xf]ln k lGx÷kmfu' ' k l0f {df jif { $% c +s !! The Ananda ... · a'=; += @%^! The Ananda Bhoomi 2017 K

$Page 1: xf]ln k lGx÷kmfu' ' k l0f {df jif { $% c +s !! The Ananda ... · a'=; += @%^! The Ananda Bhoomi 2017 K$
The Ananda Bhoomi 2017a'=;+= @%^! 1

jflif{s ¿= !%)÷– Psk|lt ¿= @)÷– jflif{s u|fxs agL ;xof]u u/f}+ .

;Dks{ sfof{no

cfgGb e"ldcfgGbs'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+ .

kmf]gM $@&!$@) E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]@anandabhoomi.com

Website: anandakutivihar.com.npwww.anandabhoomi.com

a'4jrgfd[t

@)&$ - xf]ln k'lGx÷kmfu' k"l0f{df_ jif{ $% c+s !!

a'=;+= @%^! g]=;+= !!#*The Ananda Bhoomi (Year 45, Vol. 11)A Buddhist Monthly : Feb/March 2018

k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/MleIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/ -k|d'v, cf= s'= lj=_

;Nnfxsf/ M leIf' wd{d"lt{ -sfo{jfxs k|d'v, cf=s'=lj=_

;Dkfbs÷k|sfzg ;+of]hsMsf]08Go

a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, $@@^&)@

;Dkfbg ;xof]uL M leIf' c:;lh, leIf' wDdbQ

Aoj:yfkg tyf ljt/s M leIf' lkob:;L, , , , , cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, $@&!$@)

Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL M leIf' ;/0f+s/, cfgGbs'6L

ljt/0f ;xof]uL M ljj]s dxh{g, :joDe"

n]vf Joj:yfkg M ;'/]z dxh{g, :joDe"

cfj/0f kmf]6f] M ;fo\ld s]= /lj

cfj/0f l8hfOg÷leqL ;]l6Ë M ljgf]b dxh{g

ljt/0ffy{ ;xof]uLx?Ma'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt ->L3M_, leIf' ;'l4sf], zld{nf >]i7

-af}4 j[4f>d–ag]kf_, c= OGb|fjtL -wd{sLlt{_, ;l/tf cjfn] -nlntk'/_,;'>L jL0ff s+;fsf/, ;'>L zs'Gtnf k|wfg, >LdtL s]z/L jh|frfo{, -af}4dlxnf ;+3, g]kfn_, ;'j0f{d'lg zfSo / k|]daxfb'/ yfkf -e}/xjf_, leIf'sf]ljb / ljBfb]jL zfSo -a'6jn_, ofd zfSo -a]gL_, 1fgdfnf ;+3–cfgGbljxf/ -tfg;]g_, anaxfb'/ ufxf -kfNkf_, s[i0fk|;fb zfSo -afUn'·_,ljho u'?· -ndh'·_, z}gL rf}w/L -k'hf/L nfdf_ ;Kt/L, pQddfga'4frfo{ -kf]v/f_, /Tgaxfb'/ gfDhfnL -;'v]{t_ .

d'b|0fMcfO{l8on lk|lG6· k|];, Ujfsf]{, kmf]gM %))&%^#, )!@)@#%

k|sfzsMcfgGbs'6L ljxf/

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :joDe", kmf]gM $@&!$@)sf=lh=b=g+= #$÷)#$÷)#%÷d=If]=x'=lg=b=g+= &÷)^!÷^@

df lko]lx ;dful~5 – clKko]lx s'bfrg+ .

lkofg+ cb:;g+ b'Sv+ – clKkofg~r b:;g+ ..

cyf{t\ M lk|o / clk|o b'a}sf] ;+ut gu/, lsg lsk|]dLnfO{ gb]Vbf klg / ck|]dLnfO{ b]Vbf klg b'Mv x'G5 .

lk|o j clk|olk+ gfk ;+jf; ofo] dt], lk|olk+dvg]j+ g+ b'Mv h'O, clk|olk+ vg]j+ g+ b'Mv h'O .

Let no man ever cling to what ispleasant, or to what is unpleasant. Not to seewhat is pleasant is pain, and it is pain to seewhat is unpleasant.

– wDdkb, @!)


;DkfbsLo

a'4–hGde"ld /fi6« g]kfndf æa'4 jfh jg{ Og g]kfnÆ zLif{s;lxt lugLh jN8{ /]s8{;\ cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd @)&$kmfug !( ut] zlgjf/ -March 03, 2018_ sf lbg a'4–jrg wDdkbsf] ;fd"lxs ?kdf ;:j/–jfrg ul/g];dfrf/n] b]z}el/ t/+u NofPsf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf ljleGg jfnx? To;} ;dfrf/n] /+luPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«ouf}/jsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg o; lsl;dsf cleofgn] k|rf/ k|;f/fTds If]qdf k[ys k|efj /fVg] g} b]lvG5 .

To;f] t &%)))) -krxQ/ xhf/_ hg;d'bfon] a'4–jrg wDdkb jfrg u/L lugLh jN8{ /]s8{;\ /fVg]clek|fo;lxt h'g dxfcleofg yfn]sf] 5, To; P]ltxfl;s sfo{nfO{ d"t{?k lbg cfof]hs ;+:yf ljZjsLlt{dfgL kl/ifb\g]kfn -ljlskg]_ cxf]/fq vl6/x]sf] ;'Gbfb]Vbf wDdkb ;:j/ jfrgn] ljZjlslt{dfgL sfod u/]/} 5f8\g] c8\snafhL:jfefljs g} b]lvG5 . ut @)&$ df3 @& ut] g} cfof]hgf ul/g] ;f] sfo{qmdnfO{ @)&$ kmfu'g !( ut] zlgjf/sfnflu ;fl/Psf] cleofg af/] OG6/g]6 b'lgofdf ldl>t k|ltlqmof 5fO/x]sf] tYonfO{ k"jf{u|x/lxt eO{ :jtGq cfFvfn]lgofNbf ;sf/fTds Pj+ /rgfTds k|ltlqmofx? k|r'/dfqfdf efO/n eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] sltko dflg;x?df e|d>[hgf ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

ljZjlslt{dfgL P]ltxfl;s sfo{qmddf a'4–jrg wDdkb jfrg ug{sf nflu cfof]hs ljZjsLlt{dfgL kl/ifb\g]kfnn] ;dofg's"n, ;a}n] dgg\ ug{ ;Sg], a'e\mg / k9\g ;Sg] Pj+ pko'Qm ufyfx? 5gf}6 u/L pknAw u/fpg clvng]kfn leIf' dxf;+3nfO{ ljz]if cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xLcg'?k cg]le dxf;+3n] ;Dk"0f{ wDdkbsf] @^ ju{cGtu{t $@#j6f ufyfdWo] !) ldg]6sf nflu ;:j/ kf7 jfrgsf nflu wDdkbsf] dd{nfO{ ;d]6\gu/L ;f/o'Qm ufyfx? pknAwu/fO;s]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ;:j/ jfrg ul/g] wDdkbsf c+zx? lugLh jN8{ /]s8{;\af6 k"j{:jLs[ltsf nflu;d]t k|s[ofut ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ k"0f{ eO;s]sf] 5 .

Pp6} :yfgdf Ps}k6s ;aeGbf a9L dflg;x?sf] ;xfeflutfdf ;:j/ jfrg -Most people reading aloudsimultaneously-Single location_ sf] sfo{qmd;DaGwL $^,^^) -5ofln; xhf/ 5;o ;f7L_ hgfsf] ;xeflutfdf;g\ @)!$ k|m]a|'j/L @ df ef/tsf] gfpFdf sfod /x]sf] ljZjsLlt{dfgLnfO{ eË ug]{ dxfg nIf;lxt a'4–hGde"ld /fi6«g]kfndf pgs} dxTjk"0f{ jrg ;d]l6Psf] a'4–jrg wDdkb ;:j/ jfrg sfo{qmd cfk}mdf dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ hgdfg;aLrk|rf/ k|;f/fTdsd'vL eO{ a'4k|lt ckgTj u|x0f u/fpg s]xL xb;Dd ;sf/fTds k|efj /fVg] /rgfTds sbd efGg;lsG5 .

zflGtsf gfos a'4af6 k|ltkflbt a'4z{g tyf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Gb]zsf] d"nd"le g]kfn g} ePsf] tYonfO{ cema9Lphfu/ ug{ k|rf/ k|;f/fTds e"ldsfnfO{ ckgfpg] qmddf a'4–jrg wDdkb ;:j/ jfrgn] cGt/f{li6«o hutdfljZjsLlt{dfgL sfo{qmdsf] nIf af]Sg'nfO{ ;Da4 If]qn] cGoyf dfg]sf] b]lvFb}g . oBlk o; sfo{qmdnfO{ r'gf}ltk"0f{lj/f]wsf cfjfhx? hlt km];a's ;+hfndf u'lGhPsf 5g\ Tof]eGbf sof}+u'0ff a9L ;sf/fTds efjgf JofKt ePsf 5g\ .b'a}nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg ;lsG5 eg] s'g}klg s'/f ;a}nfO{ ;j{ :jLsfo{ x'g}k5{ eGg' sltsf] ;xh x'G5< k[ys k[yscledt /fVg]x?sf] dtnfO{ ;d]t lgif]w gu/L :jfefljs ?kd}+ lng' ;sf/fTds xf]nf .

&%)))) -krxQ/ xhf/_ n] a'4–jrg wDdkb jfrg ug'{n] g} a'4 g]kfndf hGd]sf x'g\ eGg] ljZjsLlt{dfgL /fVg]b':;fx; ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]Og, o;/L lbu\e|ldt x'g' h?/L b]lvGg eGg] s'/f cfof]hs ;+:yfn] cflwsfl/s ?kdf ;+k|]if0fu/]sf kqdf cGt/lglxt tYon] :ki6 kf/]s} 5 .

a'4sf] gfpFn] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgdfg;df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o Pstfdf hf]8lbg yk phf{;lxt pTk]|/0ff Pj+k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;xof]u ldnf];\, ljZj sLlt{dfgL kl/ifb\ g]kfnsf] cleofg ;kmn xf];\, &% xhf/ xf]Og, !nfv g}hg;xeflut s6f];\, æa4 jfh jg{ Og g]kfnÆ zLif{sLo lugLh jN8{ /]s8{;\ a'4–jrg wDdkb ;:j/ jfrg sfo{qmdk"0f{ ?kdf ;kmn xf];\ oxL g} xfd|f] d}qLk"0f{ z'esfdgf 5 .

a'4jrg wDdkb ;:j/ kf7sf]ljZjsLlt{dfg lglZrt


ljifo–;"lrqm=;+= ljifo n]vs k[i7

!= a'4sf] :jtGt lrGtg leIf' cZj3f]if $

@= lbgrof{ ;dtfk"0f{ ePkl5 >d0f x'G5 nf]saxfb'/ zfSo &

#= l;lnsg EofnLdf k}mlnFb} Wofg (

$= cgfufl/sf wDdlbGgf b]j]Gb|/fh zfSo !@

%= dxfdfgj a'4 / xfdL k'/g axfb'/ zfSo !$

^= g]kfn M eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd:yn tyf sd{:yn avtaxfb'/ lrqsf/ !^

&= k~rzLn j k~rdsf/of b'jfto\ zfSo ;dfh 8f= s]zjdfg zfSo !(

8. Politics of Buddhism in Nepal David N Gellner 25

(= af}4 ultljlw @(


utf°dfo; c°

k9f}+ k9fcf}+, ;dod}+ jflif{s u|fxs agf}+

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM $@&!$@)E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

[email protected], [email protected]

a'4sf] :jtGt lrGtg

– a'4n] t d}n] eg]sf] egL cfFvf lrDn]/ ljZjf;ug'{ kb}{g eg]/ lziox?nfO{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] s'/fc+u'Q/lgsfodf 5 . ToxL s'/f :ki6 ug{sf] nfluoxfF s]xL c+z p4/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

– d}n] ltdLx?nfO{ 8'+ufsf] pkdf h:t} wd{pkb]zu/+] . gbL kf/ eO hfgnfO{ 8'+ufsf] ;xfotf rflxG5 .kf/ e};s]kl5 Tof] 8'+uf af]s]/ sf]xL klg lx+8\b}g .

leIf' cZj3f]if

uf}td a'4sf w]/} ljz]iftf 5g\ . To; dWo]sf]Ps ljz]iftf xf]– :jtGq lrGtg . dfgj ;dfhsf]ljsf;sf] lgldQ :jtGq lrGtg cfjZos 5 .;+;f/df c? s'g} klg u'?x?n] glbPsf] :jtGqljrf/ uf}td a'4n] cfkm\gf cg'ofoL >fjs -lzio_x?nfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5 . of] jxfFsf] Pp6f ct'ngLou'0f xf] . a'4n] c?n] h:tf] cfkm"nfO{ cfkm}n] slxNo};j{1 eGg'ePg . jxfFn] d}n] eg]sf ;a} ;To x'g\,c?sf] c;To xf] eg]/ slxNo} eGg'ePg . c?c?sf u'? -zf:tf_ x?n] t cfkm\g} pkb]znfO{dfq ;To xf] egL ljZjf; u¥of] eg] dfq b'Mvaf6d'Qm x'G5, cGoyf x'Fb}g eGg] u5{g\ . a'4n] t d}n]eg]sf] egL cfFvf lrDn]/ ljZjf; ug'{ kb}{g eg]/lziox?nfO{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] s'/f c+u'Q/lgsfodf5 . ToxL s'/f :ki6 ug{sf] nflu oxfF s]xL c+zp4/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

Ps lbgsf] s'/f] xf] . uf}td a'4 leIf';+3;lxtlhNnf lhNnfdf ax'hg lxtfy{ rfl/sf -e|d0f_ ug{hfg'ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nfdf :yfgLo sfnfdx?n]jxfFnfO{ gd:sf/ u/L glhs} Ps 5]pdf a;L cf–cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbP . clg s'znjftf{kZrft\ pgLx?n]a'4nfO{ eg]– æeGt] -:jfdL_ s'g} s'g} >d0f egLoxfF s]zk'q ufpFdf cfpF5g\ . cfkm\gf cfkm\gf dt-wd{_ dfq dfly kf/]/ s'/f u5{g\ . c?sf] dt -

jfb_ nfO{ v08g u5{g\ . cyf{t\, cfkm\gf] wd{ dfq;To xf], c?sf] c;To . o;n] xfdLnfO{ z+sf /e|d x'G5 ls s;n] eg]sf] s'/f ;To xf], s;n]eg]sf] em"7f .Æ To;kl5 a'4n] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ ;'gfpFb}eGg'eof]– æx] sfnfdx? Û z+sf ug]{ / x'g] 7fpFdfz+sf eof], 7Ls 5 . o; k|sf/sf] e|d x'g' :jfefljs5 . z+sf pTkGg x'g] 7fpFd} z+sf pTkGg eof] .Æ

-!_ slxNo} g;'g]sf] -cg':;j]g_ -@_ k/Dk/fut-k/Dk/fo_ -#_ o:t} g} egL /fv]sf] -Oltls/fo_ -$_ xfd|f] wd{u|Gydf ldNb5 -lk6s ;Ddbfg]g_ -%_tsf{g's"n -tSsx]t'_ -^_ Gofog's"n -gox]t'_ -&_o:sf] cfsf/k|sf/ 7Ls 5 . -cfsf/ kl/ljtSs]g_-*_ of] xfd|f] ljrf/;Fu ldN5 -lbl6\7ljHemfgSvlGtof_-(_ of] dflg; /fd|f] 5 -eJo?ktfo_ -!)_ pkb]zs>d0f xfd|f] k"Ho -;d0ff] cDxfs+ u?lt_ .

k|sfzf]Gd'v s[ltM leIf' cZj3f]ifsf r'lgPsf /rgfx?af6


x] sfnfdx? Û h:tf] ;'g rfFbL cfuf]df kf]n]/k/LIf0f u/L x]l/G5, To:t} h'g;'s} jf s;}sf] s'/fklg cfkm\gf] :jtGq lbdfun] hfFr]/ gx]/];Dd ljZjf;gu/ . cfkm\gf] :jtGq lbdfu?kL t/fh'df tf}n]/of] c;n xf], eljio;Dd lxt x'g] xf] . hLjgdfpkof]uL x'g] xf] . ;w}+nfO{ ldNg] / kfng ug{;Sg]xf] egL a'lemG5 eg] dfq :jLsf/ u/ . -c+u'Q/lgsfo_

Pp6f csf]{ klg :jtGq lrGtgsf] af/]df uf}tda'4sf] ljrf/ dlHemdlgsfodf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 .h;sf] ;f/f+z oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . uf}tda'4n] cfkm\gf lziox?nfO{ o:tf] klg cf1f ug'{ePsf]5– dflg;n] oxL hLjgdf kmn lbg] xf], d/]kl5xf]Og . b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g] eP klg ltdLx?nfO{af]em / si6 eP dg gk/fO{ s'g} klg s'/f u|x0fu/L /fVg' kb}{g . æs'Nn'kd+ leSvj] wDd+ b];]ldlgTy/0fTyfo gf]ux0ffoÆ cyf{t\ d}n] ltdLx?nfO{8'+ufsf] pkdf h:t} wd{pkb]z u/+] . gbL kf/ eOhfgnfO{ 8'+ufsf] ;xfotf rflxG5 . kf/ e};s]kl5Tof] 8'+uf af]s]/ sf]xL klg lx+8\b}g . -dlHemdlgsfo_

kl/lgjf{0f x'g] a]nfdf uf}td a'4n] leIf'x?nfO{eGg'eof]– ltdLx?sf] ;xdlt eP d gePkl5 ;–;fgf] ljgolgod 5f]8] klg x'G5 . æcfsª\vdfgf]cfgGb ;ª\3f] ddRro]g v'2fg' v'2sflg l;Svfkbflg;d"xg]®oÆ -ljgolk6s–r'njUu_

Pj+ k|sf/n] cfkm\gf cg'ofoL >fjsx?nfO{;dofg';f/ ljgogLlt x]/km]/ u/]/ n}hfg] df}sflbg'ePsf]n] jxfF slt :jR5 ljrf/ / k|hftGqk|]dLx'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f b]lvG5 .

o; k|sf/ :jtGq lrGtgnfO{ a'4n] dxTjk"0f{:yfg lbg'eP klg ljgolk6ssf] lgod cg';f/;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ 7fpF lbg'ePg eGg] s;}s;}sf] u'gf;f] xf] . t/ of] ljrf/ gk'u]sf] /ga'em]sf] s'/f] eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf . s;}n] To:tf]lsg eg]sf] egL a'emfpgsf] nflu s]xL p4/0fu5'{ . ægleSvj] /fhe6f] kAafh]tAaf]Æ cyf{t\ leIf'x?

