WSD work 1.pdf

知水•惜水通識教學材料套Water: Learn & Conserve Teaching Kit for Liberal Studies

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知水 •惜水

通識教學材料套

Water: Learn & Conserve

Teaching Kit for Liberal Studies

設計設計堂有限公司

Design The Design Associates

出版香港特別行政區政府水務署

香港灣仔告士打道 7號入境事務大樓 48樓

網址：http://www.wsd.gov.hk

Publisher Water Supplies Department of

the Government of the Hong Kong SAR

48/F, Immigration Tower, 7 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.

Website address: http://www.wsd.gov.hk

2011年初版© 2011 香港特別行政區政府水務署

First published in 2011© 2011 Water Supplies Department of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR

版權所有，除教學及學習用途外，未經本署書面同意，不得以任何形式或媒體複製、分

發或轉載本書圖片和文字或其中任何部分。All rights reserved. Other than for teaching and studying purpose, no part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means

– electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the Water Supplies Department.

政府物流服務署印Printed by the Government Logistics Department

採用環保紙印刷 Printed on environmentally friendly paper

序言 Foreword

教育統籌局 1 2005年發表的《高中及高等教育新學制 — 投資香港未來的行動

方案》報告書，把通識教育科列為三年制高中課程的核心科目，並會與其他科目

一樣予以評核。通識教育科由六個單元組成，旨在擴闊學生的知識基礎，並透過

探討各種各樣的問題來提高他們的社會意識。在這個背景下，水務署編製了一套名為

《知水 •惜水》的教學材料套，幫助同學從環境和可持續發展的角度，深入了解用水的

問題。《知水 •惜水》一套五冊，每冊的主題都不同，全面涵蓋本港的用水議題，包括

香港的水資源狀況、供水發展、從源頭到水龍頭的水務設施、食水處理、水質控制、

客戶服務和公眾教育等範疇。此外，每冊均載有討論區、思考問題、個案研究、說明

圖表和照片，有助刺激同學獨立思考，以鼓勵他們就節約用水、社會發展及水資源可

持續使用三個重點作出平衡考慮。

第一本小冊子《珍貴的資源》概述香港兩個主要的食水來源，即從本地集水區

收集所得的雨水和從東江輸入的食水。這兩個主要的水源，對香港未來的持續經濟

增長和發展至為重要。因此，本冊亦載述香港所推行的全面水資源管理策略，以幫助

讀者了解政府如何竭力達致用水需求和供水之間的理想平衡，確保我們可持續使用水

資源。

水是我們的命脈，亦是珍貴的資源。香港不像現時世界上很多其他地方，受着食

水短缺的威脅。因此，香港市民往往把源源不絕的食水供應視作理所當然。只有透過

徹底了解清潔食水的科學、生產及輸送背後所付出的努力和面對的挑戰，人們才會意

識到水的真正價值，並自覺地採取措施予以小心保護。我們希望這套教材會成為有用

的工具，讓老師和同學學習以可持續的方式來保護我們最重要、賴以生存的水資源。

水務署

2011年9月

1 教育統籌局已於2007年7月1日改名為教育局。 The Education and Manpower Bureau was renamed the Education Bureau (EDB) on 1 July, 2007.

The Report “The New Academic Structure for Senior Secondary Education and Higher

Education – Action Plan for Investing in the Future of Hong Kong” by the Education and Manpower

Bureau1 in 2005 stipulates that Liberal Studies is a core subject to be assessed like other subjects

in the three-year senior secondary curriculum. This subject, comprising six modules, aims to

broaden students’ knowledge base and to enhance their social awareness through the study

of a wide range of issues. Against this backdrop, the Water Supplies Department (WSD) has

compiled a teaching kit entitled “Water : Learn and Conserve” to help students gaining a better

understanding of the subject of water from the perspectives of the environment and sustainable

development. The set consists of five booklets of different themes covering a full spectrum of water

supply issues from the water resources in Hong Kong, water supply development, waterworks

infrastructures from source to tap, water treatment, water quality control, customer services and

public education. Each booklet contains discussion forums, questions, case studies, illustrative

diagrams and photographs to help stimulate the students’ independent thought in fostering a

balanced consideration of water conservation, social development and the importance of water

resource sustainability.

The first booklet, “A Precious Resource” gives an overview of the two main fresh water

sources of Hong Kong viz rainwater collected from the local catchment and water imported

from Dongjiang. These two main sources are conducive to sustaining Hong Kong’s growth and

development for generations to come. In this regard, the Total Water Management strategy

being implemented in Hong Kong is also included in the booklet to help readers understand

how the government strives to achieve an optimal balance between water demand and water

supply and ensure a sustainable use of our water resources.

Water is our lifeblood and a scarce resource. Without the threat of water shortages that still

persist in many other parts of the world, citizens in Hong Kong often take an uninterrupted water

supply for granted. Only by a thorough understanding of the efforts and challenges behind the

science, production and transportation of clean water can people appreciate the true value of

water and take conscious steps to conserve it carefully. We hope this teaching kit will become a

useful tool for teachers and students to learn and conserve water, our vital ingredient for survival,

in a sustainable manner.

Water Supplies Department

September 2011

學習重點 Essentials of Learning

本教學材料套所載的內容，與《通識教育科：課程及評估指引（中四至中六）》

內部分單元、主題及探討問題相關，有助學生了解個人在環境保護所擔當的角色，並

明白有關水的議題如供水、處理、節約、污染、可持續發展及水與公共衞生的關係。

This teaching kit contains information relevant to some modules, themes and questions

for enquiry of the “Liberal Studies: Curriculum and Assessment Guide (Secondary 4 – 6)”.

It is designed to help students understand the role of individuals in environmental protection,

as well as issues on water including water supply, treatment, conservation, pollution,

sustainability and the relationship between water and public health.

第一冊：珍貴的資源

切合通識教育科的探討問題例子

• 確保人們獲得源源不絕的清潔食水供應為何重要？

• 從水源到水龍頭，運送每一點一滴的水也消耗著能源。我們的用水態度將如何影響

能源消耗及碳排放量？

• 東江水對香港的可持續發展有何重要性？

• 香港推行全面水資源管理的策略與可持續發展有什麼關係？

Book 1: A Precious Resource

Examples of Questions for Enquiry in Relation to the Curriculum of Liberal Studies

• Whyisitimportanttomaintainacontinuoussupplyofcleanwatertopeople?

• Energyisconsumedforeverydropofwaterconveyedfromsourcetotaps.Howwillour

attitudeofusingwateraffecttheenergyconsumptionaswellascarbonemission?

• WhatistheimportanceofDongjiangwaterinHongKong’ssustainabledevelopment?

• What is therelationshipbetween implementingTotalWaterManagementstrategyand

sustainabledevelopmentinHongKong?

單元 Module 主題 Theme 探討問題 Questions for Enquiry

單元五：公共衞生

Module 5: Public Health

主題2：科學、科技與公共衞生

Theme 2: Science, technology and public health

社會各界、政府及國際組織在維持及推動公共衞生方面會面對甚麼挑戰？

What challenges do different sections of society, the government and the international organisations have in maintaining and promoting public health?

單元六：能源科技與環境

Module 6: Energy Technology and the Environment

主題2：環境與可持續發展

Theme 2: The environment and sustainable development

人們的生活方式及社會發展怎樣影響環境和能源的使用？

How do the living styles of people and social development affect the environment and the use of energy?

