journal + core inefficiency of peerreview (2016.04.27; 11 am JST)https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9615/199103

• How to write an effective abstract (2016.02.25; 2:30 pm)https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9615/189831

• Words are the building blocks of sentences (2015.11.10)https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9615/178939

• Sentences are the building blocks of paragraphs(2015.06.29)https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9615/161557

https://www.brighttalk.com/channel/9615/editage-webinars

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Contact Details

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Mary Nishikawa, MA, ELSBoard Certified Editor in the Life Sciences

Customer Education Specialist, AcademiaPromoter of good publication practices

[email protected]: http://www.editage.jp/

http://www.editage.jp/


https://www.brighttalk.com/channel/9615/editage-webinars

https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9615/199103




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Writing to publish essentials - editage.jp cited author’s interpretation is in the present tense! Writing to publish essentials Mary Y. Nishikawa, MA, ELS ... study. • Past research