Û /fHosf /Ifs l;kfxLnfO{ leIf' agfpg' x'Fb}g .

ægleSvj] bf;f] kAafh]tAaf]Æ cyf{t\ x] leIf'x? Ûbf;nfO{ leIf' agfpg' x'Fb}g .

ægleSvj] O0fflosf] kAafh]tAaf]Æ cyf{t\ x] leIf'x?Û C0fLnfO{ leIf' agfpg' x'Fb}g . -ljgolk6s dxfjUu_

oxL lgod b]v]/ a'4n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gug{nfO{ 7fpF lbPg eGg' ;Lldt a'l4sf] kmn xf],cg'lrt xf] .

uf}td a'4n] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] ;+3 g} ;dfhkl/jt{gsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . To:tf] ;+3sf];+u7g Tof]eGbf cufl8 s;}n], sxL+ :yfkgf u/]sf]5}g . ;a} clgTo -kl/jt{gzLn_ cgfTdf egL cf1fug'{x'g] uf}td a'4sf] wd{df ;dfh klg clgTo eGg]

laZj df]6/ 6]«8;{v–@, $)*, k'tln;8s, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .kmf]g g+=M $@#*!$&, $)#))$$, )!@@(@@#)

E-mail: [email protected]

6f]of]6f, ldT;'lal;, lgzfg, O;'h', ;'h'lsOToflb ufl8sf kf6{;\x?sf] ;fy} Jofl6« / OGe6{/sf]

nflu ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

kfk sd{ -cs'zn sd{_ slxNo} gug'{k'0o -s'zn sd{_ ub}{ hfg' .cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ -dg_ z'4 ug'{

oxL g} a'4sf] pkb]z xf]


s'/f lelqPsf] x'g'kb{5, kl/jt{g x'g} kb{5 . To:tf]eP tfklg klg jxfFn] tTsfnLg unt wf/0ffnfO{abNgsf] nflu hlt k|oTg ug'{eof], Tolt kl/jt{gug{nfO{ lqmofzLn x'g'ePg . lsgls To;a]nfsf];dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ cK7\of/f] eof] . a'4sfnLg;dfh bf;x?sf] >d zlQmn] kNxfO/x]sf] ;dfhxf] . To;}n] tTsfnLg ;dfhnfO{ bf; ;dfhcTofjZos cË eO/Xof] . bf;x?sf] tkm{af6dflnsnfO{ eo gx'g' g} /fHo, ;]gf jf l;kfxLx?n]ubf{ ePsf] xf] . b]zsf] /Iff eO/x]sf] klg kN6gn]ubf{ xf] . To;}n] l;kfxLx? klg To;a]nfsf] ;dfhsf]cTofjZos cË eO/Xof] .

sf]zn /fhfsf b'O{ rf/ hgf ;]gfx? efu]/uO{ leIf' x'gk'u] . Tof] s'/f yfxf kfpg] ljlQs};]gfkltn] leIf'x?nfO{ ;fx|} g} lgGbf u/] . of] s'/f/fhfn] GofodGqL;Fu ;f]w]– æ/fHosf ;}lgsx?nfO{leIf' agfpg]nfO{ s] b08 lbg'k5{<Æ GofodGqLn]eg]– æcg'zf;g -lzIff_ ug]{ sd{jfrfo{sf] lha|f]sf6\g' kb{5 . h'g ;+3;Fu cg'dlt lnP/ leIf'ag]sf] xf], Tof] ;+3sf] s/Ë 6'qmf 6'qmf kf/]/ efFlrlbg'kb{5 .Æ tTsfnLg zf;gsf] ;]gf cg';f/ olb uf}td

a'4n] s]xL u/L bf; / ;]gfx?nfO{ klg leIf' ug]{cg'dlt lbg'ePsf] eP ;/sf/ / a'4sf] aLrdf k|fo;+3if{ x'g] ;Defjgf lglZrt g} lyof] . bf; /;}lgsnfO{ k|j|lht ug]{ sfd g/f]lsPsf] eP To;a]nfsf];Qfwf/L /fhgLlts / k"FhLkltx?n] ;a} ;+3x?sf]s/ª efFrL lbGy] egL eGg ;lsGYof]< o:tf] ;dfhdfzflGtk"j{s ;dfh kl/jt{g ug]{nfO{ :yfg 5}g eGg'cfZro{sf] s'/f] xf]Og .

tnsf] 36gfnfO{ /fd|f] ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ cfly{skl/l:ylt cg';f/n] / 7fpF x]]/]/ klg hLjg kl/jt{gx'g], clg ;fy} lgod klg . o; sf/0f xfdLn]sNkgf ug{ ;S5f}+ ls JolQm jf ;dfh lgodsf]nflu xf]Og, a? lgod JolQm / ;dfhsf] nfluxf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu of}6f s'/f oxfF p4/0ful/Psf] 5 . PskN6 cj:yfg's"n a9\tf g} ljgo-lgod_ agfpg' kb{5 eGg] ;fl/k'q dxf:ylj/sf]k|fy{gfnfO{ a'4n] c:jLsf/ u/L eGg'eof]– æ3fpge}sg} cf}iflw nufpg]< s'g} sf/0f ge}sg} ljgogLlt agfpg' a'l4dfgL xf]Og . cfjZostfg';f/lgod agfpg' j]z x'G5 .Æ

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lbgrof{ ;dtfk"0f{ ePkl5 >d0f x'G5

nf]saxfb'/ zfSo

— h;n] cfkm\gf] kfknfO{ wf]P/ aufO;s]sf]

5, h;sf] lbgrof{ ;dtfk"0f{ 5 p;nfO{ a'4sf] cg'ofoL

>d0f eg]/ elgG5, h;n] cfkm\gf] -lrQsf] d}nf]_

x6fO;s]sf] 5, To; sf/0fn] ubf{ pm k|j|lht

sxlnG5 . h;sf] cfkmg\f] z/L/åf/f, jf0fLåf/f /

dgåf/f b'isd{ -kfk_ x'Fb}gg\, hf] oL tLg} 7fpF cyjf

If]qdf ;+od -;+j/_ o'Qm x'G5, To:tfnfO{ klg a|fXd0f

eGb5 .

s'g} z'Gofuf/ cyf{t\ PsfGt sf]7fdf k|j]zu/]/ ToxfF a;]/ s'g} zfGt lrQsf] leIf' -;fws_ n]ha ;Dos\ ?kn] ljkZogf cyjf wdf{g'kZogfub{5, ta p;nfO{ cdg'ioLo cyjf cnf}lss cfgGb-b}ljs ;'v_ k|fKt x'G5 . ;fwsn] ;Dos\ :d[ltcyjf ;lt;Dk|hGosf] ;fydf ha ha gfd / ?k:sGwx?sf] cyjf k+r:sGwx?sf] pboJoo?kLclgTotfnfO{ ljkZogfåf/f cfkm\gf] cg'e"ltdf ptfb{5,ta ta p;nfO{ k|Llt k|df]b?kL cWofTd;'vsf]pknlAw x'G5 . 1fgLx?sf] nflu Tof] g} cd[t xf] .oxfF o; wd{df k|1fjfg leIf' -;fws_ n] cflbdf -klxn]_ OlGb|ox?sf] ;+j/, ;Gtf]if / k|fltdf]If -leIf';Gof;Lsf cyjf ;fwssf lgod, ljgox?_ sf];+j/ -/Iff_ ug' { kb{5 . o;sf] nflu z'4cfhLljsfjfnf, cfn:o/lxt, sNof0fsf/L ldqx?sf];+ut ug'{ kb{5, p;n] d}qLk"0f{ 9+un] :jfut ug]{jfnfeP/ ;bfr/0fdf s'zn x'g'kb{5 . To;n] ubf{p;n] k|Llt k|df]bsf] ax'ntfsf] ;fy b'Mvsf] cGtug]{5 .

h:tf] ls jiff{b\df km'Ng] rd]nL km"nsf] af]6n]cfkm\gf cf]OnfPsf km"nx?nfO{ 5f]l8lbG5, To;/Lg} leIf' -;fws_ x?n] klg cfkm\gf /fu / å]ifnfO{5f]8LlbG5, zfGt z/L/ ePsf], zfGt jf0fL ePsf],zflGt k|fKt, /fd|f] t ;dflwo'Qm -;';dflxt_ /nf]ssf] cfldif -ckljqtf_ cyjf nf]lso sfdef]unfO{ afGtf ul/;s]sf] leIf' -;fws_ nfO{ pkzfGteg]/ elgG5 . leIf'n] -;fws_ cfkm\gf] bf]if cfkm}b]Vg' kb{5 . o;/L h;n] cfkm\gf] k/LIff cfkm}ub{5, pm cfkm}åf/f /lIft :d[ltdfg -;hu_ leIf' -;fws_ x'G5, p;n] ;'vk"j{s ljxf/ ub{5 . cfkm"g} cfkm\gf] dflns xf], cfkm" g} cfkm\gf] ult cyjf

b'u{lt cyjf ;'ult xf] . To;sf/0fn] cfkm}n] cfkm\gf];+od -/Iff_ ug'{ kb{5 .

a'4sf] zf;g -lzIff_ df k|;Gg /xg]jfnfk|df]b ax'n cyjf w]/} k|Llt k|df]bo'Qm leIf' -;fws_n] ;a} ;+:sf/x?sf] pkzdgaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;'vdozfGt lgjf{0f kbnfO{ k|fKt ub{5 . h'g;'s} g} t?0fleIf' -;fws_ klg ha a'4sf] zf;g -lzIff_ df;+nUg x'G5, cx{Tj k|flKtsf] dfu{sf] 1fgaf6 afbn-d]3_ d'Qm rGb|dfn] h:t} p;n] o; nf]snfO{k|sflzt kfb{5 . ha s'g} a|fXd0f ;dy / ljkZogfb'a} wd{df kf/+ut x'G5, ta To; hfgsf/sf ;a}aGwgx? c:tfP/ cyjf gi6 eP/ hfGb5 . hf]WofgL, /hd'Qm cyjf ljdn lgd{n, cf;ga4 cyjfl:y/, s[ts[To / cf>j -lrQdn_ /lxt x'G5,To;}nfO{ a|fXd0f elgG5 . h;n] cfkm\gf] kfknfO{wf]P/ aufO;s]sf] 5, h;sf] lbgrof{ ;dtfk"0f{ 5p;nfO{ a'4sf] cg'ofoL >d0f eg]/ elgG5, h;n]cfkm\gf] -lrQsf] d}nf]_ x6fO;s]sf] 5, To; sf/0fn]ubf{ pm k|j|lht sxlnG5 . h;sf] cfkmg\f] z/L/åf/f,jf0fLåf/f / dgåf/f b'isd{ -kfk_ x'Fb}gg\, hf] oL


;'gf}nf] sLlt{k'/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=gufp“ bf]af6f], gof“ ahf/, sLlt{k'/

a'4sf] hGde"ld /fi6« g]kfndf ;'v–zflGt k}mln/xf];\ .

;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?df wfld{s r]tgf ljsf; xf];\ .

tLg} 7fpF cyjf If]qdf ;+od -;+j/_ o'Qm x'G5,To:tfnfO{ klg a|fXd0f eGb5 .

h6f kfNb}df, uf]qåf/f / hGd hftn] sf]lxa|fXd0f x'Fb}g . h'g JolQmdf ;To / wd{ x'G5, pxLg} z'lr -kljq_ x'G5 / hf] ckl/u|xL x'G5 cyjfhf]l;t s]xL klg x'Fb}g / hf] ;+;f/df lng] OR5fgug]{ vfnsf] cyf{t\ cf;lQm/lxt x'G5, pxL g}a|fXd0f xf] . h;n] ;a} aGwg -;+of]hg_ x?nfO{sf6]/ l5gfO;s]sf] x'gfn] pm jf:tjdf ql;t -eolet_ x'Fb}g, hf] t[i0ff / cfzlQmaf6 kf/ kfO;s]sf]5, hf] ;+;f/;Fu ;+o'Qm 5}g cyf{t\ h;sf] ;+;f/l;tcf;lQm xl6;s]sf] 5, h;n] gTyL cyf{t\ qmf]w?kL5fnfsf] 8f]/LnfO{ cyjf t[i0ff?kL 8f]/LnfO{ ;Gbfg

cyf{t\ a};lÝ k|sf/sf ldYof b[li6?kL k|ufxfnfO{ /d'vnfO{ y'Gg] dxnf?kL cg'zonfO{ sf6]/ l5gfP/Pj+ kl/3 cyf{t\ h'jfnfO{ pv]]n]/ km\ofFs]/ k/d1fgL ePsf] 5, p;}nfO{ a|fXd0f eg]sf] 5 .

h;n] lrQnfO{ b'lift gul/sg cfqmf]z -ufnL_, jw -b08_ / aGwg -sf/fjf;_ cflbnfO{;xg ;Sb5, Ifdf an cyjf ;xg zlQmsf] an g}h;sf] ;]gf 5, p;}nfO{ a|fXd0f eGb5 . hf] cqmf]lw,w'tË, j|twf/L, zLnjfg, ;bf pT;fxL hfu?s,^j6} OlGb|onfO{ bdg ugf{n] bfGt cyjf ;+odL /clGtd z/L/wf/L 5, sdnsf] kftdf kfgL gl6s]h:t} / ;'O{sf] 6'Kkf]df ;l;{ªsf] bfgf gl6s] h:t}h'g JolQm sfd ef]udf lnKt x'Fb}g, h'g JolQmn]o;} nf]sdf cfkm\gf kGr:sGw?kL b'Mvsf] IfonfO{k|1fk"j{s hfGb5, h;n] cfkm\gf] efl/ la;fO;s]sf]5 / h'g JolQm, cf;lQm/lxt 5, u+eL/ k|1fjfg,d]wfjL dfu{ / cdfu{sf] 1ftf kl08t pQd cy{cyf{t\ lgjf{0fnfO{ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;fwseGb5 . ->f]tM wDdkb, cg'jfbs j]bgfy cfrfo{_

KKKKK

h6f kfNb}df, uf]qåf/f / hGd hftn] sf]lx a|fXd0f

x'Fb}g . h'g JolQmdf ;To / wd{ x'G5, pxL g} z'lr -

kljq_ x'G5 / hf] ckl/u|xL x'G5 cyjf hf]l;t s]xL klg

x'Fb}g / hf] ;+;f/df lng] OR5f gug]{ vfnsf] cyf{t\

cf;lQm/lxt x'G5, pxL g} a|fXd0f xf] .