社會大眾、不同的團體和政府，可以為可持續發展的未來作甚麼回應？

What responses could be made by the public, different sectors and the government regarding the future of sustainable development?

p.32總結Summary

p.34全面水資源管理策略知多少？How much do you know about the TWM strategy?

p.37建議答案Suggested Answers

現今人們把食水形容為「藍金」，水的珍貴程度由此可見。

Water is now described as “blue gold” to show its preciousness. ”

“

p.3引言Introduction

p.5香港的食水資源Hong Kong’s Fresh Water Resources

p.7東江水供應Dongjiang Water Supply

• 歷史 The History

• 增加輸水量 Increasing Capacity

• 供水協議 The Supply Agreements

• 改善質與量 Improvements in Quality and Quantity

• 平衡供求 Allowing Supply to Meet Demand

• 保護水質的努力 Efforts towards Safeguarding Water Quality

• 東江水的重要性 Significance of Dongjiang Water

• 香港接收東江水的設施 Hong Kong Installations Built to Receive

Dongjiang Water

p.26珍惜珍貴水資源Treasure our Precious Water Resources

p.28香港的全面水資源管理策略Total Water Management Strategy in Hong Kong

目錄 Contents

珍貴的資源2 A Precious Resource 3

引言 Introduction

The Earth’s water is in constant motion on, above and below the surface of the planet.

During the process, it can change state, appearing as liquid, vapour or ice. The energy from

the sun is the primary driving force for the changes.

Though water covers 75% of the world’s surface, only 1% of the water mass is accessible

by mankind in the form of fresh water. Hence fresh water is a precious commodity.

The geographical distribution of fresh water is highly uneven. Supply of clean and safe

drinking water is a problem in many parts of the world. Every society shares the global

responsibility of promoting sustainable use of fresh water resources. Climate changes

due to global warming will make the situation worse. The World Health Organization

estimated that in 2006, 884 million people lacked access to safe fresh water supplies,

amounting to approximately one in every eight people2. Population growth, climate

changes, unco-ordinated water usage and increasing contamination have combined to

put unprecedented pressure on water resources.

水在地球表面、上面和底層不停運動，在過程中以液體、蒸氣或冰不同形態出

現。太陽的能量是促成形態變化的主要動力。

雖然水覆蓋了全球表面的75%，但可供人類使用的淡水僅佔全球水資源的 1%。

所以，淡水是非常珍貴的物品。淡水的地理分佈極不平均，世界多處地方正面對

清潔及安全食水的供應問題。每一個群體，都有推廣淡水資源持續使用的責任。因全

球暖化而引發的氣候轉變將會令情況進一步惡化。世界衞生組織在2006年估計，有

8.84億人 — 即約每八人便有一人 2缺乏安全的食水供應。人口增長、氣候轉變、缺乏

協調和污染日增等問題令水資源面對史無前例的壓力。

2 2008年世界衞生組織飲用水及衞生設施進度報告 World Health Organization, 2008, Progress Report on Drinking Water and Sanitation, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_

health/monitoring/jmp_report_7_10_lores.pdf


884 million人得不到安全食水供應

people lack access tosafe fresh water supplies

百萬

香港沒有天然湖泊、大河或地下水，為了滿足發展的需求，這個人煙稠密的城

市一直面對著開拓穩定及足夠用水供應的艱巨任務。香港的降雨並不穩定，但每年平

均2 383毫米的雨量尚算充足。可是，香港 1 104平方千米的土地，大部分地勢起伏不

平，令收集及儲存珍貴的雨水成為一大挑戰。

香港2010年降雨量記錄Record of Hong Kong Rainfall 2010

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

月份 Month

1284 1173 1062 951

18.4

350.3

78.942.2

469.4

17.5 22.7

474.9

113.1

583.1

176.6

24.6

引言 Introduction

The imminent water crisis has called for concerted global effort to tackle the issue.

The United Nations Environment Programme forecast in 2000 that if the current trend of

water consumption continued, two-thirds of the world’s population would live in areas with

moderate to high water stress by 2025. In the United Nations Millennium Development Goals

established also in 2000, a target was set to halve the number of people without access to

safe drinking water by 2015.

Among others, China also faces an acute water supply situation. The annual per

capita water availability in China is 2 100 m3, which is only 30% of the world’s average.

Besides, the water resources are highly unevenly distributed. The area north of the

Yangtze River covers 64% of the total area of the country and yet accounts for only 19% of

the water resources. Water demand has increased sharply in the past few decades due

to population growth and rapid economic development. The potential climate changes

in the coming decades may aggravate the situation.

香港的食水資源 Hong Kong’s Fresh Water Resources

With no natural lakes, large rivers or underground water, Hong Kong, a densely

populated centre of trade and industry, faces the daunting task of securing a stable and

adequate supply of water to meet its development needs. Despite healthy, though erratic,

rainfall which averages 2 383 mm a year, the undulating nature of much of the territory’s

1 104 km2 of land has made collection and storage of the precious rainwater a challenge.

迫在眉睫的水危機亟需全球攜

手解決。 2000年聯合國環境規劃署估

計，如當時的耗水走勢持續，到 2025

年全球三分之二的人口將生活在中度

至高度缺水的地方。同時於 2000年訂

立的聯合國千禧年發展目標，其中一

項是到 2015年時將得不到安全飲用水

的人口減少一半。

中國與其他不少地方一樣，面對著嚴峻的供水問題。中國每年人均可用水量為

2 100立方米，只是全球平均數量的30%。此外，水資源亦嚴重分佈不均。長江以北的

地區佔中國土地的64%，但只有 19%的水資源。在中國境內，水的需求在過去數十年

因人口增長及經濟發展銳升，而潛在的氣候變化將會令情況更為惡化。降雨量（毫米）Rainfall (mm)


香港的食水資源 Hong Kong’s Fresh Water Resource

2010年的總食水用量為 9.36億立方米。多年來，香港已開發了一個龐大的雨水

收集及儲存系統。香港有大概三分之一的土地被規劃為集水區，用作收集並儲存地面

徑流。大部分的集水區亦被劃定為郊野公園，有助保護香港的珍貴自然環境。儘管作

出種種努力，從本地集水區收集得來的雨水（本地水源）每年平均約2.4億立方米，只

能滿足約25%的用水需求。香港70%以上的食水是從廣東省的東江經70多千米路程輸

入。根據現行廣東省及香港雙方的協議，東江水最終每年供水量為 11億立方米，足以

應付香港超越2030年的用水需求。

In 2010, the total fresh water consumption was 936 million m3. Over the years Hong Kong

has developed an extensive surface water collection and storage system. About one third

of Hong Kong’s land is used as water gathering grounds where surface runoff is collected

for storage. Most of these areas are also designated as part of the territory’s Country

Parks, helping conserve the precious natural environment of Hong Kong. Despite all

these efforts, only about 25% of our water demand can be met by the water collected

from the local water gathering grounds (local yield). The average annual local yield is

only 240 million m3. More than 70% of our fresh water supply is imported from Dongjiang

(East River) in the Guangdong Province over a long distance of more than 70 km. The agreed

ultimate maximum share of Dongjiang water for Hong Kong is 1 100 million m3 per year,

enough for meeting the local demand beyond 2030.

東江水供應 Dongjiang Water Supply

Dongjiang is one of the three tributaries of the Pearl River – the other two being Xijiang

which rises in the Yunnan Province and Beijiang which originates in the Jiangxi Province.

It starts its course from the Xunwu county in Jiangxi and flows from northeast to southwest

direction into Guangdong Province.

東江是珠江三條支流的其中一條，其餘兩條是源於雲南省的西江和源於江西省的

北江。東江源於江西省的尋鄔縣，自東北至西南方向流入廣東省境內。

歷史

第二次世界大戰後，香港人口急劇增長，每年都出現限制供水的日子。在 1960年

代初期，降雨量偏低，更令本地食水供應響起警號。1960年 11月 15日，政府和廣東當

局達成協議，每年從深圳水庫輸入50億加侖用水（即2 270萬立方米）。一條的直徑48

吋（1 200毫米）的輸水管迅速建成，於 12月開始輸水到香港。

萬宜水庫High Island Reservoir

東江一角A corner of Dongjiang

The History

After the Second World War, the population in Hong Kong increased rapidly. There

were water rationing periods every year. In the early 1960s, a period of low rainfall placed

severe pressure on Hong Kong’s domestic water supplies. On 15 November 1960, the

Government reached an agreement with the Guangdong authorities to take 5 billion gallons

of water a year (22.70 million m3) from the Shenzhen Reservoir. A connecting pipe of 48

inches (1 200 mm) was expeditiously constructed to bring the water into Hong Kong. The

supply commenced in December.


