zrada Proizvoda Od Kompozita

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. Izrada proizvoda od kompozita

4.1 Osnove izrade proizvoda od kompozita.............................................................................24.1.1 Komponente i karakteristike kompozita..................................................................................24.1.2 Oblikovanje proizvoda od kompozita......................................................................................74.1.3 Postupci oblikovanja proizvoda od kompozita........................................................................74.1.4 Materijali koji se koriste u izradi proizvoda od kompozita................................................... ..8

4.2 Postupci izrade proizvoda s polimernom matricom............................................................84.2.1 Pultruzija..................................................................................................................................84.2.2 aminiranje..............................................................................................................................84.2.3 Pre!anje....................................................................................................................................84.2.4 "entri#u$alno kalupljenje............................................................................................. .......... .8

4.3 Postupci izrade proizvoda s kerami%kom matricom.........................................................184.3.1 &oplo pre!anje........................................................................................................................18

4.3.2 &oplo izostati%ko pre!anje '(P )en. 'ot (sostatic Pressin$*..................................................184.3.3 +interiranje iz teku,e #aze......................................................................................................18

4.4 Postupci izrade proizvoda s metalnom matricom.............................................................1-4.4.1 ijevanje s mije!anjem....................................................................................................... ...1-4.4.2 (n#iltracija..................................................................................................................... .........1-4.4.3 epozicija..............................................................................................................................1-

4.4.4 i#uzijsko spajanje........................................................................................................ ........1-4.4./ 0ormiranje s de#ormacijom......................................................................................... ......... .1-

4./ Procesi izrade i proizvodi od kompozita..........................................................................224./.1 rani%ne povr!ine #aza.................................................................................................... ......224./.2 Meani%ka svojstva kompozita...................................................................................... .......224./.3 sporedba postupaka.............................................................................................................224./.4 re!ke i njiovo otklanjanje..................................................................................................22

iteratura................................................................................................................................ 22

Kompoziti vi!e#azni materijali s jasno izra5enim $ranicama #aza6 kod koji dva vi!e

materijala razli%iti kemijski sastava )metali6 keramike6 polimeri* iili oblika )zrna6 vlakna6

lamele* #ormiraju jedinstvenu strukturu s jasno izra5enim $ranicama. Kombiniranjem

komponenata kompozita posti5u se speci#i%ne kombinacije svojstava )%vrsto,a6 $usto,a6

krutost6 tvrdo,a6 toplinska i elektri%na vodljivost*. +vojstva kompozita ovise o svojstvima

komponenata6 njiovim kemijskim i konstitucijskim sastavima.

Faze su uni#ormni dijelovi kompozita6 a komponente razli%ite tvari koje sadr5i kompozit.

a izradu niza dijelovasustava S-5.1 (industrije vozila6 zrakoplova6 sportske opreme6

opreme za ku,anstva6 brodo$radnja6 vodoopskrba6 sanacija otpadni voda) kompoziti mo$u

zamijeniti naj%e!,e kori!tene metale 5eljezo i aluminij6 pri %emu se %esto posti5u bolje



01. Uvod II 2

per#ormanse dijelovasustava. 9a primjer6 s kompozitima se posti5e manja masa6 u slu%aju

zamjene %elika za 60 ÷ 80 %6 u slu%aju zamjene aluminija 20 ÷ 50 %.

+lika S-5.1 Proizvodi od kompozita

4.1 Osnove izrade proizvoda od kompozitaPrema tome6 izrada proizvoda od dvokomponentno$ kompozita mo5e se prikazati op,om

blok semom:

+lika S-5.2 ;lok sema izrade proizvoda od kompozita

4.1.1 Komponente i karakteristike kompozita

vije su osnovne konstitucijske komponente kompozita:

• matrica osnovni materijal odre<eni svojstava

• dodatak materijal %ijim se dodavanjem posti5u

potrebne kombinacije svojstava kompozita

Kod kompozita se %esto koriste kratice:

• kompoziti s metalnom matricom MM" )en. Metal Matrix Composites*

• kompoziti s kerami%kom matricom "M" )en. Ceramic Matrix Composites*

• kompoziti s polimernom matricom PM" )en. Polymer Matrix Composites*

Kompoziti se mo$u sistematizirati prema matrici i prema dodatku vi!e na%ina: prema matrici prema dodatku



3 Strojarska tehnologija II

(n te structural composites cate$or=6 laminates are te one in >ic la=ers are stacked and

subse?uentl= cemented to$eter suc tat te orientation o# te i$@stren$t directions varies

>it eac successive la=er. +and>ic panels consists o# t>o stron$ outer seets6 separated b=

a la=er o# less@dense material )core*6 >ic as lo>er sti##ness and lo>er stren$t.



