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5.0 1016

5.5 1016

6.0 1016

6.5 1016

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5

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3

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- = = ! = v

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"8#Q(653'T C#&(6(6/'A(!?b<=13')E<=*+#Q(6E]4?U#&..d4E8')]<&h "8/%IK¡jT?@? B P¢MK3 s@K3Qy _89p "8#Q(653' A#Q(6(4'A(4r?b<1Q'AEk<=*+#Q(6E8`.#Q(65Q'Uh½#Q A')IK¡8K

?b? B PRMK3QS +8#Q(653' A#Q(6(4'A(4z13'A./<N )/YU%$#Q(#&..').j6<b?@#Q53')/ 7m$').EdMt2Qy ssK3

25B

25D

35B

25C

Legend:

NTD sample

average charge velocity

B

Mixing chamber

30 cm Cu cold finger

L−shaped Cu sample holder

Copper shield surrounding Experiment

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-=

=!

=

v3t

101

102

103

104

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

ρ [W

/cm

]

T [K]

25B

101

102

103

104

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

ρ [W

/cm

]

T [K]

25C

1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T0 T

101

102

103

104

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

ρ [W

/cm

]

T [K]

25D

101

102

103

104

105

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

ρ [W

/cm

]

T [K]

35B

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- = = ! = v2

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

p

B [T]

25B25C25D35B

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- = = ! = v

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

T1/

3 [K

]

B [T]

25B25C35B

0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

R1/

3[K

]

B [T]

µ/5398(6' vNMONo\z8'7_0'A8#=1/<398(<Qh 68'= $ %$#&(#Q?b')6'A(hf<3(8'sZs\-S»K3Qy7cK3!#Q8Et3Qy#&#zhf988 R<Q;<Qh?U#Q5Q8')6 m$').EdM¸\z8'V%8#Q(#Q?b')6'A(¹68<=*-#]./8'A#Q(E'A%0'A8E8')8 A' #&!'R¡N%0'A )6'AE > t3t:CLM 72Y*!#CYQc$6 A'7*V', C#&B%8(6<=1E8's<38.DYtaE$#&#Q%0<32)cV*V'X A#Q8<&U/1Q'A53#&'hf98(468'A()M 68'X/86'Rp8' $ > C _0'A$#C1<Q98(]#Q-#phf98 )6<3<Qh¸?U#&538')6 7m8'A.E/](4'A%0<3(46'AEdM

- = = ! = v3x

1

10

100

0 1 2 3 4 5

R(B

,100

mK

)/R

(0T

,100

mK

)

B [T]

25B25C25D35B

µ/5398(6' vNMºvo s#&6<b<Qh68';(4'A44#Q8 )';?U#&538')6 :m$').E[#&8E[8<bm$'A./EX(6')6/4"#&8 A'<&h+'bhf<39( Z]\-S6#Q?@%.'AT#&@(0B? A #Q #hf98 )6<3 <Qh!?@#Q53')/ m8'A.E MZs<Q6'78#&+68'76#Q?@'sYN%0':'748<=*¨#&.?b<348'7#Q?b'7?@#Q538'¢n6<3(6')6/4"#&8 A'&M

'T'¢¡N%j<3'A2#Q.·. #C*¨³w9$#J<QILKNM tPRo

.@I + P $ . ) # I + P# I + $ 3P:, $ ) ,

ILvMDP*-8')(6' # I + $ 2P¹/¸' FA')(6<,m$').Er(4'A6/46/1/Y #&w#]'A?b%0'A(#J98(4'9 #Q8E # I2+ P!68' (6')6D1NDYB#&-68' #Q?b',')?@%0'A(6#&98(4',*-/6X#`8<Q-98./.·?U#&538')6 7m8'A.E M

':8#=1Q',m866'AE³9$#&6<3 I½vM/=P68' 0;? A»')?@%0'A(6#&98(4'7(6#Q853'&c$#Q8EE8')(6/1Q'AE8':%8#Q(#Q?b')6'A(4 #Q8E8M\z'T(4'A498./6-#Q(6':48<=*-/µ539(6'`I½vM=3P!#Q8Eµ/5398(6'BILvM x2PRM µ$(6<3? µ5Q98(6'ILvM ¾2Ps*V'` C#Q 6')'r$#&:68'rhf988 R/<3$#Q.¸E8'A%0'A8E'A8 )'<QhUI2+ P7hf(6<3? 8'p?@#Q538'R rm8'A.E :*V'A./.E'A6 )(6/_j')E_2Y ³98#&/<3 I½vMDPRg¹*+'8<Q6 )',$#&-68'p%$#Q(#&?@'R'A(4z-#Q./?@<Q4!6'A?b%j')(#&698(6' E8'A%0'A8E'A2CM