位於上水的東江供水輸水管Dongjiang water transfer pipelines located at Sheung Shui


1963年，雙方達成共識興建東深供水計劃，於東江沿岸展開供應及分配工程。

東江水輸港的工程極具挑戰性。石馬河被改變成一條人工運河，逆轉水流方向，將

東江上游抽取的河水逐級提升，經一系列橫跨石馬河而建的水壩向南注入雁田水

庫，再由重力作用沿一條 6千米長的輸水管道流入深圳水庫，再經兩條橫跨深圳河

的水管（第二條水管建於 1964年，直徑為 54吋（1 370毫米）），輸入位於邊境的木湖

抽水站的接收池。東深供水計劃的工程於 1965年 1月完成，3月 1日開始運作，供水予

香港。

增加輸水量

東深供水計劃曾進行數次擴建，輸水量已比第一期大幅提升。

第一期的擴建工程於 1974年展開規劃，1978年完工。其後，在 1981至 1987年

間，東深供水計劃再度擴展，在邊境兩地增建抽水站及水壩，每年的跨境抽水量增加

至6.2億立方米。

另一輪的大規模擴展工程於 1990年展開。包括於東江、石馬、馬灘、竹塘、沙嶺

等抽水站的優化工程。整個東深供水系統的每年供水量增至 17.43億立方米，其中 11億

立方米輸入香港，4.93億立方米供予迅速發展的深圳，而 1.5億立方米則用作灌溉河流

沿岸的耕地。

1964年水務局局長毛瑾與粵方代表簽訂第二份東深供水協議The Director of Water Supplies, T.O. Morgan and Guangdong representative signed the second agreement on Dongshen-Hong Kong water supply in 1964

香港鋪設直徑達48吋（1 200毫米）的水管來接收來自深圳水庫的原水

Hong Kong laid water pipelines of 48 inches (1 200mm) diameter for reception

of water from the Shenzhen Reservoir

In 1963, a consensus was reached to construct the

Dongshen Water Supply Scheme and the supply and

distribution project began on the banks of Dongjiang. The

works were a daring engineering challenge. The Shima

River was converted into an artificial canal by pumping

Dongjiang water successively upstream through a series

of dams built across the river in a southerly direction,

reversing the river’s natural direction. The water was

fed into the Yantian Reservoir from where it flowed by gravity via a 6 km long aqueduct into

the Shenzhen Reservoir. The water was then supplied to Hong Kong through two connecting

pipes (the second pipe of 54 inches (1 370 mm) diameter was constructed in 1964) built over the

Shenzhen River, crossing the border into a reception tank at the Muk Wu Pumping Station. The

construction works for the Dongshen Water Supply Scheme were completed in January 1965. The

scheme was put into operation on 1 March 1965 to supply water to Hong Kong.

Increasing Capacity

The Dongshen Water Supply Scheme has been expanded several times. Its capacity

has been increased significantly since the first scheme.

The first stage of extension works was planned in 1974 and completed in 1978. Between

1981 and 1987, additional pumping stations and dam works on both sides of the border were

built as part of a further extension programme.

The annual volume of water pumped across the

border was then increased to 620 million m3.

Another round of major extensions

began in 1990. Pumping stations at

Dongjiang, Shima, Matan, Zhutang and

Shaling were upgraded. The annual volume

of water supply across the entire Dongshen

Water Supply System was increased to 1 743

million m3 of which 1 100 million m3 went to

Hong Kong, 493 million m3 to the rapidly growing Shenzhen and 150 million m3 was used

for irrigation along the banks of the river.

東江供水專用輸水管道的渡槽部分A closed aqueduct section of the Dongjiang water supply dedicated aqueduct


利弊分析：Analysis from the aspect of:

說明Explanation

食水供應Water supply

好處：Pros:

民生Livelihood

好處：Pros:

推行節水觀念Implementation of water conservation

好處：Pros:

香港水質情況Water quality in Hong Kong

好處：Pros:

財政開支Financial expenditure

好處：Pros:

成本效益Cost-effectiveness

好處：Pros:

結論：Conclusion:

弊處：Cons:

弊處：Cons:

弊處：Cons:

弊處：Cons:

弊處：Cons:

弊處：Cons:


The Supply Agreements

Hong Kong has enjoyed 24-hour uninterrupted water supply since 1982. This is achieved

through the Agreement for the supply of Dongjiang water to Hong Kong (Supply Agreement)

with the Guangdong Provincial People’s Government. The first Supply Agreement was signed

in 1960 and up to 2010, eight Supply Agreements had been signed. All Supply Agreements

were based on consumption projections made by the Water Supplies Department. These

projections took into account population growth, industry and commercial demands and

predictions on local yields from Hong Kong’s gathering grounds.

Up until 2005, Guangdong supplied water to Hong Kong based on a unit price that was

set for a fixed quantity of water set for every year under the Supply Agreements, irrespective

of the varying needs. There was no flexibility to reduce the quantity of water should Hong

Kong’s consumption drop or the rainfall exceed projections. The relocation of much of Hong

Kong’s manufacturing industries to the Pearl River Delta in the 1980’s through to the early 1990’s

had a major impact on demand

scenarios, resulting in a slower

growth of water demand than

expected.

討論區Discussion Forum

渴之城 The Thirsty City以下數字顯示了輸入東江水在不同年份佔全港耗水量的百分比：These figures show the percentages of the imported Dongjiang water under different years against the total water consumption in Hong Kong:

1965 – 20% 1985 – 50%

2005 – 80%

東江水現已成為了香港的主要食水來源，你認為是利是弊？試從以下角度分析。Dongjiang water has by now become the main source of Hong Kong’s water supply. Please analyse the pros and cons to this issue from the following aspects.

供水協議

香港與廣東省人民政府簽訂東江水輸

港協議，使香港自 1982年起得以享受 24

小時無間斷供水。第一份協議於 1960年簽

訂，至2010年，兩地政府一共簽訂了八份

供水協議。所有協議均根據水務署的食水

需求預測而制定，已考慮到人口增長、工商業需求和預計香港集水區集水量等因素。

在 2005年以前，根據供水協議，東江供水的水費按單位價格計算，亦規定了每

年的供水量。儘管需求因耗水量下跌或雨量較預期多而有所變化，供水量都不能改

變，並且按既定單價收費。80至90年代初香港製造業大舉遷移到珠江三角洲，香港

對用水需求的增長放緩。

於2008年簽署最新協議The signing of the latest agreement in 2008

1965 1985 2005年份Year

100

50

0

%

1989年12月簽訂第五份供水協議The fifth water Supply Agreement signed in December 1989



Jinhu

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ir深圳水庫

生物處理工程

沙灣清水隧洞

水電站

交水點（至香港）

距離（千米）

米

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ropo

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ping

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tion

蓮湖泵站

渠道

渠道

渠道

隧洞

隧洞

隧洞

隧洞

隧洞

渡糟

涵洞

明糟

渠涵

渡糟明糟

箱涵

箱涵

箱涵

m

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Qili

ng P

umpi

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Distance (km)

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l

Cana

l

Cana

l

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隧洞

Tunn

el

Tunn

el

Tunn

el

Tunn

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ert

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ert

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太園泵站Taiyuan Pumping Station

東江供水系統的縱切面圖Longitudinal Section of the Dongjiang Water Supply System

東江供水路線圖Dongjiang Water Supply Route

改善質與量

東江水會被導入船灣淡水湖及其他水塘，與由集水區收集的水混合。在雨季時，如水塘水位高企，會出現滿溢的情況。為免浪費原水，香港有需要為進口水量制定一個靈活富彈性的機制。

