84
,ay; ,uz;L
ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy;
ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;
kdpjg; gpwtpapy; Mz; ngz; ,UtUk; rkchpik cilath;fs;.
Mdhy;> ,f;nfhs;if fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpije;J Mz; cah;e;jtd;. ngz;
jho;e;jts; vd;Dk; epiy cUthdJ. ,ij vjph;j;Jg; ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;F
epfuhd> rhprkkhd chpik Ntz;Lk; vd;W NghuhLk; xU ,af;fNk ‘ngz;zpak;’
vdg;gLfpwJ.
,aw;ifia ehk; md;idahf> nja;tkhf tzq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. fy;tp>
nry;tk;> tPuk; vd;W xt;nthd;iwAk; KiwNa nja;tk;> Njtij> jha;
vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. cly;hPjpahfTk; cs;shPjpahfTk; typikahf
,Ug;gth;fs; ngz;fs;. Mdhy;> mtSf;F chpiktho;T kWf;fg;gl;L mr;rk;>
klk;> ehzk;> gaph;g;G Kjyhd gz;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp ,y;yr; rpiwf;Fs;
milj;Jtpl;ldh;. NkYk; G+g;G> fh;g;gk;> gpurtk; Kjyhd cly;epiyfisg;
gad;gL;j;jpAk; ngz;fis mbikg;gLj;jp te;jdh;. ,e;epiyiaf; fise;
njwpe;J mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fg; ngz; ,af;fq;fSk;
ngz;zpayhsUk; rpe;jpj;jjd; tpisNt ngz;zpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf kyh;e;jJ.
ituKj;J, nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar; rpe;ijidfs;
vt;thW gjpT ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij fhz;gjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.
2.1. ngz;ik
ngz; vd;gts; vj;jifa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lts;. mtsJ ,ay;G
vd;d vd;gij>
“mr;rKk; ehzKk; klDk; Ke;JWj;j
epr;rKk; ngz;ghw; Fhpa” 1
vd;w E}w;ghtpd; %yk; ngz;ikf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mz;fs; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;ijr; nrhy;y chpik
ngw;wpUe;jdh;. Mdhy>; ngz;fSf;F mt;Thpik kWf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid>
“jd;DW Ntl;if fpotd; Kw;fpsj;jy;
vz;Zq;fhiy fpoj;jpf; fpy;iyg;
85
gpwePh; kf;fspd; mwpa Mapilg;
nga;e;ePh; NghYk; czh;tpw; nwd;g” 2
vd;W jiytp jdJ tpUg;gj;ijf; fpotd;Kd;G nrhy;Yjy; epidf;Fq;
fhyj;Jf; fpotpf;F ,y;iy. mq;qdk; nrhy;yhjtplj;Jk; GJf;fyj;jpd;fl;
nga;j ePh;Nghyg; Gwk; nghrpe;J fhl;Lk; czh;tpidAKilj;J mt;Ntl;if
vd;W ngz;jhd; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLfpwhs;;.
“ngUikAk; cuDk; MLc Nkd” 3
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; jiykfd; gopAk;> ghtKk;> mQ;rpAk; mwpTilatdhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgRfpwhh;. ,e;j E}w;ghf;fs; MizAk; ngz;izAk;
ntt;NtW ,ay;GfSf;F cl;gl;L NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;g;gijAk; ngz;zpd; kd
czh;Tfisr; nrhy;top ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak; epiyiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
“tpidNa Mlth;f; FapNu thZjy;
kidAiw kfsph;f; fhlth; caph;” 4
vd;w FWe;njhifg; ghly; Mz; ,aq;Fk; vy;iy cyfk; vd;Wk; ngz;
,aq;Fk; vy;iy tPL vd;Wk; tiuaiw nra;fpwJ. NkYk;>
“vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd” 5
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlYk; Mz;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.
rq;fg; ghf;fs; ngz;zpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gw;wpr; rpy fUj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
mit mf;fhyj;Jf;Fhpa tpsf;fq;fshf mikfpd;wd. md;Gk;> klDk;> rhaYk;>
,ay;Gk; vd;G nefpo;f;Fk; fpstpAk; gpwTk; xd;WgL nfhs;if cilatsha;
,pUj;jy; ngz;zpd; ,ay;ghfpwJ vd;W ngz;ikf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;
rptfhkp.
“ngz;ikahtJ ahJ? mlf;fk;> nghWik> jpahfk;> Fzeyk;>
,uf;fk;> moF> xg;GuT> njhz;L Kjypad mike;j xd;W ngz;ik
vdg;gLk;” 6 vd;W ngz;ikapd; Fzeyd;fis tiuaWf;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.
ngz; vd;gts; mofhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;byq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W r%fk;> Fwpg;ghf Mz;fs; tiuaWj;j ,yf;fzk;
ngz;ik vd;w tpsf;fj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sJ.
2.2 ngz;
86
nghWik> jd;dlf;fk;> khdk;> tPuk;> fw;G> jd;dykpd;wpg; nghJ eyj;jpw;F
cioj;jy;> ehzk;> mr;rk;> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> Rw;wk; fhj;jy; Kjypa gy;tif
ew;Fzq;fSf;Fk; ciwtplkha; tpsq;Fk; jha;ikapDk; rpwe;j xOf;fk;
cyfpypy;iy vd;Nw ,ak;gyhk; vd;fpwhh ; jh.rpq;fhuNtY. “jha;ik vd;fpw
md;ig mwpKfk; nra;jts; ngz;. mtdJ ghy; vOr;rpf;F tbfhyhfj;
jhq;fpf; nfhz;lts; ngz;. kfshfg; gpwe;J> khDlr; rq;fpypia tsh;f;f
cjtp nra;jts;” 7 vd;fpwhh; gpugQ;rd;.
kf;fl ; gpwtpapy; Mz;> ngz; vd;W ,UghYz;L. m/wpiz caph;fspYk;
,t;Ntw;Wik fhzg;gLfpwJ. cyfk; vd;W nrhy;tJ Mz;> ngz; vd;W ,UtuhYk;
Mf;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;. ngz;zpd;wp Mzpy;iy. Mzpd;wpg; ngz;zpy;iy.
Mdhy;> ePz;l fhykhf MZyfk; ngz;ZYfj;ij mlf;fp Mz;L tUjy;
elg;gpayhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
Kjyhspfs; njhopyhspfis mlf;fp Ms;tJNghy Mz;kf;fs; ngz;
kf;fis mlf;fp Mz;L tUfpd;whh;fs;. jq;fSf;F CopaQ;nra;aNt ngz;
kf;fs; gilf;fg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;W Mz;kf;fs; epidf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W jpU.tp.f.
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
jha;topr; r%fk; kiwe;J je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyj;jpy;
ngz; ,dj;jpd;;;; tPo;r;rp njhlq;fptpl;lJ. jha;topr; r%fk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ.
epyTilikr; r%fj;jpy; FLk;gk; epWtdkhdNghJ ngz;zpd; kPJ Vuhskhd
fl;Lg;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
FLk;gk; guhkhpj;jy; vd;w ngahpy; ngz;zpd;kPJ gy;NtW gzpfs;
Rikfshf Vw;wg;gl;ld. mts; vijg;gw;wpAk; Nahrpf;fTk; Neukpd;wp mts; ‘tPL’
vd;gJ gy;NtW rq;fpypfshy; fl;lg;gl;l rpiwahapw;W. Nahrpf;fhj ngz;ik
‘Fykfs;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. vjph;j;Jf;Nfs;tp vOg;gtpy;iynadpy; ‘nghWikapy;
G+khNjtp’nadg; Gfog;gl;lhs;. gpwe;jJ Kjy; xU ngz;> jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk;
je;ij> rNfhjud;> fztd;> kfd; vd ahuhtJ Xh; MZf;F mlq;fp> mtidr;
rhh;e;J thoNtz;ba eph;g;ge;jj;jpw;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ fhyf;nfhLik vdyhk;.
2.3 ngz; gw;wpa mwpQh; fUj;J
‘fzj;Jf;Ff; fzk; khWgLk; czh;Nt! ePjhd; ngz;!’ vd;fp;whh; mwpQh;
N\f;];gpah;. ‘md;gpw;F ,Ug;gplkhf> jpahfj;jpw;F ciwtplkhf ,Ug;gtNs
ngz;’ vd;fpwhh; lhy;];lha;. ‘chpikahtJ caph;fl;Ff; flTshy; mspf;fg;gl;l
87
xU ngUk; ,aw;iff; nfhil’ vd;fpwhh; mwpQh; gpuhl;Ny. ,t;twpQh;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fspd;%yk; ngz;fs; vt;thW cah;thf kjpf;fg;gl;ldh vd;gij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
2.4 ngz;zpak;
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ‘Feminism’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd; tbtk;
MFk;. ngkpdprk; ( Feminism) vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; ‘ngkpdh’ vd;w ,yj;jPd;
thh;j;ijapypUe;J kUtp tsh;e;jjhFk;. ‘ngkpdh’ vd;w thh;j;ijf;F ‘ngz;zpaf;
Fzeyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s’ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j thh;j;ij
Kjypy; ngz;fspd; ghypay; Fzhk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gplNt cgNahfg;gLj;jg;
gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF ngz;zpaj;jpd; chpikfis vLj;Njhjf; ifahsg;gl;lJ.
'ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy; Njhd;wpa tpjj;jpid> ehd;rp v/g;fhl;
vd;gth /ngkpdprkp (Feminisme) vd;w gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J /ngkpdprk;
(Feminism) vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; te;jJ vd;gh;”; 8
/ngkpdp];b (Feministe) vd;w nrhy;iytpl /ngkpidd; (Feminine) vd;w
nrhy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vdNt /ngkpdh (Femina) vd;w ,yj;jPd; Nth;r;
nrhy;Yld; ,rk; (ism) vd;w milr;nrhy; Nrh;j;J /ngkpdprk; vd;W jw;NghJ
miof;fg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
nghJthf MZf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; czh;Tfs;jhd; ngz;Zf;Fs;Sk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MZila gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;Nghy; ngz;zplj;jpYk; mit
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;$Wfs; xd;whff; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;
,g;gbj;jhd ; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thWjhd; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rKjhak;
rl;lk; tpjpf;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpy; ,y;yhj ,r;rl;l tpyq;fpid cilj;njwpa
vOe;jNj ngz;zpakhFk;.
kdpjdhfg; gpwe;j vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; ‘MSjy;’ vd;Dk; nray;ghL kpfTk;
gpbj;jkhd xd;whFk;. ,jidg; ghujp> ahUk; ahiuAk; Vd; MsNtz;Lk;.
,d;ndhUtiu Ms eP ahu;? Mifahy;> vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs; vdr;
nrhy;ypitj;jhd;. ngz; vd;gts; Vd; ahiuAk; rhuNtz;Lk;. mtshy; Rakhfr;
rpe;jpf;f KbAk;. fLikahf ciof;f KbAk;. ciog;gpd; %yk; mts; xU jdp
uhzpahf thoKbAk; vd;ghh;. “ngz;zpathjp vd;gth; ngz;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Jizepd;W mth;fspd; mbikj;jdj;ijf; fise;njwpa
88
cjTtNjhL mthpd; ikaf;nfhs;ifNa rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiykhw;wk;
vd;gijg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” 9 vd;fpwhh;. Nuh.];lhd;rp. Mz;fs;
ve;j mstpw;Fr; r%f mikg;gpYk;> nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> murpaypYk; <Lgl;L
chpik nfhz;lhLfpwhh;fNsh mNj mstpw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fk; midj;Jj;
JiwfspYk; chpikfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtNjhL mjdbg;gilapy;
ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l r%f mikg;G cUthf;fpj;ju KaYtNj ngz;zpak;.
“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;Zf;F vdj; jdpNa vijAk; gphpj;Jg;
NgRtjd;W NtWghLfs; caph;fspd; ,aw;if@ cyfg;nghUl;fspd; ,aw;if@
Mz;-ngz; vDk; ,Ughyh;fSf;fpilNa NtWghLfNs ,y;iynad thjplYk;
epWt Kw;gLjYk; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ. vdNt> ,aw;ifapNyNa mike;j
clYk; kdKk; rhh;e;j NtWghLfs; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,y;yhkYk;>
cyfshtpaJk;> khDlg; nghJik rhd;witAkhd epajpfisAk; ePjpfisAk;
mbg;gilahf itj;Jk;> ngz;zpd; flikfs; nghWg;Gfs;> chpikfs;
r%fepiy Mfpatw;iw rpj;jhpg;gNj ngz;zpak;”. 10
ngz; nfh^ukhdts;. mUtUg;ghdts;. jPz;lg;glhjts; vd;w mbik
thh;j;ijfisf; fz;bj;Jk;> kWkzk;> ngz; rpWikepiy ePf;fy;> rpRnfhiyj;
jtph;g;G> ngz;fy;tp> ngz; mePjp> r%f mq;fPfhuk;> Mzhjpf;f kNdhght vjph;g;G
Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;J vOe;jNj ngz;zpak;.
“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;iz Xh; caphp vdr; r%fk; mq;fPfhpj;J
mtSf;F MZf;Fr; rkkhd chpikAk; Rje;jpuKk; nfhLf;fj; J}z;Lk;
nfhs;ifahFk;”. 11
“ngz;zpak; ngz;fspd; epiyia khw;wf; $ba kpfr;rpwe;j r%f
,af;fkhFk;. ” 12
“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; rpf;fy;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L
mtw;iw ePf;f Kay;tjhFk;. mjd;%yk; cyf mstpy; murpaypYk;
gz;ghl;bYk; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; Md;kPfj;jpYk; ngUj;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j
KbAk; ”13 vd;fpwhh; rhh;y;l; gd;r;. ftpQh; nfhsQ;rp>
“ngz;zpak; / vd;gJ / fz;zpakhfg;
89
NguhLtJ / fztidr; / rpiwitg;gjy;y…” 14
vd;W ‘rpiw’ vDk; ftpijapy; ngz;zpak; gw;wpaj; jd; fUj;jpid $Wfpd;whh;.
