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5
A Brief History of Medicine
Yu Hai
Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India China
GreeceRome
Medieval Arabic medicine
Renaissance
Pre-modern medicine
Modern medicine TCM
WesternMedic
ine
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Medicine in Byzantine Empire (495 AD to 1453 AD )
293AD
Diocletian divided Rome Empire into Eastern and Western
476AD fall of Western Empire
330 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed the
name to Constantinople1453AD Constantinople was conquered by
Ottoman Empire
changed Constantinople to Istanbul
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Byzantine Medicine Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman
medicine, influenced on Islamic
medicine and the Western rebirth of
Medicine during the Renaissance.
Constantinople became the center of
medicine in middle age.
The first hospital was built by Basil of
Caesareabishop of Caesareain the
late 4th century , there was a dedicated
hierarchy including the Chief Physician
professional nurses and the orderlies .
Established medical schools
Famous doctors and compilation of textbooksPaul (Medical Compendium in
Seven Books), OribasiusSynagoga
Medicae AetiusTetrabiblos
Alexander
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7thcenture
Prophet Muhammad
Abu al-Qasim Muhammad
Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim
570Mecca632MedinaSaracen Empire (632-1258)
Caesaropapism
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writingthat was influenced by several differentmedical systems, including the
traditional Arabian medicine of Muhammadstime, ancient Hellenistic medicine suchas Unani, ancient Indian medicine suchas Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine .
The works of ancient Greek andRoman physicians Hippocrates and Galen had alasting impact on Islamic medicine
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"There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also
has created its treatment.
"Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made adisease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception
of one disease, namely old age."
"Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has
appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves
medically."
"The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy."
"For every disease, Allah has given a cure."
The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the
prophet Muhammad himself, as a significant number
of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him:
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
Graeco-Arabic (Hundred
Years) Translation
Movement
In Abbasid Caliphate (750-
1258) particularly in CaliphAl-Mamun (813-833) period
Islam scholars (Masawayh,
Huayn etc.) translated
classical Greek, Roman text
of philosophy, science,literature as well as
medicine into Arabic,
therefore large amount of
classical work preserved.
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Alkimiya(alchemy)
Promoted the
development of chemistry
Instrument of chemistry
chemicals
Chemical methods
(distillation, crystallization,
sublimation, calcination)
Kim- Chinese alkimiya for
elixir of life (immortality)
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
Pharmacy
1400+ drugs
(camphor, senna,rhubarb, musk, nutmeg,
alum, ambergris)
Chemical drugs
Forms of drugs
Arabic Pharmacy
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Couching, a method
of traditional
cataract (lens
opacity)treatment,
it typically involvesthe use of a sharp or
blunt instrument to
dislocate the
cataract lens andpush it back into the
posterior chamber
of the eye.
ataract ouching
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
Cataract couching Indian Sushuruta-Greek-Arabic-China, .
Arabic Greek
Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia
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Avicenna(980-1037),Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullahibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Ali Al-
Husain ben Abdalah Ibn sina).
Born in Afshana, near Bukhara
(Uzbekistan), in a Persian family
-Arab-Islamic Medicine
Avicennas tomb in Hamadan, Iran
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Arabic-IslamicMedicine
Avicenna: Canon of Medicinewas a standard medical text atmany medieval universities, and
used as a text-book in the
Universities of Montpellier and
Louvain as late as 1650.
Doctor of doctors
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-Arab-Islamic Medicine
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RenaissanceThe Renaissance of Europeancivilization (rebirthA period between Middle Ages
and the Modern era in 14-
17th century beginning inFlorence Italy in the
late Middle Ages and later
spreading to the rest
of Europe. A culturalmovement of literature,
philosophy, art, science and
religion resulted in social and
political revolution.
Florence
Firenze
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Renaissancebackground
The fall of Byzantine Empire
led to theexodus of Greek
scholars to Italy and brought
with them texts and
knowledge of the
classical Greek civilization
which had been lost for
centuries in the West,
people rediscovered theclassical ideas that have
been forgotten by Western
civilization.Fall of Constantinople
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RenaissanceBackground
Crusades (1096-1291) 9 times
Science and knowledge was brought back from the
Middle East by crusaders in the 13th century
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ColumbusMarco Polo in China 1492
Renaissancebackground
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Renaissancebackground
1346-1353 Outbreak of black death
(plagues) the death toll reached to25 millions (1/3 of European
population)
1348 Pope Clement VI called the
followers to Rome, 1.2 millionpilgrims died only 1/10 survived.