除了水量問題，90年代初，隨著東深供水路線的社會及經濟發展，東江水的水質備受關注。為使輸港原水的水質有更大和永久的改善，廣東省當局在 1997年提議興建一條從東江太園到深圳水庫的專用輸水管道。管道全長59千米，可避免原水在輸港時於沿線受到污染。香港特區政府就有關計劃向廣東省當局提供23.64億元的免息貸款，廣東省當局亦在 1998年至2004年間，把每年的東江水的供水量的增幅減低，以配合因製造業大舉北移而導致香港用水需求增長放緩的情況。這條管道於2003年啟用後，供港

的水質有明顯的改善。

N

圖例 LEGEND：

專用輸水管道 DEDICATED AQUEDUCT

明槽 OPEN CHANNEL

雁田隧道 YANTIAN TUNNEL

泵站 PUMPING STATION

特區地界 BOUNDARY LINE OF THE SAR

東江 DONGJIANG

太園泵站TAIYUEN PUMPING STATION

觀洞水庫GUANGDONGRESERVOIR

黃沙水庫HUANGSHARESERVOIR

蓮湖泵站LINHU PUMPING STATION

金湖泵站JINHU PUMPING STATION

雁田隧道YANTIAN TUNNEL

香港特別行政區Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

西瀝水庫XILI RESERVOIR

鐵崗水庫TIEGANGRESERVOIR

石岩水庫SHIYANRESERVOIR

塘坑水庫TANGKENG RESERVOIR

羅田水庫LUOTIANRESERVOIR

黃牛埔水庫HUANGNIUPO RESERVOIR

蝦公岩水庫XIAGONGYAN

RESERVOIR

深圳水庫SHENZHEN RESERVOIR

雁田水庫YANTIAN

RESERVOIR

旗嶺泵站QILING PUMPING STATION

潼湖TONG HU

• 清溪 QINGXI

常平 •CHANGPING

• 鳳崗 FENGGANG

觀瀾 GUANLIAN•

平湖 • PINGHU

Improvements in Quality and Quantity

Dongjiang water is fed into reservoirs such as

Plover Cove, along with the surface water taken from

Hong Kong’s own catchments. During a number of wet

seasons when reservoir storage was high, overflows did occur in the past. To avoid wastage,

a flexible arrangement for the quantity of imported water supply was necessary.

Apart from the flow balance, the socio-economic development along the Dongshen water

supply route in the early 1990’s caused concerns over the quality of Dongjiang water. To improve the

quality of the imported water significantly in a long term, the Guangdong authorities proposed the

construction of a 59 km long dedicated aqueduct from Taiyuan along Dongjiang to the Shenzhen

Reservoir in 1997. This would avoid contamination of the raw water being supplied to Hong Kong

along the route. The Hong Kong SAR Government granted a $2,364 million interest free loan to

the Guangdong authorities for the project. The Guangdong authorities also reduced Hong Kong’s

annual increase in water uptake from 1998 to 2004 so as to tally with the diminishing growth in

water demand as a result of the migration of industry from Hong Kong to the Mainland. Upon

commissioning of this dedicated aqueduct in 2003, the quality of Dongjiang water supplied to

Hong Kong showed remarkable improvement.



平衡供求

2006年和 2008年的供水協議跟

之前的有所不同，水費採用定額付款

方式，註明每年固定收費。2009年至

2011年三年的定額收費分別為 29.59億

元、31.46億元和33.44億元。此外，協

議並沒有預先訂明供水量。廣東當局會

配合香港的實際需求供水，每年上限為

8.2億立方米，相等於東江每年平均流量

的3%。供水協議並訂明最終每年供港水量為 11億立方米，可滿足香港直至2030年甚至

更後的估計需求。

此安排有助香港控制水塘的儲水量，減少浪費和節省抽取過多水量到香港的電力

成本。更重要的是，此舉可確保珠江三角洲能更有效地運用東江水。

Allowing Supply to Meet Demand

Unlike previous Supply Agreements, the 2006 and 2008 Supply Agreements started

to adopt a package deal lump sum approach under which fixed annual water prices were

specified. The fixed annual water prices for 2009 to 2011 were HK$2,959 million, HK$3,146 million

and HK$3,344 million respectively. Moreover, there was no pre-determined supply quantity

specified in the Supply Agreements. The Guangdong side would supply water to tie in with the

actual needs of Hong Kong subject to an annual ceiling of 820 million m3, which is equivalent

to 3% of Dongjiang’s average annual flow volume. The Supply Agreements also specified an

ultimate quantity of 1 100 million m3 to be supplied to Hong Kong a year to meet our long-term

estimated demand in 2030 and possibly beyond.

This arrangement has improved Hong Kong’s ability to control the amount of water

stored in its reservoirs. It helps reduce wastage and save the cost of electricity required to

pump the water into Hong Kong. More importantly, it also ensures more efficient use of

Dongjiang’s water across the Pearl River Delta.

自2009年起東江水每年的定額收費為

The fixed annual water price of Dongjiang water from 2009 is:

2009: $2,9592010: $3,1462011: $3,344

功課To Do請拿出中國地圖。你能在地圖中辨別出流進珠江三角洲的三條支流嗎？Please take out the geographical map of China. Can you identify the three tributary rivers that flow into the Pearl River Delta on the map?

楓樹壩水庫Fengshuba Reservoir

白盆珠水庫Baipenzhu Reservoir

新豐江水庫Xinfengjiang Reservoir

百萬

million

百萬

million百萬

million



保育東江的好處Advantages of preserving Dongjiang

說明Explanation

環境方面Environmental context

居住環境：Living environment:

個人健康：Personal health:

生態方面Ecological context

江邊植物：Vegetation nearby:

土壤生物：Soil and bio living:

經濟方面Economical context

航運發展：Navigation:

電力供應：Supply of electricity:

政治方面Political context

國際形象：International status:

國家發展：Country development:

社會方面Social context

保育意識：Awareness of conservation:

生產力：Productivity:


中國已引進及實行有關法例及規條，確保東江和珠江能持續發展。欲知更多，請瀏覽水資源管理網址http://www.pearlwater.gov.cn/和http://www.gdwater.gov.cn。試從環境、生態、經濟、政治和社會各方面，討論保育東江的好處。China has introduced and implemented relevant laws and regulations to ensure the sustainability of Dongjiang and the Pearl River. To learn more, please browse the websites of the management of water resources http://www.pearlwater.gov.cn/ and http://www.gdwater.gov.cn/. Please discuss the advantages of preserving Dongjiang in the environmental, ecological, economical, political, and social contexts.

你知道嗎？Do you know...

珠江盆地的總水源計有2 840億立方米地表水和7 200萬立方米地下水。（資料來源：珠江河水源委員會2008年出版的2007年水資源報告）

The Pearl River Basin has total water resources of 284 billion m3 of surface water and 72 million m3 of ground water. (Source: Pearl River Water Resources Commission Water Resources Report 2007 published in 2008)

廣東省人民政府於 2008年頒布廣東省東江流域水資源分配方案，此方案明確規

定東江原水輸至包括香港在內的八個城市的分配方式，並重申香港可獲分配 11億立方

米的東江水。

廣東省當局亦設計了一個科學化的調度方案，利用楓樹壩水庫、新豐江水庫和白

盆珠水庫的庫存來精細地調節東江的水流，即使如2009年底和2010年初的嚴重旱災

重現，仍有足夠的原水供應予香港和其他東江沿岸城市飲用。楓樹壩水庫、新豐江水

庫和白盆珠水庫的容量分別為 19.4億立方米，138.96億立方米和 12.2億立方米。

In 2008, The Guangdong Provincial People’s Government promulgated the Guangdong

Province Dongjiang Basin Water Resource Distribution Plan. The Plan stipulated the distribution

of the raw water extracted from Dongjiang amongst the 8 cities that received Dongjiang

water including Hong Kong. According to the Plan, Hong Kong’s share of 1 100 million m3 of

Dongjiang water was re-affirmed.