Údfgl;s zflGtsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf dfG5]x?Wofg lzlj/df ;xefuL x'g cfpF5g\ . sf]xL cfk\mgf]hLjgb]lv v'zL x'g g;ls/x]sfx? klg cfpF5g\ .Ú

l6\j6sf ;x;+:yfks Pj+ k|d'v sfo{sf/Lclws[t -l;Ocf]_ Hofs 8f];L{n] uPsf] lqm;d;kl/jf/;Fu dgfPgg\ . ;fyLefO;Fu 3'dlkm/sf nflu;d'Gb|t6lt/ uPgg\ . cfkm" dftxftsf emG8} rf/xhf/ sfdbf/ 5f]8]/ pgL !) lbg] ljkZogf Wofglzlj/df ;xefuL eP .

pgL Wofgdf uPsf] ljifon] l;lnsg EofnLdf7"n} rrf{ kfof] . lzlj/ k"/f u/]kl5 l6\j6/dfkmls{Psf pgn] n]v]sf 5g\, …ev{/} bz lbg] df}gWofg k"/f u/]F . cf]xf], s:tf] l:y/ Û ;do lgsfNg;Ifd ePsf]df d efUodfgL / s[t1 5' .Ú

kl5Nnf] ;do l;lnsgEofnLsf k|ljlw afbzfx Pj+cfO{6L sfdbf/aLr ljkZogfnf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . cfwfbh {geGb f a9 L sDkg LsfnufgLstf{ Pj+ n]vs l6d kmf]/LPj+ ;]N; kmf];{sf l;Ocf] dfs{a]lgcf]kmn] t cfk\mgf] ;kmntfsf]/x:o g} Wofg ePsf] ;fj{hlgsbfjL u5{g\ .

G o ' / f ] ; f O G ; s f ]cg';Gwfgkl5 l;nlsg EofnLsf ;"rgf k|ljlwdflnsx? dfgl;s :jf:Yon] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfdfk|ToIf k|efj kfg]{df ljZj:t b]lvFb} uPsf5g\ . of]ljifo a'em]sf 7"nf ;fdflhs ;~hfn sDkgLx?km];a's / ln+sl8gn] k|aGws txsf sd{rf/Lsf]tgfjd'lQmsf nflu …nfOkm sf]lrª y]/fkLÚ ;'?u/]sf 5g\ . a]6/ck gfds y]/fkL sDkgLsf] ;]jfkm];a's;lxtsf sDkgLn] vl/b u/]sf 5g\ . of]

l;lnsg EofnLdf k}mlnFb} Wofg

– l6\j6sf ;x;+:yfks Pj+ k|d'v sfo{sf/Lclws[t -l;Ocf]_ Hofs 8f];L{n] uPsf] lqm;d;kl/jf/;Fu dgfPgg\ . ;fyLefO;Fu 3'dlkm/sf nflu;d'Gb|t6lt/ uPgg\ . cfkm" dftxftsf emG8} rf/xhf/ sfdbf/ 5f]8]/ pgL !) lbg] ljkZogf Wofglzlj/df ;xefuL eP .

– Go'/f ];fOG;sf] cg';Gwfgkl5 l;nlsgEofnLsf ;"rgf k|ljlw dflnsx? dfgl;s :jf:Yon]sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{df ljZj:tb]lvFb} uPsf5g\ . of] ljifo a'em]sf 7"nf ;fdflhs;~hfn sDkgLx? km];a's / ln+sl8gn] k|aGwstxsf sd{rf/Lsf] tgfjd'lQmsf nflu ‘nfOkm sf]lrªy]/fkL’ ;'? u/]sf 5g\ .

afx]s WofgnfO{ tgfjd'lQmsf] cf}iflw 7fGg] ;"rgfk|ljlw sDkgLx? klg 5g\ . $=$ lalnog 8n/sfdflns a]lgcf]kmn] ;fg k|mflG;:sf]l:yt ;]N;kmf];{sf]^! tn] 6fj/sf] k|To]s tnfdf sd{rf/Lsf nfluWofg sf]7f :yfkgf ul/lbPsf 5g\ .

Wofg s]Gb| lgdf{0fsf] kxnl6\j6/ l;Ocf]sf] ljkZogf Wofgsf] lg0f{on]

k|ljlw b'lgofFsf yk afbzfx?nfO{ cfkm"leq /


sfo{If]qdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 .ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] zlQmzfnL ;fdflhs ;~hfnsfl;Ocf]sf] ljkZogf ofqfaf/] ;dfrf/ agfpg] 6]lnu|fkmklqsfsf] x]8nfOgnfO{ sf]6 l6\j6 ub}{ afl;{nf]gfcfwfl/t cfO{6L sDkgL cNkmfsf l;Ocf] kfAnf]/f]l8«Uj]hn] n]v]sf 5g\, …of] lqm;d;df k|ljlwb'lgofFaf6 ljkZogf Wofg ug{ hfg] d dfq l;Ocf]xf]Og /x]5' . cfzf 5c? w ]/ }n ] o;nfO {k5Øfpg]5g\ .Ú

Soflnkmf]lg{ofl:yta] Pl/of ljkZogf 6«i6n]jif]{gL cd]l/sfd} ;a}eGbf7"nf] lzlj/ ;~rfngu5{ . u}/gfkmfd"ns ;f];+:yf olta]nf l;lsngEofnLdf ljkZogf Wofgs ] Gb | :y fkg f ug {lbnf]Hofg lbP/ sfdul//x]sf] 5 . sl/g8f]gf]efg Pj+ pgsf kltl6d @) jif{b]lv l;ofhL pm aflvg k/Dk/fsf]ljkZogf Wofg l;sfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljkZogfsfd'Vo cfrfo{ ;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsf x'g\ .

…dfgl;s zflGtsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf dfG5]x?xfdLn] ;~rfng ug]{ lzlj/df ;xefuL x'g cfpF5g\ .sf]xL cfk\mgf] hLjgb]lv v'zL x'g g;ls/x]sfx?klg cfpF5g\Ú, sl/g elG5g\ .

rf8af8df kl/jf/ / cfkmGt e]nf eP/ kf6L{ug]{, 3'dlkm/df lg:sg] z}nL k'/fg} x'g\ . t/ ;"rgfk|ljlw afbzfxx?n] ;dosf] dxTj ;a}eGbf a9La'em]sf5g\ . To;}n] pgLx? lqm;d;h:tf] nfdf]ljbfdf dl:tisnfO{ tflnd lbP/ zflGt kfpg]k|of;df nfu]sf x'g\ . Jo:t hLjg ePsfx?sfnflu !) lbg ;do lgsfNg rf8af8 Pp6f /fd|f]cj;/ xf] . Ps k6s ljkZogf ul/;s]sfx?n]cg'ej} u/]sf x'G5g\– lxdfnL kbofqf jf ;d'b| t63'd]/ k|fKt x'g] :km"lt{sf] t'ngfdf Wofgsf] :km"lt{sf]

l8u|L s}of}+ u'0ff clws / bLuf] x'G5 . To;}n] c¿;do Jo:t /xg]sf nflu rf8jf8 jif{el/sf] ysfgd]6fP/ :km"lt{ eg]{ / :jlg/LIf0fdfkm{t\ cfTdz'l4ug]{ ;'gf}nf] df}sf xf] .

OR5fPsf] gkfpFbf / grfx]sf] cj:yf ef]Ug'kbf{dfG5] tgfjo'Qm aG5 . af}l4s 1fgL / k|z:t;DklQsf dflns klg of] ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm 5}gg\ .

xf] Jo:t cfw'lgs hLjgz}nLdf tgfj 6fg}{ g;lsg];d:of ag]sf] 5 . tgfjnfO{ s;/L Úl8nÚ ug]{< of]ljifo dTjk"0f{ 5 / of] dfq} dfG5]sf] a;sf] s'/fxf] . Úd]l86];g d:6Ú k':tssf ;Dkfbs 8fS6/l8aL jfåfgL eG5g\, Útgfjn] el/Psf] cfw'lgshLjgz}nLsf nflu ljkZogf cr's cf}iflw xf] .o;n] tgfjnfO{ k|ltlqmof gu/L ;xh} lg/LIf0f ug{l;sfpF5 .Ú

k|lt:kwf{sf] cfhsf] o'udf sfo{ Ifdtf a9fP/cfkm"nfO{ cAan ;fljt ug{ ;a} rfxG5g\ . ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] Ifdtfn] ljZjnfO{ cfk\mgf] cf}Fnfdf grfO/x]sfl;lnsg EofnLsf k|ljlw afbzfx?n] of] ljifocem /fd|f];Fu a'em]h:tf] b]lvFb}5 . pgLx?x?sf]rfxgf x'G5— sd{rf/L sfdrf]/ gx'g\, e|i6 gx'g\,Odfgsf ;fy pT;fxn] sfd u¿g\ . r'lnFbf] ef}ltsk|ult x]l//x]sf / ;+;f/sf cg]s ;d:of;Fu h'lw/x]sfsd{rf/LnfO{ g}ltsjfg\ / km"lt{ agfO/fVg' 7"nf]

lzjk'/Ll:yt ljkZogf s]Gb|sf] Wofg xn


r'gf}tL xf] . Go'/f];fOG;n] k/LIf0f ul/;s]sf] tYoxf]— ljkZogfn] :jk|]/0ff hufP/ sd{rf/Ldf sfdug]{ hfFu/ el/lbG5 . /, sfdsf] kl/0ffddf To;sf]k|ToIf k|efj b]lvG5 .

g]kfnd} 5g\ ljkZogf s]Gb| l6\j6/ l;Ocf]n] u/]sf] ljkZogf Wofg lzlj/

g]kfndf klg ;~rfng x'G5g\ . ljkZogf ;fwgfhf] sf]xLn] ug{;Sg] ;/n Wofg ljlw xf] . o;n];fwsnfO{ sxLF st} ;fDk|bflos 3]/fdf afFWb}g .o;sf] cEof;af6 dfG5]n] k|ToIf zflGtsf] cg'eju5{ . lzjk'/Ll:yt wDd>[Ë, sLlt{k'/, lrtjg, O6x/L,kf]v/f, k;f{, n'lDagL / ;'v]{tdf ljkZogfsf s]Gb|5g\ . lzjk'/Ll:yt s]Gb|df gofF ;fwsnfO{ !)lbg] / k'/fgf ;fwsnfO{ * lbg] ;ltk¶fgnufot@), #) / $% lbg] sf];{ ;~rfng x'G5g\ .

nf]k eO;s]sf] of] Wofg k4ltnfO{ @ xhf/% ;o jif{ klxn] a'4n] vf]h u/L ljZje/ km}nfPsf

n]vs Pj+ kf7s–u|fxs ju{df xflb{s cg'/f]w

á g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s cfgGb e"ld klqsfsf] nflu g]kfnL, g]kfn efiff tyf cFu|]hLdf n]v–/rgf ;dod}+;Dk|]if0f ug'{xf]nf, ;DalGwt tyf ;dof]lrt n]v–/rgfnfO{ xfdL plrt :yfg lbg]5f}+ .

á ;dod}+ n]vs ju{n] a'4, a'4wd{, af}4;+:s[lt Pj+ bz{g, ;flxTo / Oltxf;;DaGwL cg';GwfgfTds tyf ;[hgffTdsn]v, /rgf, syf, sljtfx? ;+k|]if0f ug'{xf]nf .

á cf–cfk\mgf If]qx?df x'g] ;dfrf/d"ns af}4 ultljlwnfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] kmf]g, O{d]n jf x'nfsaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

á pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/L ju{af6 lj1fkg bftf aGg'eO{ cfk\mgf] Joj;fosf] k|rf/ tyf a'4wd{k|ltsf] >4f cleJoQmu/L cfgGbe"ldnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

á ljut $% jif{b]lv k|sfzg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s klqsf cfgGbe"ldsf nflu cfkm\gf ljrf/, ts{,lgofqf, b[li6sf]0fh:tf s'/fx? ;dfj]z u/L jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf cg's'n x'g] u/L hgcle?lrk"0f{ gofF gofF tYox?;lxtoxfFx?af6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf n]v/rgf k|fKt eO/x]df cfgGb e"ldnfO{ :t/Lo?kdf k|:t't ub}{hfg ;lsg] x'G5 .

á o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v–/rgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L :jo+ n]vss} cleef/f x'g]5 .

á ;dod}+ n]v–/rgf k|sfzg ug{ tyf ;Nnfx–;'emfjsf nflu [email protected]/[email protected] df Od]n ug{;lsg] 5 .

á ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf cfnf]rgf, ;dfnf]rgf cfgGbe"ldsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;Da4 If]qaf6 /rgfTds;xof]usf] ck]Iff lnPsf 5f}+ .

cfgGbe"ld kl/jf/, cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :jo\De", sf7df8f}+, kmf]g – $@&!$@)

lyP . adf{df hGd]sf ef/tLo d"nsf ;Togf/fo0fuf]oGsfn] o;nfO{ km]l/ ljZjel/ km}nfPsf 5g\ .g]kfndf pg}åf/f lgo'Qm cfrfo{sf] pkl:yltdf sf];{;~rfng x'G5 . ljkZogf l;Sg of]Uotfk|fKtcfrfo{sf] ;flgWodf !) lbgsf] cfjf;Lo lzlj/dfa:g}k5{ . of] Wofg l;sfOsf tLg r/0f 5g\—zLn, ;dflw / k|1f . !) lbg] lzlj/df ;fwsn]kfFr cg'zf;gdf /xg' k5{ . rf]/L gug]{, xTofgug]{, em'6f] gaf]Ng], gzfn' kbfy{ ;]jg gug]{ /Jolerf/ gug]{ . oL kfFr zLnkfngf ugf{n] dgzfGt kf/]/ cufl8sf] sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .;dflwdf cfgfkfg Wofg l;sfOG5 . o;n] Zjf;cfO/x]sf] / uO/x]sf] dx;'; ug{ l;sfpF5 . t];|f]r/0fdf ;fwsn] cfkm"leq k|1f hufP/ z/L/ /lrQ b'a } txsf ljsf/x?nfO{ cfZro{hgsulx/fOaf6 aflx/ lgsfN5 . K

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u[x:yL gfd M df]xgs'df/L zfSo -;]tL_lktf M lbj+ut kß/fh zfSohGd:yfg M gf/fo0f 6f]n, tfg;]g, kfNkfhGdldlt M lj=;+= !(*! cfiff9z'Sn k~rdLljjfx ldlt M lj=;+= !((%klt M lb= /0faxfb'/ zfSo7]ufgf M 6S;f/ 6f]n, tfg;]g, kfNkf5f]/fx¿ M lb= ozkfn -lx/faxfb'/_, nfnsfhL,

:j= kGgfsfhL5f]/Lx¿ M uf}tdL a'4frfo{, lb= dfof -t'nf_ zfSok|j|Hof M lj=;+= @)#*, kmfu'g k"l0f{df s'zLgu/cfrfo{ M leIf' 1fg]Zj/lzIff M ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg]cgfufl/sfsf] gfd M wDdflbgf

u[x:y hLjg Mr/d cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s

e/0fkf]if0fdf cg]s sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/] klgcfk\mgf ;GtfgnfO{ cWoogdf k|]/0ff lbg] / k|f]T;fxgug]{ . slxNo} em'7 gaf]Ng], OdfGbfl/tf / st{Jokfngsf] lzIff lbg] . ;fg} pd]/b]lv ljxf/df uO{bfg k'0o ug]{ . k~rzLnsf] kfng ug]{, leIf'x?af6ug'{ x'g] wdf]{kb]z cle?lrk"j{s >j0f ug]{, dggug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/sf] cfr/0f ug]{ tyf Jojxf/dfnfu' ug]{ . af}4 ;flxTosf] cWoogdf ?lr /fVg] .s;}k|lt j}/efj g/fVg], ;xgzLntfsL wgL / s?0ffsLvfgL . bLg b'MvLx?sf] ;]jf, ;xof]udf ;bf tTk//xg] . klt /0faxfb'/sf] lgwgkZrft\ hLjgsf]pQ/fw{df u[x:yL hLjgsf] h+hfnaf6 kf/ kfpgu[xTofu u/L k|j|lht eO{ a'4wd{ ;+3sf] ;]jfdfhLjg ;dlk{t ug]{ OR5f JoQm ug'{eof] . t/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx? ;–;fg} ePsf] sf/0f pgLx?sf] cfu|x Pj+cg'/f]wnfO{ lt/:sf/ ug{ g;sL dg df/]/ u[x:ywd{ latfO/xg'eof] .

cefj} cefjsf] lhGbuLdf ;d]t slxn] klgcfk\mgf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ cefjsf] dx;'; x'g lbg'ePg .nfngkfngdf sdL x'g lbg'ePg . ;dembf/ /

cgfufl/sf wDdlbGgf

— df]xgs'df/L af]nLrfnLsf] gfd ;]tL -lbj+utkß/fh / lrqs'df/Lsf k|yd ;'k'qL_ Ps kltj|tfgf/L . Ps cfbz{ wd{kTgL . ;]jf efjn] o'Qm d}qLPj+ s?0ffsL vfgL . ;dfhdf ;a};Fu d]nldnfksf]efjgf /fVg], ;fwf/0f JolQmTj .