01. Uvod II 4

9ajvi!e se koriste kompoziti s duromernom ( polimernom) matricom6 a jo! !iru primjenu

im o$rani%avaju pote!ko,e uz automatizaciju proizvodnje dijelova. Aazvoj tenolo$ije

oblikovanja praova poti%e !ire kori!tenje kompozita s metalnom matricom. Primjena

kompozita s kerami%kom matricom najmanje je ra!irena.

Primjeri su %esto kori!teni kompozita:

B s dodatkom veliki %estica beton6 smjesa cementa i !ljunak (kerami%ka matrica i

kerami%ki dodatak )C

B s dodatkom du$im vlaknima staklom oja%ana plastika6 smjesa EP smole i stakleni

vlakana ( polimerna matrica i kerami%ki dodatak )C

B strukturni slojeviti D!perplo%aD6 izmjeni%ni slojevi: )a* tanka plo%a od drveta (smjer

vlakana susjedni slojeva je u pravilu 90° ili 45°)6 )b* ljepilo za drvo ( polimer ).

+vojstva kompozita ovise o komponentama (matricadodatak )6 njiovim:

1. svojstvima6

2. udjelima63. oblicima6 veli%inama i raspodjelama6

4. prirodama i jakostima uzajamni veza.

Karakteristike su kompozita u velikoj mjeri razli%ite.

Materijal

matrica &itan $ljik Poliester Epoksid

dodatak titan@karbid

%estice

u$lji%na

vlakna

stakleno

tkanje

stakleno

tkanje

aramidno

tkanje

u$lji%no

tkanje

+astav6 w i F 20 &i"(p) 50 "(Vf) tvorni%ko tkanje tkanje )kil* tkanje )kil* tkanje )kil*

ρ , kg/dm3 4,52÷4,58 1,68÷1,72 1,6÷2,0 1,75÷1,97 1,38 1,54÷1,61

R m, N/mm2 950÷1040 220÷250 175÷345 31,9÷35,1 92÷106 470÷668

R m,t, N/mm2 960÷1050 14÷23 210÷350 319÷351 129÷152 450÷649E , kN/mm2 140÷160 90÷100 14÷31 66,3÷69,7 24÷31 44÷48

ν , – 0,33÷0,35 0,31÷0,33 0,30÷0,35 0,31÷0,32 0,33÷0,35 0,33÷0,34

R , N/mm2 940÷1040 14÷23 166÷276 207÷304 129÷152 450÷649

A, % 0,3÷0,31 0 1÷2 0,85÷0,95 0,37÷0,42 0,84÷0,93

K !", N/m3/2 580÷890 180÷200 340÷660 190÷950 190÷1400 190÷2800

HV 240÷270 67÷74 50÷83 11÷22 11÷22 11÷22

R d,i#, N/mm2 26,9÷31,3 15÷17 83÷138 41÷91 71÷99 247÷477

t $&, °" 380÷430 2000÷2100 170÷190 140÷220 140÷220 140÷220

t mi', °" –273 –273 –120÷–70 –120÷–70 –120÷–70 –120÷–70

c , /(kg*) 585÷590 754÷758 1150÷1210 1020÷1120 510÷690 950÷1090

λ , +/(m*) 5,5÷6,0 10÷70 0,65÷0,68 0,42÷0,51 0,19÷0,26 1,1÷2,2α , µm/(m*) 7,7÷8,4 0,6÷8,2 27÷54 8,6÷33 9,4÷13 5,5÷29