The Guangdong authorities also formulated a scientific plan making use of the storage

of the three reservoirs along Dongjiang, namely the Fengshuba Reservoir, the Xinfengjiang

Reservoir and the Baipenzhu Reservoir to meticulously regulate the river flow to ensure

sufficient supply of raw water to Hong Kong and other cities along Dongjiang for potable

uses even under severe drought conditions such as those encountered in late 2009 and

early 2010. The capacities of the Fengshuba Reservoir, the Xinfengjiang Reservoir and the

Baipenzhu Reservoir are 1 940 million m3, 13 896 million m3 and 1 220 million m3 respectively.



Efforts towards Safeguarding Water Quality

The Guangdong authorities attach great importance to the protection of Dongjiang and

have implemented a series of measures on the prevention and control of water pollution

ensuring that the raw water delivered to Hong Kong fully complies with the requirements

set out for Type II waters (applicable for the abstraction for human consumption in first class

protection area) in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water GB3838-2002.

The authorities constructed sewage treatment plants in the vicinity of Dongjiang, removed

factories that may pollute Dongjiang and built bio-nitrification plants at the Shenzhen

Reservoir. A dedicated aqueduct from Dongjiang’s intake point to the Shenzhen Reservoir

provides a further safeguard against contamination risk. A project to intercept waste water

flowing into the Shenzhen Reservoir has also been completed and the polluted water coming

mainly from the Shima River has been diverted away from Dongjiang.

Once the Dongjiang water reaches Hong Kong, its quality is monitored through a

comprehensive water quality monitoring programme at the Muk Wu Pumping Station and

the water treatment works in Hong Kong. Samples are collected and tested through a series

of chemical, physical, bacteriological, biological and radiological examinations. Moreover,

the Water Supplies Department exchanges monitoring information with its counterpart in

Guangdong regularly. Apart from the Guangdong authorities, the people residing around

the catchments of Dongjiang and the associated reservoir sites are playing a very important

role in protecting the quality

of this important water source

contributing to its sustainability.

Their living places are restrained

from various kinds of development

and industrial undertaking that

may be prone to polluting the

water. This limits the economic

growth of their living areas. These

people they have made a great

contribution for the betterment of

all people relying on Dongjiang

for water supply.

保護水質的努力

廣東省當局十分重視保護東江，推出連串保護水質及控制水污染的措施，確保輸

到香港的東江水達到國家《地表水環境質量標準GB3838-2002》第II類（適用於集中式

生活飲用水地表水源地一級保護區）的規定。當局沿東江興建污水處理廠，遷走具污

染性的工廠，又於深圳水庫興建生物硝化廠，並從東江取水位置建造一條專用輸水管

道到深圳水庫，進一步減低水源受污染的風險。而一項避免污水流入深圳水庫的工程

亦已完成，將主要來自石馬河的污水改道離開東江。

東江水輸抵香港境後，水質會在木湖抽水站和各濾水廠經由一個全面水質監測

系統進行監控，對從水中抽取的樣本作一系列包括化學、物理、細菌學、生物學和

放射學的測試。此外，水務署又定期和廣東省當局交換監測資訊。除廣東省當局外，

東江流域內和水庫附近的居民對保護水質同樣扮演重要角色。為確保這個重要水源得

以持續使用，區內居民不可進行可能製造污染的發展及工業項目，此舉無疑限制了當

地的經濟增長。區內居民為了所有依靠東江水的人民生活質素得到改善，有很大的

貢獻。

定期抽取水樣本作化學、物理、細菌學、生物學和放射學的測試Water samples are regularly collected for chemical, physical, bacteriological, biological and radiological examinations

東江水首先到達香港的木湖抽水站Dongjiang water firstly reaches Muk Wu Pumping Station of Hong Kong



它供水作飲用及洗滌。It provides water for drinking and washing.

它亦為數千間位於珠江三角洲的港資工廠供水，滿足每天生產所需。It also supplies water to thousands of Hong Kong-owned factories in the Pearl River Delta, meeting their daily demand for production.

東江水灌溉耕地及飼養動物，而這些農作物及牲畜每天以貨車和內河船隻運到香港。Its water irrigates land that is used to grow food and rear animals. These products arrive in Hong Kong each day by lorries and river trade vessels.

東江提供大量供水予發電所需。Dongjiang provides a large amount of water required in the generation of electricity.

珠江三角洲The Pearl River Delta

東江Dongjiang

Significance of Dongjiang Water

Water from Dongjiang plays a significant role in Hong Kong life. In a dry year, it accounts

for about 80% of our fresh water supply. There has been no water rationing since 1982.

Hong Kong residents, unlike many of their regional neighbours, are fortunate in that they

have supplies of wholesome fresh water that are reliable, accessible and efficiently distributed.

To Guangdong as a whole, Dongjiang serves four primary functions: (i) maintaining

the ecology along the river; (ii) navigation; (iii) hydropower generation; and (iv) water

supply. In fact, a significant portion of the food originating from the Pearl River Delta

is exported to Hong Kong. Hong Kong also gains from the financial returns on its

investments in the businesses and factories in the region that operates on Dongjiang

water. Hence protecting the quality of water in Dongjiang is essential for the sustainable

development of both Hong Kong and its neighbouring areas.

東江水的重要性

東江水對香港的日常生活非常重

要。在香港乾旱的年份，它佔本地總

供水量約 80%，並足以令香港自 1982

年起不再受制水之苦。香港居民較區

內不少其他居民幸運，可享用可靠、

方便和有效率分配的優質食水。

就廣東整體而言，東江具備四個

重要功能：（ i）維持河流生態、（ i i）航

運、（ i i i）水力發電和（ iv）供水。事實

上，珠江三角洲有大比重的農作物出

口到香港。此外，區內依賴東江水

的各種工商投資亦為香港帶來經濟回

報。因此，保育東江的水質，對香港

及鄰近地區的持續發展十分重要。

東江的主要功用Main Functions of Dongjiang

東江之水越山來，令香港不再受制水威脅Hong Kong is no longer threatened by water rationing with the import of Dongjiang water

東江對香港的重要性遠較一般人想像的多。Dongjiang is important to Hong Kong, in more ways than most people may think.


目的Aim

你的建議方法*Your suggestion*

責任分擔Share of responsibilities

江上游地區Upstream area

江中游地區Middle stream area

江下游地區Downstream area

維持河流生態Preserving the ecology along the river

航運Navigation

水力發電Hydropower generation

供水Water supply


N

圖例 LEGEND :

WATER GATHERING GROUNDS

IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR

WATER TREATMENT WORKS

PUMPING STATION

MAJOR WATER SUPPLY ROUTE

Western Route

Central Route

Eastern Route

集水區

水塘

濾水廠

抽水站

主要供水路線

西部路線

中央路線

東部路線

SHENZHEN

Shenzhen Resevoir

Red Hill WTW

Eastern WTW

Aberdeen WTW

Cheung Sha WTW

Pui O P/STai O WTW

Silver Mine Bay WTW

Hong KongInternational Airport

Siu Ho Wan P/S

Tuen Mun WTW

Au Tau P/S

Au Tau WTW

Ngau Tam Mei WTW

Fanling P/S

Sandy Bay P/S

Siu Ho Wan WTW

Tai Po Road WTWShek Lei Pui WTW

Yau Kom Tau WTW

Sham TsengWTW

Tai Lam ChungReservoir

Tsuen WanWTW

Tai Po TauWTW

Sha Tin WTW

Lower ShingMun P/S

SAI O P/S

Tai Po WTW

Tai Po Tau P/S

River Indus P/S

Sheung Shui WTWMuk Wu P/S

Tai Mei Tuk P/S

Harbour Island P/S

Ma On Shan WTW

Pak Kong WTW High Island P/S

深圳

深圳水庫

紅山濾水廠

東區濾水廠

香港仔濾水廠

長沙濾水廠

貝澳抽水站大澳濾水廠

銀鑛灣濾水廠

香港國際機場

小蠔灣抽水站

屯門濾水廠

凹頭抽水站

凹頭濾水廠

牛潭尾濾水廠

粉嶺抽水站

大口環抽水站

小蠔灣濾水廠

大埔道濾水廠石梨貝濾水廠

油柑頭濾水廠

深井濾水廠大欖涌水塘荃灣濾水廠

大埔頭濾水廠

沙田濾水廠

下城門抽水站

西澳抽水站

大埔濾水廠

大埔頭抽水站

梧桐河抽水站

上水濾水廠

木湖抽水站

大美督抽水站

白沙頭洲抽水站

馬鞍山濾水廠

北港濾水廠

萬宜抽水站


香港的水資源與內地水利系統的狀況息息相關。你能夠提議一些方法來保育這系統嗎？試分析東江上、中、下游地區的責任，及如何合作使東江水的四大主要功能得以持續。Hong Kong’s water supply is closely linked to the conditions of hydrological system in the Mainland. What measures will you suggest for preserving the well-being of this system? Please analyse the responsibilities shared by the upstream, mid-stream and downstream areas and the co-operation required by them for sustaining the four major functions of Dongjiang.