— cg]s afwf Jojwfgsf sf/0f pxfFn] rfx]sf]a]nf cgfufl/sf aGg ;Sg' ePg . cg]s k6ssf]k|of;kl5 pxfF cfk\mgf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;kmn x'g'eof] .cGttM pxfF lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf u[xTofu u/L k|jlHhtx'g'eof] . a'4 zf;gdf k|j]z ug'{eof] .

b]j]Gb|/fh zfSo


cf1fsf/L 5f]/fx¿ cf–cfk\mgf k]zf Joj;fodf nfuLcfTdlge{/ ag]kl5 s]xL xb;Dd ePklg cfly{scj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'Fb}uof] . cfly{s cefjsf] ;d:ofaf6qmdzM d'lQm ldNb}uof] . o;kl5 cfWoflTds ;+;f/dfk|j]z u/L af}4 k/Dk/f cg';f/ bLIff lnO{ cgfufl/sfx'g'eof] . df]xgs'df/L -;]tL_ af6 wDdlbGgf u'?dfsf]gfdn] ;'kl/lrt x'g'eof] . cgfufl/sf ePkl5 pxfFa:g'ePsf] ljxf/x? M

ozf]w/f dxfljxf/ sf7df8f}+, anDa' ljxf/sf7df8f}+, kßr}To ljxf/ a'6jn, dxfr}To ljxf/6S;f/6f]n tfg;]g, dxfaf]lw ljxf/, nx/] lkkn,tfg;]g, 1fgf]bo ljxf/, afUn'Ë, n'lDagL ljxf/n'lDagL . df]xgs'df/L af]nLrfnLsf] gfd ;]tL -lbj+ut kß/fh / lrqs'df/Lsf k|yd ;'k'qL_ Pskltj|tf gf/L . Ps cfbz{ wd{kTgL . ;]jf efjn]o'Qm d}qL Pj+ s?0ffsL vfgL . ;dfhdf ;a};Fud]nldnfksf] efjgf /fVg], ;fwf/0f JolQmTj . cfly{scefjdf lklN;g' k/] tfklg slxn] lxDdt gxfg]{,;w}+ cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy st{Jok/fo0ftfaf6 slQljrlnt gx'g] log} x'g\ d}n] lrg]sf] d]/L ;]tLlggL .

cgfufl/sf aGg] sfd Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .hf] sf]xL klg u[xTofu u/L leIf' cgfufl/sf aGg;Sb}g . kx]+nf] n'uf nufpFb}df sf]xL leIf' cgfufl/sfaGb}g . To;sf] nflu ;+:sf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .cGt/ x[bob]lv Tofudo efjgf ePsf] x'g'kb{5,b[Zo lgZroL x'g'kb{5 . cfk\mgf] klt /0faxfb'/sf]lgwgkl5 pxfFn] cg]saf/ cgfufl/sf aGg] sf]lz;ug'{eof] . kl/jf/af6 ;xdlt gkfpg'sf ;fy} cg]safwf Jojwfgsf sf/0f pxfFn] rfx]sf] a]nf cgfufl/sfaGg ;Sg' ePg . cg]s k6ssf] k|of;kl5 pxfFcfk\mgf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;kmn x'g'eof] . cGttM pxfFlj=;+= @)#* ;fndf u[xTofu u/L k|jlHht x'g'eof] .a'4 zf;gdf k|j]z ug'{eof] . k|jlHht x'g'k"j{ pxfFn]eGt] u'?dfx¿n] lbg'ePsf] a'4wd{sf k':tsx¿ Pjd\:yfgLo af}4 pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n] pknAw u/fPsfaf}4 u|Gyx? -wDdkb, hfts syf cflb_ cWoogug'{ x'GYof] . clxn] pxfF rf}/fgAa] jif{sf] x'g'x'G5 .;fdfGo lx+88'n ug'{x'G5 . :d/0fzlQm IfL0f ePsf]5 .

KKKKK

Sofgg\ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=:joDe"–!%, ;fgf] e¥ofª, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g M $@***^*




dxfdfgj a'4 / xfdL k'/g axfb'/ zfSo, tfg;]g # eujtL6f]n

– xfdLx?n] a'4sf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{dfv]n]sf] lxhf]sf] cj:yf cfh lg/Gt/ tyf kl/jt{gd'vLx'Fb} ef]nLnfO{ cem alnof] / ;an kfg{df ;'lglZrtul/g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] t/ Jojxf/df b]lvFb} 5ls af]n]sf] k"/f ug]{ a'4x?sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uO/x]sf] .s'/fx?df ;f/f ljifonfO{ prfNg] t/ lgod;+utdf}nfO/x]sf] cfefif kl5Nnf lbgx?df kfOG5 .

a'l4dfg Mn'lDagLdf hGd]sf l;4fy{ uf}td a'4 xfn

;+;f/sf cg]s s'gf sfKrf;Dd eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf?kdf rlDsg k'u]sf 5g\ . xfdL o;} e"ldsf :j3f]lifta'l4dfg\x? ot}sf s'g} s'gf sfKrfdf a'l4 vf]lh/x]sf5f}+, dflu/x]sf klg 5f}+ . cGoq :yfgaf6 n'lDagLsf]If]qdf nfdf] a;fO{ u/L a'4sf] a'4Tjaf/]df a'l4lvofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf sf/0faf6 hGd3/TofUb} n'lDagLdf sd{u/L a;]sfx? klg e]l6G5g\ .h'g;'s} avtdf klg n'lDagLdf hGd]sf a'4sf];Gtlt x'F egL uj{ ug{ ;Sg]x? vf;df cfhsfa'l4dfg a'4 dfGg ;lsPnf<

a'4x? MdfG5 ]sf hftx? cg]s

yl/sf x'G5g\ . Pp6f ?vsf kftx?h;/L Pp6} x'Fb}gg\ . 7"nf x'G5g\,;fgf x'G5g\ . sf]xL /fd|f x'G5g\eg] sf]xL rfd|f, sf]xL c;n x'G5g\t sf]xL sd;n . To;}df v/fa /a]sfd] klg ldl;P/} /x]sf x'G5g\ .dfG5]n] cg]s sfdx? ug'{sf] cy{klg y/Ly/Lsf] x'G5 . sf]xL sfdsf]nflu sfd / sf]xL wfd -wd{_ sfnflu klg ug]{x? y'k|} 5g\, xfd|f] ;dfhdf . dfG5]eP/ cd/ aGg vf]Hg' b':;fx; x'G5 /] lsgsLp;df d[To' cjZoDefjL 5 . dfG5] sfof / dfofu/L b'O{ k6s db{5 /] . xfd|f] nf]sdf b'O{ k6sdg]{x? cToGt} clws / Ps k6s dg]{x? ;fx|}Go"g 5g\ elgG5 . sfof eg]sf] dfG5]sf] z/L/ xf] .z/L/ ha d5{, p;sf] ;Demgf klg lj:tf/} x/fpFb}hfG5 / dfofaf6 klg db}{ hfg]x? b'O{k6s dg]{dfk5{g\ . csf]{tkm{ ha dfG5]sf] dfof d5{, ta p;sf]dfof emg\ hLjGt aGb} hfG5 . h:t} M l;4fy{

uf}tda'4, z]S;lko/, ufGwLh:tf ;k'tx? Ps k6sdfq dg]{jfnf x'g\ .

af]nLsf a'4 Mdf ly pNn ] lvt

dxfg'efjx?sf] x/kn x/;doa'4sf] pRr:yfg sfod ePsf] b]Vgjf ;'Gg kfpg] pTs[i6 clenfifx'G5 g} of] s'g} gf}nf] ljifo geO{:jefljs ljifo x'Fb} xf] . xfdLx?n]a'4sf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{dfv]n]sf] lxhf]sf] cj:yf cfhlg/Gt/ tyf kl/jt{gd'vL x'Fb}ef]nLnfO{ cem alnof] / ;ankfg{df ;'lglZrt ul/g' cfhsf]cfjZostf xf] t/ Jojxf/df b]lvFb}

5 ls af]n]sf] k"/f ug]{ a'4x?sf] ;+Vof 36\b}uO/x]sf] . s'/fx?df ;f/f ljifonfO{ prfNg] t/lgod;+ut df}nfO/x]sf] cfefif kl5Nnf lbgx?dfkfOG5 .

axfb'/ a'4 M;dfhdf unt klxrfg sfod x'g] s'g} klg

vfnsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lg:t]h kfg'{ sd{ynf]agfOcfPsf a'4x?sf] klxnf] sfd xf] eg] oxfFsf:yfoL a'4x?n] To:tfnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ xf]Og


ls sfof{Gjog ug{df ;3fpg'kg]{ xf] t/ o;f] ePsf]jf u/]sf] klg kfOFb}g . To;}n] af]n]sf] gug]{x?sf];+Vof a9\b} uPsf] xf] elgPsf] xf] . lat]sf sfdsf]ljZn]if0fdf xfdL w]/} sd dfqfdf 5nkmn ub{5f}+ .;dfhdf ;sf/fTds klxrfgsf s'g}klg vfnsfsfo{x? ug{ vf]Hbf cj/f]w pTkGg ub{5f}+ . bf]ifLnfO{bf]ifL xf] eGg g;sL lgbf]{ifLtfsf] k|df0fkq lbgvf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ . ds} /f]k]/ wfg / wfg /f]k]/ ;'gkmnf]; eGg] xfd|f] tLj| rfxgf 5 . bf]ifLsf cufl8lgx'l/G5f}+ / e'mS5f}+ klg xfdL ;a}y/Lsf a'4x? .sfg"g, sfo{ljlw cfk;L ;xdlt cflbnfO{ nTofpF5f}+ ./ftf/ft cfkm\gf] cg's'n x'g] ljifo a8f] lbnr:kLnufo/ sfd ub{5f}+ / To;}df cfkm\gf] axfb'/Lkgfb]V5f}+ . dl/xTt] ub}{ hxfh} 8'Ag nfu]sf] s'/fatfpF5f}+ . a'4 aGg] ;Gbe{df n'lDagL eGbf aflx/ /n'lDagLd} a:g]x?sf] lrGtf / rf;f]sf] ljifo Pp6} x'G5elgP tfklg Jojxf/df To;f] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

km]l/Psf a'4 Mcfkm\gf] k|efj h:tf];'s} xf];\ ;a}nfO{ kfb}{

;xL sfd ug{af6 ;s];Dd al~rt ug{ cg]s vfnsftl/sfx? ckgfpF5f}+ . /fd|f] ug{ vf]Hg] a'4nfO{g/fd|f] ug{ vf]Hg] a'4n] x]nfxf]rf] ub}{ x]kfxf k|j[lQnfO{sfod /fVb5f}+ . sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf gug{df bjfjlbG5f}+ . ;dfrf/ tyf ;Gb]zx?n] 9fSg]nfO{ gª\Uofpg]/ gª\Uofpg' kg]{nfO{ 9fs5f]k ul/lbG5f}+ . kl/jt{gNofpg vf]Hg] a'4x?sf] v]bf] ;d]t vGg kl5kb}{gf}+ . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ lxlRsrfpF5f}+k'/fg} k||j[lQdf kf]lifnf]kgf 5 egL 5]kf/] kf/ tfKb5f}+ .o;/L ;Dk"0f{ a'4x?n] a'4s} nflu sfd ug]{ elgPtfklg s;}df klg vf; tfnd]n gePsf] dx;';x'G5 . xf]:6]df x}+:;] 5}g, a? xtf/f]df xfgxfg /tfgftfg rln/x]sf] 5 . ;a}y/L a'4n] cfkm\gf]af6f] dfq b]v]sf 5g\ . c?sf klg af6fx? 5g\eGg] jf:tf u/]sf 5}gg\ . ;a}sf af6fx? ;dfgtj/n] km/flsnf] kfb}{ cufl8 a9]df dfq a'4Tjsf]eljio 5 eg] o;}df ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;b\efjnfO{lsg PsLs[t gug]{ / xfdL a'4x?n] . c:t' .ejt' ;Aa d+und\ . K

j[4f>dnfO{ ;xof]u

lbj+ut leIf' ;'d+un dxf:ylj/af6 :yflkttyf xfn a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08kaf6 ;+/lIft ag]kfsf]af}4 j[4f>dnfO{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, cf>d ;+rfngfy{s'g}klg ?kdf >4fn' bftfx?af6 ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5,oxfFx?sf] cfly{s ;xof]un] dfq cf>dnfO{ lg/Gt/tflbg ;lsg] ePsfn] j[4f>d ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fVb5 .

o;}qmddf j[4f>dsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ lgDgbftfx?nfO{ j[4f>dsf] tkm{af6 xflb{s ;fw'jfb JoQmub{5 .

!_ a'4ljxf/, e[s'6Ld08ksf] bfgkfqaf6 ?= #,@)).-tLgxhf/ b'O{;o_ ;xof]ufy{ k|fKt . .

@_ k|]d/Tg zfSo, ag]kfaf6 ?= @,))). -b'O{xhf/_;xof]u k|fKt . .

#_ >Ldlt ljBfnIdL zfSoaf6 ?= @,))).-b'O{xhf/_ ;xof]y k|fKt .

$_ 1fgzf]ef tfd|fsf/, ef]6flx6L ?= !,))).-Psxhf/_ k|fKt, dfkm{t\ cd[t/Tg t'nfw/ .

%_ lbj+ut hxfg /fhg zfSosf] k'0oltlydf clgtf,>[hg tyf ?hg zfSo, ag]kfaf6 rfdn @% s]hL,rfprfp ! aS;, lrgL @ s]hL, bfn @ s]hL, la:s'6,kmnk'mn, c08fnufot ;xof]u k|fKt .

^_ ;d[tf cjf, sy' u0f]z, ag]kfaf6 vf:tf] tyflj:s'6 ljt/0f .

d}qLk"0f{ z'e]R5f;lxt M cf>dsf] ;xof]ufy{

;a} dxfg'efjx?n] ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 —

cWoIf, leIf' sf]08Go

af}4 j[4f>d, ag]kfkmf]gM )!!–^^@*$(, -tLg bf]af6f] x'Fb} gfnfhfg] Wofgdfu{_

gu/ ;Dks{ M a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, kmf]gM (*%!)$^!**, $@@^&)@

;Nnfxsf/ M b}j1/fh sfo:y, ag]kfkmf]gM (*$#)@)^$^


eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd:yn tyf sd{:yn g]kfnxf] . of] lglj{jfb ;To xf], j:t'ut tYo xf] .n'lDagLdf cjl:yt czf]s:tDe / To;df kfnLefiffdf n]lvPsf] cleJolQmn] hGd:ynnfO{ k|dfl0ftul/lbPsf] :ki6} 5 . ;fy} af]lw1fg k|fKt ePkl5nfdf] ;do;Dd eujfg\ a'4af6 g]kfnsf ljljwefudf ePsf e|d0f, ;+kfbg ul/Psf sfo{, pkb]zsfcgGt >[+vnf ;'Gg]x?sf oyfy{ cg'e"lt tyf cg'ejn]a'4sf] sd{:yn g]kfn ePsf] k'li6 cg]s 9+udfePsf] kfOG5 .

pk/f]Qm ;Todf Wofg glbO{ a'4sf] sd{:ynaf/]obfsbf st}st}af6 e|d km}nfpg] r]i6f u/]sf]b]lvG5 . of] jf:tjdf b"lift tyf gsf/fTds ;f]rdfq xf] . o;af6 s]xL ;do s;}s;}nfO{ af}l4sljnf; xf]nf t/ To;af6 e|d jf c;Toafx]s s]xLklg k|fKt x'Fb}g . o:tf] e|dk"0f{ lrGtgnfO{ jf:tjdfclxn]sf] lzlIft ;dfhdf s'g} :yfg 5}g . o:tf]

k|of;n] a'4;Fu;Da4 k|;+u / ;Gbe{nfO{ ljleGg:jfy{n] cfcfkm \gf tfTsflns jf /0fgLltsnfek|flKtsf lgldQ tf]8df]8 ub{} cs{} wf/df nfg]vt/f klg x'G5, h;af/] k|To]s g]kfnL lg/Gt/xf]lzof/ eO/xg' klg k5{ .