E k, $V/m – 10÷20 14÷20 12÷20 12÷20 –

e0, µΩm 180÷190 1100÷2700 1018÷1019 21021÷21022 31019÷21021 2105÷7105

k recikli%nosti 0 0 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015

"i-', k' 600÷850 60÷85 58÷66 70÷156 910÷990 470÷550

Otpornost na:

tro!enje dobra dobra srednja srednja srednja srednja

oksidaciju (500°") vrlo dobra slaba vrlo slaba vrlo slaba vrlo slaba vrlo slaba

paljenje vrlo dobra srednja slaba dobra dobra dobra

G zrake vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra dobra dobra dobra

slatku vodu vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra

morsku vodu vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra dobra vrlo dobra jake kiseline dobra dobra srednja srednja srednja srednja




jake lu5ine dobra slaba srednja vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra

slabe kiseline vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra

slabe lu5ine vrlo dobra vrlo dobra srednja vrlo dobra vrlo dobra vrlo dobra

or$anska otapala vrlo dobra vrlo dobra srednja dobra dobra dobra

Materijal

matrica &itan $ljik Poliester Epoksid

dodatak titan@karbid

%estice

u$lji%na

vlakna

stakleno

tkanje

stakleno

tkanje

aramidno

tkanje

u$lji%no

tkanje

EMEA(9 "H++E+ o# composites: '=brid "omposites

0unctionall= raded "omposites

9ano "omposites

'=brid "omposites use t>o or more di##erent kinds o# #ibers in a sin$le matriI. EIample@

carbon and $lass #ibers incorporated into a pol=meric matriI. &is $lass@carbon =brid is

stron$er6 tou$er and as i$er impact resistance. &e #ailure o# =brid composites is non@

catastropic. "arbon #ibers are #irst to #ail and te load is trans#erred to $lass #ibers. pon#ailure o# $lass #ibers6 te matriI pase sustains te applied load till te composite #ails.

0unctionall= raded "omposites are en$ineered b= spatiall= var=in$ te microstructural

details trou$ non@uni#orm distribution o# rein#orcement pase6 b= usin$ rein#orcement >it

di##erent properties sizes or sapes. &e result is a composite tat produces continuousl=

can$in$ termal and mecanical properties at a macroscopic level.

9ano "omposites uses nanoparticles carbon nanotubes as an alternative material to

dispersed pase in composites. +in$le@>alled carbon nanotubes )+J9&s* possess a uni?ue

combination o# i$ stren$t6 i$ modulus6 and i$ elon$ation. 4 percent increase in

#leIure stren$t o# a structural epoI= >it te addition o# 1 >ei$t percent +J9&s as been

demonstrated

Primjeri proizvoda i postupaka

Elektrotenika:elektri%na izolacija dijelova6 izolacija od utjecaja elektroma$netni valova6 podlo$e sklopki6 podlo$e tiskanikola6 oklopi6 ku,i!ta6 poklopci6 satelitske antene6 radarske antene6 kupole6 vrovi &G tornjeva6 kanali zakablove6 vjetrenja%e

ra<evinarstvo:stambene jedinice6 dimnjaci6 betonske konstrukcije6 razli%iti pokrovi (kupole6 prozori)6 bazeni za plivanje6 pro%elja z$rada6 pro#ili6 unutarnji zidovi6 vrata6 namje!taj6 kupaone6 tele#onske kabine

&ransport cestama:dijelovi karoserije6 kompletne karoserije6 volani6 branici6 re!etke ladnjaka6 vratila transmisije6 opru$eo$ibljenja6 spremnici za plin6 !asije6 z$lobovi o$ibljenja6 navlake6 kabine6 sjedi!ta6 autocisterne6 ladnja%e6 prikolice

&ransport 5eljeznicom:%eoni dijelovi lokomotiva6 konstrukcijski dijelovi va$oni6 vrata6 sjedi!ta i unutarnje pre$rade putni%kiva$ona6 ku,i!ta ventilatora6 kabine 5i%ara

&ransport morem: brodovi lebdjelice (overkra#ti)6 brodovi za spa!avanje6 patrolni brodovi6 male ribarice6 ribarski brodovi6oprema za iskrcaj6 minolovci6 re$atne brodice6 brodice za zabavu6 kanui



01. Uvod II 6

ra%ni transport:konstrukcijski dijelovi putni%ki zrakoplova6 jedrilice6 kupole6 usmjeriva%i zraka6 krilca6 vertikalnistabilizatori6 krakovi elise elikoptera6 propeleri6 vratila transmisije6 diskovi ko%nica zrakoplova6 svemirske

letjelice

Hpplication o# advanced composite materials in ;oein$ 7/7@2 commercial aircra#t.

