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GROUP IIIGROUP III
M. Ardhias SyamM. Ardhias Syam
Hardianti SahibHardianti Sahib
KurniahKurniah
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THE GROUP 13 ELEMENTSTHE GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
Include boron, aluminum,gallium, indium and tallium!
"oron i# te onl$ nonmetal in
te grou% man$ o& teircom%ound# o& te
element# are electron
de&icient and act a# Le'i#
acid#! (luminum i# a
metalloid
(nd gallium, indium and
tallium are metal#!
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TEN)EN*+ O 13 GROUPTEN)EN*+ O 13 GROUP1.1. Have melting point not similarHave melting point not similar
with the other group.with the other group.
2.2. High the density.High the density.
3.3. Form the compound withForm the compound with
oxidation phase +3, but Ga, n,oxidation phase +3, but Ga, n,
and !l can "orm secondand !l can "orm second
oxidation is +1.oxidation is +1.
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#$#%#&!' '(%)*$#$#!*&
*&FG-!*&
"oron " -He./#//%1
(luminum (l -Ne.3#/3%1
Gallium Ga -(r.3d10#/%1
Indium In -2r.d10#/%1
Tallium Tl -4e.&1d105#/5%1
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ELEMEN
TS
(tomicNumber
Relati6e(tomicMa##
MeltingPoint72
)en#it$78gm93
) 10!:1 /;3 /30
l 13 /5!!l :1 /0!3: ;5!; 11:0
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ELEMENTS (tomic
Radiu#7nm
Ionic Radiu#7nm
=M3>?) 0!0;
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1st/0mol2nd/0mol 3rd/0mol
) :00!5 //; 3550
l ;;! 1:15!5 /;!5
Ga ;:!: 1
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Al2O3and Al(OH)3ar am!h"tri#
Aluminium ra#t $ith O2
%Al(s) &O2 (') 2Al2O3(s)
Chemical reaction of aluminium
a#id)an(Al(OH)Al(OH)OH(OH)3
*
(a+)%(a+)3 +
Al
bas)a)(Al(OH3HAl3H(OH) 323
(a+)(a+)3 OAl ++ ++
++
3
,23
)a+( )OAl(HAl
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Al2O3. 3H2O & 2-aOH
d#"m!"siti"n
/tra#ti"n2-aAlO2 & %H2O
"r
Al2O3. 3H2O & 2-aOH 2-aAl(OH)%
Production o& (luminium =a# in (lu#a&?
ir#t #te%@ Puri&ication o& te ore A "a$erB# %roce##!
The solution is diluted thereby impurities like TiO2, sodium aluminium silicate
and iron(III) oxide precipitate out. They are filtered out.
CO2is bubbled through the liuor to reduce the p! to enable "l(O!)#
precipitate and then filtered and $ashed."l(O!)#is calcined at %''C to gie pure "l2O# * #!2O.
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 & 3H2O
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Second #te%@ Smelting %roce##
0his is d"n by l#tr"lysis usin' th Hall*H1r"ult !r"#ss.
2l*H3 + 3&a*H + 4HF &a35lF46 + 4H2*
2Al3
Al3& & Al,
3*
Al2O3 AlO2*
& AlO& AlO
&Al
3& & O
2*
Al3& & 3 Al
2AlO2*
Al2O3 & 4O2 & 3
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arbon anode burns to *2, so the anode is replaced periodically.
'ome aluminium "og dispersed in the electrolyte, reduces *2 to *. #xitgases contain about 378 *. !he overall anode reaction seems to be
l2*2F92: + 2lF4
3: + 9lF9: + *2 + 9e
and at the cathode
lF43: + 3e l + 4F:
*verall cell reaction;3l2*2F92: + 17lF4
3: + 12lF9: + 3*2 + 9l + 29F
:
l is pre"erentially discharged at the cathode and oxygen at the anode.
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*%!H *!H#
#$#%#&!' ? l, Ga, n &= !l#$#%#&!' ? l, Ga, n &= !l
H+)RI)ES
$ilH9and $iGaH9are good precursors "or metal hydride complexes, %H3$2 and
sources "or H
:
ion "or the metalloid hydrides ? 'iH9. luminium hydride, lH3is asolid similar to the s:bloc/ metal hydrides although not readily available.
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H(LI)ES (N) TRIH(LI)ES
ll elements "orm trihalides in their +3 oxidation state, however +1 becomes
ommon with !l "orming a stable monohalide. !rihalides o" l, Ga and n are
$ewis acids. Generally prepared by reaction o" the electropositive metal with
hydrogen halides such as Hl, H)r gases.2 l s + 4 Hl g @ 177 C ll3s + 3 H2g
!ri"luorides are mechanically harder than others and they have high melting
points and sublimation enthalpies and have low solubility. !heir reactivity
towards most donors is low not $ewis acids and despite that lF3and GaF3"orm slats such as &a3lF4ryolite
? used as a solvent "or bauxite in the production o" aluminium and &a3GaF4
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!hallium trihalides are less stable than those o" light congeners. !he triiodide,
!l3 is a compound o" +1 and +3 as it contains the 3: not the : ion. on"irmedby the standard electrode potentials which indicates that !l is rapidly
reduced to !l by iodide;
!l3+ aD + 2 e:@ !l+aD #EB +1.24
3:aD + 2 e:@ 3 :aD #EB +7.
However, in excess iodide !l is stabilied by the "ormation o" the complexI
!l3s + : @ !l9
:aD
Generally the +1 oxidation state becomes more stable progressively "rom l to
!l.
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+3 *x. 'tate )2*
3l
2*
3Ga
2*
3n
2*
3!l
2*
3
acidic amphoteric
amphoteric basic basic
+1 *x. 'tate !l2*
basic
l2*
3and l*H
3are amphoteric
bas)a)(Al(OH3HAl3H(OH) 323
(a+)(a+)3 OAl ++ ++
a#id)an(Al(OH)Al(OH)OH(OH)Al3
*
(a+)%(a+)3 +
++
3
,2
3
)a+( )OAl(HAl
Ga2*3and Ga*H3are amphoteric and dissolve in al/ali to "orm gallates.
n2*3and !l2*3are completely basic and the metals "orm neither hydrates
nor hydroxides.!l*H is a strong base and is soluble in water, li/e Group 1 hydroxide.!l+compounds are extremely poisonous and in large doses, can cause death.
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SULI)E *OMPOUN)S
!he only sul"ide o" l, l2'3, which is prepared by direct reaction o" the elements
at elevated temperatures; 2 ls + 3 's @ A l2'3s. t is rapidly
hydrolyed in aDueous solutionI l2'3s + 4H2*l @ 2l*H3s + 3H2'g
l2'3, exists in three di""erent "orms ? J, K and L "orms. !he structure o" J and
K "orms are based on wurtite structure in J?l2'3the '2:ions are hexagonalclose pac/ed and the l3+ions occupy two:thirds o" the tetrahedral sites
randomly. !he L:"orm adopts the same structure as L:l2*3. !he sul"ides o" Ga,
!l and n are numerous and varied than those o" l and adopt many di""erent
structural types.
l, n and Ga react with
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