sfo{:ynsf] kl/j]zg]kfndf af}4 1fg, cEof; tyf lrGtg

st}af6 cfoft ePsf] xf]Og . ltgnfO{ s;}n] oxfFNofOlbPsf] klg xf]Og . cfkm"n] a'4Tj k|fKt u/]kl5,af]lw1fg k|flKtkl5 eujfg\ :jo+n] ;f] 1fgnfO{;a}sf] sNof0fnfO{ dWo gh/df /fv]/ ;/n 9+udf

ljljw If]qsf ljljw ;dfhdfk'/Øfpg'ePsf] xf ], ;dfhTo;nfO{ l6Kb}, k5ØfpFb} cl3a9]sf] xf] . o; qmddf eujfg\a'4n] g]]kfnsf ljljw efudfk'u]/ ;j{;fwf/0fdfem 1fgk|j4{g ug'{ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5,af }4 hLjgsf ] cEof;sfpbfx/0f k]z ug'{ ePsf] b[i6fGtklg cglulGt g} 5g\ . logn]a'4sf] sd{:yn g]kfn g} ePsf]s'/f pb\3f]if dfq ul//x]sf5}gg\, ltgn] g]kfnnfO{ a'4sf]sd {:ynsf ] ?kdf ;d ]tk|dfl0ft ul//x]5g\ .

avtaxfb'/ lrqsf/

– g]kfn ;lqmo ?kdf a'4sf]sfo{:yn g]kfn xf] eGg] ljifosf cg]scfofdnfO{ k|sfzdf NofO{ hgdfg;nfO{ ;xL?kdf ;';"lrt ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

g]kfn M eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd:yn tyf sd{:yn


eujfg\n] k|To]s lbg Wofg ug{], lrQ z'l4cEof; ug{], e|d0f ug{], leIff6g ug{], pkb]z lbg],pko'Qm cfxf/, cfrf/ Jojxf/ ug{], ;j{;fwf/0fsf;d:ofsf ;dfwfg ug{] qmddf ePsf cg]s k|;+ust} syfsf] dfWodaf6, st} kfnL efiff jf cGoZnf]ssf dfWodaf6 t st} cEof;sf] dfWodaf6,st} cg'ejLx?sf] cleJolQmaf6 sfnfGt/;Ddk':tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . k|f/Dedf a'4nfO{ k|ToIf;'Gg]x?n] clg qmdzM pgLx?n], lziox?n] c?nfO{csf{] k':tfnfO{ ;'gfP/ a'41fg / cEof; x:tfGt/0fxF'+b}cfPsf] xf] . hLjgdf af}4 cEof; ug{] qmldstfklg To;} u/L g} g]kfndf Ps k':tfaf6 csf{]df;b{} cfPsf] xf] . kl5 k':tsdf k|sfzg u/]/,ljåfg\x?n] wd{lrGtg u/]/, zf]wstf{x?n] vf]hLu/]/, cEof;Lx?n] cEof; g} u/]/ a'41fg /cEof;nfO{ cfd ?kdf hLjgdf, ;dfhdf clxn];Ddlg/Gt/tf lbO/x]s} b]lvG5 . oxL a'41fgsf] c6"6k/Dk/f / cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf :jo+ g} a'4sf]sfo{:yn g]kfn g} ePsf] k'li6 xf]Og / Û

a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL, /fhf z'4f]bgsf]zf;g If]q, bjf{/:yn, slknj:t', ozf]w/fsfdfOtL:yn / tL j/k/sf If]q eujfg\ a'4af6k|f/lDes ;dod} k|efljt eO{ leIf' aGg clek|]l/ts'g} bfh'efO;lxt Ps xhf/ cg'ofoLx?sf] ljljw:yfgsf k|;+unfO{ ;"Id ?kdf s]nfP/ x]g{] xf] eg]eujfg\ a'4sf] ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf tL If]q af}4lrGtg / hLjg;Fu kl/lrt dfq xf]Og cEo:t g}ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} tL :yfgdf pknAw ljljwk'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf, j:tLsf ;Gbe{ tyf n]vgnfO{ljZn]if0f ug{]x? klg a'4sf] sfo{:yn g]kfn ePsf]k'li6 ug{] y'k|} k|df0f km]nf kf5{g\ . af}4 lrGtg /hLjg;Fu lgs6:y cEof; tyf af}l4s sygsfcfwf/df klg oxL s'/fsf] lgSof{]n lg:sG5 . a'4sf]sfo{:yn cGoq} xf] egL jsfnt ug{]x?n] /fd|/La'em\g' k5{ M pk/f]Qm :yfgdf a'4sf] kfnfb]lv g}k|rlnt lrGtg, cEof; tyf hLjgz}nL tyf j:t'utj:tLdf k|ToIf k/f]If ?kdf sf]l/Psf tYon] g]kfn

g} a'4sf] sfo{:yn ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdfcf}+NofO/x]5g\ .

g]kfnaf6 aflx/ lkm+lhPsf] 1fg / cEof;xf], af}4 1fg / cEof; tLleqsf j}1flgs,

Jofjxfl/s Pj+ dfgjLo u'0f, d"No / dfGotfsfsf/0f sfnfGt/df qmdzM g]kfnaf6 aflx/lt/ km}nFb}uof], o;sf] Jofkstf lj:tf/ x'Fb} /Xof] . a'4 :jo+g} dfgjsf] j[xQ/ lxtsf nflu ljleGg :yfgsf]e|d0f u/L af}4 1fg / cEof; lkmhfpg ;+nUgx'g'ePsf] xf] . clg :jfefljs ?kn] eujfg\ a'4sf]sfo{:yn km/fls+b} uP/ ljZjJofkL g} x'gk'Uof] .;+;f/sf ljljw If]qdf /xg] a:g]x?n] g]kfndfePsf af}4 lrGtg / cEof;nfO{ ljljw dfWodaf6l;Sg] l;sfpg] ;'Gg] a'em\g] lrGtg ug]{, a'4nfO{:yflkt u/]/ pxfFsf] cg'ofoL aGg], agfpg], af}4hLjg cg'z/0f ug{] u/fpg] cflb qmd clxn];Ddklg rfn" g} 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf] lrQ;Da4 ;r]ttf/ z'l4nfO{ t clxn]sf o'usf dgf]lrlsT;sx?;aeGbf a9L j}1flgs egL cf]vtLd'nf] ug{ To;}sf]k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ljZje/ clxn] af}4Wofg—ljkZogftkm{ b]lvPsf] cfsif{0fnfO{ o;} qmdsf]kl5Nnf] s8L eGbf x'G5 . Tof] Wofgsf] /]vfnfO{ljutlt/ @% zojif{cl3;Dd lvRb} hfg] xf] eg]eujfg\ a'4n] af]lw1fg k|flKtkl5 g]kfnL e"lddf g}l;sfpg'ePsf] Wofgsf] ljGb"df g} k'luG5 eGg'cltzof]lQm xf]nf / Û

af}4 1fg / cEof; g]kfnaflx/ gkm/flsg]klg s'/} ePg . b'a} dfgjhLjg;Fu, ljZj;Fu k|ToIf?kdf ;Da4, rf/ hLjGt ;To 5g\ ltgdf hLjgdfb'Mv x'G5, To;sf] sf/0f klg x'G5, sf/0f x6fpFbfb'Mv x6\5, dWod dfu{ g} plrt xf] . cf7 dfu{sfcg'z/0fn] b'Mv x6\5 . Ps >Ln+sfnL ljåfg\ leIf'jfnkf]n /fx'nn] :ki6 g} eg]sf] kfOG5å— æ;+;f// hLjgdf b'Mv / kL8f 5 eGg] a'4jrgnfO{oyfy{ j}1flgs ;Tosf] ?kdf lng'k5{, o;nfO{a'4 efjgfdf g}/fZo 5 eg]/ a'em\g' x'Fb}g . To;nfO{b'Mvsf] sf/0f x'g], To; sf/0fsf] lg/f]w x'g] /


To;af6 d'lQm ldNg] dfu{ 5 eGg] kl/j]zdf cjnf]sgug'{ Jofjxfl/s x'g]5 .Æ

af}4 lgb{]lzsf klg plQs} Jojxfl/s 5 Ma'4sf] ;+s]t -pkb]zsf] ;xL cy{_ a'em, wDdsf] -;To, clx+;f, s?0ff_ af6f] nfu, ;+3sf] -;';+ut_;fyn] ofqf ;'ud x'G5 . a'4jrg dWo]sf d"n;Gb]zdf z/L/, jrg / dgsf] z'4tfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf/flvPsf] tyf ltgsf] z'4 ;r]t cEof;df ljz]ifhf]8 lbOPsf] k|;+un] j}1flgsx?nfO{ clxn] klgk|efj kfl//x]5 .

cfjZostfg]kfnsf ljutsf ljljw sfnv08sf zf;sn]

o:tf] dxf1fg / hLjg cEof;sf] dd{, d"No /dfGotfnfO{ ga'em\bf jf a]jf:tf ubf{ jf lsgf/fdfkfbf{ eg] w]/} sfn;Dd b]zleq of] lj:d[ltdf k¥of] .t/ aflx/ ljZjdf lkmlhP/ clxn] #) s/f]8sf]xf/fxf/Lsf dfG5]sf nflu k|ToIf cEof;sf] ljifo /cGosf nflu lrGtg, rf;f], ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo aGgk'lu/x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg g]kfndf af}4 lrGtg,zf]wdf g]kffn g} a'4sf] sfo{:ynsf ljifodf hltrrf{, ax;, tyf ljrf/ ljdz{ x'g'kg{] xf], n]vg,ljZn]if0f tyf JofVof x'g'kg{] xf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

Ps cy{df g]kfn a'4sf] sd{:yn xf] eGg] ljifosfcg]s cfofdnfO{ cfd rrf{df af}l4s ax;df jf;fj{hlgs lrGtgdf NofOPsf] g} 5}g . o;f] ubf{a'4;Da4 Ps uxg kIf cf]em]ndf kg{] ;+efjgf/xG5 .

af]lw1fg k|flKtkl5 g]kfndf eujfg\ a'4af6ePsf pkb]zqmd, sfo{ Pj+ dfgjLo ;d:ofsf;dfwfgsf ;Gbe{x?nfO{ s]nfpg]lt/ kfOnf rflnPsf]5}g . of] cfn]vsf] cfzo xf] M ;+a4x?df af}4lrGtg / cEof;sf] d"n sfo{:yn af}4sfnLg;dob]lv g} g]kfn /x]sf] ePsf] eGg] ljifodf klgWofgs]lGb|t ub{} hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .o;f] ul/Pg eg] sfnfGt/df ;Da4 oyfy{— a'4sf]d"n sfo{:yn g]kfn g} xf]— eGg] d"No c+Wof/f]dfkb{} hfg] vt/f klg 5 . clxn] g} sltn] tsfo{:ynsf] ljifodf s]xL e|dsf] v]tL u/]sf] klggb]lvg] xf]Og . o;}n] ;lqmo ?kdf a'4sf] sfo{:yng]kfn xf] eGg] ljifosf cg]s cfofdnfO{ k|sfzdfNofO{ hgdfg;nfO{ ;xL ?kdf ;';"lrt ug'{ cfhsf]cfjZostf xf] . K

-n]vs M y]/jfb af}4 bfos s]Gb|Lo kl/ifb\, sf7df8f+}sf

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ldng ax' p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8kfsf], Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ .

kmf]g M $@#!)#^, $@@@)^%, k\mofS; M $@!^!^&




d"vFjt{dfg zfSo ;dfh k~rzLn j k~rdsf/of

b'jfto\ bgfRj+u' b' . k~rzLn w}u' y]/jfb a'4wd{ofcfwf/e"t dfGotf vM— lx+;f dofo\u', v'of dsfo\u',Aolerf/ dofo\u', dv'u' vF dNxfo\u' j co\nf YjFdTjg]u' . k~rdsf/ w}u' df+;, dB, d}y'g, d'b|f j dT:o5\onf k"hf cfhf ofo\u' g]jfM tflGqs a'4wd{of cfwf/e"tdfGotf vM . g]kfn] y]/jfb k'g/hfu/0f h'OGXof] zfSoto\u'Gx\ofUu' k"hfo\ g+ jh|frfo{ u'?h'lk;+ GofuM :jgfMtflGqs, u'Xo, rof{ wsfM ofOu' ljlw k~rdsf/ vM .

y]/jfb j;f+lg;]+ eGt]lk;+ wfld{s Hof ofo\ Gx\of]laOu' k~rzLn vM . k~rzLn j k~rdsf/ Aofjxfl/ssy+ lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ljifo vM . yf}+sGx] zfSo ;dfhk~rzLn kfng ofo\u' nfls k~rdsf/ kfng ofo\u'låljwfo\ nfgfRj+u' b' . cKkf] zfSot ljxf/] jg]an]eGt]lklg kfv]+ k~rzLn u|x0f ofgfjO, t/ jh|frfo{lklgu'k"hfo\ jg]an] k~rdsf/ ;]jg ofO . Yj ljifo zfSo;dfh] jofRj+u' 5u" tMw+u' dfgl;s ;f+:s[lts åGåvM .

k~rzLng]kfM ufMof zfSot zfSod'lg a'4of x] yMnflk+

1fltaGw'lk+ vM . eujfg\ a'4 hLljtsfn] x] yMnflk+zfSoaGw'lk+ gfknfo\t zfSod'lg+ yM x] lshf k/]h"DxleIf' cfgGboft g]kfM ufn] 5\jofxMu' vF d"n;jf{l:tjfbljgo ;"q+ k|dfl0ft h"u' b' . zfSod'lg a'4of df}lnswd{ :ylj/jfb vM . k~rzLn u[x:yt]u' nflu y]/jfbofkof{o x] vM . k|rlnt g]jfM jh|ofg] k~rzLn sfo\u' vFug+ x] vg]db' . g]jfM jh|ofg] GXofUu' k"hf ofM;f+ clGt-co\nf_, vfo\ -b]nf_ j yflk+ -YjF_ :jg] x] dfM ;fljz]if tflGqs k"hfo\ GofuM -k~rdsf/_ :jg]dfM . O{zfGx]u" ztfAbLkfv] RjoftMu' lrlgof ofqL Xj]gzf+uof

k~rzLn j k~rdsf/of b'jfto\ zfSo ;dfh

8f= s]zadfg zfSo, [email protected]

– k~rzLn j k~rdsf/of b'jft] bgfRj+u'zfSo ;dfhoft lbzfaf]w ofo\u' cfjZostf yf}+cltcfjZos h'ofRj+u' b' . gq zfSo ;dfh b'g]k~rzLn j k~rdsf/of cGt/åGå ljsl;t h'ofMxfgL ofO . k~rzLn j k~rdsf/ 5yfo\ Rjg]kmOu' ;+efjgf db' . ls k~rzLn TjMt] dfn lsk~rdsf/ TjMt] dfn . olb zfSot wfTy]+ x] af}4vM;f k~rzLn HjgfM k~rdsf/ TjMt]u' x] o'lQm;+uth'O .

g]kfMof j0f{go\ yg y]/jfb j dxfofg lgu'ln+ gfkgfk+rn]h'ofRj+u' b' . pan] g]kfM ufn] @))) lt leIf'lk+ b' jc+z'jdf{ lnkfofDx a'4wd{ XoMDx lnR5la h'h'+ zf;gofgfRj+u' vM . g]kfMof /fli6«o clen]vfno\ b'u' kfnLefiffof bsn] k'nf+u' kf08'lnlk O{zfof Rofu"÷u'+u" ztfAbLkfv] RjoftMu' ljgo—lk6sof kfgft vM . Yj clen]vn'Os"Dx ;]l;n a]08fn vM . y'lk+ P]ltxfl;s tYotkfv]+larfM ofo\km' ls ylg+ bf]l5 bF GXof] tSs g+ g]kfM ufn]y]/jfb hLljt ltlg . cy] w}u' k~rzLn sofRj+u' b' .

zfSo ;dfhof a/] 5'Ou' ljlw :jn wfM;f Yjy]/jfb k/Dk/foft x] lg/Gt/ No+sftMu' vM w}u' ;Lb' .Yj k|j|Hof sd]{ ljxf/of zfSo ;+3of yfo\kflk;+ a/]h'ODx drfof cf+u;f WogfM rLj/j:q k'+sLu' vM . s]z5]bg ofgfM rLj/ k'g] w'+s"Dx >fd0f]/oft bzzLn laOu'vM . Yj bzzLn j k|j|Hof ljlw y]/jfbof >fd0f]/k|j|Hofln;] HjMnfM . rLj/ k'gfM KoGx' tSs leIff jgL,nf co\nf ;]jg ofOdv' . KoGx' lnkf jh|frfo{ u'?h'+:joDe" No"g] zflGtk'/] o+sfM rLj/ TjsfM nf, Vo]+,co\nf b'u' ;d]alh -k~rdsf/_ gsfM jh|ofg ;+:sf/]kl/jt{g ofgflaO . cn] pDx zfSo+ k~rzLn TjMtfk~rdsf/ ;+:sf/] bLlIft h'h'+jgL .