2.5 mfuhjpfs; $Wk; tpsf;fk;
1) ngz;zpak; - “ngz;Zf;Fhpa eyk;”
15 vd;W jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp tpsf;fk;
jUfpd;wJ.
2) Mf;];Nghh;L mfuhjp - Feminism vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ‘Movement for
recognition of the claims of women for rights equal to those possessed by
men’ vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ. 3) ngz;zpd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapYk; rKjha murpay; nghUshjhur;
#o;epiyapYk; mts; Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhdts; vd;Dk; cah;newpia
epiyehl;Lk; Nehf;fj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L ,aq;FfpwJ vd;W
gphp;l;lhdpfh fiyf;fsQ;rpak; $WfpwJ.
4) ‘ngz;fspd; Njitia epiwNtw;w mth;fs; rhh;ghf thjhLtJ>
NghuhLtJ’ vd;W Mf;];Nghh;L Mq;fpy mfuhjp $WfpwJ.
5) ‘ngz;fspd; chpikia tw;GWj;Jk; Xh; ,af;fk;’ vd;W Byf;];
Mq;fpyj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp $WfpwJ.
6) nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Mq;fpyj; jkpo; mfuhjp 'ngkpdprk; vd;gjw;Fg;
ngz; chpik Vw;Gf;Nfhl;ghL> ngz;Zhpik MjuT” 16 vd;Wk; nghUs;
jUfpd;wJ.
2.6 ngz;zpak; gw;wp mwpQh;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jfs;
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk nfhLikfs;>
mth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fs;> mth;fs; mjpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtjw;fhd
toptiffis Kd;itg;gNjahFk;. ngz; tpLjiyf;fhf Mz;fs;;
NghuhLtijtplg; ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; ngz;fNs NghuhLtJjhd; kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ
vd;W gy ngz;zpa mwpQHfs; $Wfpd;wdh;. ngz;zpdj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf>
tpLjiyf;fhfg; gy mwpQh;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ijj; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
“ngz;zpaj;jpd; nka;ahd czh;T ntspg;gLtJ vg;Nghnjdpy; ngz;
MzpypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;Lj; jdpf;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghh;f;fg;gLk; NghJjhd;”17
vd;fpwhh; [_ypal;kpl;ry;.
90
“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ r%fj;Njhw;wj;ij Muha;tJ. mjhtJ> jha;topr;
r%f mikg;gpypUe;J gpd; je;ij topr; r%f mikg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wijAk;>
mk;khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfisAk; vLj;Jiug;gJ”. 18
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ vy;yhg; ngz;fisAk; murpay; kw;Wk; gpw
mbikj;jdq;fspypUe;J tpLtpj;jy; vd;w nfhs;if cilajhFk; vd;fpwhh;
ghh;guh];kpj;.
“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fs; ghypdg; ghFghl;lhy; mDgtpf;Fk;
jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhuj; Jd;gq;fis vjph;j;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,af;fNk” 19
vd;fpwhh; Gl;rh;.
ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj; njw;fhrpa ehLfs; “ngz;fs; r%fj;jpYk;
mYty;fspYk; tPl;bDs;NsAk; eRf;fg;gLtijg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;r;rpAk;
me;epiyia khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; xUtiu xUth; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L
nraw;gLk; Kaw;rpfSk; vd;w tpsf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sd vd;W $wyhk;.
,jd;gb ghypd mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk;
Mzhjpf;fj;ijAk; Mz; ehafj;ijAk; mwpe;J me;epiyia khw;w
Kay;fpd;wth;fs; ngz;zpathjpfs; Mth;. ,jd;gb ghypd cah;T jho;Tfisg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. me;epiyia khw;wg; ngz;zpathjpfs;
KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;”.20 vdNtjhd; “ngz;fspd; jho;epiyia Muha;e;J
mij khw;w Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; topKiwfNs ngz;zpak;” 21 vd;W xU
tiuaiwiaf; fhh;ld; vd;gth; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
n[apd; vd;gth; “ngz;zpak; vd;gjw;Fg; ngz;fs; xUtNuhL xUth;
,ize;J xU Mw;wiy cUthf;fp ngz;ik mjd; jd;ikapy; Mz;fNshL
khWgl;bUg;gpDk; mJ Mz;ikf;F epfuhdJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s itg;gJ”22
vd;W tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
gpugQ;rd; ‘ngz;zpd; tuyhW’ vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; tuyhW vd;Wk;
r%fk; ngz;iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;. nghpahh;> cyfpd;
kdpj th;f;fj;jpw;F mbikj; jj;Jtk; xopa Ntz;Lkhdhy; ngz;Zyif
mbikahff; fUjp elj;Jk; mfk;ghtKk; nfhLikAk; xopa Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$wpAs;shh;.
91
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;zpiythjk; vd;w
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ngz; tpLjiy ,af;fj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; jj;JtKk;
tho;f;if KiwAk; vd;Dk; nghUspy; ,r;nrhy; jkpopy; ngz;zpak; my;yJ
ngz;zpiythjk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
“ngz;zyd; vd;gJ ngz;ikf; Fzk;> ngz; ,dk;”
23 vd;W jkpo;
mfuhjp $WfpwJ.
fofj; jkpo; mfuhjpapy;>
ngz;fyk; - tz;zj;jpd; rpw;wpd;gg; gFjp
ngz;lif - ngz;jd;ik
ngz;L - kidtp> ngz;
ngz;zurp - nry;tKilats;> mofpw;rpwe;jts;> ngz;zhafk;.
ngz;zUq;fyk; - ngz;zpw; rpwe;jts;
ngz;zyk; - ngz;ikf;Fzk;> ngz;zpd;gk;> ngz;zpd; moF
vd;W ngz; rhh;e;j nrhw;fs; gy;NtW nghUs;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,d;W ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy; Gjpa r%fr; #o;epiyapy; ngz;fisg;
gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itapd; mbg;gilapy; vOe;Js;s Nfhl;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;yhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
r%fj;jpYk; Ntiyj;jsj;jpYk; FLk;gj;jpYk; epyTk; ngz; xLf;FKiw
kw;Wk; Ruz;ly; gw;wpa ngz;ikapd; czh;T epiyfSk; ,e;epiyia
khw;Wtjw;Fg; ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; vLf;Fk; czh;TG+h;tkhd eltbf;ifahFk;
vdg; ngz;zpaj;jpw;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh; Kidth; Njtjj;jh. ,t;thW
ngz;zpak; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F tpsf;fq;fshfg; gyTk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sij
mwpayhk;.
2.7 ngz;zpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ New;W ,d;W Njhd;wpaJ md;W. Guhz ,jpfhrf;
fhyq;fspNyNa Njhd;wptpl;lJ. gpuk;kd; fiythzpf;F ehtpy; ,lk; je;jJ>
jpUkhy; ,yf;Fkpf;F khh;gpy; ,lk; je;jJ> rptd; ghh;tjpf;F jk; clypy;
ghjpiaf; nfhLj;jJ ,it vy;yhk; Mz; ngz; rk chpikia epiyehl;Lk;
Guhzf; FwpaPLfNs MFk;.
92
nghJthfr; r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xj;j jFjpAila ,uz;L
$WfSf;F ,ilNa vg;nghOJk; Kuz;ghL Njhd;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
,jdhy;jhd; kdpj ,dj;jpd; ,uz;L $Wfshfpa Mz; - ngz; ,uz;bw;Fk;
,ilNa mit Njhd;wpa fhyk;njhl;Nl ahh; cah;e;jth; vd;w Nghuhl;lk;
epfo;e;Jnfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisTjhd; jha;topr; r%fk;> je;ijtopr;
r%fk;. ,e;jr; r%ftpay; Kuz;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghNl Mz;-ngz; rkj;Jtj;ij
epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ.
jha;topr; r%fk; khwp je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhd;wpaNghJ Mz; Mjpf;fj;jhy;
ngz; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. ,jdhy; ngz;fs; gy epiyfspy; Jd;gg;gl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; rpy mwpQh;fs; ngz;fs; chpikf;fhfg; Nghuhlj;
jiyg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSs; njhy;fhg;gpaUk; xUtuhthh;. ,jid>
“nrwpTk; epiwTQ; nrk;ikAk; nrg;Gk;
mwpTk; mUikAk; ngz;ghyd” 24
vd;w E}w;ghtpy; $wpAs;shh;. ts;StUk;>
“ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf;f ahTs fw;ngd;Dk;
jpz;ik Az;lhfg; ngwpd;” 25
vd;w Fwspy; $wpAs;shh;. ,th;fNs ngz;zpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F Kjd;Kjypy;
tpj;jpl;lth;fs; vdyhk;.
Feminism vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kjd;
Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Mq;fhq;F ngz;
tpLjiyr; rpe;jid vOr;rp ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;whYk; ngz;zpak; jdp xU
Nfhl;ghlhf tYg;ngw;wJ fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; vd;W lhf;lh; gpNukh
$wpAs;shh;.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOe;j khh;;f;rpa th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Mjpf;f ntwpah;fis vjph;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy; mjd; xU gFjpahf Mz;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; ngz; xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk; Fuy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
,Jjhd; ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nth; vd;Wk; ,jpypUe;Jjhd; gpd;G ngz;zpak; jdp
xU Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ vd;Wk; khh;f;rpag; ngz;zpathjpfs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
2.8 ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs;
93
“1890 tiuapy; ngz;zpak; vd;gij Fwpf;f kfsphpak; (Womanism)
vd;w nrhy;Ny gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1895-Mk; tUlk; Vg;uy; 27-Mk; ehsd;W
ntspapl;l mj;jPdh vd;w fpNuf;fg;ngz; „nja;tf; Nfhapy;‟ vd;w E}ypy;
Myp]; Nuhrp vd;gth; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy;iy kfsphpak;
vd;w nrhy;Yf;F khw;Wr; nrhy;yhf gad;gLjpdhh;”. 26
rKjhak; jha;topr; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J je;ijtopr; r%fkhf khw;wk;
ngw;wJ. ,J ngz;zpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzkhFk;. je;ijtopr;
r%fj;jpy; nrhj;J Mz;fSf;F kl;Lk; chpj;jhd epiy ,Ue;jJ. MZk;
ngz;Zk; Nrh;e;J elj;Jk; jpUkz tho;f;ifapy; ngz;fSf;fhd chpikfs;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy. FLk;gk;> r%fk; ,t;tpuz;bYk; ngz;fs; mlf;fp
Msg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,k;khjphpahd mePjpfisg; Nghf;f ngz;fSf;fhd rKjha
chpikfis vLj;Jf;$w r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; kw;Wk; ngz;zpathjpfs;
Kad;wdh;. mjd;topahf cyfpYs;s gyg;gy ,lq;fspYk; ngz;zpakhdJ
Xh; ,af;fkhf eilNghl Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.
2.9 njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiy
r%fj;jpd; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ngz;fspd; epiyiag; gw;wp rhpahd
Kiwapy; tpsf;fj; jFe;j Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l
,yf;fpaq;fSk; rhpj;jpur; rhd;WfSk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;j
Mq;fpy murhYk;> fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpduhYk;> r%f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfshYk;
njhFf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfs; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiyia XusT
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mjdhy;> Muk;g fhyq;fspy; cs;s ngz;fspd;
epiyiag; gw;wp mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
2.10 ngz;zpa tifg;ghL
INuhg;gpa> mnkhpf;f ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l njhopy; tifapyhd
tsh;r;rpfspd; gf;f tpisthfg; ngz;zpak; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jJ. Mjyhy;>
njhopy;Gul;rpahy; Njhd;wpa Nkw;fj;jpag; ngz;zpak; gy;NtW ghpkhzq;fSld;
%d;W tiffis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. mit 1. jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak;
(my;yJ) kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; (Liberal feminism,) 2. rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak;
(my;yJ) Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak; (Socialist feminism 3. jPtputhjg;
ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) J}ag; ngz;zpak; (Radical feminism) vd;gdthFk;.
2.10.1 jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) kpjthjg; ngz;zpak;
94
fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak; vDk;
kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jd; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhope;j
NkhpTy;];ld; fpuhg;/l;> vOjpa “v tpd;bNf\d; M/g; jp iul;]; M/g;
Tkd;” 27 vd;w E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
kpy;> 'ngz;fs; jq;fSila nfsutj;ijf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jhk;
tpUk;gpagb gw;gy gzpfis Vw;gJk;> nrhj;jpy; gq;F ngWtJk;> Xl;Lhpik
ngWk; jFjpia cilatuhtJk; kpf Kf;fpankd vLj;Jiuj;jhh;”. 28
kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; “ngz;Zf;F Mizg; Nghy vy;yh epiyfspYk;
rkj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk; (Equal Rights) vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jJ. ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; ngz; tpLjiy> ngz;Rje;jpuk;> rhpepfh; rkhdk; vd;gdtw;iw
,t;tif tw;GWj;jpaJ”. 29
,j;jifa kpjthjg; ngz;zpayhsh;fs; Fwpj;J Njtjj;jh> “kpjthjg;
ngz;zpayhh;> FLk;g mikg;ig mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;nfhz;L r%fg; gof;f
tof;fq;fspy; khWjy;fisf; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdh;. ,th;fs; r%f
epWtdq;fs;> rl;lk;> kdg;Nghf;F> r%f mikg;G Mfpatw;iw> Fwpg;ghff;
FLk;g mikg;Gg; gw;wp VJk; rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. rl;lq;fspd; njhFjp> r%fj;ij
khw;wptpLk; vd ek;gpdh;. mjdhy; mbg;gilahd khw;wk; Njit vd;W
czutpy;iy”30
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; ngz;zpd; FLk;g>
r%f tho;itr; rPh;jpUj;Jk; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
2.10.2 rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak;
Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak; khh;f;rpayhsh;fspd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb tsh;e;jJ.
