Abnormal Abnormal PsychologyPsychologyMr. MacMr. MacFrom the Cracking BookFrom the Cracking Book

Definitions of Definitions of AbnormalityAbnormality

4 components4 components Abnormal behavior is unusual- Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant deviant

statisticallystatistically MaladaptiveMaladaptive interferes with person’s interferes with person’s

ability to function in given situations.ability to function in given situations. LabeledLabeled Abnormal Abnormal Characterized by Characterized by PerceptualPerceptual or or

cognitive dysfunctioncognitive dysfunction

Theories of Theories of Psychopathology: Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behaviorCauses of abnormal behavior

PsychoanalyticalPsychoanalytical HumanisticHumanistic CognitiveCognitive BehavioralBehavioral Psycho-physiological Psycho-physiological Socio-culturalSocio-cultural

Freud- PsychoanalyticalFreud- Psychoanalytical Freud- PsychoanalyticalFreud- Psychoanalytical

Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior.responsible for abnormal behavior.

Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhoodchildhood

Humanistic-Humanistic- Being too sensitive to criticism & Being too sensitive to criticism &

judgment of othersjudgment of others Related to people unable to accept their Related to people unable to accept their

own natureown nature Feelings of isolation due to lack of Feelings of isolation due to lack of

positivepositive self-regard self-regard (also-external)(also-external)

Cognitive Cognitive Abnormal thought = distortions lead to Abnormal thought = distortions lead to

misconceptions-misinterpretationsmisconceptions-misinterpretations Treatment = change content of thoughtTreatment = change content of thought

Change ways thoughts are processedChange ways thoughts are processed

Behavioral- Behavioral- Abnormal behaviorAbnormal behavior Is Is learnedlearned Has been rewarded or reinforced Has been rewarded or reinforced Is a patternIs a pattern

Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behaviorTreatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior Modify the learned responseModify the learned response

Psycho-physiologicalPsycho-physiological Abnormal brain functionAbnormal brain function Chemical or structural issuesChemical or structural issues

Treatment- MedicationTreatment- Medication

Diagnosis of Diagnosis of PsychopathologPsychopathologyy DSM-IV DSM-IV Diagnostic Diagnostic

and Statistical and Statistical Manual Manual Published by APA- Published by APA-

(American (American Psychological Psychological Association)Association)

Used to diagnose Used to diagnose 5 Dimensions5 Dimensions Serves as a guide Serves as a guide

1. Axis 1 Major Disorders 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders Schizophrenia Schizophrenia

Delirium, dementiaDelirium, dementia= = perceptual and cognitive perceptual and cognitive disruptiondisruption

Eating DisordersEating Disorders Anorexia + BulimiaAnorexia + Bulimia

Sleeping disorders- that Sleeping disorders- that impact behaviorimpact behavior Including brain + other Including brain + other

physical disordersphysical disorders

DSM IV- Axis II: DSM IV- Axis II: Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Avoidant and Dependent PersonalityAvoidant and Dependent Personality

DSM IV- AXIS III: DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical DisordersPhysical Disorders

Disorders that impact brain + and other Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disordersphysical disorders

DSM IV- Axis IV:DSM IV- Axis IV:Assesses level of StressAssesses level of Stress

Assess level of psychological stress Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levelsbased on factors from first 3 levels

DSM IV- Axis 5:DSM IV- Axis 5:Overall Assessment of Overall Assessment of Functioning Functioning

Person’s level of functioning used to Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behaviordiagnose abnormal behavior

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Feelings of tensions + Nervousness Feelings of tensions + Nervousness Sometimes panic attacksSometimes panic attacks

Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escapefear, desire to escape

Physiologically-Physiologically- SweatingSweating Heart rate UPHeart rate UP Feeling of being paralyzed with frightFeeling of being paralyzed with fright

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

Anxiety Disorders 2Anxiety Disorders 2 Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

Recurring panic attacksRecurring panic attacks Worry of panic attacksWorry of panic attacks

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) Obsessions-Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts Involuntary persistent thoughts Compulsions-Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time repetitive behaviors that are time

consuming and maladaptiveconsuming and maladaptive Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time

and thought associated)and thought associated)

Anxiety Disorders 3Anxiety Disorders 3 Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder

CausedCaused by exposure to trauma- violence, by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, sufferingwar, death, suffering

DescriptionDescription: recurring thoughts and anxiety : recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the traumalinked to the trauma

Causes decreased ability to functionCauses decreased ability to function Causes general detachment from realityCauses general detachment from reality

Anxiety Disorders 4Anxiety Disorders 4 Phobias-Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of persistent and irrational fear of

common events common events Agoraphobia-Agoraphobia- fear of being in open fear of being in open

spaces/public spacesspaces/public spaces Escape is perceived to be difficultEscape is perceived to be difficult

Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site

Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders Psychosomatic (Brain Psychosomatic (Brain

and Body)and Body) Means a psych disorder Means a psych disorder

affects the bodyaffects the body Characterized by Characterized by

physical manifestationsphysical manifestations ExampleExample Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder

Pscyh disorderPscyh disorder Where a deficit of Where a deficit of

physiological functionphysiological function Paralysis or blindnessParalysis or blindness

Freud said – cause by Freud said – cause by psychological conflictspsychological conflicts

If resolved it would end If resolved it would end the physical problemthe physical problem