+vemirski transport:startne rakete6 spremnici6 sapnice6 oplate za ulazak u atmos#eru

Op,e strojarstvo:zup%anici6 le5ajevi6 za!titni pokrovi6 tijela dizalica6 ruke robota6 naplatci6 letve za tkanje6 cijevi6 dijelovi plo%eza crtanje6 boce za komprimirani plin6 cijevi za morske plat#orme6 radijalni pneumatici

+port i rekreacija:




reketi za tenis i skvo!6 !tapovi za pecanje6 skije6 !tapovi za skok preko motke6 jedrilice6 daske za jedrenje6daske za sur#anje6 daske za koturanje6 lukovi i strijele6 atletska koplja6 za!titne kaci$e6 okvir bicikla6 opremaza $ol#6 oprema za sportsko veslanje

Prednosti i nedostaci

• Proizvodi6 Postupci

Advantages

of using Composites

B 0or te same stren$t6 composites are li$ter tan steel b= 8F and aluminum b=

LF.

B &ailorable termal eIpansion properties )can be compounded to closel= matc

surroundin$ structures to minimize termal stresses*B EIceptional #ormabilit= )can be #ormed into man= compleI sapes durin$ #abrication*

B o> observablit= )can be seeded >it appropriate materials to absorb electroma$netic

>aves*

4.1.2 Oblikovanje proizvoda od kompozita

Oblikovanje proizvoda

4.1.3 Postupci oblikovanja proizvoda od kompozita

Klasi#ikacija postupaka

For o!"mer #atri$ Composites

B Pultrusion

B 0ilament >indin$

B Aesin &rans#er Moldin$ )A&M*

B Gacuum Hssisted Aesin &rans#er Moldin$ )GHA&M*

B 'and a=up o# prepe$

For Ceramic #atri$ Composites

B 'ot Pressin$

B 'ot (sostatic Pressin$ )'(P*

B i?uid Pase +interin$

For #eta! #atri$ Composites



01. Uvod II 8

B +tir "astin$

B +?ueeze (n#iltration

B Aeactive Processin$

B Po>der ;lendin$ "onsolidationB P=sical Gapor eposition

B Particle@i?uid +eet (mpin$ement &ecni?ue

B &>o sta$e process: Nuick@+et and Nuick@ "ast

4.1.4 Materijali koji se koriste u izradi proizvoda odkompozita

4.2 Postupci izrade proizvoda spolimernom matricom

Postupci su izrade proizvoda s polimernom matricom:

4.2.1 Pultruzija

4.2.2 Laminiranje

4.2.3 Prešanje

4.2.4 entri!u"alno kalupljenje

B Gacuum Hssisted Aesin &rans#er Moldin$ )GHA&M*


B Pultrusion

"ontinuous #iber rovin$s are #irst impre$nated >it a termosettin$ resi$n6 tese are ten

pulled trou$ a steel die >ic pre#orms te desired sape and also establises te resi$n

#iber ratio. &e stock ten passes trou$ curin$ die >ic is imparts te #inal sapeC tis die

is also eated in order to initiate curin$ o# te resi$n matriI. H pullin$ device dra>s te stock trou$ te dies.



Strojarska tehnologija II

&ubes and ollo> sections can be made possible b= usin$ central mandrels or inserted

ollo> cores. Pultrusion is used #or manu#acturin$ o# components avin$ continuous len$ts

and a constant cross sectional sape. Principle rein#orcements are $lass6 carbon and aramid

#ibers6 normall= added in concentrations bet>een 4 and 7 volF. "ommonl= used matriImaterials include pol=esters6 vin=l esters and epoI= resins.

B 0ilament >indin$

0ilament >indin$ is a process b= >ic continuous rein#orcin$ #ibers are accuratel=

positioned in a predetermined pattern to #orm a ollo> )usuall= c=lindrical* sape. &e #ibers

are #ed trou$ a resi$n bat and ten continuousl= >ound onto a mandrel. H#ter appropriate

number o# la=ers ave been applied 6 curin$ is carried out a#ter >ic mandrel is removed

0ilament >ound parts ave ver= i$ stren$t to >ei$t ratios. "ommon #ilament >ound

de#ence application is rocket motor casin$. Garious >indin$ pattern are possible )i.e.

circum#erential6 elical etc.* to $ive desired mecanical caracteristics.