,g;ngz;zpak; Fwpj;J ghpksk;> “ciof;fpd;w ghl;lhsp tFg;G kf;fspd;
tpLjiyNahL xl;Lnkhj;j khe;jh; ,d tpLjiyia vl;Ltjw;fhfr; nrd;w
E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J fhh;y; khh;f;];> /gpnulhpf; vq;fy;];
MfpNahh; Kd;itj;j rpj;jhe;jj;ij mbnahw;wp epfo;e;j Nrhryprg; Gul;rpfNshL
Njhw;wk; nfhz;lJjhd; Nrhryprg; ngz;zpakhFk;. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa
Guhjdkhd r%fq;fspy; ngz;Zf;Fr; nraY}f;fkhd gq;fpUe;jJ. ,J
gpd;dh; Ntshz;ikr; r%f khw;wj;jhy; Gjpjhf cUthd FLk;gk;> epyTilik>
muR Mfpatw;why; Mzpd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l epiyikNa ngz;Zf;fhd
KO tho;thf mikayhapw;W vd;W vq;fy;]; $wpa fUj;J Nrhryprg;
95
ngz;zpaj;jpw;Fhpa njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ”31
vd;W fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;shh;.
rKjhaj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Ntl;ilahLjy; Kjy; FLk;g cw;gj;jpg;
gzpfs;tiu ngz;zpd; jiyikapy; ,Ue;jd. gpd;dhy; jdpr; nrhj;Jhpik>
thhpR cUthf;fy; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l je;ijtopr; r%fk;
cUthdjhy; ngz;zpd epiy jho;e;jJ vdyhk;. ,tw;iw vjph;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
,g;ngz;zpak; cUthdJ.
“jd;dythjpfspd; jd;dyj;ijAk; Mz; ngz; vd;W ghFgLj;JNthhpd;
nfhs;iffisAk; r%fnewpapy; xopg;gijr; nray;ghlhfTk; nfhz;ls;sJ
rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak;”32 vd;gij ,uh.gpNukh ngz;zpak; vd;w E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
2.10.3. jPtputhjg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) J}ag; ngz;zpak;
je;ijtopr; r%fk; fw;gpj;Js;s gz;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Mz;-ngz;
caphpay; $W NtWghLjhd; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs; ngz;izg; ghypay; mbg;gilapy;
mlf;ff; fhuzkhfpwJ vd czh;e;J je;ijtopr; r%ff; FLk;g
mikg;igf;fiyf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jPtputhjg; ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpaJ.
,g;ngz;zpak; gw;wpj; Njtjj;jh> “ghypay; hPjpahd mlf;FKiw Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L
ghypay; uPjpahd ciog;Gg; gq;fPLk; nghUspay; th;f;f mikg;Gk;
Kf;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ mJ rPh;jpUj;jkhf mike;JNghdjhy;> jPtpug;
ngz;zpathjpfs; je;ijtopr; rKjhaj;ij cilj;jiy Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ldh;. ,jd; Nth;> caphpay; hPjpahd FLk;gk; vd;gjhy;
FLk;gj;ijAk; Kw;Wkhf cilf;f tpUk;gpdhh;fs;”33 vd;W tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shh;.
“ngz;zpak; vd;whNy Miz vjph;g;gJ> FLk;gj;ij cilg;gJ vd;w
jtwhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;j fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ jPtputhjg;
ngz;zpaNk” 34 MFk; vd;fpwhh; ,uh.gpNukh.
kpjthjk;> jPtputhjk;> Nrhryprk; Mfpa tif rhh;e;j ngz;zpag;
Nghf;Ffspy; kpjthjk; kw;Wk; Nrhryprg; ngz;zpag; Nghf;FfNs jkpofj;jpy;
nghpJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2.11 ngz;zpaf; nfhs;if
96
ngz;zpak; vd;w Nfhl;ghlhdJ> Mz;fSf;Fr; r%fj;jpy;> nghUshjhuj;jpy;>
murpaypy; vj;jid chpikfs; cs;sdNth mJ midj;ijAk; ngz;fSf;Fk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JtJ MFk;.
ngz;zpaf;ff; nfhs;ifia mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dhy;> ngz;Zhpik
vd;gJ Fwpj;J mwpa Ntz;Lk;. m/jhtJ> Mizg;NghyNt ngz;Zf;Fk;
tPuk;> td;ik> Nfhgk;> MSe;jpwk; cz;nld;gij Mz;kf;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> FLk;g epWtdk; Mzhjpf;fj;jpw;F> ,lk; je;J ngz;iz
mbikg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ngz; mij tpLj;J ntspNa te;J Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.
r%fj;jpYk;> Ntiyj;jsq;fspYk;> FLk;gj;jpYk; epyTk; ngz; xLf;FKiw>
Ruz;ly; gw;wpa ngz;zpd; czh;T epiyfSk; mJnjhlh;ghf Mz;fSk;
vLf;Fk; czh;TG+h;tkhd eltbf;iffSk; ‘ngz;epiythjk;’ vd;gh;. ngz;fs;
eRf;fg;gLtijg; ngz;fsplk; vLj;Jiuj;jy;> ,J njhlh;ghf tpthjpj;J
Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; xUtiu xUth; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; Mz;ikapd;
r%f kjpg;Gfis khw;wpr; rkj;Jt kjpg;gPLfis cUthf;Fjy; Mfpait
ngz;zpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; vy;iyahff; fUjyhk;. tpopg;Gzh;Tk; rPh;jpUj;jNk
ngz;fis Kd;Ndw;wk; milar;nra;Ak;. kdpj chpik kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
chpikia kfspUf;F toq;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.
2.12 ngz;zpar; nraw;ghLfs;
ngz;zpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; ngz;zpaf;fj;jpd; rpf;fy;fis ikag;gLj;jp>
ngz;zpaf;fUj;Jfis tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mjpy;> ngz;zpa Ma;thdJ
ngz;gw;wpa Ma;T> ngz;epiy Ma;T vd ,Utifahf mikfpwJ. ngz;
gw;wpa Ma;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;fs; vt;thW gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;
vd;gJ gw;wpa nghJ epiy Ma;thf mikAk;. ngz;epiy Ma;T vd;gJ
Mzhjpf;f cyfpy; xLf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; r%f ,Ug;G> tho;tpay; rpf;fy;
,tw;iw Muha;tJld; r%fk;> gz;ghL> kjk;> njhopy;> murpay; jsq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; ,uz;lhk;ju epiyiaAk;> mjd; kjpg;GfisAk; vLj;Jiug;gdthf
mikAk; vd;w gpNukhtpd; $w;W ,q;F rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ.
(i) ngz;epiyj;jpwdha;T my;yJ ngz;zpaf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;> ngz;
vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; kl;LNk jpwdha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fUj;ij Kd;itf;fpwJ.
97
(ii) Mz;fspd; jpwdha;Tf; nfhs;if vDk; epiyapypUe;J ngz;
vOj;Jf;fisf; fz;nlLj;J kPl;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
(iii) ngz; vOj;Jf;fspd; tuyhW> eil> fU> tif> mikg;G>
tpiutpaf;fk; rhh;e;j ngz;zpd; gilg;G> cstpay; Mfpa midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpr; nray;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
xt;nthU #oypYk; ngz;Zf;F mr;rkpy;yhj jplkhd neQ;rk;
Njit. mjd; %yNk mts; rhjpf;f KbAk; vd;gij> vt;thwhapDk; xU
ngz;Zf;Fj; jsuh Kaw;rpAk;> vijAk; rhjpf;Fk; jpz;zpa neQ;rKk;
Ntz;Lk;. jsuh Kaw;rpAk; FOthff; $bj; jd; Md;kPf Nehf;fpy; ntw;wpaile;j
nray;ghl;Lj; jpwDk; Mz;lhis Md;kPf ngz;zpathjp vd;W fUj
,lkspf;fpwJ vd;w $w;wpd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
NkYk;> ngz;zpaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J> Nkiyehl;L
ngz;zpathjpfSk; gy fUj;Jfisf; $wpAs;sdh;. mtw;wpy; rpy ,d;iwa
epiyapy; ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtk;> kjpg;G> tPl;bd; cs;NsAk;
ntspNaAk; jk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tho;f;iff;fhd nghUisAk; Njh;T nra;Ak;
Rje;jpuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhdr; rhjidg; Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> ngz;fspd; midj;Jj; jpwikfisAk;
ntspfhl;l tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fspd; cs;sk;> cly; midj;Jk;
nray;jpwid Nehf;fp Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtjhFk;. ,jid ehd;rp
v/g; fhl; vd;gth;> ngz;fs; vy;yh tifahd nraw;ghl;Lzh;T> nghUshjhu
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mfhPjpahd midj;J ,og;gpidAk; ePf;FtJ> ,Ujug;gl;l
ghypay; ePjpf;F KbT Ntz;Lk; vdpy;> khwhj ghypay; ePjpapypUe;J ePq;fp>
njhopy; kw;Wk; jpwikfis ntspapLk; tz;zk; ngz;fSf;F tha;g;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jp xspngwr; nra;tJ vd;gJk; rpe;jpj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
2.13 ,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhW
Nkiy ehl;bdhpd; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; ,e;jpahtpy; guTtjw;F
Kd; ngz;fspd;epiy mbikepiyahfNt ,Ue;jJ. rKjhaj;jpd; rhpghjpahfp
,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs; cyf ehLfs; KOtJk; ngUk;ghYk; mbikahfNt
,Ue;jdh; vd;gijg; gz;ila cyf tuyhw;wpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
98
Nkiyehl;Lg; ngz;fisf; fhl;bYk; ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; mDgtpj;J te;j
r%ff; nfhLikfisf; fz;l INuhg;gpa mwpQh;fSk; fpwpj;Jt epWtdq;fSk;
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Foe;ij kzk;> gyjhu kzk;> tpjitah; epiy>
fl;lhaj; jpUkzk;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> khkpahh;fsplj;jpy; Jd;gk;> kWkz
vjph;g;G> ngz; fy;tp kWg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jdh;.
,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhW 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;
njhlq;FfpwJ vd;W ngz;zpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. njhlf;f
fhyj;jpy; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfNs ngz;fspd; rpf;fy;fisf; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L mth;fs;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; ghLgl;ldh;. Foe;ij kzk;> rjp> gh;jh Kiw> Njtjhrp Kiw
Nghd;wtw;iw xopg;gNj mth;fs; Kd;epWj;jpa Kjd;ikr; rpf;fy;fshFk;.
uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ‘rjp’ia vjph;j;Jk;> <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;
tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;Jk;> uhzNl> fhh;t; Nghd;wth;fs; ngz; fy;tp
Ntz;bAk; rPh;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltu Kw;gl;ldh;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;
nghJthd mlf;FKiwia vjph;j;jjpYk; ngz;fSf;F tpopg;Gzh;;r;rp
Cl;bajpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fhw;wpAs;sdh;.
“ngz;fspd; ,e;jpar; rq;fk; md;dpngrz;l;> khh;ful; frpd;];> Nlhujp
[Pduh[jhrh; MfpNahuhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jw;Fg;gpd; ehLKOtjpYk;
NkYk; NkYk; gw;gy khjh; mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. 1925Mk; Mz;L nghpahh;
jkpofj;jpy; Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ghh;g;gdpak; rhjpak;>
kw;Wk; jPz;lhikf; nfhLikfisAk; fLikahf vjph;j;jhh;. ngz;zbikj;
jdj;jpw;nfjpuhfj; jPtpu Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. gpwg;gpypUe;Nj ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhf
tsh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;> jhyp> kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk; vd;w %lg;gof;f
tof;fq;fisAk; ngz;fs; mwNt xJf;fpg; gbj;J Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W jd;
Ra fhypy; epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. „fw;G‟ vd;gJ Mz;fshy;>
fw;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf;fkhFk;. mijf;fl;bf; fhg;gjw;fhf ngz;fs; mbik
tho;T thoNtz;ba mtrpakpy;iy vd;W Gul;rpr; rpe;jidiag;
ngz;fspilNa tpijj;jhh;”. 35
“,t;tikg;G „];jphp jh;kh‟ vd;w ,jio Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F
Mfpa nkhopfspy; elj;jp te;jJ. ,t;tpjo; %d;W khjj;jpw;F xUKiw
99
ntspte;jJ. ,e;jpag; ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;l
,t;tpjOf;F> cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; thrfh;fs; Mjutspj;jdh; ”.36
“,t;tikg;G 1930,y; kapyhg;G+hpy; gj;J ngz;fisf; nfhz;l
„mt;it ,y;yk;‟ vd;w mehij ,y;yj;ijj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jdhy; gyh;
gadile;jdh;”.37 2.13.1 ngz;rpRf; nfhiy
xU ngz;Foe;ij gpwe;J> tsh;e;J jd; tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU
fl;;;lj;jpYk; ntt;NtWtpjkhd Jd;gq;fis mDgtpg;gjw;F khwhf> mf;Foe;ij
gpwe;jTld; nfhd;WtpLtNj mts; tho;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;thf mikAk;
vd;W fUjpNa mth;fs; ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L te;jdh;. ngz;fspd;
tho;tpw;Fk; capUf;Fk; ,Ue;j kjpg;gw;w epiyia ,t;thwhd tof;fq;fs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2.13.2 gyjhukzk;
xU Mz;> gy ngz;fis kzf;Fk; tof;fKk; r%fj;jpy; epytpa
njhd;whFk;. ,J ngz;fspd; jho;e;j r%fepiyiaAk; Mjutw;w jd;ikiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; ‘$ypd;’ me;jzh;fs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
ngz;fis kze;jdh;. ,j;jifa xU Mzpd; kidtpah;> fztdpd; md;igAk;
MjuitAk; ngwNtz;bj; jq;fSf;Fs; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.