4 X8'T<Q68'A(s$#Q8Edc '@%$#Q(6#Q?@'R')(s/s'¢¡%0'A R')E[<U_0'TE8'A%0'A8E'A2:<3i8'?@#Q538'R sm$'A./Edo

nU#&-./<=*¬m$').E8)cpz'¢¡%0'A R')EX<p_0' $ K > e2vc t3t CLg

- = = ! = v3¾

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

ξ

T [K]

25B25C25D35B

µ539(6' vM=No `1&#Q.9',hf<3(-#Q..j8' #&?@%8./'A-#&z1&#Q(4<39!'A?b%0'A(#J98(4'AAM

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

B0[

T]

T [K]

25B25C25D35B

µ/5398(4' vMºxNo 1&#Q./98',hf<3(-#Q./. 'T6#Q?b%8.')-#&z1&#Q(6/<398!')?@%0'A(6#&9(6'A)M

- = = ! =

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 1 2 3 4 5

F(1

20 m

K, H

)

B [T]

NTD 25B T = 120mK

Experimental databest fit

µ/5398(6' vNMº¾o ]#&/<UI±K P hf<3(wZ]\-S»K3Qyl6#Q?@%.'Qc#&w# hf98 )/<3`<Qhj?U#&5&n')/ ,m$'A./EdM

n@/a68'p85Qam8'A.E ./?@DCc 68<39.E 98./6?@#&')./YiE8'A )(6'A#Q6'b<i#1&#Q./98'`<Qh7 Qthf<3(-#` )<384#Q27E'A84/YB<Qh¸4#&')Ac <3(!6<i 3;hf<3(-# +<398.<Q?r_52#Q% > e2v CLM

Zs'R13')(4'A.')6)c;#Q9N8<3(4(4'A%0<3(4i'¢¡%0'A(4?b'A2"#&. 1&#Q./98'Ai<Qh 3c,')1Q'A /¬8/53?@#Q538'R rm8'A.E> e2v:CLM@\z'@(4'A69./ <3_N"#Q/8'AEa8')(6'Qc#Q(6'p )<38'A(4'A2T*-/> e2v:CLg#QT#?@#&66'A(:<Qhh½#Q )Ac :(#&8535hf(4<3? QMºtB<a3M vhf<3(T#Q..¹8'pei#Q?b%8.')Ac¹#Q:48<=*-kµ¸5398(4'aILvNM43P¢M '68<Q98.El(6')6p$#Jr*+' A#Q88<QpE4685Q984l_j'R*+')'Ak8'.<=*¬m$'A./EX#QE8/53Bm$'A./E(6#Q853' _0'A A#Q986' E$#&#`*V';8#=1Q' )<3../'A R'AE#Q(4' 6<N<`*-/E8'A.DY6')%$#Q(6#&')EdM

z¤!¤ ¹«,¯8° ©$°s°©Q®N/8 A'F'F(6'A4"#Q8 )' 6<l'A?b%0'A(#J98(4'FE8'A%0'A8E'A8 )'B'¢¡N%j<3'A2#Q.c]8' Zs\-S'A(6?b<3(4U#&(6'13'A(Y4'A84/6/13'X#Q8E A<3?b?@<Q8./Yl96'AE #Qb68'A(4?@<Q?@'R'A(4AM>\z8'6')86DD1NDY/]E')m$8')E[#Q

- = = ! = N

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

0 1 2 3 4 5

sens

itivi

ty: α

B [T]

25B25C25D35B

µ/5398(6' vNM/(No N')86D/1DYB<Qh¹8'Te@6#Q?b%8.')]<&hZs\-S #Q]#phf98 )6<3i<Qh?@#Q53')/ m$'A./EdM

$ .<35 V./<35 ILvMºK3P B@2')(6')4/85H<6'A'[*-8#&Bb8'F'R¼ ') )B<&h:8'F?@#Q538'R/ im$').E <3 8'