* 提示：可針對水資源分配、防止污染水源、或保持水流量等作出建議。 Tips: Make suggestions by considering the water resource distribution, pollution prevention, maintenance of water flow, etc.

香港接收東江水的設施

貫連東江與香港的東江水供應系統，是一條由取水點太園抽水站至深圳水庫長度

為59千米的專用輸水管道。深圳水庫的原水，透過管道越過邊境輸送到香港的木湖，

再經三個不同的引水系統，分配到分佈全港的水塘和濾水設施。

香港的主要供水系統Principal Water Supply System in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Installations Built to Receive Dongjiang Water

The Dongjiang water supply system between Dongjiang and Hong Kong involves the

pumping of water through a 59 km long dedicated aqueduct built from the Taiyuan Pumping

Station, i.e. the intake point on Dongjiang, to the Shenzhen Reservoir. The water in the

Shenzhen Reservoir is fed by pipelines across the border to Hong Kong at Muk Wu, and then

delivered along three aqueduct systems to territory-wide storage and treatment facilities.


香港Hong Kong

東莞Dongguan

深圳Shenzhen

人口統計Population statistics

工業發展Industrial development

農業發展Agricultural development


東江除供水給香港外，亦有供水給廣東其他城市。這些城市對用水的需求不斷增加，是什麼原因？試搜集以下三地城市的發展資料，填寫下表。Dongjiang is also an important source of water to cities in Guangdong other than Hong Kong. The demand for water is growing in these cities. Do you know the reasons behind? Please collect the relevant information and fill in the table.

香港可以如何幫助毗鄰城市？ What can Hong Kong do to contribute to the adjoining municipalities ?

想一想Think about this

a. 西面路線輸往牛潭尾濾水廠，或經凹頭抽水站輸往大欖涌水塘；

b. 中央路線經頭壩涵道洞輸往大埔頭抽水站，然後再輸往大埔濾水廠、沙田濾水廠

或船灣淡水湖；及

c. 東面路線經南涌供水管道輸往船灣淡水湖，然後由白沙頭洲抽水站經赤門海峽供水

管道、西澳抽水站及萬宜輸水隧道輸往萬宜水庫、馬鞍山濾水廠或北港濾水廠。

中央及東面路線清楚顯示船灣及萬宜水庫作為香港「蓄水池」的重要性。上述

三條路線於大埔頭抽水站組群互相連接，確保水塘存水的運送終年都保持著最大的靈

活性，特別是在東江供水系統因保養維修而暫時停用的日子（通常在 12月）。在該段期

間，船灣淡水湖及萬宜水庫的儲水確保全港供水不受影響。

a. Western Route to Ngau Tam Mei Water Treatment Works or via Au Tau Pumping Station to

Tai Lam Chung Reservoir;

b. Central Route via Tau Pass Culvert to Tai Po Tau Pumping Station, and thence to Tai Po

Water Treatment Works, Sha Tin Water Treatment Works or Plover Cove Reservoir; and

c. Eastern Route via Nam Chung Aqueduct to Plover Cove Reservoir, and thence to High

Island Reservoir, Ma On Shan Water Treatment Works or Pak Kong Water Treatment Works

via Harbour Island Pumping Station, Tolo Channel Aqueduct, Sai O Pumping Station and

High Island Tunnels.

The Central and Eastern Routes clearly illustrate the importance of the Plover Cove

Reservoir and the High Island Reservoir as ‘holding tanks’ for Hong Kong’s fresh water

storage. All the three routes are inter-connected through the Tai Po Tau Pumping Stations

complex, ensuring there is maximum flexibility in the transfer in terms of reservoir storage

throughout the year. This is particularly crucial during the annual shutdown period of the

Dongjiang system (normally in December) for maintenance. Water stored in the Plover Cove

Reservoir and the High Island Reservoir ensures the uninterrupted supply in the territory.

船灣淡水湖Plover Cove Reservoir


雖然香港缺乏大河流、湖泊和地下水源，但經過數十年不斷努力，現在已透過

不同渠道取得穩定可靠和充足的用水供應。在可行的情況下，我們利用海水作沖廁用

途。此外，我們亦努力研發本地及全球可持續用水的技術。

隨著香港發展成服務業及金融中心，農業及製造業對水的需求相應減少。目前

家用食水佔本港食水總用量逾50%，相等於每日人均使用220公升水（包括90公升沖

廁水）。而全球每日人均用水量為 170公升 3，顯示香港的用水量偏高。國際水協會於

2008年發表的全球調查報告指出，香港的用水量較大部分接受調查的國際城市 4，包括

倫敦、阿姆斯特丹、維也納、里斯本、巴黎及新加坡等為高。

為滿足因人口增長及經濟蓬勃發展帶來的需要，香港的未來與遵行環保及可

持續運用珍貴水資源的原則息息相關。香港為此開發了全面水資源管理策略，以能更

有效管理水資源。

Hong Kong, despite its lack of major rivers, lakes and underground water sources,

through decades of persistent efforts, has now secured a reliable and sufficient water

supply using a combination of sources. Wherever viable we adopt sea water for toilet

flushing. We also work locally and globally on the development of sustainable water

technology.

As a city that has evolved into a service and financial centre, the demand for water by

the agriculture and manufacturing sectors has diminished. Domestic use now accounts

for over 50% of all fresh water use in Hong Kong. This is equal to 220 litres per capita per

day (including 90 litres of water for flushing) which is higher than the global average of

170 litres per capita per day3. The International Water Association’s global survey in 2008

showed that Hong Kong’s consumption is higher than most of the global cities surveyed4

including London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Lisbon, Paris and Singapore.

To meet the demand from the growing population and a flourishing economy, Hong

Kong’s future is firmly bound to the principles of conservation and the sustainable use

of its precious water resources. To this end, Hong Kong has developed a Total Water

Management (TWM) strategy for effective management of its water resources.

3 水務署2009-10年度年報 Water Supplies Department Annual Report 2009-104 2008年國際水務統計 International Statistics for Water Services 2008

大潭篤水塘主壩Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir Main Dam

珍惜珍貴水資源Treasure our Precious Water Resources


全面水資源管理是近代概念之一，以全方位管理水資源。全面水資源管理力求在

用水需求和供應間達致理想平衡，確保可持續地運用水資源。香港政府的全面水資源

管理策略，旨在綜合各界努力，從多方面著手，以可持續的方式管理食水供求。政府

在2003年的施政報告中，承諾推行全面水資源管理計劃。水務署於2005年 10月展開

對香港食水供求情況的研究，並就節水和供水量、成本效益、環境因素和公眾接受程

度，來評估所有食水供求的主要管理措施。研究數據確認現行水資源管理的方向，亦

提出新建議。研究經已諮詢立法會、相關諮詢委員會、專家和持份者，他們的意見亦

已適當地結合在2008年推行的全面水資源管理策略中 5。

全面水資源管理有助香港為不穩定情況，如嚴重氣候變化和低降雨量，作出更充分

的準備。此外，隨著珠三角地區對水的需求急速增長，全面水資源管理加強香港作為鄰

近城市的良好合作夥伴的角色，致力推廣可持續地善用水資源。

全面水資源管理策略的重點是

「先節後增」。現時的策略強調節約用水

來控制用水需求的增長，政府亦會加強

供水管理。以下為全面水資源管理策略

主要措施：

TWM is a modern concept for managing water resources in

all aspects. TWM seeks to achieve an optimal balance between

water demand and water supply in a bid to ensure sustainable

use of water resources. The Hong Kong Government’s TWM

strategy aims to manage the demand and supply in an

integrated, multi-sectoral and sustainable manner. In the

2003 Policy Address, the Government pledged to implement

a TWM programme. In October 2005, the Water Supplies

Department (WSD) commissioned a study to examine the

fresh water demand and supply situations in Hong Kong and

to evaluate all major options of water supply and demand

management measures in terms of water conservation,

supply quantity, cost effectiveness, environmental impact and public acceptance. Based

on the findings of the study, the current directions of water management are reaffirmed.