taJ Kjph;e;j fpotd;> ,sk;ngz;fis Mirf;fhf kzg;gJk; tof;fpy;
,Ue;jJ. mtd; ,we;jJk; mth;fs; ifk;ikf; Nfhyk; G+zNtz;ba
fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;ldh;. Mdhy;> ,jw;F khwhf xUngz; fztdhy;
vg;gbg;gl;l nfhLikfis mDgtpg;gpDk; mts; ‘fy;yhdhYk; fztd;
Gy;yhdhYk; GU\d;’ vd;Wk;> ‘fztNd fz;fz;l nja;tk;’ vd;Wk; mtidj;
njhOJ tzq;fp> mtDf;Fg; gzptpilfs; Ghpe;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;w
tpjpKiw tof;fpYs;sJ. fztd; vt;tsT jPatdhdhYk; mtd; kidtp
gpw Mltid clyhy; kl;Lkd;wp kdj;jhy;$lj; jPz;lhky; mtDf;F
cz;ikAs;stshf thoNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs;. ngz;fs;
vg;NghJk; Mz;fisr; rhh;e;Nj thoNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs;
vd;gijNa ,it vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
100
2.13.3 ngz;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;
murFyg ; ngz;fs; ntspcyf tho;tpy; gq;FngWtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mth;fSf;nfd;W jdpahd me;jg;Guq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L mth;fs; MAs;
jdpikapy; mq;NfNa fope;jJ. tPl;bd; gFjpfSk; ngz;fs; cgNahfpf;Fk;
gFjpfs; vdTk; Mz;fs; cgNahfpf;Fk; gFjpfs; vdTk; ghFgLj;jg;gl;ld.
ngz;fs; tPl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; rpy miwfSf;Fs;Ns jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tho;f;ifiaf; fopj;jdh;. jq;fs; FLk;gj;J Mz; kf;fs; Kd;ghf tUtJk;
mth;fSld; goFtJk;$l fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,t;thwhd eilKiwapdhy; ngz;fs; mile;j ,d;dy;fs; gy
cs;sd. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if tPl;bw;Fs; rpy miwfSf;Fs;Ns Klf;fp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fspd; kdKk; mwpTk; tsh;r;rpaila ,f;fl;Lg;ghL
jilahf ,Ue;jJ. ntspcyff; fhw;iwg; Nghjpa msT Rthrpf;fhj ngz;fs;
gyh;. ,jdhy;> mth;fs; fhrNeha; Nghd;w gy;NtW Neha;fSf;F
Mshdhh;fs; vd;gjd;%yk;> ngz;fis vt;thW jdpikg;gLj;jp itj;jdh;
vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
2.13.4 NjtjhrpKiw
xOf;fk;> fw;G vd;Dk; fUj;Jf;fspy; MZf;nfhU ePjp ngz;Zf;nfhU
ePjp vd;w xUjiyg;gl;l ePjp tof;fpypUg;gij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;Lk;
epWtdk; Njtjhrp KiwahFk;. ,J Mz;fspd; trjpf;fhfTk; mth;fspd;
,r;iria mth;fs; tpUg;gg;gb G+h;j;jp nra;aTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xU jpl;lkhFk;.
Njtjhrp Kiwapd;gb r%fj;jpy; rpy ngz;fs; flTSf;Fr; Nrit
nra;tjw;fhfj; jhdk; nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jk; tho;f;ifapy; tpiykfspuhf
tho;e;jdh;. mjhtJ kjj;jpd; ngauhy; Mz;fs; jk; ghypay; ,d;gj;ij mth;fs;
kdjpw;Nfw;wgb mDgtpf;fr; rpy ngz;fs; gypflhthf Mf;fg;gl;ldh;.
ngz;fSff;Ff; fw;G newpia typAWj;Jk; mNj r%f epajpjhd; Njtjhrp
KiwiaAk; kjj;jpd; ngauhy; Mjhpj;jJ. ,J jq;fs; FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fspd;
fw;Gf;Ff; fsq;fk; tuhky;> mNjrkak; rpy ngz;fisg; gypahf;fp Mz;fspd;
,r;iriag; G+h;j;jp nra;a Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l MjuitAk; mspj;Jj; Jiz epd;wJ.
Njtjhrpfspd; r%fepiy Kuz;gl;l gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. mth;fs;
gpwg;G ,wg;gw;w flTsh;fisNa fztd;khh;fshf milag; ngw;wikahy;
101
‘epj;jpa Rkq;fypfshf’ mjhtJ ifk;ik epiyia tho;tpy; xUNghJk; mila
Kbahjth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;.
,t;thwhd tpjpKiwfSk; eilKiwfSk; NtW xU fUj;ijAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjhtJ fw;Gld; thOk; ngz;Zf;F ve;jtpjkhd
jdpkdpj r%f chpikAk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mtSf;Ff; fw;Gila ngz;
vd;w r%f kjpg;G kl;LNk fpilf;Fk;. fw;gpoe;J tpiykfshf tho;f;if
elj;Jk; ngz;Zf;F cyfpy; rpy chpikfis mDgtpf;Fk; rYiffs;
cz;L. Mdhy;> mts; r%fj;jpy; ,ope;jts; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; Rkf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU ngz; tho;f;ifapy; chpikfis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;
mts; ,ope;jts; vd;w gl;lj;ij Vw;fj; jahuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
Mzhjpf;fr; r%f epajpahFk;.
2.13.5 cld;fl;il VWjy;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; ehfhpf ehLfs;
gytw;wpy; ,Ue;jjhff; $Wfpwhh ; f.g. mwthzd;. fztDf;F Kd; kidtp
,wj;jNy ngUikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. fztd; ,we;J kidtp tho;e;jhy;
mtisf; nfhiyf; Fw;wj;jpw;Fhpats;Nghy; rKjhaj;jpy; xJf;fp itj;jdh;.
r%fg; ghJfhg;G ,d;wp mQ;rp tho;tijtpl ,wj;jNy rpwe;jJ vd;w
KbTf;Fg; ngz;bh; te;jdh;. fztNdhL jPg;ghAk; kidtpia>
“ey;Nyhs; fztndhL edpaoy; Gfp,r;
nrhy;ypil apl;l khiy epiyAk;” 38
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd Mz;fspd; td;Kiwfspy; xd;Wjhd; cld;fl;il
Vw;Wjy; MFk;. ‘fztid ,oe;Njhh;f;Ff; fhl;LtJ ,y;’ vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu
thpapdhYk; ,jid mwpayhk;. fztd; ,we;jTld; cld;fl;il VWk;
ngz;fisAk; fLikahd ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;w ngz;fisAk;jhd;
mf;fhyj;jpy; fhz Kbe;jJ. jk;Kld; ,wf;Fk; kidtp> Ntiyf;fhuh;> Fjpiu
Nghd;wit jk;Kld; kWcyFf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd vd ek;gg;gl;L te;jJ. MfNt
gpujhdp xUtd; ,we;jNghJ mtd; kidtp Ntiyahsh; KjypNahUk; cld;
itj;Jf; nfhSj;jg;gl;lhh;fs; my;yJ Gijf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. kidtpia
cld;fl;il Vw;Wtjw;Fk; gpwpNjhh; fhuzKk; ,Ue;jJ. fztd; ,we;jgpd;
kidtp gpw Mltidf; fztdhff; nfhz;L tho;ths; vd;Dk; nghwhik
102
mtd; cs;sj;jpy; Fbnfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. mtdJ vz;zj;ij epiwNtw;Wk;
nghUl;L ngz; cld;fl;il Vw;wg;gl;lhs;.
fztid ,oe;j gpd;G ifk;ngz;bh; ,t;thwhd nfhLikfis
tho;f;ifapy; mDgtpf;fhJ jg;Gtjw;F xU topKiwAk; r%fj;jpy;
tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mJ fztd; ,we;j gpd;G mtDld; cld;fl;il
VWtjhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; ,t;thwhd ifk;ik tho;T tho;tijtpl
cld;fl;il Vwp nte;J kbtNjNky; vd KbT nra;J cld;fl;il Vwj;
Jzpe;jdh;. ,t;thW tpjitfs; cld;fl;il VWtJ> tpjitfs; mf;FLk;gj;J
Mz;kf;fis mg;ngz;fspd; fw;igg; ghJfhj;J mth;fis MAs; KOtJk;
Mjhpf;Fk; nghWg;gpypUe;Jk; tpLtpf;fpd;wJ.
cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; njd;dpe;jpahittpl tl ,e;jpahtpy;
mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,uh[];jhdpy; ,g;gof;fk; kpFjpahf murf;
FLk;gq;fspy; tof;fpypUe;jJ. xU murd; Njhw;wTld; mtdJ kidtpah;
midtUk; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. ,J Ntw;wurd; mg;ngz;fis mila
KbahjthW jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; topKiwahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
2.13.6. ifk;ikepiy
,e;jpahtpy; ngz;Zf;nfd;W jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if fpilahJ. mts;
tho;tpw;F Mjhuk; fztNd. mjdhy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; thoj;
jFjpaw;wth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; ey;y
MilfisNah mzpfyd;fisNah mzpaf;$lhJ. mth;fs; caph;thoj;
Njitahd msTjhd; czT cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; mkq;fyr;
rpd;dq;fshff; fUjg;gl;L tpyf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldh;. fy;tp mwptpd;ikAk;
nghUshjhur; Rje;jpukpd;ikAk; mth;fis ,e;epiyf;Fj; js;spd. ifk;ngz;bh;
r%fj;jpy; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fistplf; Nftykhd epiyapy; tho;e;J te;jdh;.
,t;thwhd nfhLikfisf; fztDld; tho;e;J> gpd; fztid
,oe;j ngz;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ> fd;dp tpjitfSk; ,sk; Foe;ij tpjitfSk;
mDgtpj;J te;jdh;. ,jid>
“epiu,tz; je;J eLfy; Mfpa
ntd;Nty; tpliy ,d;ikapd; Gyk;gpf;
nfha;k;kop;j; jiynahL ifk;ikAwf; fyq;fpa
fopfyk; kf^cg; Nghyg;
Gy;ntd;widahy;> gy; mzp ,oe;Nj” 39
103
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;%yk; ifk;ikf;Nfhyk; Nkw;nfhz;L nghyptope;J
Njhd;Wk; jiytpiag; gw;wpa ifk;ik epiyia mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ifk;ngz; epiyia vz;zp tUe;jpath; jpU.tp.f. ,d;W fztid
,oe;j ngz;fis ‘tpjit’ vd;gh;. Mdhy; mjw;Fhpa Mz;ghy; nrhy; jkpopy;
,y;iy. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. Mz; ifk;ikah;
vd;w ,r;nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjyhf Mz;Ls;shh;.
ifk;ikepiy ngz;Zyfpw;Fk; MZyfpw;Fk; nghJthdJ. me;epiy
tho;tpy; ,UghyUs; vth;f;NfDk; Vw;glhky; NghfhJ. cyfpy; gy ,lq;fspy;
Mz; ifk;ikah; NghyNt ngz; ifk;ikaUk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;W
Mz;fspy; kidtpia ,oe;jtidj; jpU.tp.f. ‘Mz;ifk;ikfs;’ vd;W ngahpl;L
miof;fpwhh;.
2.14 ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd gpw nfhLikfs;
Nkw;$wg;gl;lit ,e;jpar; r%fk; KOf;fg; ngz;fisg; nghJthfg;
ghjpj;j rpf;fy;fshFk;. ,it kughff; fhyk;fhykhfj; njhlh;e;Jte;j
Mzhjpf;fj;jpdhy; tpise;jit. tujl;riz> mYtyfk; rhh;e;jit> khkpahh;-
kUkfs; rpf;fy;> Foe;ijapd;ik vd;Dk; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs; ,f;fhyg;
ngz;fSf;F cs;sd. mtw;iw vjph;nfhs;s topapy;yhky; jq;fisj;
jhq;fNs khpj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; gpwuhy; vhpf;fg;gLtJk; vdg; ngz;fs; tho
Kbahj #oy; epyTfpwJ. ,jid>
“xUj;jp / fztd; fpilf;fhjjhy;
fre;JNgha;g; gpzkhf / ,d;ndhUj;jp
fztdhy; tho;f;if / fre;JNgha;g; gpzkhf” 40
vd;Dk; thpfs; tujl;riz nfhLf;fg; gzk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk;
mDrhpj;J thoyhk; vd;Dk; kdk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk; ngz;fs; tho;f;if
Gije;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhh; ftpQh; nghd;kzp.
gbf;fhj ngz;fs; gbj;jpUe;jhy; guthapy;iy vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;.
gbj;j ngz;fs; gbf;fhkypUe;jhyhtJ guthapy;iy vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;.