6')86DD1NDYl<Qh,Zs\-S 6#Q?b%8.')Ack1N/')*<Qh:#a%j<Q66/_8.'B96'X<&hs68'A? #Qp')?@%0'A(±n#&698(6'4'A84<3(`<Qh-_0<3.<Q?@'R'A(4 /H?@#Q538'R pm$').EIL#&r?@/532;_0'/' A \+]±Z'R¡N%0'A(4?b'A2 > ¾:C PRM¨m$(44z'R¼ ') )-<Qh·68',984':<Qh·':?U#Q5Q8')6 -m$'A./EB C#QB_0'7',%j<Qn6/_8.//Yr6<r1&#Q(4Yp':(6'A4"#Q8 )',<Qh·68',6')86<Q(6-_2Y@1&#Q(YN/85;68',?@#Q538'R -m$').EB<3'A? /i<Q(6E8')(-6<p?U#&6 "B8' (6'A#QENn <39]'A./'A )6(6<3 :?b%0'AE$#Q A'QM78<&8')(!WQ'RY')¼j'A Rz<Qhd68',?@#Q538'R/ ]m$').E<QU8's%j')(4hf<3(4?U#&8 A')!<Qhd68':Zs\-S

#&?@%8./'A)c28#&/6'A8Ew6< 8 )(6'C#&6'!']4'A84/6/1/Y <:')?@%0'A(6#&98(4'!1&#Q(6#&/<38AM7r#X?U#J6')( <&hzh½#Q )r*V' A#Ql6')'Qchf(6<Q? µ¸5398(4'FI½vM/ 2PRc¹$#& 8'U6'A6/6/1/Y <Qh' :'@6#Q?@%.'A 53(4<=*-Achf(4<3? FA')(6<X?@#Q53')/ `m$'A./E<[i\¹'A4. #c¸<Qh-#Q_0<39Te-0hf<3(]8'r<Q(4<353<3$#&.¸6#Q?@%.'A`I½M 'QM:K3Qy7c K3 7c t2QyzP]#Q8EF<QhV#Q_0<39,v00hf<3(]8'Zs\-SK3QS^I½%8#Q(#Q./.'). <3(4'A26'AE<`8' ?@#Q538'R/ 7m$'A./E PRM

- = = ! = 3K ^bs Ab

; )<38 ).984<3dcQZs\-S :'A(4?U#&898?¨ 8'6 ]²q(4'A53/?@'w6<*q#]5353#Q2 '¢¡N%j<3'ANn#Q.·?@#Q538'R<3(4'A6/4#Q8 A'T')¼j'A RCcj_89]8' (6'A4"#Q8 )' 6<@')?@%0'A(6#&9(6'TE8'A%0'A8E'A8 )'+4/.. #r53'A8')(#Q./ F)'AEi´<Q4zhf988 R<Qdc8³9$#&6<3IKM/=t3PRM\z8' (4'A6/4#Q8 A',6<`?U#&5&n8'R ,m8'A.EiE8')%j')E8'A8 )'; A#Q_j':m84'AEi_2Yi³98#&/<3IKNM tP¢M A(4<364<=13'A(`_0')*V'A')q68' +<39.<3?r_nT#&% ]²?b'A "$#Q6? *-D $ 3K

F68'U#&_86')8 A'@<Qh!?@#Q538'R/ rm$'A./E 6<X#(6')53?b'ra*-8/ " $ &ti/ ?@#Q53')/ m$').E/Thf<Q988EdMiT A<38E//<38:'U?b8/?r98?<Qh+8'@E8'A84Y<Qh!4"#J'A;#&' µ$')(6?bd.'R13'A.·/z8<b?@<3(4',')¼j'A RD13'QM hf98(468'A(-/8 A(4'C#Q4'T<&h¸68' ?U#Q5Q8')6 7m$').E.'A#QE8!6<U#rhf98(8')(]E'A A(4'C#Q4' <&h ·M\z' "#Q8E8#Q(6Ei52#Q%?b<NE8').c0GJIKNMD3M t2PRcE8<N')-8<Q8<3./EH#Q2Y?b<3(6'48 )'/ .'A#QE8T<F#XE/13')(653')8 A'B<&h!8'UE8'A84/Y<Qh-4#&')`#& 8'µ$'A(4?@d./')1Q'A.M

\z8'-986'-<Qhj69 "@(4'A6/46/13'z68'A(4?@/4<Q(6/`?U#Q5Q8')6 +m$').Eb#Q68'A(4?@<3?b')6'A(]If#:_j<Q.<3?b')6'A(Ac3hf<Q(8"#Q8 )'=P¢c5Q/13')8'-984'A(w8'- "$#Q A'-<T?U#&6 "`8'-?b%0'AE$#Q A'<Qhz68'U'A(6?b<3( _2Y1&#Q(YN/85[')/'A(;68'?@#Q538'R pm$').EH<3( 8'U6'A?b%j')(#&698(6'&g?b<3(6')<1Q'A(:'`?U#Q5Q8')6 ;m$').Ea$#Q,68'p')¼j'A RT6<8 )(6'C#&6'r'b4'A84/6/1/YX<Qhw8''A(6?b<3(T<F')?@%0'A(6#&9(6'U1&#Q(4 #&6<38)c8')8 A''A$#Q8 )85F'B%j')(4hf<3(4?U#Q A'<Qh'T_0<3./<3?@'R')(!/66'A.Dh±M