Additional initiatives are proposed. The Legislative Council, relevant advisory committees,

experts and stakeholders have been consulted. Their views have been incorporated, where

appropriate, into the TWM strategy5 promulgated in 2008.

TWM can better prepare Hong Kong for uncertainties such as acute climate changes and

low rainfall. It also helps enhance Hong Kong’s role as a good partner to other municipalities

in the Pearl River Delta in promoting sustainable use of water in the light of rapid growth of

water demand in the region.

The TWM strategy puts emphasis on firstly containing the growth of water demand

through conservation. The Government will also strengthen water supply management. The

key initiatives under the TWM strategy are as follows:

5 全面水資源管理策略詳情可於以下網址下載：http://www.wsd.gov.hk/filemanager/tc/share/pdf/TWM.pdf Full details of the TWM strategy is available for downloading from the following hyperlink: http://www.wsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/

share/pdf/TWM.pdf

香港的全面水資源管理策略Total Water Management Strategy in Hong Kong


海水受壓至淡水不能穿過滲透膜。

Modest pressure is applied to the sea water side so that fresh water

cannot flow pass through the membrane.

逆滲透技術利用高壓力把濃度較高的海水逼向濃度較低一方，滲透膜只容許淡水通過，把鹽份和其他雜質分隔出來。

Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing water from a more concentrated solution to a less concentrated solution through a

semi-permeable membrane under high pressure. The membrane allows fresh water to pass through while it retains salts and

other impuriies.

一般滲透是指向水由濃度較低的液體通過滲透膜流向濃度較高的液體，而達致滲透平衝狀態。

Under normal osmosis, water diffuses from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated

solution through a semi-permeable membrane to achieve osmotic equilibrium.

應用於海水化淡的逆滲透技術Mechanism of Reverse Osmosls applied to sea water desalination

海水Sea water

水流方向Direction of flow

靜止No flow

海水Sea water

淡水Pure

Water

淡水Pure

Water

淡水Pure

Water

海水Sea water

水流方向Direction of flow

滲透膜Membrane

滲透膜Membrane

高壓力High Pressure

壓力Modest Pressure

滲透平衡狀態At Osmotic Equilibrium

逆滲透技術Reverse Osmosis

滲透膜Membrane

一般滲透Normal Osmosis

香港的全面水資源管理策略 Total Water Management Strategy in Hong Kong

Water Demand Management

• Toenhancepubliceducationonwaterconservation

• Topromoteuseofwatersavingdevices

• Toenhancewaterleakagecontrolthroughaprogrammetoreplaceandrehabilitate

aged water mains, and the application of new technology to improve pressure

management and detection of leakage

• Toextendtheuseofseawaterfortoiletflushing

Water Supply Management

• Tostrengthenprotectionofwaterresources

• Toactivelyconsiderwaterreclamation(includingreuseofgreywaterandrainwater

harvesting)

• Todeveloptheoptionofseawaterdesalination

The TWM strategy forms the foundation for future reviews and continuous monitoring of water

management in Hong Kong. WSD produces annual forecasts of water demand and supply; and

will monitor other critical data such as population and economic growth, social and economic

activities so as to be on the alert to changes of circumstances. The Government will continue to

initiate new measures to meet challenges, and to optimise utilisation and development of water

resources. Sustainable use of water resources for our future is our common goal. Hong Kong

needs a new attitude, a new lifestyle that gives high priority to caring for the environment and

preserving precious water resources on our Earth.

用水需求管理措施

• 加強節約用水的公眾教育

• 提倡使用節約用水的器具

• 透過更換及復修老化喉管計劃和採用新科技改善水壓

管理及檢測滲漏情況來加強滲漏控制

• 擴展海水沖廁系統

供水管理措施

• 加強保護水資源

• 積極考慮使用再造水（包括循環再用洗盥污水和雨水）

• 發展海水化淡方案

全面水資源管理策略為未來檢討及持續監察香港水資源管理奠下基礎。水務署會每

年預測未來的耗水量及供應量，並監察其他重要數據，包括人口及經濟增長、社會及經

濟活動，以掌握環境的可能變化。政府將繼續開拓新方法應付挑戰，以及充分使用和發

展水資源。可持續使用水資源是我們的共同目標。香港需要一種新的生活態度和新的生

活模式，讓我們將關心環境及保護地球珍貴水資源成為生活中重要一環。


總結 Summary

• 雖然水覆蓋了全球表面面積的75%，但可供人類使用的淡水僅佔全球水資源的 1%。

世界衞生組織估計，在2006年有8.84億人 — 即約每八人便有一人缺乏安全的食水

供應。

• 香港在2010年的總食水用量為9.36億立方米。從本地集水區收集得來的雨水每年

平均約2.40億立方米，只能滿足約25%的用水需求。香港70%以上的食水是從廣東

省東江輸入。

• 粵港雙方簽訂東江水輸港協議，使香港自 1982年起得以享受24小時無間斷供水。

供水協議訂明最終每年供港水量為 11億立方米，可滿足香港直至2030年甚至更後

的估計需求。

• 2006年和2008年的供水協議跟之前的協議有所不同，水費採用定額付款方式，註

明每年固定收費。此外，協議並沒有預先訂明供水量。廣東當局會配合香港的實際

需求供水，每年上限為8.2億立方米，相等於東江每年平均流量的3%。

• 對廣東省整體而言，東江具備四個重要功能，包括維持河流生態、航運、水力發電

及供水。

• 香港政府的全面水資源管理策略，旨在綜合各界努力，從多方面著手，以可持續的

方式管理食水供求。策略的重點是「先節後增」，強調節約用水，政府亦會加強供水

管理，以應付用水需求的增長。

• Thoughwatercovers75%oftheworld’ssurface,only1%ofthewatermassisaccessible

to mankind in the form of fresh water. The World Health Organization estimated that

in 2006, 884 million people lacked access to safe fresh water supplies, amounting to

approximately one in every eight people.

• In 2010, the total freshwater consumptionwas936millionm3. The average annual

local yield is only 240 million m3, which can only satisfy about 25% of Hong Kong’s

need. More than 70% of our fresh water supply is imported from Dongjiang.

• Bysigning theAgreements for thesupplyofDongjiangwater toHongKongwith the

Guangdong authorities, Hong Kong has enjoyed 24-hour continuous water supply

since 1982. The Supply Agreements also specified an ultimate annual supply quantity of

1 100 million m3 to be supplied to Hong Kong to meet our long-term estimated demand

in 2030 and possibly beyond.

• Unlike previous Supply Agreements, the 2006 and 2008 Supply Agreements started

to adopt a package deal lump sum approach under which fixed annual water prices

were specified. Moreover, there was no pre-determined supply quantity specified in the

Supply Agreements. The Guangdong side would supply water to tie in with the actual

needs of Hong Kong subject to an annual ceiling of 820 million m3, which is equivalent

to 3% of Dongjiang’s average annual flow volume.

• ToGuangdongasawhole,Dongjiangservesfourprimaryfunctions:(i)formaintaining

the ecology along the river; (ii) for navigation; (iii) for hydropower generation; and (iv) for

water supply.