,r;rKjhaj;jpy; gbj;jth;fs;> gbf;fhjth;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; xNu epiyjhd;
cs;sjhfg; nghd;kzp fUJfpwhh;. Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; rhpepfh; vdr; rkj;Jtk;
NgRtnjy;yhk; Vl;lstpy;jhd;. Mdhy;>
“ngz;fSf;Fr; / RLfhLk;…. / Mz;fSf;Fr;
104
nrhh;f;fKk; / Mfh! vd;d rkj;JtNjrk;!?” 41
vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfs; ,d;Dk; jPutpy;iy.
ngz; Nghfg;nghUs;jhd; vd;gJk; Mz;fSf;F kl;Lk;jhd; ,e;j cyftho;f;if
nrhh;f;fk; vd;gJk; ngz;fSf;F ,J RLfhL vd;gJk; czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
2.14.1 ghujpjhrd;
ghujp topte;j ghujpjhrd; ‘tpjitfSf;Fg; GJtho;T juNtz;Lk;’
vd;w Nghh;f;Fuiy vOg;gpdhh;. ,jid>
“Nfhhpf;if mw;Wf; fplf;F jz;Nz ,q;F
Nthpw; gOj;j gyh” 42
vd;W tpjitfSf;fhfg; ghbdhh;.
ngz; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;Gtiu gy;NtW epiyfspYk; mbikg;
gl;bUg;gijf; fz;L xt;nthU epiyapYk; ngz;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;J
iuf;fpd;whh;.
vy;NyhUk; Mz; Foe;ijapd; gpwg;igf; nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUe;j
fhyj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijapd; gpwg;igg; nghpjhf kfpo;e;J nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.
ghujpjhrdpd; FLk;g tpsf;F ehd;fhk; gFjpapy; kyh;f;Foyp jd; kfSf;F
vd;d Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; vd;W Nfl;f> mq;fpUe;j nghpath; xUth; ngz;
gpwe;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh; vd;W Nfl;fpwhh;. mjw;F>
“kz;zpy; gl;lhy; khRgLk; vd;W vd;
fz;zpy; itj;Nj fhg;Ngd; Iah” 43
vd;W kfpo;NthL ngz; gpwg;ig Vw;gjhfr; nrhy;tJld;>
“ngz; Foe;ij! ngz; Foe;ij! vd;gjhd
Ngr;nrhd;W Nfl;fpd;whh; Mlth;fs;
nga; vd;w cyFf;Fg; nga;j thd;Nghy
fPo;nrd;W Foe;ijaOk; xypAk; Nfl;lhh;
fpspnkhopahs; kyh;f;FoYk; ntspapy;te;J
%r;NrhLk; moNfhLk; ngz; Foe;ij
Kj;Jg;Nghy; gpwe;jJ jha; eyNk vd;whs;” 44
vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ngz; Foe;ijg; gpwg;igj; Njitahd fhyj;jpy;
cyfpw;Fg; nga;j ngUkio Nghy vd;W nfhz;lhb kfpo;tjhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
105
NkYk; fw;fz;L> ntw;wpiy> fspg;ghf;F> thiog;gok; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhLj;Jj;
jk;kfpo;itg; gfph;e;J nfhz;ljhfTk; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
Mzha;g; gpwe;jhy; kfpo;e;J ngz;zha;g; gpwe;jhy; ntWj;J xJf;fpa
rKjhaj;jpy;>
“%lj;jdj;jpd; Kilehw;wk; tPRfpd;w
fhL kzf;f tUk; fw;G+ug; ngl;lfNk!” 45
vd;W ghb ngz;ikf;F cah;T Njbj;je;jhh;.
“eha; vd;W ngz;iz etpy;thh;f;Fk; ,g;Gtpf;Fj;
jha; vd;W fhl;lj; jkpoh;f;F tha;j;jtNs!” 46
vd;W ngz; gpwg;ig ehahff; fUJk; cyfj;Jf;nfy;yhk; mts; jha;
vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ngz; fy;tpngw mth;fsJ ngw;Nwhh;fNs jilaha; ,Ue;J
tUfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa ngw;Nwhiug; ghh;j;J>
“ngw;w ey; je;ijaNu - ek; / ngz;fisf; fw;f itg;gPNu
,e;ehs; ngz; fy;tpahNy -Kd;Ndw /Ntz;Lk; itaNkNy” 47
vd;w thpfspy; ngz;fis tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns G+l;bitj;J> mts; fy;tpngwj;
jil nra;ahjPh; vd;fpwhh;.
ghujpjhrd; Fwpj;J vOjg;gl;l ftpijnahd;wpy; mtuJ ngz;
rpe;jidfshd tpjit kWkzk;> ngz;fy;tp Kjypad Fwpj;Jg; ghuhl;Lg;
gj;jpuk; thrpf;fpwhh;.
“mLg;gq;fiunad;Dk; / mdy; epyj;jpy; / gjpakpl;l
ghpjhg Nuh[hf;fSf;Fr; / Rje;jpu ntspr;rk;
nrhy;yp;j; je;jtd; / ePay;yth?” 48
vd;W xw;iwthpapy; mtuJ ngz;zpaf; FuYf;F mq;fPfhuk; nfhLj;JtpLfpwhh;
nghd;kzp.
2.14.2 nghpahh;
,d;W ngz;zpak; NgRNthUf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ngz;zbikj;jdj;ijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b ‘ngz; Vd; mbikahdhs;?’ vd;Dk; E}y; %ykhfTk; kw;Wk;
jd; fl;Liufs; %ykhfTk; ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;lth; je;ij nghpahh;.
rikayiwf;Fs; rkhjpaile;Jtpl;l ngz;fspd; jtq;fisf; fiyj;J
106
tpLjiyf;fhw;iw mth;fs; Rthrpf;fg; Nghuhbath; nghpahh;. ngz;
chpikfSf;Ff; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. mth; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ngz;fSf;fhd
chpikf;Fuy;fs; vOe;jd vd;gij>
“ePz;lfhykha; / epyf;fhpaha;f; fple;j ngz;fs;
itf;fk; tPudpd; / tUiff;Fg; gpd;Gjhd;
itukha; Mdhh;fs;” 49
vd;Dk; mbfspy; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G ,e;ehd;Fk;
ngz;Zf;Fhpad vd;w kuig cilf;fr; nrhd;dth;. ghy;a tpthfj;ijAk;
nghUe;jh kzj;ijAk; xopf;fg; Nghuhbdhh;. tpjitfs; kWkzj;jpw;F
Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhh;. ngz; fy;tp xd;Nw mth;fSf;Fs; Gul;rp
kdg;ghd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.
2.14.3 ngz;fspd; mbik epiy
Mz;fSf;F ,izahd chpikfSk; ,lKk; ngz;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Fuy; gyfhykhf xypf;fg;gl;L tUtJld; mjw;fhd
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gyUk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;iwa ngz;fSf;F
,d;Dk; me;epiy fpilf;ftpy;iy. MhpaUila kDE}ypy; ngz;fspd;epiy
kpf ,opTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘ngz;fs; ngha;iag;Nghy ghtKilath;fs;.
Mz;fis mRj;jQ;nra;tNj ngz;fspd; ,ay;G. ngz; vg;nghOJNk
tpLjiyaile;jpUf;fj; jFjpaw;wts;’ ,it kD $Wk; rl;lq;fs; MFk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk;tiu ngz;fs; kugpd; ngauhy;
mlf;FKiwapidj; njhlh;e;J mDgtpj;J te;jdh;. FLk;gj;ijf;
fl;bf;fhg;gjw;Fg; ngz;zplk; nghWik mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. Mdhy;
mts; tho;T KO epiwtilatpy;iy. fztDf;Fg; gpd; J}q;fp Kd;
vOjy;> fztd; cz;lgpd; jhd; cz;Zjy;> jdf;fpy;yhtpbDk; fztDf;Ff;
nfhLj;jy;> Mz;fSf;F mlq;fp tho;jy; Nghd;w tud;Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.
,e;epiyf;F vjpuhf Mz;fs; nray;gLtij>
“mlq;fpf; fplf;fpwJk; gzpQ;rp elf;fwJk;
Mf;fwJk; fhf;fwJk; ehq;f - cz;
lhf;fwJk; fhf;fwJk; ehq;f - mij
mbr;rpg; gwpf;fpwJk; mLj;Jf; nfLf;fpwJk;
ml;lfhrk; gz;ZwJk; ePq;f” 50
107
vd;W ghLfpwhh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;.
xUth; MzhfNth ngz;zhfNth gpwe;Jtpl;lhy; ,aw;if Vw;gLj;jp
aijtpl r%fk;jhd; mth;fis me;je;jg; ghypay;GfSld; cUthf;FfpwJ
vd;W ngz;zpathjpfs; fUJfpwhh;fs; ngz;fshfg; gpwg;gjw;F jtk;
nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>
“kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y
khjtk; nra;jply; Ntz;Lkk;kh” 51
vd;whh; ftpkzp. Mdhy;> rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; kpfg; ghpjhgj;jpw;F
chpath;fshfNt kjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. xUngz; rpWkpahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> tsh;e;jgpd; cld;gpwe;jtUf;Fk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
fztZf;Fk; kfidg; ngw;W mtd; tsh;e;jgpd; kfDf;Fk; mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk;
epiy ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;jhd; ghujpjhrDk;$l>
“ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRe; jpUehl;by;
kz;zbik jPh;j;J tUjy; Kaw;nfhk;Ng” 52
vd;W ghbdhh;.
ghujp tpLjiyf;Fk;kp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghba ghly;fspy; ngz;
tpLjiyia ikag;gLj;jpg; ghbdhh;. tpLjiy ngw;Wtp;l;ljha;g; ngz;fis
tPuf;Fk;kp nfhl;lr; nrhd;dhh; ghujp. mth; tpUk;gpa tpLjiy ,d;W
rhj;jpag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;why; ,y;iy vdyhk;. ngz;Zhpik> ngz;tpLjiy
vdg; NgRk; Mz;fSf;Fk;; KO Rje;jpuk; toq;Fk; vz;zk; mbkdj;jpy;;
,y;iy. ngz;zpak; NgRk; ngz;fSk; fhyk;fhykhf te;j kuGfspypUe;J
kPsKbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. goikapy; Cwpath;fNsh mbikj;jdj;Jf;F
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gth;fshf cs;sdh;. ,e;epiyapy; ngz;zbik ePq;FtJ
vq;qdk; rhj;jpak; vd epidj;J>
“ngz;zpd; iffspy; / tisay;fNshL
tpyq;FfisAk; / G+l;bapUf;FnkhU
ngha;r;r%fj;jpy; / MNtrf;Fk;kp / mbg;gnjg;gb?” 53
vd;w tpdhit vOg;Gfpwhh; ituKj;J.
‘New;W ,d;W ehis’ vd;w ftpijapy; ngz; Kf;fhyq;fspYk;
mtsJ epiy vj;jifajha; ,Ue;jJ@ ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;gij czh;j;j
Kad;wpUf;fpwhh;. New;iwa ngz; muz;kidapy; tho;e;jhYk; Rje;jpukpd;wp
108
me;jg;Guj;jpy; mbikaha;f; fhyk; fopj;jts;jhd;. murd; tpUk;Gk;NghJ
mtUf;F kfpo;;r;rpiaf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfTk;> thhpR cUthf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;
kl;LNk ngz; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhs; vd;W md;iwa rKjhak; fUjpapUe;jJ.
,d;iwa ngz;Nzh jd;dplk; ,dpikahfg; Ngrp jd;id
mDgtpj;Jtpl;L Vkhw;w epidf;Fk; Mzplk; vjph;tpidahw;Wfpwhs;. MZk;
ngz;Zk; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;Wk; my;yJ goFk; #oy; kpFjpahf cs;s ,d;iwa
epiyapy; ,j;jifa ghypay; epfo;Tfs; Vuhsk; vd;whYk; ghjpf;fg;gLgts;
ngz;jhd;. Mz;fs; ,jid tpgj;J vdf; fUjp tpyf;fptplr; nrhd;dhYk;
ngz;Zf;F vjph;fhy tho;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kd;dh;fhyg; ngz;fisg;Nghy;
,y;yhky; vjph;j;Jg; Ngr Kbahky; ,d;iwa ngz;fs; mjw;fhf epahak;
Nfl;Lg; Nghuhlj; Jzpe;jth;fshf cs;sdh; vd;gij>
“fs;s kd;kjh! / cyfwpa khiyapL
,y;iyNay; / cd; njUKidapy;
Ch;$l;bj; / jpwe;jntspapy; gpurtpg;Ngd;” 54
vd;w ftpijapy; ftpQh; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
ehisa ngz; chpikf;fhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mizg;Nghy
mtSk; cly; cwitNah jha;ikiaNah nghpa epfo;thff; fUjkhl;lhs;.
thhpR cUthf;fk; vd;Dk; jha;ikg; gz;G GdpjkhdJ vd;W Nghw;wpf;
nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhs;. ,jid>
“gpurtr; nryT eP Vw;gpd; / ngw;Wj; jUNtd; vd;
rijg;gpk;gk; / Rkf;fNth / fiyf;fNth / , nkapy; mDg;G” 55
vd;w mbfspy; MZf;Ff; fl;lis ,Lgtshf khwptpLths; vd;gJ
ftpQhpd; vjph;ghh;g;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;tpAk; gpw tha;g;GfSk; tha;f;fg;
ngWk;NghJ ngz;fSf;F ,j;jifa epiy if$lyhk; vd;fpwhh;.
2.14.4 ngz;fspd; fy;tpepiy
xU ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;jhd; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
vdNt ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT ngw;W midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jiyth;fSk;> ftpQh;fSk; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. mjdhy;jhd; ghujpahh;>
“gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk;
ghhpdpy; ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk;
vl;L kwptpdpy; MZf; fpq;Nfngz;
109
,isg;gpy;iy fhz;” 56
vd;W ghbdhh;. ghujpjhrDk; mtiutpl xUgb NkNy nrd;W>
“fy;tp ,y;yhj ngz;fs; fsh;epyk;
me;epyj;jpy; / Gy; tpise;jplyhk;
ey;y Gjy;th;fs; tpistjpy;iy” 57
vd;w ftpijapy; ngz; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig cah;TgLj;jpg; ghbAs;shh;.
fw;w ngz;fs; fztid kjpf;fkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJk; fy;yhj ngz;fs;
kWj;Jf; $wkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJk; rKjhaj;jpy; epyTk; fUj;Jfs;. ,it
Vw;ff;$bad my;y. ngz;fs; fw;why;jhd; vq;Fk; nry;y KbAk;. vthplj;Jk;
gofKbAk;> vijAk; nra;aKbAk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhff; Foe;ijfspd;
fy;tpapy; Mh;tk; fhl;LtJk; fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJk; jhNa Mths;. Foe;ijfspd;
mwpT tsh;r;rpf;Fj; J}z;LNfhyhf tpsq;Fk; ngz;zpw;Ff; fy;tp kpfkpf
mtrpakhfpwJ.
ngz;fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpj;J Nkw;fz;l ftpQh;fs; ,UtUk;
gjpT nra;jpUg;gjpypUe;J mf;fhyg; ngz;fy;tp Fwpj;J ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
ghujp> ghujpjhrd; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; ,e;epiy ePbj;jJ vd;gij
fPo;tUk; nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
“mts; / rhjk; gilj;jhNy NghJk;
Ntjk; gbf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W / kiwf;fg;gl;lJ kiw
mLg;gpw;Fs; fhpj;Jz;lha; / mts; khpj;jpUe;jhs;” 58
ngz;fy;tp Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;lgpwF fy;tp fw;Fk;
ngz;fspd;epiy cah;e;Js;sJ. rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Gtiu$l ghy;a
tpthfk; Kjyhd ngz;zbikj;jdk; epytpajhy; ngz; fy;tp Klf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jid>
“gd;dpuz;Lf;Fs;Ns / fy;tpf;F %Ltpoh
vz;zpuz;L Kbtjw;Fs; / kidkhl;rpj; jpwg;Gtpoh” 59
vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
ngz;fy;tp ngw;w ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;Zf;Ff; fy;tp
kWf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisT czug;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
“E}w;whz;L E}w;whz;lha; / milj;jpUe;j fjit
fhyk; cilj;Jj; jpwe;jgpd; / cz;ik Ghpe;jJ
110
mts; xspj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xsp!” 60
vd;w thpfspd; thapyhf Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
2.14.5 ngz; tpLjiy
FLk;gk;> r%fk;> njhopy;> epWtdq;fspd; ngz;zlf;F Kiwj;
jisfspypUe;J kPl;rp ngWjNy ngz; tpLjiy MFk;. ngz;fSf;Ff;
fy;tp> Ntiy> jpwd;fs;> ntsp cyfpw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;wit kWf;fg;gl;ld.
mjdhy; ngz; Mizr; rhh;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
ngz;fSf;F NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l chpikfs; fpilj;jhy;jhd; ngz;fspd;
r%fepiy caUk;. Mz; ngz; ,UghyhpilNa Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kiwe;J
rkj;Jtk; rhj;jpakhFk;.