B Aesin &rans#er Moldin$ )A&M*

A&M is commonl= re#erred to a closed mold process in >ic rein#orcement material is placed bet>een t>o matcin$ mold sur#aces@ bottom mold and top mold te mold set is ten

closed and clamped and a lo> viscosit= termoset resin is injected under moderate pressures

)/@1 psi* into te mold cavit= trou$ a port or a series o# ports >itin te mold. &e

resi$n tus >ets out all sur#aces o# rein#orcements. &e part is ten cured under eat and

pressure.

&is process can produce parts #aster@ as muc as /@2 times #aster tan open moldin$

tecni?ues. A&M produces ti$ter dimensional tolerances to >itin

Q ./ inc. "ompleI mold sapes can be acieved and mold sur#ace can produce a i$

?ualit= #inis.

B )GHA&M*

&is process use te injection o# resi$n in combination >it a vacuum. Parts usin$ GHA&M

are made b= placin$ dr= rein#orcin$ #abrics into a mold6 appl=in$ a vacuum ba$ to te open

sur#ace and pullin$ te vacuum >ile at te same time in#usin$ a resin to saturate te #ibers



01. Uvod II 1!

until te part is #ull= cured. 'eat and pressure are applied #or curin$. H vacuum is applied to

te ba$ to remove air and volatile products.


Prepre$$in$ involves te application o# #ormulated resin products6 in solution or molten

#orm6 to a rein#orcement suc as carbon6 #iber$lass or aramid #iber or clot. &e prepre$

product is trimmed and laid do>n over a mold >ere it is #ormed to te desired sape. +everal

la=ers ma= be re?uired. H#ter #ormin$6 a vacuum ba$ is sealed around te la=@up. Gacuum is

pulled on te ra> prepre$ to remove air and compact te part. &en te assembl= is placed in

an autoclave #or cure under eat and pressure.

Most parts made b= and la=@up or automated tape la=@up must be cured b= a combination

o# eat6 pressure6 vacuum6 and inert atmospere. &o acieve proper cure6 te part is placed

into a plastic ba$ inside an autoclave. H vacuum is applied to te ba$ to remove air and

volatile products. 'eat and pressure are applied #or curin$. suall= an inert atmospere is

provided inside te autoclave trou$ te introduction o# nitro$en or carbon dioIide.

&is autoclave can acieve temperatures up to 3/ de$rees 0 and pressures up to 1/

pounds per s?uare inc. &e autoclave as a >orkin$ size o#: 8 #eet in diameter and up to 2L

#eet in len$t. H computer controls te entire process6 and an accurate record is kept o# te

entire curin$ process.




+cematic illustration o# metods o# rein#orcin$ plastics )matriI* >it )a* particles6 )b*

sort or lon$ #ibers or #lakes6 and )c* continuous #ibers. &e laminate structures so>n in )d*

can be produced #rom la=ers o# continuous #ibers or sand>ic structures usin$ a #oam or

one=comb core

+peci#ic tensile stren$t )tensile stren$t@to@densit= ratio* and speci#ic tensile modulus

)modulus o# elasticit=@to@densit= ratio* #or various #ibers used in rein#orced plastics. 9ote te

>ide ran$e o# speci#ic stren$ts and sti##nesses available.



01. Uvod II 12

"ross@section o# a tennis racket6 so>in$ $rapite and aramid )Kevlar* rein#orcin$ #ibers.

Source: "ourtes= o# R. vorak6 Mercur= Marine "orporation and 0. arret6 Jilson +portin$

oods "o. )b* "ross@section o# boron #iber@rein#orced composite material




&e e##ect o# t=pe o# #iber on various properties o# #iber@rein#orced n=lon

)a* 0racture sur#ace o# a $lass #iber@rein#orced epoI= composite. &e #ibers are 1.m)4.in.* in diameter and ave random orientation. )b* 0racture sur#ace o# a $rapite #iber@

rein#orced epoI= composite. &e #ibers6 - .m to 11.m in diameter6 are in bundles and are all

ali$ned in te same direction.



01. Uvod II 14

&e tensile stren$t o# $lass@rein#orced pol=ester as a #unction o# #iber content and #iber

direction in te matriI.

"ross@section o# a composite sailboard6 an eIample o# advanced materials construction.

Source: K. Easterline6 Tomorrow’s Materials )2nd ed.*6 p. 133. (nstitute o# Metals6 1--.