• The Hong Kong Government’s Total Water Management strategy aims to manage

the demand and supply in an integrated, multi-sectoral and sustainable manner.

The strategy puts emphasis on containing the growth of water demand through

conservation. The Government will also strengthen water supply management.


全面水資源管理策略知多少？*How much do you know about the TWM strategy?*

1. 第二次大戰後，香港面對嚴重的食水短缺。政府採取了下列哪些措施以處理缺水問題？

After the World War II, Hong Kong experienced acute water shortage. Which of the following were the key measures adopted by the Government to tackle the problem?

(i) 興建新水塘 Construction of new reservoirs

(ii) 與廣東當局磋商，增加東江水對港輸水量 Negotiation with the Guangdong authorities to increase import of Dongjiang water

(iii) 利用海水沖廁 Use of sea water for toilet flushing

(iv) 水回收及再造 Water reclamation

A (i), (ii) B (i), (ii), (iii) C (i), (ii), (iv) D 以上皆是 All of the above

2. 以下哪些屬於食水需求管理的部分措施？ Whichofthefollowingmeasuresarepartofwaterdemandmanagement?

(i) 教育公眾節約用水 Public education on water conservation (ii) 用水效益標籤計劃 Water Efficiency Labeling Scheme (iii) 海水化淡 Sea water desalination (iv) 保護水資源 Protection of water resources

A (i), (ii) B (i), (ii), (iii) C (i), (ii), (iv) D 以上皆是 All of the above

3. 香港現有三分之一的土地被規劃為集水區。擴大集水區範圍及水塘庫存量不為首選方案，原因是：

About 1/3 of the land in Hong Kong is designated as water gathering grounds. The factors that make the option of expanding water gathering grounds and reservoir storage a lower priority are:

(i) 受到土地用家反對 Objections from other land users (ii) 成本高昂 High costs (iii) 缺乏本地建造人才 Lack of local construction experts (iv) 對環境造成負面影響 Negative environmental impacts

A (i), (ii) B (ii), (iii) C (ii), (iv) D (iii), (iv)

4. 一個四人家庭奉行「慳水小貼士」，每日所節省到的食水最高可達多少公升？ By implementing water saving tips in a four-member household, the potential maximum

amount of water saved in litres per day will be in the range of:

A 0-100 B 100-200 C 200-300 D 超過 Above 300

5. 香港於2003至2007年間，在哪兩個地方以逆滲透技術進行海水化淡試驗計劃？ Hong Kong conducted a pilot desalination study using reverse osmosis (RO) technology

between 2003–2007 in which of the following two places:

(i) 屯門 Tuen Mun (ii) 沙田 Sha Tin (iii) 將軍澳 Tseung Kwan O (iv) 鴨脷洲 Ap Lei Chau

A (i), (ii) B (ii), (iii) C (iii), (iv) D (i), (iv)

6. 什麼是「洗盥污水」？ Whatis“greywater”?

A 灰色的污水 Wastewater in grey colour

B 從浴室、洗手盆和廚房洗滌盆收集而來的污水 Wastewater collected from baths, wash-basins and kitchen sinks

C 從工廠收集而來的污水 Wastewater collected from industrial factories

D 用來灌溉的水 Water for irrigation

7. 在實施全面水資源管理策略時，以下哪種措施能夠節省最多的食水？ In the course of implementing TWM stragtegy, which of the following measures has the

highestpotentialofsavingfreshwater?

A 節約食水 Water conservation

B 積極控制食水滲漏 Active leakage control

C 利用海水沖廁 Sea water for flushing

D 使用再造水 Water reclamation


利弊分析：Analysis from the aspect of:

說明Explanation

食水供應Water supply

好處：Pros: 獲得穩定和可持續的食水水源。Securing a stable and sustainable source of water.

弊處：Cons: 增加提供主要水源的鄰近地區的負擔。 Increasing burden on neighbouring area with water resource.

民生Livelihood

好處：Pros: 能享受無間斷食水供應及免受制水帶來的不便。Enjoying a continuous water supply and escaping from the inconvenience of water rationing.

弊處：Cons: 沒有。Nil.

推行節水觀念Implementation of water conservation

好處：Pros: 為減低提供水源的鄰近地區的負擔，我們要珍惜用水。 Conserving water to reduce burden on neighbouring area which provides us with water resource.

弊處：Cons: 由於得到食水供應的保障，故缺乏節水的推動力。Lacking the drive to save water whilst enjoying a guaranteed supply.

香港水質情況Water quality in Hong Kong

好處：Pros: 當東江水質良好時，我們能享受優質的輸港食水。 Enjoying when the quality of the imported water is good.

弊處：Cons: 易受東江水水質影響，東江水水質惡化直接影響香港水質。Suffering when the quality of the imported water is deteriorating.

財政開支Financial expenditure

好處：Pros: 省卻開發新水源的成本。購買食水是穩定開支，沒有太大波幅。Eliminating the cost for exploring other new water sources. A steady expenditure without much fluctuation.

弊處：Cons: 依賴提供主要食水來源的地區合理地訂定水價。 Reliance on area which provides us with water resource in agreeing to a reasonable water purchase price.

成本效益Cost-effectiveness

好處：Pros: 當購買食水的價格維持於低水平時，不失為具成本效益的選擇。Cost-effective option while the purchase price of imported water is being kept reasonably low.

弊處：Cons: 沒有。Nil.

結論：Conclusion:


在祖國的支持下，從廣東輸入食水是迄今為止最具成本效益的方法，以滿足香港700萬人口的需要。Given the blessings of the mother country, importation of water from Guangdong is so far the most cost-effective way of obtaining raw water to meet the need of the 7 million population.

全面水資源管理策略知多少 How much do you know about the TWM strategy?* 建議答案 Suggested Answers

第 10頁 Page 108. 「全面性水壓管理」技術適用於： “Comprehensive pressure management” is a technology adopted for:

A 供水管理 Water supply management

B 滲漏控制 Water leakage control

C 保護水資源 Protection of water resources

D 雨水收集 Rainwater harvesting

9. 哪些主要因素獲用作預測未來食水需求？ What are the essential factors for projecting future water demands?

(i) 人口增長 Population growth (ii) 經濟發展 Economic development (iii) 負擔水費能力 Affordability of paying water tariff

A (i) B (i), (ii) C 以上皆是 All of the above D 以上皆不是 None of the above

10. 2010年，獲供應海水作沖廁用途的人口佔香港人口多少個百份比？ In 2010, the percentage of population provided with sea water for flushing in

Hong Kong was:

A 約 About 50% B 約 About 60% C 約 About 70% D 約 About 80%

* 提示：請於答題前先閱讀「香港的全面水資源管理」小冊子。 Tips: Please read the booklet “Total Water Management in Hong Kong” before answering the questions.

貨幣及匯率

除另有說明外，本小冊子所用「元」均指港元。自 1983年 10月

17日起，政府透過一項有關發行紙幣的措施，將港元與美元

聯繫，以7.8港元兌 1美元為固定匯率。

Currency and Exchange Rates

When dollars are quoted in this booklet, they are, unless otherwise stated, in

Hong Kong dollars. Since October 17, 1983, the Hong Kong dollar has been linked

to the US dollar, through an arrangement in the note-issue mechanism, at a fixed

rate of HK$7.80 = US$1.

英制 Imperial 公制 Metric

1 吋 inch = 25.4 毫米 millimetres

1 呎 foot = 304.8 毫米 millimetres

1 碼 yard = 0.914 米 metres

1 哩 mile = 1.609 公里 kilometres

1 英畝 acre = 0.405 公頃 hectares

1 加侖 gallon = 4.544 公升 litres

1百萬加侖

million gallons= 4 544

立方米

cubic metres

10 億加侖 = 4.544 百萬立方米

1 billion gallons = 4.544 million cubic metres

換算表

Conversion Table


第冊Book

A Prec

iou

S reSou

rce

珍貴的資源

BOO

K 1

第一冊

Documents

WSD work 1.pdf