‘ngz;ik nty;f vd;W $j;jpLNthklh’ vd;W Koq;fpdhh; ghujp.
ngz;zpak;> ngz; fy;tp> ngz; tpLjiy vd;Dk; vOr;rpf; Fuy; vq;Fk;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wfhykpJ. Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhak; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s fztd;
nra;Ak; jtWfisj; jl;bf;Nfl;Fk; Jzptpy;yhJ tha; %bf;fplg;gNj fw;G
vd;why; mj;jifa fw;Ng Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,jid>
“njhl;L khiyapl;Nlhh; Njhifaiuf; $bagpd;
tpl;Lg; gphpe;J NtWjpir NghdhYk;
fz;zPiuj; jpdk; rpe;jpf; fz;%b tho;tJjhd;
ngz;bh;f;Ff; fw;ngd;W Ngrpdhy; mf;fw;Ng
,e;j cyfj;jpy; ,y;yh njhopal;Lk;!” 61
vd;w mbfspy; jdf;Fj; jhNd tpyq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; ngz;iz
tpkh;rpf;fpwhh;.
ngz;fs; jq;fs; Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy;
ntspg;gLj;jhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy; mjdhy; gy rpf;fy;fisr; re;jpf;f NehpLk;
vd;gij fz;zfpapd; nrayhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
“mwk;ghb@ kJiu murd; Gfo;rhbj;
jpwk;ghLk; / G+efiuj; jPahy; vhpj;jhNa!
mj;jpwj;ijr; Nrhzhl;by; mZtsT fhl;b epd;why;
rj;jpahkha; tho;tpy; jsph;j;Jr; nropj;jpUg;gha;!” 62
vd;w ftpijapd; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s tpyq;Ffisj; jhq;fNs cilf;f
111
Ntz;Lk;. jd;idj;jhNd fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jhkjk; Vw;gl;lhy;
tho;tpy; kpfg;nghpa rhptpidr; re;jpf;f Ntz;btUk; vd;fpwhh;. ,jid>
“Rarpe;jid cs;s / NjhopaNu! / ePq;fs;
kdpjh;fspd; tuyhw;iw / kWghh;it nra;Aq;fs;!
nfhbfshk; ePq;fs;! / nfhbfs; jhk;
nfhk;gpidj; Njbf; / fhw;wpy; miyAk;
fhl;Lf; nfhbay;y / ,e;ehl;bd;
Njrpaf; nfhbnad;W / njhpag;gLj;Jq;fs;
md;dq;fshk; ePq;fs;! / md;dq;fs; jhk;
Mdhy; … / ghypypUe;J jz;zPiu ay;y
tp\j;ijNa gphpj;njLf;Fk; / tpj;jpahr md;dq;fs;” 63
vd;Dk; thpfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,d;iwa ngz;fs; jhq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; epiy
Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J mjpypUe;J kPz;L tuj; njhpahjth;fsy;yh;. Mz;fspd;
Kd;dhy; jiyiaf; Fdpe;J nfhz;L mth;fs; ,l;l Vty;fisr;
nra;gth;fsy;yh;. jd; epiyapypUe;J khwp jdf;fhd chpikfisg;ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kidg;GlNdNa cs;sdh; vd;gijg; nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd;>
“$l;Lg;GO Nghyf; / FWfpf; fplf;fpNwd;
gl;lhk;G+r;rp eP / gFj;jwpe;J nrhy;thah?” 64
vd;w ftpij thpfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2.14.6 tujl;riz
ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; nfhLikfisg; ngz;zpaj;jpw;fhd
jilfs; vdyhk;. tWik fhuzkhfj; jq;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhLf;f ,ayhj ngw;Nwhhh;fs; mth;fisf; NfhapYf;F mh;g;gzpj;
jikiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fpwp];jt kjk; ,d;Wk; mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fSf;F czT> cil> ciwAs;> fy;tp Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLj;J
Ngzp tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gpw gilg;GfspYk; tujl;rizg; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzh;Tfis Fwpj;J Vuhskhf vOjpAk; vOjpAk;$l tujl;riz
xope;jghby;iy. tujl;riz vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf
Mfptpl;lJ. tujl;riz nfhLf;f Kbahky; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F Rikahf>
112
Kjph;fd;dpahf thOk; ngz;fspd; mtyepiy ek; neQ;ir neUg;ghf;FfpwJ.
,t;tujl;riz nfhLikia>
“Kd;ngy;yhk; / Mz;lhs; gbf;fr; nrhd;d
mg;gh / ,d;W / gl;bdj;jhUk; / guthapy;iy vd;fpwhh;.
me;jr; rPij / rpe;jpf;fpwhs; / ,e;j
tujl;riz tpy;iy / tisg;gJ ahh;?” 65
vd;w mbfspy; ngz;Zf;F vjpuhd r%ff; nfhLikfisf; fz;L nghq;Fk;
NfhgKk; ngz;zpdj;jpd; kPjhd mf;fiwAk; ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
gbj;J Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,d;W tujl;riz xU
rpf;fyhf ,Ug;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
2.14.7 Kjph;fd;dp
tujl;rizf; nfhLikahy; Kjph;;fd;dpfs; cUthfpd;wdh;. Kjph;fd;dp
vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny kdjpy; typia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngz;fspd; ,e;j
epiyikf;F tujl;riz xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpy Neuq;fspy;
ngw;Nwhh;fSk; fhuzkhfptpLfpd;wdh;. ngz;izg; ngw;wth;fs; jd;
ngz;Zf;F Vw;w tud; vd;W fhh;> gq;fsh cs;std;> gjtpAs;std;>
gzf;fhud; vd;Nw ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. xU Vio thypgd; vd;whYk; gz;Gs;s
igadhf ,Uf;fpd;whdh vd;W ghh;g;gjpy;iy. mth;;fspd; ,e;jj; Njlypy;
fhy Xl;lj;jpy; gypahff; $bath;fs; ngz;fNs vd;gij>
“ngj;jtq;f rypr;rhq;f / kj;jtq;f ntWj;jhq;f
tpf;fhj ruf;Fd;D / tPjpnay;yhQ; rphpr;rhq;f” 66
vd;w thpfs; %yk; Kjph;fd;dpapd; epiyiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
jpUkzkhf Ntz;ba tajpy; mJelf;fhky; Kg;gj;ije;J taJtiu
jpUkzj;jpw;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; xU ngz;zpd; Vf;fk; ek; kdijf; fhag;
gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. ,jid>
“fz;zPhpy; fiue;jJ / fz;ik kl;Lkh?
,sikAk;… / ,sikAk;…
Kjypy; epw;fg;NghtJ / vJ / khjtpyf;fh?
cd; %r;rh? / vq;fpUf;fpwha; / vd; \h[`hd;?
,we;j gpd;Nd / jh[;kfhy; Ntz;lhk;
,Uf;Fk;NghNj / xU Fbir nfhL” 67
113
vd;Dk; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;Fj; jha;ik vd;gJ xd;Wjhd;
rpwg;igj; jUtjhf Mz; rKjhak; epidf;fpwJ. ngz;fshy; NtW
vt;tpjj;jpYk; gad; ,y;iy vd;gNj nrhj;Jilikr; rKjhaj;jpd; fUj;J.
mJ ,d;Wtiu epyTfpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; nghpahh;$l ngz;fs;; fUg;igia
vLj;Jtpl;lhy; ngz;zbik jPh;e;JtpLk; vd;whh;. Mzpd; thhpR cUthf;fj;
Jf;Ff; fjtilg;G nra;Jtplr; nrhd;dhh;. Foe;ij ngWtJk; Mzhy;
,aYnkdpy; Kjph;fd;dpg; ngz;fSf;F tho;f;if vd;gJ ,ayhjjhfptpLk;.
,jid>
“gps;is ngwNt / Mzpd;W ,aYnkdpy;
,ayhNjh tho;Tngw?” 68
vd;w mbfspy; Kjph;fd;dp xUj;jp Gyk;GtJ ,ij cWjpnra;fpwJ.
2.14.8 FLk;g tho;f;if
FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;G ntspg;ghh;itf;F Mokhfj; njhpaf;$ba
,Oj;J %lg;gl;lnjhU myq;fhuk;. ,J MZf;Fmjpfkhd chpikiaf;
nfhLj;J> ngz;Zf;F ‘xj;Jg;Nghjy;’ vd;w mstpNyNa cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
“FLk;gj;jpd; mjpfhu mikg;G KiwapYk; MZf;Nf Kjd;ikaplk;
mspg;gjhy; ngz;fs; kdj;jpy; jho;T kdg;ghd;ik cUthfpwNjad;wp
jiyik kdg;ghd;ik Njhd;Wtjpy;iy”.69 gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpapd;
fhuzkhff; fztDf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;T ngz;fspd;
kdj;jpy; gbe;J tpLfpwJ.
“FLk;gk; cyfj;ijf; FLk;gkhf epidf;Fk; Mw;wiyj; juhky;
mijf; fpzwhf Mf;fp> ngz;fis NkYk; fpzw;Wj; jtisfshf Mf;Fk;
mDgtj;ijNa jUfpwJ” 70 vd;gh;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; xUngz;
thoNtz;ba ,lk; mtsJ fztdJ tPL. Mq;F vt;tsT nfhLikfs;
epfo;e;jhYk; jdJ fztdJ tPl;iltpl;L tUtijr; r%fk;
mq;fPfhpg;gjpy;iy. “FLk;g epWtdj;jpy; ngz;fis mbikg;gLj;Jk;
kw;nwhU fhuzp Foe;ijg;NgW” 71 vd;gh;. jha;ik vd;w ngahpy; ngz;fs;
mjpfkhf Raj;ij ,oe;J mbikapy; rpf;fpj; jtpf;fpd;wdh;. Mjypd;
ngz;fs; Xh; vy;iyf; Nfhl;Lf;Fs; epw;fg; gofptpLfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa
vy;iyAzh;T mth;fSila elkhl;lg; gug;gpid kpfTk; RUf;fp tpLfpwJ.
114
ngz;iz Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa jha;topr; r%f mikg;G rpijf;fg;gl;L
je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJ ngz; MZf;Ff; fPohdtsha;>
,uz;lhk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhs;. nrhj;JhpikAk; thhpR cUthf;fYNk
,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshapd. ,q;F ‘ngz; cly;’ Mzpd; cilik
ahf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J ngz;zpd; ghypay;
chpik kPjhd xLf;FKiwf;F mbj;jskpl;lJ. jha;ik Gdpjkhdjhff;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it midj;Jk; jpUkzk; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,jd;
%yk; ngz; Mzpd; Mirfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;gtshfTk; thhpRfis
cUthf;FgtshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;lhs;. Gjpa fl;Lg;ghLfSk;> rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;
ngz;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;ld. Mz; tpUk;gpathW cUthf;fg;gl;l gbkkhfNt
ngz; ,Ue;jhs;. “,e;jr; r%f mikg;gpy; ve;j xU ngz;Zk;
tsh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSf;nfd;Nw jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpuj;Nafkhd mr;rpy;
thh;f;fg;gLfpwhs;” 72 vd;w ghujpapd; $w;W ,q;F nghUj;jKilajhfpwJ.