EIamples o# metal@matriI composite parts. Source: "ourtes= o# Metal MatriI "ast

"omposites6 ".

p# #d i' $ki'g i'fd P#ti Pt#

Manu#acturin$ process #or pol=mer@matriI composite tape. )b* ;oron@epoI= prepre$ tape.&ese tapes are ten used in makin$ rein#orced plastic parts and components >it i$

stren$t@to@>ei$t ratios6 particularl= important #or aircra#t and aerospace applications and

sports e?uipment. Source: )a* "ourtes= o# &. J. "ou6 A. . Mc"ullou$6 and A. ;. Pipes.

)b* "ourtes= o# Hvco +pecialt= Materials&eItron.

p 'd pi'g #tm



01. Uvod II 16

)a* +in$le@pl= la=up o# boron@epoI= tape #or te orizontal stabilizer #or an 0@14 #i$ter

aircra#t. )b* H 1@aIis computer@numerical@controlled tape@la=in$ s=stem. &is macine is

capable o# la=in$ up 7/@ and 1/@mm )3@ and L@in.* >ide tapes on contours o# up to Q@ 3

de$rees and at speeds o# up to ./ms )1.7 #ts*. Source: )a* "ourtes= o# rumman Hircra#t

"orporation. )b* "ourtes= o# &e (n$ersoll Millin$ Macine "ompan=.

Pdti' f i:i'fd P#ti ;t#

+cematic illustration o# te manu#acturin$ process #or producin$ #iber@rein#orced plastic

seets. &e seet still is viscous at tis sta$e and later can be sped into various products.

Source: H#ter &. J. "ou6 A. . Mc"ullou$6 and A. ;. Pipes.

Vm<g mi'g 'd P##<g mi'g




+cematic illustration o# )a* vacuum@ba$ #ormin$6 and )b* pressure@ba$ #ormin$. &ese

processes are used in makin$ discrete rein#orced plastic parts. Source: H#ter &. '. Meister.

=p'$d P##i'g

Manual metods o# processin$ rein#orced plastics: )a* and la=@up6 and )b* spra= la=@up.

9ote tat6 even tou$ te process is slo>6 onl= one mold is re?uired. &e #i$ures so> a

#emale mold6 but male molds also are used. &ese metods also are called open-mold

processing. )c* H boat ull made b= tese processes



01. Uvod II 18

im't+i'di'g

)a* +cematic illustration o# te #ilament@>indin$ processC )b* #iber$lass bein$ >ound

over aluminum liners #or slide@ra#t in#lation vessels #or te ;oein$ 7L7 aircra#t. &e productsmade b= tis process ave i$ stren$t@to@>ei$t ratio and also serve as li$t>ei$t pressure

vessels. Source: "ourtes= o# ;runs>ick "orporation.

Pt#i'

)a* +cematic illustration o# te pultrusion process. )b* EIamples o# parts made b=

pultrusion. &e major components o# #iber$lass ladders )used especiall= b= electricians* are

made b= tis process. nlike aluminum ladders6 te= are available in di##erent colors but are

eavier because o# te presence o# $lass #ibers. Source: "ourtes= o# +tron$>ell "orporation.

4.3 Postupci izrade proizvoda skerami"kom matricomPostupci su izrade proizvoda s kerami%kom matricom:

4.3.1 #oplo prešanje

4.3.2 #oplo izostati$ko prešanje %&P 'en. %ot &sostaticPressin"(

4.3.3 )interiranje iz teku*e !aze




B &oplo pre!anje

(n 'ot Pressin$ tecni?ue6 pressure and temperature are applied simultaneousl=.

Hpplication o# pressure at sinterin$ temperature accelerates te kinetics o# densi#ication b=

increasin$ te contact stress bet>een particles o# matriI and particulates #ibers o# dispersed

ceramic pase.

B &oplo izostati%ko pre!anje '(P )en. Hot Isostatic Pressing *

(n 'ot (sostatic Pressin$ tecni?ue6 te ceramic particles o# matriI containin$ particulates

#ibers o# dispersed ceramic pase are contained in a rubber envelop and te pressure is applied

b= a #luid6 isostaticall= )i.e. as te same ma$nitude in all directions* alon$ >it temperature

simultaneousl=.

