Abnormal Abnormal PsychologyPsychologyMr. MacMr. MacFrom the Cracking BookFrom the Cracking Book
Definitions of Definitions of AbnormalityAbnormality
4 components4 components Abnormal behavior is unusual- Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant deviant
statisticallystatistically MaladaptiveMaladaptive interferes with person’s interferes with person’s
ability to function in given situations.ability to function in given situations. LabeledLabeled Abnormal Abnormal Characterized by Characterized by PerceptualPerceptual or or
cognitive dysfunctioncognitive dysfunction
Theories of Theories of Psychopathology: Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behaviorCauses of abnormal behavior
PsychoanalyticalPsychoanalytical HumanisticHumanistic CognitiveCognitive BehavioralBehavioral Psycho-physiological Psycho-physiological Socio-culturalSocio-cultural
Freud- PsychoanalyticalFreud- Psychoanalytical Freud- PsychoanalyticalFreud- Psychoanalytical
Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior.responsible for abnormal behavior.
Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhoodchildhood
Humanistic-Humanistic- Being too sensitive to criticism & Being too sensitive to criticism &
judgment of othersjudgment of others Related to people unable to accept their Related to people unable to accept their
own natureown nature Feelings of isolation due to lack of Feelings of isolation due to lack of
positivepositive self-regard self-regard (also-external)(also-external)
Cognitive Cognitive Abnormal thought = distortions lead to Abnormal thought = distortions lead to
misconceptions-misinterpretationsmisconceptions-misinterpretations Treatment = change content of thoughtTreatment = change content of thought
Change ways thoughts are processedChange ways thoughts are processed
Behavioral- Behavioral- Abnormal behaviorAbnormal behavior Is Is learnedlearned Has been rewarded or reinforced Has been rewarded or reinforced Is a patternIs a pattern
Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behaviorTreatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior Modify the learned responseModify the learned response
Psycho-physiologicalPsycho-physiological Abnormal brain functionAbnormal brain function Chemical or structural issuesChemical or structural issues
Treatment- MedicationTreatment- Medication
Diagnosis of Diagnosis of PsychopathologPsychopathologyy DSM-IV DSM-IV Diagnostic Diagnostic
and Statistical and Statistical Manual Manual Published by APA- Published by APA-
(American (American Psychological Psychological Association)Association)
Used to diagnose Used to diagnose 5 Dimensions5 Dimensions Serves as a guide Serves as a guide
1. Axis 1 Major Disorders 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders Schizophrenia Schizophrenia
Delirium, dementiaDelirium, dementia= = perceptual and cognitive perceptual and cognitive disruptiondisruption
Eating DisordersEating Disorders Anorexia + BulimiaAnorexia + Bulimia
Sleeping disorders- that Sleeping disorders- that impact behaviorimpact behavior Including brain + other Including brain + other
physical disordersphysical disorders
DSM IV- Axis II: DSM IV- Axis II: Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Avoidant and Dependent PersonalityAvoidant and Dependent Personality
DSM IV- AXIS III: DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical DisordersPhysical Disorders
Disorders that impact brain + and other Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disordersphysical disorders
DSM IV- Axis IV:DSM IV- Axis IV:Assesses level of StressAssesses level of Stress
Assess level of psychological stress Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levelsbased on factors from first 3 levels
DSM IV- Axis 5:DSM IV- Axis 5:Overall Assessment of Overall Assessment of Functioning Functioning
Person’s level of functioning used to Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behaviordiagnose abnormal behavior
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Feelings of tensions + Nervousness Feelings of tensions + Nervousness Sometimes panic attacksSometimes panic attacks
Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escapefear, desire to escape
Physiologically-Physiologically- SweatingSweating Heart rate UPHeart rate UP Feeling of being paralyzed with frightFeeling of being paralyzed with fright
Panic DisorderPanic Disorder
Anxiety Disorders 2Anxiety Disorders 2 Panic DisorderPanic Disorder
Recurring panic attacksRecurring panic attacks Worry of panic attacksWorry of panic attacks
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) Obsessions-Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts Involuntary persistent thoughts Compulsions-Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time repetitive behaviors that are time
consuming and maladaptiveconsuming and maladaptive Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time
and thought associated)and thought associated)
Anxiety Disorders 3Anxiety Disorders 3 Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
CausedCaused by exposure to trauma- violence, by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, sufferingwar, death, suffering
DescriptionDescription: recurring thoughts and anxiety : recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the traumalinked to the trauma
Causes decreased ability to functionCauses decreased ability to function Causes general detachment from realityCauses general detachment from reality
Anxiety Disorders 4Anxiety Disorders 4 Phobias-Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of persistent and irrational fear of
common events common events Agoraphobia-Agoraphobia- fear of being in open fear of being in open
spaces/public spacesspaces/public spaces Escape is perceived to be difficultEscape is perceived to be difficult
Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site
Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders Psychosomatic (Brain Psychosomatic (Brain
and Body)and Body) Means a psych disorder Means a psych disorder
affects the bodyaffects the body Characterized by Characterized by
physical manifestationsphysical manifestations ExampleExample Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder
Pscyh disorderPscyh disorder Where a deficit of Where a deficit of
physiological functionphysiological function Paralysis or blindnessParalysis or blindness
Freud said – cause by Freud said – cause by psychological conflictspsychological conflicts
If resolved it would end If resolved it would end the physical problemthe physical problem
