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5

A Brief History of Medicine

Yu Hai

Zhejiang University School of Medicine

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Origin of Medicine

Egypt Babylon India China

GreeceRome

Medieval Arabic medicine

Renaissance

Pre-modern medicine

Modern medicine TCM

WesternMedic

ine

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Medicine in Byzantine Empire (495 AD to 1453 AD )

293AD

Diocletian divided Rome Empire into Eastern and Western

476AD fall of Western Empire

330 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed the

name to Constantinople1453AD Constantinople was conquered by

Ottoman Empire

changed Constantinople to Istanbul

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Byzantine Medicine Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman

medicine, influenced on Islamic

medicine and the Western rebirth of

Medicine during the Renaissance.

Constantinople became the center of

medicine in middle age.

The first hospital was built by Basil of

Caesareabishop of Caesareain the

late 4th century , there was a dedicated

hierarchy including the Chief Physician

professional nurses and the orderlies .

Established medical schools

Famous doctors and compilation of textbooksPaul (Medical Compendium in

Seven Books), OribasiusSynagoga

Medicae AetiusTetrabiblos

Alexander

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-Arab-Islamic Medicine

The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7thcenture

Prophet Muhammad

Abu al-Qasim Muhammad

Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim

570Mecca632MedinaSaracen Empire (632-1258)

Caesaropapism

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Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writingthat was influenced by several differentmedical systems, including the

traditional Arabian medicine of Muhammadstime, ancient Hellenistic medicine suchas Unani, ancient Indian medicine suchas Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine .

The works of ancient Greek andRoman physicians Hippocrates and Galen had alasting impact on Islamic medicine

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"There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also

has created its treatment.

"Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made adisease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception

of one disease, namely old age."

"Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has

appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves

medically."

"The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy."

"For every disease, Allah has given a cure."

The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the

prophet Muhammad himself, as a significant number

of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him:

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Graeco-Arabic (Hundred

Years) Translation

Movement

In Abbasid Caliphate (750-

1258) particularly in CaliphAl-Mamun (813-833) period

Islam scholars (Masawayh,

Huayn etc.) translated

classical Greek, Roman text

of philosophy, science,literature as well as

medicine into Arabic,

therefore large amount of

classical work preserved.

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Alkimiya(alchemy)

Promoted the

development of chemistry

Instrument of chemistry

chemicals

Chemical methods

(distillation, crystallization,

sublimation, calcination)

Kim- Chinese alkimiya for

elixir of life (immortality)

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Pharmacy

1400+ drugs

(camphor, senna,rhubarb, musk, nutmeg,

alum, ambergris)

Chemical drugs

Forms of drugs

Arabic Pharmacy

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Couching, a method

of traditional

cataract (lens

opacity)treatment,

it typically involvesthe use of a sharp or

blunt instrument to

dislocate the

cataract lens andpush it back into the

posterior chamber

of the eye.

ataract ouching

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Cataract couching Indian Sushuruta-Greek-Arabic-China, .

Arabic Greek

Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia

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Avicenna(980-1037),Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullahibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Ali Al-

Husain ben Abdalah Ibn sina).

Born in Afshana, near Bukhara

(Uzbekistan), in a Persian family


Avicennas tomb in Hamadan, Iran

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Arabic-IslamicMedicine

Avicenna: Canon of Medicinewas a standard medical text atmany medieval universities, and

used as a text-book in the

Universities of Montpellier and

Louvain as late as 1650.

Doctor of doctors

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RenaissanceThe Renaissance of Europeancivilization (rebirthA period between Middle Ages

and the Modern era in 14-

17th century beginning inFlorence Italy in the

late Middle Ages and later

spreading to the rest

of Europe. A culturalmovement of literature,

philosophy, art, science and

religion resulted in social and

political revolution.

Florence

Firenze

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Renaissancebackground

The fall of Byzantine Empire

led to theexodus of Greek

scholars to Italy and brought

with them texts and

knowledge of the

classical Greek civilization

which had been lost for

centuries in the West,

people rediscovered theclassical ideas that have

been forgotten by Western

civilization.Fall of Constantinople

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RenaissanceBackground

Crusades (1096-1291) 9 times

Science and knowledge was brought back from the

Middle East by crusaders in the 13th century

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ColumbusMarco Polo in China 1492


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1346-1353 Outbreak of black death

(plagues) the death toll reached to25 millions (1/3 of European

population)

1348 Pope Clement VI called the

followers to Rome, 1.2 millionpilgrims died only 1/10 survived.