g]kfM ufn] y]/jfb nf]k h"u' !))) bF lt lnkf O{zf


!(@% kfv] onof 5Dx zfSoaGw' ef/t] OlGhlgol/+u5fqj[lQ sofM cWoog ofgfRj+Dx hutdfg a}B cgufl/swDdkfnof ;+ut] nfgf y]/jfb k/Dk/fof cgufl/swdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{ h'n . Dxf;'u' rLj/ k'gfM g]kfn] jofMa'4 pkf;s ;+3 bo\sf y]/jfb wd{of k'g/fudg oft .a}zfv k'GxL s'Gx' a'4 hoGtL Gofo\sn, lqz/0f jk~rzLn sfo\u' z'?jft oft . lnkf yg GofDx Nofo\Dxty]/jfb rLj/ k'gfM k|j|lht h'n . pld;+ b]z lgsfnf,h]ng]n kmo\dfn . plk+dWo] 5Dx gfgL sflh >]i7dxfk|1fof gfd+ leIf' h"u' vM . lnkf b]z lgsfnf,h]ng]n kmofM tfg;]g j ef]hk'/of zfSot g+ y]/jfbleIf' h'n . plk+dWo] leIf' cd[tfgGb bsn] xf]gxf/ h'oflkxf+jn . ;g\ !(%! kfv] leIf' cd[tfgGbof g]t[Tj]clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3 :yfkgf h'n . pan] @%leIf' j #) cgfufl/sft Yo+u' vM . pu' dxf;+3ofcfkfn+ leIf' cgfufl/sflk+ zfSo kl/jf/+ k|j|lht h"u'vM . pan] :joDe"of No"g] cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ :yfkgfh"u' vM . yf}+sGx] g]kfn] !)) dNofs y]/jfb ljxf/t b';f %)) dNofs leIf' cgfufl/sflk+ b' . 5]+ 5]+ klts+lq/Tg jGbgf j k~rzLn k|fy{gf u'+h] h'ofRj+u' b' .y]/jfbof k~rzLn u|x0f j k|rf/ ofo\u'nL zfSo ;dfh+cu|0fL e"ldsf lDxtfRj+u' b' . y'vt+ :jo\an] g]kfn]k~rzLnof ;+/If0f, k|j4{g j ljsf; ofo\u' lhDd]jf/LzfSod'lg a'4of 1fltaGw' h"u' gftf+ zfSo ;dfhofu' x]wDdbfofb vM .

k~rdsf//]jlt/dfgGb j}Bof …g]kfn wd{ bz{gof vFtÚ ;km'ltO

AofVof ofgftMsy+ k~rdsf/ z}jdfuL{to\ sfkflnskGyL e}/jtGq j zfSt bz{gof jfdfrf/t]u' d"n l;4fGtvM . g]kfMof tflGqs af}4t;]+ g+ e}/jtGq x] dfg] ofOu'vM . Yj k~rdsf/ bz{g j ljlw g]jfM jh|ofgo\ u'an]u'vt+ b'xf+jn 5u" cWoogof ljifo vM . Gogftofu' jAjgftofu' vFof cfwf/] yg lh+ yMu' cGbfh clen]vofo\t :jo\ .

e}/jtGqof k4ltsy+ k~rdsf/ cyf{t\ df+;, dT:o,dB, d'b|f j d}y'gof ;fwgf ofo\dfM . k~rdsf/ofbfz{lgs cy{sy+ df+; wfMu' jfs\ ;+od vM . dT:owfMu' k|f0ffofdof Ono\ s'Desåf/f cyf{t\ ;f;M lbsfMdg lgZrn ofo\u', dB wfMu' a|Xd/Gw|+ -r;'Kjfn+_ lkHjMu';f]d/; -cd[t_, d'b|f wfMu' ;x;|bnof kn]:jf+oftk/dfTdfof efj ofo\u' cn] d}y'g wfMu' ;[li6, l:ylt jnoof sf/0f k|s[lt j k'?ifof ;+of]u vM . cyf{t\ jfs\;+od of;] -gdjf:o_ k|f0ffofdåf/f dg lglZrt ofo\u'cn] dgoft a|Xd/Gw|o\ 5\jofM cg+ lkHjMu' /;o\ b'gfMkn]:jf+?lk k/dfTdfoft Dx;Ls]u' u'ls+ cfgGb cyjfdxf;'vof cj:yfo\ YogL . k~rdsf/of pb]Zo cfgGbvM cn] cfgGb a|Xdof :j?k vM t/ Yj z/L/o\ x]l:yt vM .

k~rdsf/of ;fwgf ofOlk+ d'VotM jfdfrf/tflGqst vM . y'u' ;fwgf ofODx:of lrQ lglj{sf/ jlglj{sNk h'OdfM . ;ljsNk lrQ+ cyf{t\ lrQ OlGb|ooft[lKtkfv] j+;f ;fwgfo\ ljs[lt jO . pls+ l:y/ lrQb'Dx ;fws+ vjkfv] ld;f, Dx't'O co\nfM, NxfMto\ ;ln+,dl:t:so\ u'?lrGtg, dgo\ eujltof Wofg, Do]o\ dGqhky'sy+ ;fwgf ofM;f e}/jLrqmof clwsf/L h'O . y'u'k~rdsf/of of]uljlw e}/jof ;fwgf ofo\u' sfkflnsdtof g+ ljz]iftf vM .

sfkflnsto\ dtsy+ euf;go\ RjgfM -ld;f ldh+ofof}g ;dfud_ cfTdfof Wofg of;] s}jNo -lgjf{0f_ k|fKtofo\km' . sfnfd'v sfkflnsto\ ljZjf; sy+ nf dg"ofvKk/o\ g;f tof go\u', ;LDx pmu'of gln+ a'Ou', gf} -e:d_ go\u', nu[8 wf/0f ofo\u', co\nf kfq yg]u' cn]

k~rdsf/of nf, co\nf, Gof, d'b|f j d}y'g w}u'jfs ;+od, a|Xd/Gw|+ lkHjMu' cd[t, ;f;M lbsfM dglgZrn ofo\u', ;x;|bn kn]:jf+of efj j k|s[lt jk'?ifof ;+of]u k|fKt h'Ou' vM;f tKo+s x] plsof cEof;ofo\u' ;Dos\ h'O . plsof k|tLs nf, co\nf, Gof,d'b|f j d}y'gof ;]jg 5fo\ ofgfRjg]u' . Yj k|tLsof;]jg ofo\u' w}u' df+ x] GXof]g] bo\s+ g+ df+of t:aL/] k"hfofo\u' y]+ h'n .

jh|frfo{lk+ r"8fsd{ lnkf 5'+ lbg k|j|lht h'of xfg+u[x:yo\ Rjgf hLjg xgL . u[x:yL; RjgfM g+ sfd, qmf]w,nf]e, df]x+ d'Qm h';] hutof p4f/ ofo\u' nFk' SogLDxcfrfo{ h'OkmM;f a'4Tj k|fKt h'O w}u' ljZjf; vM .


pu' kfqo\ Rj+Dx e}/jof k"hf ofo\u' y'u' nf]s j k/nf]sofOR5f k"lt{ ofo\u' vM . sfkflns l;4fGtsy+ e}/j x];[li6 j ;+xf/of BM vM . e}/j+ co\nf TjgfM ef]u -nf_gofM yMu' 1fg zlQm+ e}/jLoft 3o\k'gfRjgL .

g]kfMof Oltxf; k'Os]an] g]kfn ;Dat\ !)& kfv]lnR5la h'h' u'0fsfd b]j zfQm bz{gof pkf;s h"u'ln+o]+ b]zof k'glg{df{0f of;] nfo\s' :j+an] b]oft v8\ucfsf/ ofgfM Rofu" yf;o\ ci6dft[sf u0fof 5Dx 5Dxclhdf :yfkgf ofMu' vM . pan] x] gjb'uf{, /QmsfnL,n'Fdlw clhdf, sË clhdf, krnL e}/j, n'lt clhdfcflblklgu' hfqf ofo\u' rng g+ z'? h"u' vM . h'h'u'0fsfd b]j+ z}j j af}4to\t y'u' zfQm j z}j—bz{gof;lDdl>t ?k e}/jtGq kfng ofsfM g]jfM wd{—bz{gsy+;fF:s[lts PsLs/0f ofMu' vg] b' . y'sL af}4 ;Dk|bfooftflGqs jh|ofg /fhsLo dfGotf k|fKt h'of ;zQm h"u';Lb' . lnkf Yj k~rdsf/ l;4fGt g]jfM ;+:s[ltof?ko\ ljsf; h'h'+j+u' vM . df]xgL gvM Yj ;+:s[ltof;fj{hlgg cleAolQm h"jg . yMu' cfudo\ jf TjfM jnfufof clhdfoft kz'anL laOu' Hofo\ z}j j jh|ofgLlgvn+ k|efljt h"u' vg] b' .

kz'anL dAo';] ofOu' k~rf]ksf/ k"hf -g}jB,l;;fa';f, nM, w'+, OtfM _ j ;fwf/0f k"hf -hfls,l;GxM, :jf+, nM, hh+sf_ g+ k~rdsf/ ;fwgfof x] g/d?kt vM . nf gMlk+ BMlk+t ljz]if k"hf ofo\an] jf anLk"hf ofo\an] wfM;f iff]8zf]ksf/ cyf{t\ lem+v'tf j:t'+k"hf ofO . ;fwf/0f k"hf, k~rf]ksf/ k"hf, ;Dx] hf]n+-5\jo\nf, kfn', co\nfM, :ofMalh, xfs'd':of_ j ª\oftof k"hf ofo\u' iff]8zf]ksf/ k"hf vM . snM :jgfMk'Hofo\u'nL y'lk+ lem+v'tf j:t' bO . Yj lem+v'tf j:t'ofcy{ yy] vM — ;fwf/0f k"hfof hfls—k[YaL, nM—hn,l;GxM—t]h, hh+sf—jfo', :jf+—cfsfz . cn] k~rf]ksf/k"hfof g}jB—k[YjL, nM—hn, OtfM—t]h, w'+—jfo',l;;fa';f—cfsfz vM . ;Dx] k"hfof 5\jo\nf—k[YjL,kfn'—hn, co\nfM—t]h, xfs'd':of—jfo', :ofMalh—cfsfzvM . cn] lem+v'tfu' j:t' ª\of—lhjfTdf vM . v]+ ;u+of;+:s[lt g+ k~rdsf/of ;fwgfof k|tLs vM . v]+ ;ugo\Goftf j:t' ;]jg ofo\u' vM— nf, co\nfM, ª\of, v]+ j

cf] cyf{t\ df+;, dB, dT:o, d}y'g j d'b|f vM .

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jf:tljs cg'ej h'Odv' . jf:tljs -Aofjxfl/s_ cg'ejlagf dg" :jo+ 1fgjfg h'Odv' . :jo+ 1fgjfg dh'Os+j}/fUo jOdv' . cn] j}/fu djo\s+ leIf' h'ofu' 5'+ ;f/db' . pls+ ef]u ofgfM :jo+ 1fgjfg h' . y'vt+ leIf'jfbofnF tf]t]u' jh|ofgof ljz]iftf vM .

jh|ofgof d]u' ljz]iftf vM tGq . jh|ofg dxfofg;Dk|bfo b'g] lkn"u' tGqofgkfv]+ Ajn+u' bz{g vM . *u"lg;]+ !@u" ztfAbL ts ef/t, g]kfn, ltAat] jh|ofgk|rf/ h'n . ̂ u" ztfAbL RjMu' u'Xo ;dfh tGq+ dfWoldsz"Gotfjfboft ;fWo j lj1fgjfbL of]ufrf/to\ of]uoft;fwgfof ?k gfnfsfn . dGqof aLhfIf/ j tGqofk|efj+ of]uL dxfz"Go] nLg h'ofM j x] dxfz"Gokfv]+ yMDx+OR5f ofgfu' zlQm pTkGg ofo\u' l;4fGt lksfn .tGqof lgu" ;Dk|bfot jfdfrfl/g j blIf0ffrfl/g vM .jfdfrfl/g+ ld;foft zlQmof ?ko\ gfn, d}y'gof dfWod+j zlQm k|fKt ofo\u' h'n . blIf0ffrfl/g g/dklGy vM,ps]+ ldh+oft 1fgof ?ko\ gfn .

jh| pu| ?k vM, dGq ;f}Do ?k, pls+ pu| j;f}Do lgtf+ jh|ofg] ;dfof]hg h'n . tGqofgof z"Go

co\nfM YjF Tjg]u' Yj k~rdsf/ k"hf ljlwO pu'cfu+of z'4 zfSo hMlk+ hs b'YofOu' sf/0f+ a]hftAofxfofOlk+ ld:t j pldkfv]+ b'lk+ d:t b'YofO dv' . Yjg]jfM jh|ofgof ljz]if k"hfljlwof sf/0f+ a]hft O{lxkfMalh{t ofgftMu' j a]hftkfv]+ b'lk+ sfo\lkGt a/] d5'Ou',lGxs+ daLu', b]vf daLu' vM . cfrfof{leif]s nf jh|frfo{ofsfo\lkGt hs laOu' vM . zfSot jh|frfo{ h'Ou' clwsf/db' .

jh|frfo{ ag]h"u' Oltxf; :jn wfM;f jh|frfo{ h"lk+ nflnR5la, a|fXd0f cflb yL yL hftoflk+ vM . jh|frfo{ofsnfM h"lk+ g+ cg]s yhft Sjhft wfMlk+ vg]b' . t/hol:ylt dNn+ bo\s"u' hft k|yfoft yf}+ tSs+ dfg] ofgfRjg]dfMu' pln o'lQm;+ut dh" . a]hft Aofxf ofMlk+ zfSo jjh|frfo{t hft+ afx]s ofgf5\jo\u' Hof GXofgf x] RjgwfM;f g]jfM jh|ofg wd{ ;+:s[lt uy] ofgfM NogfRjgL<


cå}tjfbof ;fwgf ofo\u' ljlw g+ vM . jh| z"Gotfofef}lts k|tLs vM . jh|of cy{ b[9 cyf{t\ z"Go x] ;TovM wofu' l;4fGt Sjft's]u' jh|ofgof d'Vo vF vM .jh|of cy{ z"Go hs dv', lj1fg g+ vM, 5fo\wfM;fz"Go x] lj1fg vM cn] dg wofu' jh|3[s cyf{t\ pu'lj1fg?lk jh|oft wf/0f ofODx vM . jh|ofgof d]u'lr+ u+ vM . jh| z"Goof k|tLs vM;f u+ k|1fof k|tLsvM . z"Gotfo\ Sjft'Dxoft jh|;Tj wfO . pls+ y'u'bz{go\ a'4 :jofM g+ jh|;Tjof dxTj cKkf] vg]b' .jh|ofgof k|d'v u|Gy u'Xo ;dfh tGq jh|;Tj;DaGwLljz]if ;km" vM . jh|ofgLto\ d"n dGq ç gdM >Ljh|;Tjfo vM . u'Xo ;dfh tGqof cy{ vM— sfo,jfs, lrQof lgM:jefj efj :jefjo\ ldng h'Ou' of]u .cyf{t\ sfo, jfs, lrQ :j+u" u'Xo j ;dfhof cy{ldng . tGq wofu' k|1f]kfo ;dfklQ of]u vM . u'Xo;dfh tGq af]lwlrQof ljifo vM . af]lwlrQ x] sfo,jfs, lrQof ;f/ j u'Xo vM . af]lwlrQ wd{ g}/fTDo1fg+ a'ofjOu' a'4Tj k|bfg ofOu' :jefj vM . y'ls+km'Ss k|f0fLlk+t le+ ofOu' af]lwrof{oft ltaM laO .tyfutlklgu' af]lwlrQ+ sfo, jfs, lrQof ?k jh| -z"Go_ oft wf/0f ofOu' vM .

jh|ofg+ :qLTjoft zlQmof ?k gfnfsfMu'ln+zlQmåf/f hs ;Toaf]w h'Ou' vF dfg]oft pls+ :qLoftk|1f tyf k'?ifoft pkfo dfg]ofMu' vM . Yj l;4fGtofcfwf/] ljleGg b]jb]jLlklgu' cfln+ug d'b|ft bo\sf k"hfofgfxn . OlGb|oof OR5foft bdg ofo\dHo", k"lt{ ofo\dfMcyf{t\ ljifo ef]u ofof+ x] y'lsof lg:;f/tf y'Os]dfM .uy] hut z"Go lgjf{0f g+ z"Go vM . jh|frfo{ rof{kfng ofo\an] hftkft dfg] ofo\dHo" . r08fn hfltofDXofo\ g+ ljjfx ofo\Ho" . cfrfo{ u'?oft dfg] ofo\dfM .lglj{sNk lrQ+ yMsnfMgfk Jojxf/ ofM;f a'4Tj g+k|fKt h'O . yfs'u' lgod] Rjg]l;s+ km'Ss k|sf/of;'vef]u ofgf cGt/efjgf ofM;f ofsg+ a'4Tj nfeh'O . a'4fg':d[lt of;] zAb, :k;{, ?k, /;, uGwcyf{t\ k~rsfd u'0fof pkef]u ofo\u' x] k~ra'4 -cIff]Eo, j}/f]rg, /Tgs]t', cldtfe, cdf]3l;l4_ lkGtck{0f ofo\u' vM . åfbz cfotg+ -OlGb|o_ k"0f{ j :yL/

lrQ b'Dx yMld;foft n'b+s]u' j le+u' Aojxf/ ofo\u'sfo, jfs, lrQoft ;dtf efj to\u' vM .