Somatoform Disorders 2Somatoform Disorders 2 HypochondriasHypochondrias

A person who A person who irrationally concerned with irrationally concerned with having a serious diseasehaving a serious disease

Person imagines symptoms +Person imagines symptoms + Seeks treatmentSeeks treatment

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Extreme disturbances of emotional Extreme disturbances of emotional

balancebalance 2 types2 types

DepressionDepression Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Mood Disorders 2Mood Disorders 2 Depression or (Uni-polar)Depression or (Uni-polar) Symptoms:Symptoms: Depressed mood Depressed mood

General lack of interest in usual thingsGeneral lack of interest in usual things Possible thoughts of death or suicidePossible thoughts of death or suicide Low sense of self worthLow sense of self worth Low energyLow energy Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be

major depressionmajor depression Situational factors may cause or increaseSituational factors may cause or increase

Biological Factor:

Linked to low level of serotonin

Mood Disorders 3Mood Disorders 3 Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder A number of formsA number of forms 11stst most common = Major most common = Major

depression but with depression but with infrequent infrequent Manic EpisodesManic Episodes

22nd (rare)nd (rare) Manic- characterized Manic- characterized by: by:

extreme talkativeness extreme talkativeness increased self esteem increased self esteem Excessive pleasure seeking Excessive pleasure seeking Lack of sleepLack of sleep

33rdrd.. Cycle- Normal Manic Cycle- Normal Manic DepressionDepression

Ups and downsUps and downs

Biology-Biology- Both men and women Both men and women Runs in familiesRuns in families Associated with Associated with

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine Seasonal winter depressionSeasonal winter depression

““Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective Disorder”Disorder”

Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders Family of 5 disorders Family of 5 disorders

(types)(types) Common features Common features

DelusionsDelusions HallucinationsHallucinations Disturbed- Disturbed-

inappropriate inappropriate responses to responses to environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli

1.1. Disorganized Disorganized SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

2.2. Catatonic Catatonic SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

3.3. Paranoid Paranoid SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

4.4. Undifferentiated Undifferentiated SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

5.5. Residual Residual SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Disorganized Disorganized SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Incoherent SpeechIncoherent Speech Flat or inappropriate emotional affectFlat or inappropriate emotional affect

Catatonic SchizophreniaCatatonic Schizophrenia StuporStupor Rigid body for extended periodsRigid body for extended periods

Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia Auditory hallucinationsAuditory hallucinations Feelings of persecutionFeelings of persecution May feel as -May feel as - secret/hidden message in secret/hidden message in

everyday itemseveryday items Delusions of grandeur or persecution Delusions of grandeur or persecution

Undifferentiated Undifferentiated SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Multiple symptomsMultiple symptoms

Residual SchizophreniaResidual Schizophrenia Not profoundly SchizophrenicNot profoundly Schizophrenic Display some schizo tendenciesDisplay some schizo tendencies Have had one or more schizo episodesHave had one or more schizo episodes

Organic DisordersOrganic Disorders Caused by brain damageCaused by brain damage Disease -Disease - Dementia, Alzheimers Dementia, Alzheimers Chemicals -Chemicals - drugs, alcohol drugs, alcohol

dependencedependence ““OBS” organic brain syndromeOBS” organic brain syndrome

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Pervasive expression of Pervasive expression of

extreme abnormal extreme abnormal personality constructpersonality construct

Interferes with normal Interferes with normal social functioningsocial functioning

1.1. Paranoid PersonalityParanoid Personality

2.2. Anti-Social PersonalityAnti-Social Personality

3.3. Narcissistic PersonalityNarcissistic Personality

4.4. Dependent PersonalityDependent Personality

5.5. Histrionic PersonalityHistrionic Personality

Personality Disorders 2Personality Disorders 2 Paranoid PersonalityParanoid Personality

Extreme distrust and Extreme distrust and suspicionsuspicion

Anti-social PersonalityAnti-social Personality Disregard for rights and Disregard for rights and

interests of othersinterests of others NarcissisticNarcissistic

Self Pre-occupation Self Pre-occupation Need for others to focus Need for others to focus

on oneself on oneself

Dependent PersonalityDependent Personality A need to be cared forA need to be cared for

Histrionic PersonalityHistrionic Personality Excessive emotional Excessive emotional

reactions and excitabilityreactions and excitability Need for attention Need for attention

Dissociative DisorderDissociative Disorder Deals with Deals with dysfunction of memorydysfunction of memory or or

altered sense of identityaltered sense of identity 3 main types3 main types1.1. AmnesiaAmnesia2.2. FugueFugue3.3. Identity disordersIdentity disorders

Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:AmnesiaAmnesia

Sudden loss of memorySudden loss of memory Precipitated by traumatic eventPrecipitated by traumatic event

Anterograde-Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma loss of memory after trauma Retrograde-Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma loss of memory before trauma

Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:FugueFugue

Sudden Complete loss of identity caused Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stressby stress

Then a new identity is formedThen a new identity is formed People often leave home and find new People often leave home and find new

identity.identity.

Dissociative Disorder:Dissociative Disorder:Identity Disorder= Multiple Identity Disorder= Multiple PersonalitiesPersonalities

Appearance of 2 or more distinct Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one personidentities in one person

Identities may or may not be aware of the Identities may or may not be aware of the othersothers

Personality that manifests may be -Personality that manifests may be - based on contextbased on context