Somatoform Disorders 2Somatoform Disorders 2 HypochondriasHypochondrias
A person who A person who irrationally concerned with irrationally concerned with having a serious diseasehaving a serious disease
Person imagines symptoms +Person imagines symptoms + Seeks treatmentSeeks treatment
Mood DisordersMood Disorders Extreme disturbances of emotional Extreme disturbances of emotional
balancebalance 2 types2 types
DepressionDepression Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
Mood Disorders 2Mood Disorders 2 Depression or (Uni-polar)Depression or (Uni-polar) Symptoms:Symptoms: Depressed mood Depressed mood
General lack of interest in usual thingsGeneral lack of interest in usual things Possible thoughts of death or suicidePossible thoughts of death or suicide Low sense of self worthLow sense of self worth Low energyLow energy Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be
major depressionmajor depression Situational factors may cause or increaseSituational factors may cause or increase
Biological Factor:
Linked to low level of serotonin
Mood Disorders 3Mood Disorders 3 Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder A number of formsA number of forms 11stst most common = Major most common = Major
depression but with depression but with infrequent infrequent Manic EpisodesManic Episodes
22nd (rare)nd (rare) Manic- characterized Manic- characterized by: by:
extreme talkativeness extreme talkativeness increased self esteem increased self esteem Excessive pleasure seeking Excessive pleasure seeking Lack of sleepLack of sleep
33rdrd.. Cycle- Normal Manic Cycle- Normal Manic DepressionDepression
Ups and downsUps and downs
Biology-Biology- Both men and women Both men and women Runs in familiesRuns in families Associated with Associated with
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine Seasonal winter depressionSeasonal winter depression
““Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective Disorder”Disorder”
Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders Family of 5 disorders Family of 5 disorders
(types)(types) Common features Common features
DelusionsDelusions HallucinationsHallucinations Disturbed- Disturbed-
inappropriate inappropriate responses to responses to environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli
1.1. Disorganized Disorganized SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
2.2. Catatonic Catatonic SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
3.3. Paranoid Paranoid SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
4.4. Undifferentiated Undifferentiated SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
5.5. Residual Residual SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Disorganized Disorganized SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Incoherent SpeechIncoherent Speech Flat or inappropriate emotional affectFlat or inappropriate emotional affect
Catatonic SchizophreniaCatatonic Schizophrenia StuporStupor Rigid body for extended periodsRigid body for extended periods
Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia Auditory hallucinationsAuditory hallucinations Feelings of persecutionFeelings of persecution May feel as -May feel as - secret/hidden message in secret/hidden message in
everyday itemseveryday items Delusions of grandeur or persecution Delusions of grandeur or persecution
Undifferentiated Undifferentiated SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Multiple symptomsMultiple symptoms
Residual SchizophreniaResidual Schizophrenia Not profoundly SchizophrenicNot profoundly Schizophrenic Display some schizo tendenciesDisplay some schizo tendencies Have had one or more schizo episodesHave had one or more schizo episodes
Organic DisordersOrganic Disorders Caused by brain damageCaused by brain damage Disease -Disease - Dementia, Alzheimers Dementia, Alzheimers Chemicals -Chemicals - drugs, alcohol drugs, alcohol
dependencedependence ““OBS” organic brain syndromeOBS” organic brain syndrome
Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Pervasive expression of Pervasive expression of
extreme abnormal extreme abnormal personality constructpersonality construct
Interferes with normal Interferes with normal social functioningsocial functioning
1.1. Paranoid PersonalityParanoid Personality
2.2. Anti-Social PersonalityAnti-Social Personality
3.3. Narcissistic PersonalityNarcissistic Personality
4.4. Dependent PersonalityDependent Personality
5.5. Histrionic PersonalityHistrionic Personality
Personality Disorders 2Personality Disorders 2 Paranoid PersonalityParanoid Personality
Extreme distrust and Extreme distrust and suspicionsuspicion
Anti-social PersonalityAnti-social Personality Disregard for rights and Disregard for rights and
interests of othersinterests of others NarcissisticNarcissistic
Self Pre-occupation Self Pre-occupation Need for others to focus Need for others to focus
on oneself on oneself
Dependent PersonalityDependent Personality A need to be cared forA need to be cared for
Histrionic PersonalityHistrionic Personality Excessive emotional Excessive emotional
reactions and excitabilityreactions and excitability Need for attention Need for attention
Dissociative DisorderDissociative Disorder Deals with Deals with dysfunction of memorydysfunction of memory or or
altered sense of identityaltered sense of identity 3 main types3 main types1.1. AmnesiaAmnesia2.2. FugueFugue3.3. Identity disordersIdentity disorders
Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:AmnesiaAmnesia
Sudden loss of memorySudden loss of memory Precipitated by traumatic eventPrecipitated by traumatic event
Anterograde-Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma loss of memory after trauma Retrograde-Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma loss of memory before trauma
Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:FugueFugue
Sudden Complete loss of identity caused Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stressby stress
Then a new identity is formedThen a new identity is formed People often leave home and find new People often leave home and find new
identity.identity.
Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:Identity Disorder= Multiple Identity Disorder= Multiple PersonalitiesPersonalities
Appearance of 2 or more distinct Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one personidentities in one person
Identities may or may not be aware of the Identities may or may not be aware of the othersothers
Personality that manifests may be -Personality that manifests may be - based on contextbased on context