sfo, jfs, lrQ af+nfDx @% bF dk"Dx ld;fdrf -sGof_ ljjfx of;] u'Xo j g'uMkfof by'O t]k'rfo\k~rs'n b]jtfof aLhfIf/ efjgf -Gof;_ tofM yMld;foft1fg ;fu/ vgfM yMu' /f]ds"k+ kn]:jf+ 5fofM k"hfofo\dfM . k]+u" /Tgdo -sfo, jfs, lrQ j x[bo_ vgfMk"hf ofo\dfM . pls+ yy] /Tg ltoftMDx sGof b]jtfoft;dk{0f ofo\j bfgkf/ldtf k"jgL . jf:tj] :qL x] hut;[li6 ofOu' tTj vM, t/ Yj g+ z"Go ;dfg vM wsfefjgf of;f jh|;Tjof :j?k wf/0f h'O . y'vt+jh|ofgof rof{ /fu rof{ vM . k|f0fLoft s?0ff to\u' g+/fu x] vM, pls+ /fu rof{kfv]+ g+ af]lw nfe h'Ok'm .

jh|ofgof d"n dGq ç cfM x"+ vM . çsf/sfojh|, cfMsf/ jfsjh|, cn] x"+sf/ lrQjh| vM . Yj:j+uM aLhfIf/oft dGq k'?if wfO . Yj çcfMx"+ a'4lklgu'sfo, jfs\, lrQ vM wsf efjgf of;f a'4af]lw nfeh'O . jh|ofg cKkf]ofgf wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs sd{sf08j b]jb]jLof k"hfkf7kfv] RjGXofMjg . cn] y'u'sd{sf08of clwsf/Llk+ cfrfo{leif]s softMlk+ jh|frfo{lk+vM . y]/jfb] leIf't u[x:y] RjgLdv' . jh|frfo{lk+ r"8fsd{lnkf 5'+ lbg k|j|lht h'of xfg+ u[x:yo\ Rjgf hLjgxgL . u[x:yL; RjgfM g+ sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x+ d'Qmh';] hutof p4f/ ofo\u' nFk' SogLDx cfrfo{ h'OkmM;fa'4Tj k|fKt h'O w}u' ljZjf; vM . jh|frfo{ af]lwlrQ+o'Qm h'OdfM . jh|frfo{+ k"hf ofo\GXof] u'?d08nofefjgf of;] a'4, wd{ ;+3of gfd+ jh|w/oft k"hf ofOcn] v'u" kf/ldtf -bfg, zLn, IfflGt, jLo{, Wofg jk|1f_ of g+ efjgf ofO . by'O af]lw;Tj b'u' /Tgd08nofefjgf ofO . xfg+ nf]skfnlk+ OGb|, od/fh, a?0f,

k~rdsf/ k"hfljlw+ hs af]lwlrQ pTkGg h'Ou'h";f zfSo j jh|frfo{+ hs a'4Tj nfo\km}u' h'n .cn] zfSo j jh|frfo{ afx]s d]lkGt Yj jh|ofg w}u' 5'+Hofo\ Von]b'u' g+ dv't . a]hft Aofxf ofOlk+ zfSojh|frfo{of ;Gtfgt g+ Yj wd]{ b'dYofOan] g]jfM jh|ofguy] ofgfM NogfRjgL<


s'a]/, clUg, g}Clt, jfo', dx]Zj/, a|Xdf, k[YjL, ;"o{,rGb|, gfu, c;"/, oIf cflbof k"hf ofO . cn] xfg+jh|ofgof bfz{lgs efjgf ofO . km'Ss wd{ :jefj+ z'4vM, lh g+ z'4 vM . z"Gotfof 1fg+ jh| y]+ b[9 h'O .jh|frfo{lk+ zLnjfg hs dv' Wofg of]u ;fwgf, tGqdGq, rof{ :tf]q kf7o\ lgk'0f h'OdfM .

ljåfg /]jlt/d0ffgGb j}Bof ljZn]if0fsy+ a'4wd{y]/jfb+ dxfofg, dxfofg+ jh|ofg ts kl/jt{g h'h'+jg]j+ zfSod'lg a'4of hGdl;a] Gxfkfof l:ylt; cyf{t\k'/f]lxtjfbL sd{sf08o\ lnxf+jg . wgjh| jh|frfo{+ o'jfaf}4 ;d"xof 5u" k|jrg sfo{qmdo\ jh|ofg a'4wd{]k|ltqmflGt vM wsfM wfMu' vM . cy] x] afun'+uofDx5Dx ;flxTosf/ sflh /f]zg+ zfSo jh|frfo{t;]+ yM x]k'vf{ zfSod'lg a'4oft k~rdsf/of lvufn] s'sf{lanwfn .

g]jfM jh|ofgg]jfM jh|ofgof ljz]iftf GofuM yflk+ :jgfM tflGqs

u'Xo k"hf ofo\u' vM . axfno\ SjfMkfMBM 5]nL yfkgfofgftO ;f tn] cfu+ bO, ug rqm;Da/ x]?s BMofd"lt{ bO . cfud] pu' axfMof zfSo hMlk+ hs b'xf+ jg]bOu' uf]Ko sf]7f vM, ug rrf xfnfM ljz]if k~rdsf/tflGqs k"hf h'O . b]vf db'lk;+ BMoft :jo\u' yLu'ofo\dHo" . Yj u'Xo k"hfo\ GofuM :jg]u' w}u' GofuM yflk+dWo] lguno\ co\nfM, lguno\ YjF j 5uno\ XofpF YjF:jg]u' vM . yflk+ BMg] GofkfM b]5fo\ 5\jo\nf, Gof, Vo]F,rNnf, a'Nnf tO . cn] GofuM kfqo\ yflk+of co\nfM YjFysfln+ lg;]+ lrklgkof NofM dt;] Tj+sfjgL . n'F, jx,cd"No df]lt Hjfxf/ft+ 5fo\lkoftMu' dg"of vKk/ofkfqo\ XofpF YjF, sfplnof hGkmfM kfqo\ co\nfM, df]ltofkfqo\ co\nfM, dfl0fs y'gftMu' kfqo\ YjF j g+SofMofkfqo\ YjF Tj+sL . Tj+s]u' Hof ld;fDx+ ofO;f No"No"eftDx;]+ Gof, Vo]+, 5\jo\nf, rNnf j a'Nnf NxfMt] Ao'Ao'+jgL .

ysfln+ lg;]+ bsn] Sjsfln tSs j x] GofuM kfq+co\nfM YjF Tjg]u' Yj k~rdsf/ k"hf ljlwO pu' cfu+ofz'4 zfSo hMlk+ hs b'YofOu' sf/0f+ a]hft AofxfofOlk+ld:t j pldkfv]+ b'lk+ d:t b'YofO dv' . Yj g]jfM

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g]jfM jh|ofgof d]u' ljz]iftf jh|frfo{lklg;+ GXofUu'k"hf of;f+ u'?d08n ;dflw b'Yofsf snzfr{g k"hfofOu' vM . pu' k"hfo\ g+ dfdsL k"hf wsfM clGt,yflk+ j vfo\ :jg]dfM . k"hfof k|;fb wsfM ;ln+rfo\vfo\, b]nf, cf], dl/ tofM cf/L sfo\u' cyjf k+rfMs"k|;fb wsfM laOu' vM . ;ln+rfo\ Rj+u' vfo\, nf, cf],dl/ b]kfo\ Kj+sfM co\nf n'gf Yj clts+ kljqu' k|;fbefMkf u|x0f ofo\u' vM . pan] u'?h'+ Dxf;' l;GxM,DxMl;GxM, df]xgL l;GxM ltsfM u'?df+h'+ :jf+ j hh+sflaOu' vM . u'?h' j u'?df+h'lkGt blIf0ff laOdfM .

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yf}+ zfSo ;dfh+ k~rzLn dfu{ Hjg]u' x] sNof0fh'O . cy] w}u' jh|ofg TjMt] dfM w}u' dv' . jh|ofg]hftlje]b db'u' k~rdsf/ db'u' ljlw ;'wf/ xo\dfnw}u' vM .


j jh|tf/f g+ bo\sn . k~ra'4of sfo\lk+t af]lw;Tjwfn— nf]s]Zj/, d}q]o, ;dGteb|, jh|kf0fL, d~h'3f]if,lIfltue{ cflb .

g]jfM ;dfh] a|Xdro{ leIf'leIf'0fL h'Ou' y]/jfba'4wd{ nf]k h'of snfM AofxfofgfM u[x:y] Rjg]dfMu'jh|ofg wd{ :yflkt h'Ou'nL h'h' u'0fsfd b]jof zfQmbz{gof cfwf/] g]jfM ;+:s[ltof lgdf{0f, z+s/frfo{ofa'4wd{o\ k|xf/, sfkflns kGyL lj:tf/+ xMu' e}/jLtGq jhol:ylt dNnof lxGb" j0ff{>dof cfwf/] u[x:y ;dfhlgdf{0f lhDd]jf/ vg]b' .

zfSo ;dfhof lbzfaf]wk~rzLn j k~rdsf/of b'jft] bgfRj+u' zfSo

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Nepal, as Nepalis never tire of remindingthe world and each other, was where theBuddha was born. But did Nepal exist 2,500years ago? Does the fact that the Buddha wasborn in what is today Nepal mean that themodern nation state of Nepal can claim specialownership of his memory, when the other threesignificant events in the Buddha’s life—attainment of enlightenment at Bodh Gaya,first sermon at Sarnath, and entry into fullnirvana at Kushinagar—all took place in whatis now India? Even the very act of asking thesequestions will irritate some of my Nepali friends,for whom the two most fundamental facts abouttheir country are that it is home to the world’shighest mountain and that it claims thebirthplace of the Buddha.

Mount (Mt) Everest has to be shared withChina—that is not debated—but most attemptson the summit now start from the Nepali sideand it is the Nepali Sherpas who are the world-recognised experts on getting there. Bydefault, most people think of Mt Everest asbeing in Nepal, and Nepalis are unlikely tocontradict them. On the other hand, theBuddha’s birthplace—Nepalis firmly believe—is theirs and theirs alone. However, the issuehas become particularly sensitive in recentyears as claims have surfaced in India that infact the Buddha’s home town, Kapilvastu, isto be found on the Indian side of the border.Indians sometimes claim, in all innocence andignorance, that the Buddha was born in India.There are still attributions in Westernmuseums of the Buddha or Buddhist statuaryto India, when it should be labelled as Nepalor Nepali. And, understandably, this too

attracts the ire of Nepalis.Lumbini, where the Buddha was born—as

definitively established by Emperor Ashoka’spillar dated 249 BCE (Before the Common Era)giving tax privileges to the village—is indeednot far from the border with India (nowhere inthe Nepalese Tarai1 is far from India).Kapilvastu, his home town, is even closer. Itseems now fairly conclusively established,thanks to UNESCO-funded archaeologicalinvestigations led by Robin Coningham (2014)of Durham University, that Kapilvastu is to beidentified with Tilaurakot, in Nepal. Thesettlements of Ganwaria and Piprahawa—onthe other side of the border in India—and stillclaimed to be -Kapilvastu by some—were anoutlying part of ancient Kapilvastu where, somehundreds of years after the time of the Buddha,there was a Buddhist monastery. Still, it cannotbe denied that there are Buddhist sites on the

Politics of Buddhism in NepalDavid N Gellner

([email protected])University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

The Buddha was born in what isnow the state of Nepal. Only about 10%of Nepal’s population is Buddhist, butmany more feel an affinity for thereligion and are outraged whenoutsiders claim that the Buddha was anIndian. Inside Nepal, however, thequestion of who has the right to speakfor Buddhism is contested. NepaliBuddhists often see themselves as adiscriminated minority; internally, theyare divided by tradition, caste, region,and language.


Indian side of the border, that part of ancientKapilvastu lies in what is the modern state ofIndia, and that the Uttar Pradesh Tourism boardhas an obvious interest in -increasing Buddhistpilgrimage from wealthy countries such asJapan and South Korea to their sites.

The campaign to have the world recogniseand acknowledge that the Buddha was born inNepal has captured the imagination of manyordinary Nepalis (Dennis 2017). There are T-shirts, websites, slogans on buses, books andpamphlets, campaign meetings, and even a popsong by Dhiraj Rai, all pushing the message(Rai 2013). Predictably, Rai’s song alsohighlights the conquest of Mt Everest by Hillaryand Tenzing Norgay; with somewhat moredissonance—at least for those primed to seethe Buddha as the world’s foremost"ambassador of peace"—it also includes thelines "Gurkha was born in Nepal." In anotherattempt to globalise the message, there was atalk show designed to get an entry in theGuinness World Records; hosted by RabiLamichhane on Nepal’s Channel 24 in April2013, guests talked for 62 hours non-stop onthe theme of the Buddha being born in Nepal(BBC 2013). There have been demonstrationsin several Nepali towns, led by monks andnuns, chanting "The Buddha Was Born inNepal." Finally, in 2016 Ramit Dhunganaproduced a whole feature film called BuddhaBorn in Nepal in which a Nepali student in theUnited States (US) discovers that people therebelieve the Buddha was born in India; hereturns to his home country to start a politicalcampaign on the issue.

To the foreigner who never doubted thatthe Buddha was born in Nepal, it can all be abit perplexing. To make sense of it, one mustremember the overall geostrategic situation ofSouth Asia, dominated as it is by a singleregional hegemon. Nepal–India relations areoften fraught and always overshadowed byIndia’s "big brotherly" attitude, as exemplified,

most Nepalis believe, in the blockade ofOctober–December 2015, as well as in theexperiences of condescension anddiscrimination that ordinary Nepalis frequentlyexperience when travelling to or working inIndia. Many Nepalis harbour deeply felt fearsabout the continued independence of theircountry, especially in the light of the absorptionof Sikkim into the Indian Union in 1975.

A key fact underlying the closeness of thetwo countries is that the border between Indiaand Nepal is "open"; in other words, there isfree movement of people (but not goods)across it (Gellner 2013). Most people in theTarai live their lives for most of the time as ifthe border did not exist: they routinely shop,go to school and hospital, work, and marryacross the border. Even Nepalis who live in thehills frequently travel to India for education, togo to hospitals, or to work. There are manyNepalis who have lived in India for generations;but even if we consider only those who aretemporary migrants, there are many millionsof Nepalis in India at any one time. Theinternational boundary does not, therefore,mark a sharp cultural or linguistic frontier. Inthe light of these continuities (and given that"India" as a designation historically applied tothe whole of what is now called South Asia orthe Indian subcontinent), the confusion ofoutsiders over what is India and what is Nepalis perhaps somewhat more understandable. Atthe same time, there is often, on the part offoreigners who know even less about Nepal,an opposite and incompatible confusion thatidentifies Nepal with the Tibetan plateau andimagines it as consisting of nothing but high-mountain monasteries, yaks, and butter tea.

The international politics of Buddhism donot stop at the borders of South Asia. Thestruggle for control over the "soft power" thatBuddhism represents implicates Sri Lanka,Thailand, China, South Korea, and Japan.Within China, there is competition between


Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China(PRC), as well as between those TibetanBuddhist leaders who work closely with thegovernment of the PRC and those, like theDalai Lama, who do not. Participants inmovements, such as those who argue forhaving female Buddhist ascetics ordained asfull nuns (bhikkhuni) and not just as "tenprecept mothers" (dasa sil mata, anagarika),find themselves caught up in these competitiveand conflicting currents (LeVine and Gellner2005: Ch 7).

Who Are Nepal’s Buddhists?Nepal has another reason for wanting to

claim the Buddha: it has a sizeable Buddhistminority, about 9% of the population (nearly2.4 million people) according to the 2011Census. This fell from 10.7%, or 46,421people in absolute terms, from the 2001Census. This may have to do with emigration,as well as with some former Buddhistsreassigning themselves to the newlyintroduced categories of "Bon" and "natureworshipper."