¸

S,98(485z·*+<Q(6W <Qh68'A4 *+'V$#C13'hf<N )986')E;<398(¸#&4'A26<3T<3 8'98./6(#-.<=*6'A?`n%0'A(#J98(4'I ¬t0@? A Pz%8(6<3%0'A(/'A]<QhZ]'A96(6<3[\¹(#&86?r9N"#&6<3S,<3%0'AE :'A(±n?@#Q89?MZs\-S ')(6?@#Q8/98?/]<&h 'A986')E[#Q-')?@%0'A(6#&9(6' 6')86<3(si.<=*¨6'A?`n%0'A(#J98(4'bE')') )6<3(6 6/8 A'pD:(6')6/4D1/Y[/:E8'A%0'AE8'A2r<Qa6'A?b%j')(#&698(6'&Mb´<3(4'Rn<=13')(Ac3D¹ A(4Y"#Q./.'(498 )698(6'!%(6<=1E8')#]1Q'A(Y;./<*H8'C#& C#Q%8#Q ADY > t0:CLc3#&8E;8')8 A'/-/-#`53<N<EB C#&8E8E8#&':<p_0':8':')?@%0'A(6#&9(6':6')86<Q(s<Qh#`_j<Q.<3?b')6'A(AM77#@?@#&66'A(-<Qhh½#& )CcjZs\-S ')(6?@#Q89?$#Qs_j')'A[ "<36')[_2Yi68' 4 s³n

+98<3(4 )8<r )<3..#Q_0<3(#&6<3p<;_j',68'7'A(6?@#Q.j6'A6<3(z<Qh 68'A/(+E8'R'A R<3()Mw\z8' A ]n\+-±Z '¢¡%0'A(4?b'A2 )<398./E 53'RU_0'A')m86U_2Yq986/85H# .<=*6'A?b%j')(#&698(6'iE8')6'A R<3('A98/%8%0'AEH*-/6lZs\-S :'U4'A84<3(6)g+48 )'@''R¡N%0'A(6/?@')2r ?U#Q5Q8')6 pm$'A./Edc' %8(4<3%0'A(46')s<QhZs\-S :' /?@#Q53')/ ,m$'A./EX$#C1Q';_0'A'AX213')4/52#&6'AEdc0 "$#Q%6'A(vM

Zs\-S 53')(6?@#Q8/98? T%8(6<E898 )'AEI½#E8'R"#Q/.'AEE8'A4 A(4%6<3T53/1Q'AH/ GJIfe8M/=P6P_2Y>(4(#QE8#&/<3 <Qhr#Q98./6(#Q%89(6' :' )(4Y4#Q. _2Y>?@'A#Q8<Qh;68'A(4?U#&.:8'A96(6<3AMZs')9(4<38+#Q(6'- C#&%98(4'AE_2Yb6<Q?@'&:'7#&6<3?b<&h 's.#&66 A'-#&8EU_0'A )<3?@']988"#Q_.'E$#Q A#CYN/85p2<p')/'A(7)c$<3(JT#`<3(='QMS,98'< 8'.<=* 8')9(4<3 A#Q%9(6'X )(6<34U4'A )6<3 #Q8E 6<68'68' :'A(4?U#&898?$#&698(#&.¹/6<Q6<3%0'T )<3?b%j<34/6<3dcN8' (6'A498./685bE8<3%85b-<QhY%0';%X#Q8EXD]z13')(4Y988Dhf<3(6? #Q./. <1Q'A(,68'r A(Y4"#&.M,\z8'`E<3%85UE8')86DY[ C#&F_j' "$#Q853')Edc·(6'). #&6/1Q'A./Y'C#&6.DYi_YX8 )(6'A#Q6/85U'r?b' 68'o:'r A(Y4"#&.,'¢¡N%j<34'AEF<68'r8')9(4<3 $9N¡jMS,<3%8/85rE8')86DYB#Q+853#Q:( $ )? I½#Q(6<398E8'7?@'R"#Q.j8498. #&6<3(V6(#Q6/6<3$P

Qt

( &e C#&_0' 'C#Q4./Y@(6'A#Q "8')EdM

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