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HumanismHuman interests, needs, values,

worth, and dignity are taken to be of

primary importance, as in moral

judgments.

Petrarch 1304-1374

Galileo Galilei

(15641642)[

ScienceMathematics and scientific methodgreat contributions in the fields of

astronomy, physics, biology and

anatomy.

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Renaissancearts

1452-1519

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian polymath,

being a

scientist,

mathematician,

engineer,inventor, painter,

sculptor,

architect,

botanist,

musician and

writer and also a

anatomist.

Vitruvian (Roman architect) man

(Proportion of man) 1487

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Leonardo da Vinci:

Monalisa

Last supper

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Renaissancearts

Buonarroti Michelangelo

1475-1564

The creation (Sistine)

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Michelangelo

David

The Pieta

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Renaissancearts

Raphael

1483-1520

Virgin and Child

Jesus & Madonna

The School of Athens

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The School of Athens

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Renaissance medicineAnatomy

Greece and Rome

Galen

EarlyRenaissance

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Middle Ages

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Arabic

Early

Renaissance

period

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China, Song Dynasty

Physician Yang Jie1102

1106did dissection on

body of executed prisoner

and asked painter to draw

the antomy

MingDynasty

(1368-1644)

Zangfumingtangtu

1906

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Contribution of Da

Vinci on anatomy

Dissected at least 30

human corpses

Studied the movement

of muscle

Challenged Galens

mistakes

750 drawings150

left

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Da

Vinci

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Andreas Vesalius

Studied at University of Paris

and University of Leuven

Professor of Surgery andAnatomy in Padua University,

the founder of modern

human anatomy.

1543 Published De humanicorporis fabrica(On the

Workings of the Human

Body). Andreas Vesalius

1514-1564

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Andreas VesaliusPerformed his own

dissections rather than

reading aloud while a

demonstrator did thedissection, using drawings

in teaching anatomy

Criticized Galen for his

methods in studyinganatomy

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Anatomic Diagrams

Illustrated by Johann Stephen von

Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio)

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Vesalius's Fabricacontained many intricately detailed

drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses.

Base of the brain, showing

optic chiasma, cerebellum,

olfactory bulb, etc

Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams

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Michael Servetus1511-1553

Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer

and humanist. First to describe the functionof pulmonary circulation, but condemned by

Catholics and Protestants alike, he was burnt

at the stake as a heretic by order of the

Protestant Geneva governing council.

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William Harvey1578-1657

Harvey announced hisdiscovery of the circulatory

system in 1616 and in 1628

published his work Exercitatio

Anatomica de Motu Cordis etSanguinis in Animalibus(An

Anatomical Exercise on the

Motion of the Heart and Blood

in Animals), and described

the pulmonary circulation and

systemic circulation

Heart output100-150ml x65=10p

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With careful observation and

quantitative experimentschallenged Galens theory onthe artery and vein

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Microscopic Anatomy

Early 17thcentury English man Digges and Dutch

spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented

first microscopy

Two convex lenses

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Microscopic Anatomy

1610 Galileo worked our the

priciples of lenses and made a

better instrument with focusing

device enlarging for 70 times

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Microscopic Anatomy

1628-1694

Marcello Malpighi

Observed biological tissues

with microscope as the

pioneer of histology and

embryology

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Microscopic Anatomy

Malpighian corpuscleMalpighian body

Malpighian Tubules

Malpighian alveoli

Capillaries in frogmesentery

The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure

of lung and kidney

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Microscopic Anatomy

1635-1702

Robert Hooke

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Microscopic Anatomy

The discovery of cell and itsnaming (cork)

Discovery of compoundeyes in insects

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Microscopic Anatomy

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1632-1723

A Dutch cloth merchant

used new method for

grinding and polishing

tiny lenses of great

curvature which gave

magnifications up to 270

diameters

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Microscopic Anatomy

Leeuwenhoek was first to see and

describe bacteria as animalcules (tinyanimals), became the father of

microbiology, he was also first to record

microscopic observations of muscle fibers,

spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.

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The End

Thanks

Documents

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