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Renaissancebackground
HumanismHuman interests, needs, values,
worth, and dignity are taken to be of
primary importance, as in moral
judgments.
Petrarch 1304-1374
Galileo Galilei
(15641642)[
ScienceMathematics and scientific methodgreat contributions in the fields of
astronomy, physics, biology and
anatomy.
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Renaissancearts
1452-1519
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian polymath,
being a
scientist,
mathematician,
engineer,inventor, painter,
sculptor,
architect,
botanist,
musician and
writer and also a
anatomist.
Vitruvian (Roman architect) man
(Proportion of man) 1487
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Leonardo da Vinci:
Monalisa
Last supper
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Renaissancearts
Buonarroti Michelangelo
1475-1564
The creation (Sistine)
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Michelangelo
David
The Pieta
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Renaissancearts
Raphael
1483-1520
Virgin and Child
Jesus & Madonna
The School of Athens
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The School of Athens
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Greece and Rome
Galen
EarlyRenaissance
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Middle Ages
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Arabic
Early
Renaissance
period
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China, Song Dynasty
Physician Yang Jie1102
1106did dissection on
body of executed prisoner
and asked painter to draw
the antomy
MingDynasty
(1368-1644)
Zangfumingtangtu
1906
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Contribution of Da
Vinci on anatomy
Dissected at least 30
human corpses
Studied the movement
of muscle
Challenged Galens
mistakes
750 drawings150
left
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Da
Vinci
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Studied at University of Paris
and University of Leuven
Professor of Surgery andAnatomy in Padua University,
the founder of modern
human anatomy.
1543 Published De humanicorporis fabrica(On the
Workings of the Human
Body). Andreas Vesalius
1514-1564
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Andreas VesaliusPerformed his own
dissections rather than
reading aloud while a
demonstrator did thedissection, using drawings
in teaching anatomy
Criticized Galen for his
methods in studyinganatomy
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Anatomic Diagrams
Illustrated by Johann Stephen von
Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio)
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Vesalius's Fabricacontained many intricately detailed
drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses.
Base of the brain, showing
optic chiasma, cerebellum,
olfactory bulb, etc
Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams
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Renaissance medicineAnatomy
Michael Servetus1511-1553
Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer
and humanist. First to describe the functionof pulmonary circulation, but condemned by
Catholics and Protestants alike, he was burnt
at the stake as a heretic by order of the
Protestant Geneva governing council.
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William Harvey1578-1657
Harvey announced hisdiscovery of the circulatory
system in 1616 and in 1628
published his work Exercitatio
Anatomica de Motu Cordis etSanguinis in Animalibus(An
Anatomical Exercise on the
Motion of the Heart and Blood
in Animals), and described
the pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation
Heart output100-150ml x65=10p
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With careful observation and
quantitative experimentschallenged Galens theory onthe artery and vein
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Microscopic Anatomy
Early 17thcentury English man Digges and Dutch
spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented
first microscopy
Two convex lenses
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Microscopic Anatomy
1610 Galileo worked our the
priciples of lenses and made a
better instrument with focusing
device enlarging for 70 times
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Microscopic Anatomy
1628-1694
Marcello Malpighi
Observed biological tissues
with microscope as the
pioneer of histology and
embryology
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Microscopic Anatomy
Malpighian corpuscleMalpighian body
Malpighian Tubules
Malpighian alveoli
Capillaries in frogmesentery
The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure
of lung and kidney
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Microscopic Anatomy
1635-1702
Robert Hooke
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Microscopic Anatomy
The discovery of cell and itsnaming (cork)
Discovery of compoundeyes in insects
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Microscopic Anatomy
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
A Dutch cloth merchant
used new method for
grinding and polishing
tiny lenses of great
curvature which gave
magnifications up to 270
diameters
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Microscopic Anatomy
Leeuwenhoek was first to see and
describe bacteria as animalcules (tinyanimals), became the father of
microbiology, he was also first to record
microscopic observations of muscle fibers,
spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.
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The End
Thanks
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