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Wu Sangui
Emperor of the Great Zhou Dynasty
Reign March 1678 August 1678
PredecessorNone, Kangxi Emperor as Emperor of
the Qing Dynasty
Successor Wu Shifan
Prince ofZhou
( )
Reign 1674-1678
All-Supreme-Military Generalissimo
()
Reign 1673-1674
Prince Who Pacifies the West
()
Reign1644-1678
Spouse Chen Yuanyuan
Issue
Wu Yingxiong
Full name
Wu Sangui
()
Posthumous name
Wu SanguiFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Wu.
Wu Sangui (Chinese:; pinyin: W Sngu; Wade
Giles: Wu San-kuei; style name Changbai () or
Changbo (); 1612 October 2, 1678) was a Chinese
military general who was instrumental in the fall of the
Ming
Dynasty and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644.
Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both
Ming,
and ultimately, Qing, Wu in 1678 declared himself Emperor
of China and ruler of the Great Zhou Dynasty, but his revolt
was eventually quelled by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing
Dynasty.
Contents1 Early life and service under Ming
2 Defection to Qing
3 Loyalty and revolt
4 In popular culture
5 Great Zhou Dynasty (16781681)
6 References
Early life and service under Ming
Wu was born in Gaoyou, Jiangsu province to Wu Xiang (
) and Lady Zu. Under the patronage of his fatherWu
Xiang and maternal uncle Zu Dashou, he quickly rose to the
rank of full General (Zong Bing) at the young age of 27.
He was one of the generals in 1640 at the Battle of Songjin,
in which Qing forces defeated the Ming armies. He, however,
escaped capture.
efection to Qing
In 1644, Wu opened the gates of the Great Wall of China at
Shanhai Pass to let Qing forces into China proper on 25 May
1644, forming an alliance with the Manchus.[1] On 26 May
1644, Wu ordered his soldiers to wear a white cloth attached
to their armor, to distinguish them from Li Zicheng's
forces.[2]
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Emperor
Kaitiandadaotongrenjiyuntongwenshenwugao
()
Temple name
Emperor Taizu of Zhou
House Great Zhou Dynasty
Father Wu Xiang
Mother Lady Zu
Born 1612
Gaoyou, Jiangsu, China
Died 2 October 1678 (aged 65-66)
Hengyang, Hunan, China
He did not side with the Qing Dynasty until after the
defensive capability of the Ming Dynasty had been greatly
weakened and its political apparatus virtually destroyed by
the rebel armies of Li Zicheng. Indeed, Wu was about to join
the rebel forces of Li, who had already sacked the Ming
capital Beijing, when he heard that his concubine Chen
Yuanyuan and her father had been taken into custody by Li.
Enraged, Wu contacted and negotiated with the Qing leader
Dorgon, negotiations which resulted in the opening of the
gates of the Great Wall.[3] Qing forces swept through the
gates and on to Beijing.
It is commonly believed that this act led to the ultimate
destruction of the Ming Dynasty and the establishment of the
Qing Dynasty.
Loyalty and revolt
After he defeated remnant forces consisting of Ming loyalists in
southwestern China, he was rewarded with the title
ofPingxi Wang(; translated as "Prince Who Pacifies the West" or
"King Who Pacifies the West") with a
fief in Yunnan by the Qing imperial court. It had been extremely
rare for someone outside of the imperial clan,
especially a non-Manchu, to be granted the title of a wang.
Those being awarded the title ofwangwho were not
members of the imperial clan were called Yixing Wang(; literally
meaning "kings with other family names"
or known as "vassal kings". It was believed that these vassal
kings usually came to a bad end, largely because they
were not trusted by emperors as members of his own clan
were.
Wu was not trusted by the Qing imperial court, but he was still
able to rule Yunnan with little or no interference
from the Qing imperial court. This was because the Manchus, an
ethnic minority, needed time after their prolongedconquest to
figure out how to impose the rule of a dynasty of in very small
minority on the vast Han-Chinese socie
they held in their hands. In fact, as a semi-independent ruler
in the distant southwest, he was seen as an asset to th
Qing court, and for much of his rule he received massive annual
subsidies from the central government. This money
as well as the long period of stability, was spent by Wu in
bolstering his army in the southwest, in preparation for a
eventual clash with the Qing Dynasty.
In 1673, the Kangxi Emperor decided to make Wu Sangui and two
other princes who had been rewarded with
large fiefs in southern and western China, move from their lands
to resettle in Manchuria. [4] As a result, the three
revolted and thus began the eight-year-long civil war known as
the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, with Wu
Sangui declaring himself the "All-Supreme-Military
Generalissimo" (). In 1678, he went
further and declared himself emperor of the "Great Zhou
Dynasty", with the era name ofZhaowu (). He
established his capital at Hengzhou (present-day Hengyang,
Hunan). When he died in October 1678, Wu's
grandson Wu Shifan took over command of his forces and continued
the battle. The remnants of Wu's armies wer
defeated soon thereafter in December 1681 and Wu Shifan
committed suicide; Wu Sangui's son-in-law was sent t
Beijing with Wu Shifan's head.[5] The Kangxi Emperor had Wu
Sangui's corpse scattered across the provinces of
China.[6]
Wu Sangui's son, Wu Yingxiong () (Wu Shifan's father), married
Princess Jianning (), the 14th
daughter of the Kangxi Emperor's grandfather Hong Taiji.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taijihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_Yingxiong&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shifan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yuanyuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zichenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoyouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Xiang_(Ming_general)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name
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In popular culture
In contemporary China, Wu has often been regarded as a traitor
and opportunist, due to his betrayal of both the
Ming and Qing dynasties. This view has been promoted by those
who have an interest in a strongly unified China
directed from the Beijing headquarters. However more sympathetic
characterisations are sometimes voiced, and it
is clear that Wu's romance with and love for his concubine Chen
Yuanyuan remains one of the classic love stories
Chinese history.
Wu's early life and military career are portrayed in a more
positive light in the CCTV television series Jiangshan
Fengyu Qing, in which he is shown to be forced into making the
fateful decisions which have made him famous.
Wuxia writer Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron ()
portrays Wu as a powerful nemesis to the
Kangxi Emperor, who sends the protagonist of the novel, Wei
Xiaobao, to scout out Wu's forces in Yunnan.
GreatZhou Dynasty (16781681)
Convention: use personal name
Temple names Family name and first name Period of reign Era
name
Tai Zu () W Sngu () March 1678 August 1678 Zhow ()
W Shfn () August 1678 1681 Hnghu ()
References
1. ^ Julia Lovell (1 December 2007). The Great Wall: China
Against the World, 1000 BC - Ad 2000. Grove. p. 254
ISBN 978-1-55584-832-3.
2. ^ Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners
and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China.Stanford University
Press. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
3. ^(Chinese) Baidu Baike
(http://baike.baidu.com/view/10050.htm)
4. ^ Jonathan Spence,Emperor of China, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p.
xvii
5. ^ Spence,Emperor of China, p. 37
6. ^ Spence,Emperor of China, p. 31
Retrieved from
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Categories: 1612 births 1678 deaths Chinese emperors Great Wall
of China Ming Dynasty generals
Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period subjects
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