FLk;gk; vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; MZk;ngz;Zk; rhpepfh; rkhdkhf
tpsq;Fk;NghJjhd; me;j ,y;ywk; rpwf;Fk;. “Mzhjpf;fj;ij xJf;fpa
MZk; ngz;Zk; rk chpikAld; ,ize;J tho;tjhfpa ,y;yw tho;Tk;>
r%f tho;Tk; ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;”.73 Mdhy;> ,d;W FLk;g
mikg;G mt;thW ,y;iy. ngz;zpd; czh;Tfs;> Mirfs;> vz;zq;fs;
kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSila tpUg;gq;fs; nghRf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
FLk;gg; ngz;fSf;fhd flikfs; ,d;dpd;d vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fhyfl;lj;jpy; mf;flikfis nra;tjpy; kl;LNk ftdkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ve;j nray; Fwpj;Jk; fUj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhd chpik mtSf;F
toq;fg;gl;ljpy;iy. ,e;epiy ,d;Wk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd FLk;gq;fspy; ePbj;J
tUfpwJ vd;gij>
“Fz;^rpr; rpe;jidf;Fk; / FLk;gj;jpy; ,lkpy;iy
flikfspd; nehprYf;Fs; / fhzhky; NghNdd;” 74
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ngz;fspd; gy;NtW epiyfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ftpQh; ituKj;J
FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; kidtp vd;Dk; me;j];jpy; ngz; gLk; mtyq;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;lj; jtwtpy;;iy. ,jid>
“ghtk; kidtp! ,e;j / ,y;ywf; fphpf;nfl;by;
115
fl;byiwf;Fk; rikayiwf;Fk; / ud;fs; vLj;njLj;Nj
uzkha;g; Nghdhs;” 75
vd;w thpfspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. NkYk;>
“fy;ahzj; JwT G+z;L / ngw;NwhUf;F
Kjy;Njjp / mKjRugpfsha;” 76
vd;Dk; thpfs; %ykhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if vd;gJ jpUkzk;>
Foe;ijfs; ngWtJ> tsh;g;gJ> jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;shky; gzpf;Fr;
nrd;W rk;ghjpg;gJ vd;Dk; rpe;jid ek;kplk; ,Uf;Fk;tiu ngz;zpd;
epiy khwg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;fpwhh;.
ngz;zbikj;jdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,Ug;gplkhf FLk;g epWtdk;
cs;sJ. ,f;FLk;g epWtdk; jpUkz cwTfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
ngz; vspjpy; tpLgl ,ayhj tifapy; gpizf;fg;gLfpwhs;. jpUkzj;jpw;F
Kd; je;ijapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;Sk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDf;F
mbgzpe;Jk; taJ Kjph;e;Jk; kfDf;F mlq;fpAk; thoNtz;ba tifapy;
Mz; mjpfhu ikak; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“kdpj r%fk; jd; ghy; ce;Jjiy xU epWtd mikg;gpw;Fs;
epiwT nra;Jnfhs;s Vw;gLj;jpa KiwNa jpUkzkhFk;” 77 vd;fpwhh;
gf;jtj;ry ghujp. ek; r%f mikg;gpy; jpUkz cwT jtph;f;ftpayhjJ.
ngz;Zf;F Mzpd; Jizapyhd jpUkz tho;Nt r%f kjpg;igg;
ngw;Wj;jUtjhff; fUj;jpay;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MfNt ngz;Zf;Fj;
jpUkzk; vd;gJ mtSila tpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ.
fl;Lg;ghLfNshL tsh;f;fg;gl;l ngz;Zf;F ‘jpUkzk;’ XusT Rje;jpuj;ijj;
jUk; vd;w vjph;ghh;g;G ,ay;ghf mike;JtpLfpwJ. Mdhy;> Mz; mjpfhu
ikakhf khw;wk; ngWtNj ‘jpUkz’ cwTfspy;jhd; njhlq;FfpwJ.
ngz;zpd; kfpo;r;rpia KOtJk; tpOq;fptpLk; epiyahf ,Ug;gJ
jpUkzk;. mjw;F Kd;Gtiu ,Ue;j mtSila tho;f;if Kiw khwp
kfpo;r;rpiag; gwpnfhLj;jtshfptpLfpwhs;. ‘Gd;dif njhiyj;j r%fk;’
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;j ftpijnahd;wpy; ftpQh; fz;nlLj;j Gd;dif
xd;iw chpathplk; xg;gilf;f tpUk;gp xt;nthUthplKk; Nfl;fpwhh;. NgUe;J
xd;wpy; mkh;e;jpUe;j tajhd %jhl;baplk; Nfl;lNghJ mts;>
“K$h;j;jj;jpy; njhiyj;jJ kfNd
116
KjypuTf;Fs; ,we;jpUf;Fk;” 78
vd;W gjpy; mspf;fpwhs;. ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpahf ,e;j %jhl;bia
itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fs; ,y;yw tho;f;ifapy;
kfpo;r;rpiaj; njhiyj;jth;fs;jhNd xopa kfpo;e;jth;fs; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; ‘fz;Zf;F epoy; moF’ ftpijapYk; ,Nj
fUj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid>
“jpUkzj;jpw;Fr; rphpj;jNjhL
jpUk;gTk; rphpf;f Kbahky; Nghdjhy;
kzg;glj;ij epidTr; rpd;dkha;
kidr;Rth;fs; khl;bapUf;Fk;” 79
vd;Dk; thpfs; ituKj;Jtpd; fUj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gdthf cs;sd.
nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; ngz;zpak; NgRk; ftpijfspy; rpy
ngz;zbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgrpdhYk;> rpy
ftpijfspy; kuG kPwhj ngz;zhf ,Uj;jiy tpUk;GtdthfTk; cs;sd.
fhyk; fhykhff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUk; ngz;Zf;fhd Fzq;fs; Ngzg;gLtij
tpUk;Gk; mth; mj;jifa Fzq;fshy; GFe;j tPl;bw;Fk; gpwe;j tPl;bw;Fk;
ngUikj; Njbj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhh;. ,jid>
“cd; jpwik / nghWik / mwpntd;Dk;
%d;whYk; / GFe;j tPl;by; / epiyNgW ePnfhs;” 80
vd;Dk; ftpijapd; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpwhh;. ngz; fy;tp fw;W
rpwg;gile;jpUe;jhYk; mts; nghWikahf ,Ue;J ew;nganuLf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;Dk; r%fj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;igf; ftpQUk; vjph;ghh;f;fpwhh;.
2.14.9 ngz; tsh;g;G
cyfk; KOtJk; ‘ghy;tif’ vd;gJ Mz;> ngz;iz mjpfhuk;
nra;Ak; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. Mz; jdf;Fhpa r%ff;fsdhf ,uhZtk;>
njhopw;rhiy> murpay;> ePjp> njhopy;El;gk;> fy;tp Nghd;wtw;iwj;
njhpe;Jnfhz;L jd;id Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ngz;Zf;F ‘,y;yk;’
vd;gij chpajhf;fp mjw;Fs; mtisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. “n`l;ypf;lhd;
kw;Wk; Mypd;ry;iud; cs;spl;l ngz;zpathjpfs; „ghypay; mbikj;jdk;
(Sexual Slavery) vd;gJ gw;wp tphpthfg; NgRfpd;wdh;. ,r;rKjhak;
ngz;fisg; „ngz;zhf khW> ngz;zhfNt ,U> ngz;zhfNt tho;‟ vd;W
117
nrhy;ypr; nrhy;;yp mth;fis mbik tho;tpw;F cl;gLj;jptpLfpwJ”81
Mzpdk; ngz;zpdj;ij mtyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mJ gytifapYk;
MSikia epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
“Mz;kfd; cuDilatdhf (The Strerner Sex) ngUikf;Fhpatdhf
(The Renowned Sex) cUthf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ngz;kfs; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;
vd;w ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L moFilatshf (The Fair Sex)>
,uf;fKilatshf (The Gentle Sex), nky;ypashf (The Softer Sex)>
czh;r;rpia mlf;Fk; Mw;wy; mw;wtshf / nray;jpwdw;wtshf (The
Weaker Sex) cUthf;fg;gLfpwhs;.” 82
rpWtajpypUe;Nj ngz;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Mz;fisg; Nghd;W ,ay;ghf mth;fs; tsuKbtjpy;iy. “fj;jhpj;J
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk; nrbfisg; Nghd;Nw mth;fSk; mt;tg;NghJ jzpf;if
tho;TKiwf;F cl;glNtz;batuhfpd;wdh;”.83
Foe;ij tsh;g;gpy; ngz; Foe;ijfSf;nfd rpy kuGfs; cs;sd.
gj;JtajpNyNa tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;tJ> nkJthfg; NgRtJ> jiy
Fdpe;J elg;gJ> rj;jkpl;Lr; rphpj;jy; $lhJ vd;gd Nghd;w fl;Lg;ghLfs;
cs;sd. ‘nghk;gis rphpr;rhg; Nghr;R: Gifapiy tphpQ;rhg; Nghr;R’ vd;gd
Nghd;w tof;fhWfs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfpd;wd. MZf;fhd gzptpilfisr;
nra;jy;> mlq;fp ,Uj;jy; vd;Dk; mbikj;jd tpj;J KisapNyNa
Cd;wg;gl;LtpLfpwJ. ,e;epiy khwNtz;Lk; vd;gij>
“rj;jkplhNj vd;W / nghj;jpg; nghj;jp itj;jjpy;
nrj;Nj Nghapw;W fhkk;” 84
vd;Dk; thpfspy; czh;j;Jfpwhh; ituKj;J. “Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk;
,sikapy; gbf;fnthl;lhky; G+r;rp G+r;rp vd;W gag;gLj;jpg; gphpg;gij
tpl;LtplNtz;Lk;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; ngz; tho;;e;j vy;iy FWfpa vy;iy.
,g;nghOJ ve;jf; FLk;gj;jpYk; ngz;fSk; gy Mz;fNshLk; gof
NtzbAs;sJ. ngz;fs; Mz;fNshL gofhky; tho Kbahj fhyk; ,J.
nghJ md;ig tsh;j;J el;G Kiwapy; goff; fw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jhd;
Ntz;Lk;” 85 vd;W K.tujuhrd; ‘mfy;tpsf;F’ vd;w ehtypy; $Wfpwhh;.
ngz;fspd; ngw;Nwhh; mtsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F elf;ftpLtjpy;iy.
ngw;Nwhhpd; tpUg;gNk jpzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fy;tp> cil> mzpfyd; cs;spl;l
118
midj;JNk ngw;Nwhh;fspd; Njh;Tjhd;. tho;f;iff;fhd Jiziaj; Njh;e;
njLg;gjpYk;$l mtsJ tpUg;gk; nghUl;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jid>
“cd; Ragyj;ij / ,th;fs; / mt;tsT vspjpy;
mq;fPfhpg;gjpy;iy. / ,th;fspd; / xg;Gjy;
fpl;Lk;tiu / Xa;e;jpUf;fhNj” 86
vd;Dk; thpfspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
ngw;Nwhiu vjph;j;Jg; NgrNth jd; tpUg;gj;ij vLj;Jf; $wNth
ngz;Zf;F chpikapy;iy vd;gij>
“,e;j / eiuKb #ba uh[hf;fspd; / rk;kjq;fSf;fhff;
fhj;jpUe;J fhj;jpUe;Nj / gyh; / fhykhfptpl;lhh;fs;” 87
vd;Dk; ftpijapy; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ngz;fSf;F tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
chpikia Rje;jpukhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUJk; #oypy; vy;yhg;
ngz;fSk; rhpahd Jiziaj; Njh;e;J nfhs;thh;fs; vd;gjw;Fk;
cj;juthjkpy;iy. ngw;Nwhh;fs; ghh;j;J Kbf;Fk; jpUkzq;fSk; rpf;fy;fs;
,y;yhky; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ngz; jhNd Njh;e;J nfhz;l Jizaha;
,Ue;jhYk;> rpf;fy; tUk;NghJ mijr; rfpj;Jf; fhyk; js;Sths;.
mt;tifapy; fhjy; jpUkzq;fis Mjhpj;jdh;. Mdhy;> ,d;iwa ngz;fs;
Rje;jpuk; vd;w ngahpy; mbf;fb tpthfuj;Jf; NfhUtJ vd;gJ ey;y
ehfhpfkhf ,Uf;fhJ. ifg;gpbj;jtNdhL tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J ,Wjptiu tho;e;J
fhl;LtNj rpwg;igj; jUk;. mj;jifatshfg; ngz;Zk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
Mz;fis kl;Lk; Fiw $wpg; gadpy;iy vd;fpwhh; nghd;kzp ituKj;J.
“Ntfkha;f; fhjy; / Ntfkha;;j; jpUkzk;
mijtpl Ntfkha; / tpthfuj;J!
,Jjhd; / etAfg; ngz;fs; rpyUf;F
ehfhpfnkd;why; / me;j ehfhpfk; cdf;F Ntz;lhk;” 88
vd;W kfspd; fhjy; Fwpj;Jj; jha; $Wtjhf mike;Js;s ,f;ftpij
fhjy; nra;Ak; ,d;iwa ngz;fspd; kPJ ngw;Nwhh; mtek;gpf;if
nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,d;iwa ngz;fspy;
rpyh; ,j;jifa gz;GfNshL cs;sdh; vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
119
,d;iwa ngz;fs; fy;tpAk; Ntiytha;g;Gk; ngw;W rpwe;J
tUfpd;wdh;. mth;fSila tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;Jnfhs;s
mth;fshy; KbAk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;.
,d;iwa ngz;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fSila tpUg;gj;jpw;Nf jq;fs; tho;f;ifiaj;
jpahfk; nra;Jtplj; jahhpy;iy. Mdhy;> ngw;Nwhh; jq;fSila
mDgtk;jhd; rpwe;j tho;f;if Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;a KbAk; vd;W
epidf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk;> mth;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.
,jid>
“ahidf;F mq;Frk;@ / gUt kfSf;Fj; / jhapd; fhty;” 89
vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. jq;fsJ kfspd; fhjypy;
cz;ikapy;iy. ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehq;fs; vjph;f;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;nwy;yhk;
ngw;Nwhh; $Wtij ,d;iwa ngz;zpak; Vw;gjpy;iy. gpd;dhy; tUtJ
Fwpj;J ahh; mwpa KbAk;. tUtij Vw;W tho;Nthk; vd;gNj tho;f;ifahf
,Uf;fKbAk;.
2.14.10 mYtyf kfsph; epiy
Mz;fSf;F epfuhf vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;
ngz;fs; vy;yh epWtdq;fspYk; vq;Fk; gzpahw;wj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
Ntiyf;fhd Neh;fhzypd;NghJ Jtq;Fk; mth;fSf;fhd ghypay; njhe;juT
Nkyjpfhhp> rf Copah;fs; vdg; Ngjk; ,y;yhky; njhlh;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J
jg;gpj;J xUrpyh; Ntiy nra;a ,aYfpwJ. rpyh; ,j;jifa ,d;dy;fSf;Fg;
gae;J Ntiyia tpl;LtpLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; gzpaplq;fspy; Mz;fSf;F
epfuhfg; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw Kbtjpy;iy.
