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The Psychology Channel

Concepts from PSY 202By: Reem SalousT/F 12:30pm

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T.V. Guide (Table of Contents)

• Operant Conditioning………………………………………………3

• Psychoanalysis………………………………………………………...7

• Anxiety Disorders……………………………………………………12

• Conformity……………………………………………………………..18

• Bibliography……………………………………………………………232

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Operant Conditioning

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

•Organisms associate their own actions with consequences.• Actions followed by reinforcers increase • Actions followed by punishers decrease

Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment

Negative Reinforcement (avoidance learning)

Negative Punishment

Added Stimulus

RemovedStimulus

Behavior Increases Behavior Decreases

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OPERANT CONDITIONINGR e i n f o r c e m e n t S c h e d u l e s

Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Fixed-Ratio Schedule Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedule*most effective*

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule Reinforces a response only after a specified time has been elapsed

Variable-Interval Schedule Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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EXAMPLE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

- 90 lbs

In order to lose weight, I realized I had to make bigchanges. I used the positivereinforcement of going out (i.e. traveling, movies, shopping trips with friends) on a continuous schedule to encourage myself to loseweight. If I achieved my goal oflosing a certain amountof weight in a given amount oftime, I would allow myself to goout each and every time this occurred.

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Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

Analysis does not set out to make pathological reactions impossible,but to give the patient's ego freedom to decide one way or another.

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

Sigmund Freud believed in the theory of psychoanalysis– the theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.The unconscious, according to Freud, was a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes and memories.

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Freud’s Idea of the Mind Structure

http://discussion-blog.wikispaces.com/file/view/Freud_Iceberg.gif/32965041/Freud_Iceberg.gif

Freud had the idea that the mind ismostly hidden beneath the conscious surface

• Id- contains unconsciouspsychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.

Ego- known as the "executive mediator.” Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

Superego- represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and forfuture aspirations.

(Mcleod 2007)(Myers 555)

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Freudian Concepts Fixation: a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking

energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting

Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination

Phallic (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals

Latency (6- puberty) Dormant sexual feelings

Genital (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

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Defense Mechanisms: tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

Freud believed the ego protected itself with defense mechanisms when faced with anxiety

Repression Banishes anxiety arousing thoughts and feelings from consciousness

Regression One retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Reaction Formation The ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

Projection People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Rationalization Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions.

Displacement Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable object or person

Denial Refusal to believe painful realities

ANXIETY DISORDERS

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GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)

Someone with GAD would be continually tense , apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic

nervous system arousal.

• Symptoms are common, but persistence is not. They include: continuous worrying, jitteriness,

agitated, and sleep deprived.

• This disorder is most common among women.

• Unfortunately, people with GAD cannot identify, which means that they cannot deal with or

avoid the cause of the disorder.

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http://kaitlinring.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/generalized_anxiety_disorder-3.jpg

PHOBIA

S

Specific phobias- One’s fear has a specific trigger. It may be focused on animals, insects, heights, blood, etc.

Social phobias- No specific trigger. One has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others and avoids potentially embarrassing situations.

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14http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyf0WeqhXK4&feature=relmfu

This video illustrates a specific phobia. Here, Marvin, 47, has an intensefear of pit bulls which derived from a very bad past experience involving them.

PANIC DISORDER

• Panic disorder strikes suddenly, wreaks havoc, and disappears.

• Person’s anxiety escalates into a terrifying panic attack- a minutes long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen.•Causes heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness.

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OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

OCD is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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There is a fine line between normality and disorder. For example, being a clean person is normal. Cleaning so often as to when your skin becomes raw or itInterferes with personal life is not.

• OCD is most common among teens and young adults.

• Obsessive thoughts become so haunting, the compulsive rituals so senselessly time consuming, that the effective functioning becomes impossible.

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

• PTSD is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

• Symptoms have been reported by survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults.

The video below discusses PTSD, it’s symptoms, and it’s treatments.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ5v4YYafL4 17

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ConformityConformity is adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.

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Behavior is contagious!• The chameleon effect can support this statement. It is when one

unconsciously mimics others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones to help feel what they are feeling.

• Compliance is publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while privately disagreeing.

(Mcleod 2007)

Conditions That Strengthen Conformity

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Fear

Group size (groups 3+)

Unanimity

Group status/attractiveness

No prior commitment

Publicity

Insecurity

Reasons for ConformityNormative Social Influences: influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informative Social Influences: influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality.

Group size Group Attractiveness

Insecurity Fear

Asch’s Conformity ExperimentsSolomon Asch conducted experiments to study conformity. All participants but one were told to give the wrong answer when asked to compare the lengths of lines. This would test if the one participant would conform to the majority of responses despite having different beliefs.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRh5qy09nNw

Below is a video of the Asch experiment.

Results: 37% of the time, the wrong answer was given when answer was given in public0% of the time, the wrong answer was given when answer was given privately

22THE END

THE ENDTUNE IN NEXT TIME!

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Bibliography

Myers, D.G. (2006). Psychology (8th edition). New York, New York: Worth Publishers.

 Thorton, S. (2010). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). (Master’s Thesis, University of Limerick, Ireland) Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/freud/

Mcleod, S. M. (2007). Psychoanalysis. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html

Mcleod, S. M. (2007). Conformity. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/conformity.html