Buddhism died out in India between the11th and 13th centuries CE (Common Era),surviving only in Sri Lanka and to the east ofIndia, in Burma. North India had been apowerhouse of Buddhism in the late firstmillennium CE. There were so manymonasteries that the very name of the Indianstate of Bihar means "monastery." It was tothese great seats of learning that the famousChinese Buddhist pilgrims Faxian (Fa Hsien),Xuanzang (Hsüan Tsang), and Yijing (I Tsing)came in order to see the land of the Buddha’sorigin and to study the Buddhist scriptures. TheMahayana and Tantric Buddhism that wasdeveloped there was exported to Tibet, China,Mongolia, Japan, and Korea. In all these placesthe scriptures were translated—one of the mostamazing feats of sustained intellectual transferin the history of the premodern world—eitherinto Chinese or Tibetan.

In the Kathmandu Valley, high up in theHimalayan foothills, South Asian Buddhismsurvived and was neither destroyed by Islamicinvaders (though they came once in 1349 CE)nor absorbed by Hinduism. In the famous wordsof Sylvain Lévi, "Nepal is India in the making"(1905 I: 29). By this he meant that theKathmandu Valley was a kind of time machine:one could (at least in Lévi’s day, and until thewhole Kathmandu Valley was covered in tarmacand concrete) see something of the way inwhich Hinduism and Buddhism coexisted innorth India before the Islamic invasions. Amongthe Newars, the traditional inhabitants of theKathmandu Valley, a sizeable minority arestrongly Buddhist and many others have apartial link to it (Gellner 1992).

In addition, there are Buddhists amongmany minority populations, principally theTamangs, but also many Gurungs, and theThakalis of Thak Khola, as well as the manypeople of Tibetan language and culture alongNepal’s northern fringes, including the famousSherpas. Most are adherents of the Nyingmaschool of Tibetan Buddhism (Holmberg 1989;Mumford 1989).

In the 1930s, some Newars starteda reform movement "to reintroduce trueBuddhism to Nepal." By this they meant thepractice of celibacy and the teaching of basicBuddhist teachings to the laity in a more explicitand didactic form than existed in the highlyritualised teachings of traditional NewarBuddhism (LeVine and Gellner 2005). Theybecame Theravada monks and nuns whotravelled to Burma in order to study and thenreturned to reintroduce a new way of practisingtheir old tradition. This new Theravadamovement had reached out and started makingconverts among Magars and Tharus who now,for reasons of ethnic assertion, wish todisassociate themselves from Hinduism and thedomination of Bahuns and Chhetris (Letizia2012).


Politics of Buddhism within NepalGiven the international importance of

Lumbini as one of Nepal’s four UNESCO-recognised World Heritage Sites2 and theresources that have and are expected to flowinto Nepal as a consequence, it is not surprisingthat the question of who represents Buddhismin Nepal is not a simple or uncontested one.Add to this the fact that Nepali Buddhists aredivided between three main groups: the NewarBuddhists, who have a sense of culturalentitlement but no large-scale learned monasticestablishments; the new Theravada movement,which is still young and, now that it is past thefirst flush of enthusiasm, relatively lacking incharismatic leaders; and the Tibetan Buddhistswho are also divided by sect and ethnicity, andfocused more on global networks than onNepali politics (which, on the whole, they tendto avoid).

All political parties in Nepal are keen tocultivate religious leaders in the hope ofwinning the votes of their followers. Theytherefore accept invitations to be "chief guests"at important Buddhist events and speak infavour of the Buddha as a messenger of peaceand the relevance of his teachings to thepresent day. Some monks have beennominated to the national legislature bypolitical parties; for example, BhikkhuAshwaghosh has been nominated by theUnited Marxist–Leninist (UML) party, while theMaoists have nominated Bhikkhu Ananda andLharkyal Lama.

There are internationally renownedBuddhist sacred sites attracting pilgrims andvisitors from around the world: at Lumbini andother ancient sacred places nearby(Kapilvastu, Ramagrama, and so on), andwithin and around the Kathmandu Valley(Swayambhu, Bauddha, Namo Buddha), not to

mention the many Tibetan Buddhist gompas inthe north of the country. There have beeninitiatives on the side of the Nepali state to makeuse of Buddhism, such as King Birendra’sinitiative in the 1980s to have Nepal recognisedas a "Zone of Peace." More recently, aftermany years of campaigning by Buddhists, thegovernment has established the LumbiniBuddhist University, which has begun to offerMasters-level courses. From time to time thegovernment sponsors internationalconferences at Lumbini in an attempt to shoreup Buddhist support. The most famousBuddhist conference, held in Kathmandu andattended by Ambedkar among others, was in1956 to mark 2,500 years since theBuddha’s parinirvana according to the mostwidely accepted chronology.

Early moves to unite all Buddhists of Nepalin order to lobby the government forrecognition focused on the DharmodayaSabha, founded by Bhikkhu Amritananda andothers in exile in India in November 1944. Itstill exists, but is not as active these days; noris it as unifying as it once aspired to be. Noneof the other Buddhist organisations, such asthe Young Men’s Buddhist Association,managed to step up and take on the role ofproviding a national voice to all Buddhists.

Many Janajati activists wish to make use00of Buddhism as a theme, and the Buddhaas a symbol, around which to unify all thosewho are opposed to the domination of Hindusin Nepal. But demographics and history do notmake this an easy proposition. In fact, manydiaspora Nepalis, especially Gurungs, wouldprefer to have a dual religious identity ("Hinduand Buddhist") if they were allowed to do so(Gellner and Hausner 2013).

To be continued...


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a'=;+= @%^! sf] kl/olQ k/LIff ;DkGg@$ df3, sf7df8f}+ . clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3åf/f

;+rflnt g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf] a''=;+= @%^! ( lj=;+=


@)&$) k/LIff df3 ^ ut]b]lv df3@$ ut];Dd ;DkGg ePsf] g]kfn af}4kl/olQ lzIffsf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff lgoGqsleIf' af]lw1fg dxf:ylj/af6 hfgsf/Lk|fKt ePsf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z,lzIff cWoog cWofkg ug]{ df}sfkfO/x]sf] kl/olQ lzIff ljleGg ljxf/,;+3;+:yf, :s"nx¿df u/L g]kfnsf]

ljleGg @! j6f lhNnfdf !)% j6f s]Gb|df kl/olQlzIffsf] cWoog cWofkg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ lgoldt¿kdf k/LIff lbgsf] nflu #!*% hgfn] cfj]bg lbPsflyP .

rLgn] a'4If]qdf 7"nf] wg/fzL nufgL ug]{@& df3, @)&$ . gjnk/f;L– eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf]

ci6wft' /x]sf] ab{3f6–;':tf klZrd /fdu|fd :t"k cf;kf;sfIf]qdf rLg ;/sf/n] ko{6g k|j4{gdf sl/a ? Ps ca{%) s/f]8 a/fa/sf] cfly{s nufgL ug]{ ePsf] 5 . ko{6gk|j4{gsf] If]qdf rLgn] ug{ nfu]sf] nufgL g]kfnsf ;a}:yfgLo txdWo] oxfF ;a}eGbf a9L /x]sf] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfn]hgfPsf] 5 . eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf] ;ftj6f :yfgdf ci6wft'/x]sfdWo] /fdu|fd :t"k dfq l;+uf] ci6wft' /x]sf] :yndflgG5 .

rLgn] 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL u/]/ lgdf{0fsf] sfdcl3 a9fPkl5 o; If]qsf] ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf;n]km8\sf] dfg]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . /fdu|fd :t"k cf;kf;dflrlgofF ;/sf/af6 cfly{s nufgL ug]{ u/L ;dembf/Lkqdfx:tfIf/ eO;s]sf] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf gu/ k|d'vg/]Gb|s'df/ u'Ktfn] hfgsf/L lbP .

æ;Dk"0f{ nufgL rLg ;/sf/n] ug]{5, ef}lts ;+/rgflgdf0f{sf nflu /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfn] /fdu|fd :t"k cf;kf;sfIf]qdf hUuf pknAw u/fpg] 5 . gu/kflnsfn] ko{6gu'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfd z'? ul/;s]sf] 5Æ, pgn] eg] .rLgsf] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] rLg–g]kfn ;f+:s[ltss]Gb| / /fdu|fd gukflnsfaLr b'O{kIfLo ;dembf/Lkqdfx:tfIf/;Fu} sfd z'? ul/Psf] u'Ktfn] atfP .

rLgsf] a]Olhªl:yt afprL zx/sf] ;dGjodftyf /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf] ;xsfo{df /fdu|fd :t"ksf];]/f]km]/f]df ko{6sLo:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xdlt ePsf]xf] . /fdu|fd :t"ksf] d'Voafx]s cGo If]qdf ko{6g k|j4{gsfnflu ljleGg ;+/rgf lgdf{0f cl3 a9fOPsf] gu/kflnsfsL

pkk|d'v /Def s'Fj/n] atfP . ;f] If]qdf ko{6sLo ;+/rgftof/ ePkl5 cfufdL ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;f] ko{6sLo If]qsf]cfDbfgLnfO{ /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf / rLg– g]kfn ;f+:s[ltss]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf;df nufgL ul/g]5 .

:t"ksf] d'Vojfx]s cGo cf;kf;sf If]qdf cTofw'lgs;'ljwf ;DkGg kfs{, Eo" 6fj/, jf6/ kmfp08];g tyfdlN6k|of]usf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] gu/kflnsfsfOl~hlgo/ zlt;s'df/ u'Ktfn] hfgsf/L lbP . e|d0fsfqmddf Ps ;ftfcl3 rLg k'u]sf] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfk|d'v g/]Gb|s'df/ u'Ktf g]t[Tjsf] 6f]nL;Fu afprL zx/sfk|d'v ld:6/ dfF / cGt/f{li6«o ljefu k|d'v jfª sf]gn]ko{6sLo:yn lgdf{0fsf ljifodf ;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/u/]sf lyP .

ælrlgofF ;/sf/n] g]kfndf ko{6sLo If]qdf o:tf]7"nf] nufgL ug{' ;sf/fTds s'/f xf]Æ, o; If]qaf6 lgjf{lrtk|ltlglw;ef ;b:o b]j]Gb|/fh sF8]nn] atfP . rLg ;/sf/n]g]kfnsf] ko{6g k|j4{gdf cfufdL lbgdf yk nufgL ug]{pgn] ljZjf; JoQm u/] . -k'?iff]Qd ;'j]bL, /f;;_

leIf' ;'gGbsf] b]x cj;fg@ kmfu'g, af]wuof, ef/t . /fhsLo a'4ljxf/

n'lDagLsf leIf' ;'gGbsf] $% jif{sf] cNkfo'd}+ c;fdloslgwg ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . a'4uofsf] wfld{sofqf bf}/fg 6]gaf6 v;]/ d[To' ePsf] ef/tLo k|x/Ln]hfgsf/L u/fPsf x'g\ . clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3af6leIf'x? wDdfgGb, PzsLlt{ / wDd/tg tyf bfh' s]bf/zfSo, efO ;'/]Gb| zfSo / efGhf dlgif zfSo af]wuofdfk'uL ^ ut] clGtd ;+:sf/ ;DkGg ul/of] .

nlntk'/l:yt Ovf5]F lgjf;L lktf l;l4/fh zfSotyf dftf Gx'R5]dfof zfSosf]sf]vaf6 lj=;+= @)@( ;fn efb|( ut] hlGdPsf ;'ljg zfSon]lj=;+= @)^! >fj0f !^ ut]n ' l Dag L l :yt / fhsLoa'4ljxf/df leIf' ljdnfgGbdxf:ylj/sf] cfrfo{Tjdf >fd0f]/;'gGbsf] gfpFaf6 k|j|Hof bLIffk|fKt u/]sf x'g\ . pgn] ;f]xLljxf/s} ;Ldfu[xdf lj=;+= @)^@

df3 # ut] jt{dfg g]kfnsf ;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]ifdxf:ylj/sf] pkfWofTj Pj+ leIf' ljdnfgGb dxf:ylj/sf]

s]lGb|o kl/Iff lgoGqs


cfrfo{Tjdf leIf' ;'gGbsf] gfpFd} pk;Dkbf bLIff k|fKtu/]sf lyP . tTsfnLg /fhsLo a'4ljxf/sf k|d'v leIf'ljdnfgGb dxf:ylj/sf lzio leIf' ;'gGb n'lDagL /fhsLoa'4ljxf/, zfSod'lg ljxf/x'Fb} xfn nlntk'/l:yt cIfZj/dxfljxf/df al;/xg'ePsf] lyof] .

a'4ljxf/ k'gMlgdf{0ffy{ ljz]if kl/qf0f$ kmfu'g, sf7df8f}+ . a'4ljxf/sf] k'gM lgdf{0f

sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg pQ/ klZrd df]x8fsf] kfFrtn] ejgafx]sc? wDdfuf/ wDdxnnufot ;Dk"0f{ eTsfO{ k'gMlgdf{0fsfo{ yfNg $ ut]b]lv ^ ut];Dd leIf';+3af6 # lbg]ljz]if kl/qf0f kf7n ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . afwfJojwfg/lxttjn] k'/fgf] ;+/rgf eTsfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg xf];\ eGg]p2]Zo;lxt cfof]lht kl/qf0f kf7sf] nuQ} gofF ;+/rgf

lgdf0ffy{ oyfzL3| lznfGof; sfo{ a}zfvdlxgfleq} lznfGof;sfo{ ul/g] a'4ljxf/sf k|d'v Pj+ k'gMlgdf{0f ;ldltsfcWoIf leIf' sf]08Gon] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . ;fy} ljxf/k'gM lgdf{0fsf nflu bftfx?nfO{ cfly{s Pj+ ef}lts;xof]yfy{ ckLn ug'{eof] .

u'0ffg':d/0f lbj; ;DkGg& kmfu'g, sf7df8f}+ . k|yd lqlk6sfrfo{

P]ltxfl;s leIf', ;+3pkgfos Pj+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/sfk|d'v leIf' s'df/ sfZok dxf:ylj/sf] ^ cf}+ k'0oltlylbj; -lbj+ut M @)^* kmfu'g !$_ tyf a'4ljxf/e[s'6Ld08k, af}4 j[4f>dnufot ljleGg ;+3;+:yfsf;+:yfks k|d'v leIf' ;'d+un dxf:ylj/sf] !( cf}+ k'0oltly-lbj+ut M @)%% kmfu'g @@_ lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/L;+o'Qm?kdf pxfFx?sf] a'4zf;lgs of]ubfgnfO{ :d/0fu/L leIf';+3af6 ;fd"lxs kl/qf0f kf7 ;DkGg eof] .af}4;ds[t ljxf/, eQmk'/sf k|d'v leIf' wDdzf]egdxf:ylj/n] u'0ffg':d/0f af/] pkb]z ug'{eof] eg] a'4ljxf/sf

k|d'v Pj+ cfrfo{ leIf' s'df/ sfZod wfld{s sf]ifsf cWoIfleIf' sf]08Gon] lbj+ut dxf:ylj/ leIf'x?sf] a'4zf;lgsof]ubfg;lxt pxfFx?sf] ;+lIfKt lrgf/L k|:t't ub}{ a'4ljxf/k'gMlgdf{0ffy{ gSzf kf; eO;s]sf]n] eTsfpg sfo{ rfF8}x'g] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08kdf cfof]lhtu'0ffg':d/0f lbj;df @% hgf leIf';+3nfO{ bfgk|bfg, ef]hgbfg, pkl:yt bftfx?nfO{ ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf];dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

;fdfv';Ll:yt BMa'+df a'4r}To :yfkgf!! kmfu'g, sf7df8f}+ . clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf

dxf;lrj leIf' sf]08Gon] Ps wfld{s ;df/f]xaLr k|:t/sf]a'4r}Tosf] k|lt:yfkgk"hf;lxt cgfj/0f ug'{eof] .;Togf/fo0f dfgGw/ tyf z'eb|fb]jL dfgGw/, ;kl/jf/sf];xof]udf ;fdfv';L kl/;/l:yt BMa'F 6f]ndf a'4wd{ /;+3sf] cfg'efjn];a} k|f0fLx?sf]sNof0f xf];\, ;a}dfaf]lwlrQ c+s'l/t\xf];\ tyf zLn,;dflw / k|1fsf]d fu {d f nDsg;sf ]; \ e Gg ]p2]Zo;lxt ;f]a'4r}To k|lt:yfkgul/Psf ] x f ] .a ' 4 k | l t d fc g f j / 0 f s f ]pknIodf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf leIf';+3 tyf pkf;spkfl;sfnufotsf] wfld{s e]nfdf ljz]if kl/qf0f kf7;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] pkl:yt ;a}nfO{ ef]hgsf] k|aGwul/Psf] lyof] . a'4r}Tosf bftfx? ;Togf/fo0f dfgGw/tyf ;'eb|fb]jL dfgGw/nfO{ pkl:yt ;a}n] ;fw'jfb 1fkgul/Psf] lyof] eg] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{x?nfO{ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/Psf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 . KKKKK

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