B +interiranje iz teku,e #aze

i?uid pase sinterin$ involves te presence o# a viscous li?uid at sinterin$ temperatures.

&e li?uid in te narro> cannels bet>een te particles )rein#orcements* results in substantialcapillar= action6 >ic aids in densi#ication.

4.4 Postupci izrade proizvoda s metalnommatricom

B ;etter temperature resistance tan pol=mer@matriI composites

B o>er temperature resistance tan ceramic@matriI composites

B 'i$ #abrication cost compared to pol=mer@matriI compositesB o> #abrication cost compared to ceramic@matriI composites

4.4.1 Lijevanje s miješanjem

4.4.2 &n!iltracija

4.4.3 +epozicija

4.4.4 +i!uzijsko spajanje4.4., -ormiranje s de!ormacijom

Postupci su izrade proizvoda s metalnom matricom:

B ijevanje s mije!anjem



B Po>der ;lendin$ "onsolidation

B 0izi%ko deponiranje pare

B Particle@i?uid +eet (mpin$ement &ecni?ueB vostupanjski process: &>o sta$e process: Nuick@+et and Nuick@"ast



01. Uvod II 2!

B i?uid metal in#iltration

B 'ot pressin$ above te solidus o# te matriI metal

B Po>der metallur$= )di##usion bondin$*

B Plasma spra=in$

B ijevanje s mije!anjem

&alina s dodanim krutim %esticama keramike se mije!a i po omo$enizaciji se smjesa

oladi.


i?uid metal is injected into te interstices o# an assembl= o# sort #ibers6 usuall= called a

pre#orm.


+everal processes ave been developed in >ic constituents are brou$t to$eter under

conditions suc tat a cemical reaction occurs >ile te miIture consolidates.

B Po>der ;lendin$ "onsolidation

;lendin$ o# metallic po>der >it ceramic #ibers or particulate is a versatile tecni?ue #or

MM" production. &is is usuall= #ollo>ed b= cold compaction and a i$ temperature

consolidation sta$e suc as 'ot (sostatic Pressin$ )'(P* or eItrusion.

B 0izi%ko deponiranje pare PG )en. Physical apor !eposition*

&is process involves passin$ te #iber trou$ a re$ion avin$ a i$ vapor pressure o# te metal to be deposited6 >ere condensation takes place so as to produce a tick sur#ace

coatin$. "omposite #abrication is completed b= assemblin$ te coated #ibers into a bundle and

consolidatin$ b= ot pressin$ or '(P.

B Particle@i?uid +eet (mpin$ement &ecni?ue

(n tis tecni?ue6 ceramic particles are impacted on a tin and #lo>in$ seet o# li?uid

metal. &e matriI metal is melted and ejected at a i$ velocit= #rom a small diameter circular

ori#ice. &e li?uid jet ten impin$e on a stationar= or spinnin$ circular solid disk made o#

i$ temperature ceramic. &e ceramic particles are injected onto te li?uid metal #lo>. &e

li?uid metal seet containin$ ceramic particles break up into small drops. &e composite

drops are collected and solidi#ied rapidl=. &e composite is #urter compacted b= ot press

sinterin$ or b= ot rollin$.

B vostupanjski process: &>o sta$e process: Nuick@+et and Nuick@"ast

&e #irst process Nuick@+et produces a porous net saped ceramic item usin$ a lo>

pressure6 lo> viscosit= injection mouldin$ process. &is is #ollo>ed b= pressure assisted

in#iltrations o# te ceramic #orm b= molten metal b= a process called Nuick@ "ast.




Hluminum@matriI composite brake caliper usin$ nanocr=stall=ne alumina #iber

rein#orcement. Source: "ourtes= o# 3M "orp.



01. Uvod II 22

4.5 Procesi izrade i proizvodi od kompozita

4.,.1 rani$ne površine !aza

4.,.2 Me/ani$ka svojstva kompozita

4.,.3 0sporedba postupaka

4.,.4 reške i nji/ovo otklanjanje

#iteratura

1. Kolumbi, .6 &omac 9.: Materijali podlo$e za diskusijuC +veu%ili!te u AijeciC0ilozo#ski #akultet6 Odsjek za politeniku6 Aijeka 2/C ;ttp>//???@ffi@;/ABC'imi/.

http://www.ffri.hr/~zvonimir/

http://www.ffri.hr/~zvonimir/

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