“Ntiyf;fiye;Njd; / Kd; mDgtk; vd;w Nfs;tpf;nfjpNu
„fhjy;? ‟ vd;wpspj;Jf; / fz;zbj;jhd; xUtd;” 90
vd;Dk; thpfspYk;>
“jd; fy;ahzk; tiuapYk; vd;NdhL
fhjyhLtjha;r; nrhd;dhh;
tsh;gpiw tOf;if thypgdhh; xUth;” 91
vd;Dk; thpfspYk; mYtyfg; ngz;fspd; ,lh;g;ghLfisg; glk;gpbj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;.
120
fy;tp ngw;Wtp;l;ljdhy; kl;LNk ngz; Rje;jpuk; mile;Jtpl;lhs;
vd;W nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy. mYtyfk; nry;Yk; ngz; mts; thq;Fk; rk;gsk;
xd;Wf;fhf kl;LNk kjpf;fg;gLfpwhs; vd;gjid>
“tPl;Lj; jisfs; / khl;bapUe;j iffspy;
,g;NghJ / rk;gsr; rq;fpypfs;!” 92
tPl;by; khkpahh; jd;Dila mjpfhuj;ij kUkfsplk; fhl;Lfpwhs;
vd;why; mYtyfj;jpy; mjpfhhpfs; jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijg; gzpapYk; ghypay;
njhe;juTfspYk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. mYtyfg; ngz;fs; gLk; Jauq;fz;L
Mde;jg;gLNthuhf Mz; mjpfhhpfs; cs;sdh;. ,jid>
“mth;fis mjl;LtjpNyNa / Mde;jq; fhZk;
mjpfhhpfs; vd;Dk; / Mz; khkpahh;fs;!” 93
vd;Dk; thpfspy; ‘Mz; khkpahh;fs;’ vd;W mjpfhhpfis khkpahUf;F
xg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
Miztplg; ngz; mwpTs;stshf ,Ug;gjpy; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gpy;iy.
mj;jifa ngz;fSf;F NtWkhjphpahd njhy;iyfs; gzpaplq;fspy;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. cs;nshd;W itj;Jg;Gwnkhd;W NgRk; ,t;Tyfpy; ngz;Zf;F
vJTNk gpbglhky; NghfpwJ. ,jid>
“md;gpw;Fj; jhopl;L / mwptpw;Fj; jilfspLk;
Ntljhhpfspd; $l;lklh ntspAyfk;
Ntiy gpbf;ftpy;iy / ntspAyfk; gpbf;ftpy;iy” 94
vd;W kdk; ntWj;Jg; NgRfpwhs;.
Neubahd thh;j;ijfs; %ykhfTk; ghh;itfs; %ykhfTk; ngz;izj;
njhy;iyg;gLj;Jk; Mz;fs; ey;y kdepiyapy; ngz;fisg; gzp nra;a
tpLtjpy;iy.
“rpyh; / Nfhg;Gfis thq;Fk;NghJ / mth;fspd;
tpuy;fisAk; tprhhpg;ghh;fs;” 95
vd;gJ Nghd;w ,ilA+Wfisr; rfpj;Jf;nfhz;L gzp nra;a Ntz;b
,Uf;fpwJ. ,j;jid njhe;juTfSf;F kj;jpapy;jhd; ngz;fs; Ntiy
nra;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa Mz; khkpahh;fsplkpUe;J ngz;fisf; fhf;fj; jdp
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jNtz;Lk;.
“rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ / mth;fspd; Mzpiag;
gpLq;Ftjd;W@ / gioa m];jpthuq;fspd;
121
MzpNtiuNa mWg;gJ / mg;NghJjhd;
ngz;ikf;F epue;ju khpahij / eph;zakhFk;.” 96
vd;Dk; ftpijapd; thapyhf mYtyfj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,e;jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijr;
nra;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. Mz; cah;e;jtd; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijNa NtNuhL
fisa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftpQuJ fUj;J.
2.14.11 ,d;iwa kfsph;
,d;iwa ngz;fs; fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.
Vl;ilAk; ngz;fs; njhLtJ ghtk; vd;Dk; epiy khwp ,d;iwa ngz;fs;
fy;tp fw;W Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;Ls;sdh;. r%fj;jpd; mj;jid JiwfspYk;
,d;W ngz;zpd; gq;F cs;sJ. gbj;J> gl;lk; ngw;W jdJ rPhpa mwpthy;
ehl;ilAk; cyifAk; Kd;Ndw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,d;iwa ngz;fSf;Fr;
rpy tpraq;fs; kd cisr;ry;fisNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ngz;fs; ,d;W
Ntiyf;Fg; NghtJ Xh; mbg;gil nghUshjhuj; Njitahf khwptpl;l
epiyapy; xU eLj;juf; FLk;gj; jhapd; kd cisr;riyAk; NtjidiaAk;
ftpQh; gpd;tUk; thpfspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
“NgUe;jpy; eRq;fpg; / gpJq;Ffpd;w NtisapYk;
vil nfhQ;rk; ,oe;J / ,wq;Ffpd;w NtisapYk;
Nfhg;Gf;Fs; %o;fpf; / FbapUf;Fk; NtisapYk;
G+g;G+tha; cdJ Kfk; / Gwg;gl;L tUk; fz;Nz! …………………………………………….
jhnad;W fhl;Ljw;Fk; / jOtp vLg;gjw;Fk;
Qhapw;Wf;fpoik tUk; / ey;ytNs! fz;Zwq;F” 97
MZf;Fg; ngz; epfuhf vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; Kd;NdwpapUe;jhYk;
ngz;fspd; rhgk; ,d;Dk; njhlh;e;J nfhz;Nljhd; tUfpwJ vd;gijf;
ftpQh;>
“VB mfypif! …/vg;Nghjb ngz;zhtha;…?
Miyfspy; … /mYtyfq;fspy; fodpfspy; …
fl;by;fspy; / rhiyfspy; … / ,d;Dk;
r%fr; re;jpfspy; … / ,d;Dk; / cd; rhgf;fy;
,q;Nfjhd; fplf;fpwJ / fyq;fhNj kfNs
fy;yha;g; Nghdnjd;d / ePnad;wh epidf;fpd;wha;?
122
fhtpr; rhkpae;jf; nfsjkdpd; / kdry;Nyh?” 98
vd;Dk; ,f;ftpij ngz; xOf;fj;jpy; gpwo;e;jpUg;ghNsh vd;W re;Njfj;jpd;
fhuzkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jz;lidahf> Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpy;
ngz;zpd; tho;it ek;Guhzq;fs; ghpjhgkhf;Ftijg; gilj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
NkYk;>
“Mz; th;f;fNk! / cdJ / mePjp mOf;if / me;jr;
rhgf;fy;ypy; mbj;Jr; / ryit nra;J nfhs;thah?” 99
vd;W Mz; th;f;fj;ijg; ghh;j;Jf; Nfl;Fk;NghJ ngz;fspd; Jauq;fSf;F
Mzhjpf;fNk fhuzk; vd;W fLikahfr; rhLfpwhh;.
2.14.12 fw;G
fw;G vd;gjw;F kdpj tuyhw;wpy; nrhj;Jhpik Vw;gl;l gpwF jhd;
mDgtpj;j nrhj;Jf;fisj; jd; fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; jdf;Fg; gpwe;j jd;
Foe;ijfNs mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpa Mzpdk; ngz;zpaj;jpd;ghy;
fw;gpj;jNj ‘fw;G’ vd;ghh; vq;nfy;];.
“fw;Gk; fhkKk; ehw;ghy; xOf;fKk;
nky;ypay; nghiwAk; epiwAk; ty;ypjpd;
tpUe;J Gwe;jUjYk; Rw;w Nkhk;gYk;
gpwTk; md;d fpoNths; khz;Gfs;” 100
vd;w E}w;gh %yk; xU ngz; ey;tpUe;J Xk;Gtjhy; fztDf;F
el;gpdshfTk; ,y;ywk; NgZtjhy; jhahfTk; kf;fisg; ngWtjhy;
kidtpahfTk; fw;Gila ngz;zhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jphpfLk;
typAWj;jp epw;fpwJ.
nghWikNa ngz;Zf;F mzp. fztdpd; gpioiag; nghWj;J
mtDf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;j fz;zfpNghyj; jw;fhyg; ngz;Zk; nghWikiaf;
iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJNt fw;Gj; jpwk; vd ,uha. nrhf;fypq;fk;
mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.
“fw;G vd;why; tho;ehs; KOtJk; xUtDf;F xUj;jpahf tho;tJ
vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. mJ goq;fhyj;Jf;F kpfg;nghUe;Jk;. goq;fhyj;jpy;
ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ xU newpAk; mjpy;
ek;gpf;ifAk; njhop;y; NtfKk; ngw;W tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. Muha;jYk;
mDgtpj;jYk; kpFjpahf cs;s fhyk; ,J. MfNt xUtid tpl;L
,d;ndhUtDld; thOk;gb Neuyhk;. xUtid tplhky; ,d;ndhUtDld;
123
tho;tJjhd; jtW. vg;NghJ vtDld; tho;fpd;whNsh mtDf;Fj; JNuhfk;
nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. mJjhd; fw;G” 101 vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
“njhl;L khiyapl;Nlhh; Njhifaiuf; $bagpd;
tpl;Lg; gphpe;J NtWjpir NghdhYk;
fz;zPiuj; jpdk;rpe;jpf; fz;%b tho;tJjhd;
ngz;bh;f;Ff; fw;ngd;W Ngrpdhy; mf;fw;Ng
,e;j cyfj;jpy; ,y;yh njhopal;Lk;!
re;ijapYk; tpiyNghfhr; ruf;fhfpg; Nghfl;Lk;!” 102
vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngz;bh;f;nfd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;G Fwpj;Jf; ftpQh;
$wpAs;s fUj;J ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfs; fUj;NjhL xj;Js;sikiaf;
fhzyhk;.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Mlth;f;Fk; fw;G tw;GWj;jg;gLfpwJ. rKjhaj;ij
tho itg;gjpYk; jiyKiwapdiu cUthf;FtjpYk; Mlth;f;Fk;
ngz;bh;f;Fk; rhpgq;F cz;L. vdNt ,UghyUk; fw;G newpAld; tho;tNj
rhyr; rpwe;jJ. vdNt> “ngz;kf;fSk; Mz;kf;fs; Nghd;wth;fNs.
,Ughyh;f;Fk; mwpT cz;L: neQ;rk; cz;L. fw;G vd;gJ ,Uth;f;Fk;
nghJthapUg;gJ. mwpthy; neQ;ir epWj;jpf; fw;igf; fhf;Fk; nghWg;G
,Urhuhh;f;Fk; cz;L” 103 vd;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.
MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; fw;G nghJthdJ@ ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;ig
typAWj;Jtjhy; gadpy;iy vd;gJ ghujpahhpd; njspthd jPh;g;ghFk;.
“ngz;fSf;Ff; fw;Gepiy vj;jid mtrpaNkh mj;jid Mz;fSf;F
mtrpakpy;iy vd;W epidg;gJNghy; %lj;jdk; NtW fpilahJ”104
vd;fpwhh;. fztDk; kidtpAk; ‘ehd; cdf;F cz;ik vd;W fw;Gnewp
jtwhky; tho Ntz;Lk;’ vd;whh; ghujp.
“fw;Gepiynad;W nrhy;y te;jhh; ,U
fl;rpf;Fk; m/J nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;” 105
vd;fpwhh;.
nghd;kzp ituKj;J ,y;ywg; ngz;fspd; gz;Gfshfg; gl;baypL
tdtw;Ws; fw;igg; NgzNtz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpwhh;.
“fw;Gj;jPaha; / mw;Gjj;jhaha;
NghFk; tPl;ilg; / nghypaitg;gha; eP!” 106
124
vd;W ngz;Zf;F mwpTiufs; toq;Ffpwhh;.
ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;G typAWj;jg;gLtij ,U ftpQh;fSNk
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mNj rkaj;jpy; ngz; fw;G vd;gij cilj;J
vwpe;Jtpl;L kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; xOq;fw;W ele;J nfhs;syhk; vd;Wk;
$wtpy;iy. ngz; xOf;fk; tw;GWj;jg;gLk;NghJ mJ MZf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj mth;fsJ Nfhhpf;ifahf cs;sJ. Mdhy; eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;
Mz;fs; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; jphpayhk;. ngz; kl;Lk; gpw Mltid
kdj;jhYk; epidf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJ tpjpahf cs;sJ.
gpw Mltid Nehf;fhj ngUe;jd;ik vd;gJ fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Fg;
nghUe;JtJ. mij ituKj;J Mjhpf;fpwhh;. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; MZk;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;> xOf;fj;Jld; thoNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhh;. mjdhy;
ngz;zplk; $Wk;NghJ>
“fw;nghd;wpy; kl;Lk; fz;zfpiag; NghypUq;fs;
kw;wtw;wpy; me;j klkfis kwe;jpLq;fs;!” 107
vd;W $Wk; thpfspy; Mz; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; elf;fyhk; vd;Dk;
Mzhj;jpf;fr; rpe;jidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;ff; $lhJ. MZk; xOf;fj;Jld;
ele;Jnfhs;s tw;GWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.
2.14.13. Mz;fspy; ey;yth;fs;
ngz;fsplk; md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; fhl;Lk; je;ij> jhj;jh> fztd;>
kfd;fs;> ez;gh;fs;. rpy fz;zpathd;fs; vd vz;zw;w Mz;fis
thpirg;gLj;jyhk;. ey;y Mz;kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; vOgj;ije;J tpOf;fhl;bw;Fk;
Nky; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> nfl;lFzk; nfhz;l fhy;thrp Mz;fSf;fhf
ngz;zpathjpfs; xl;Lnkhj;j Mz; rKjhaj;ijAk; ntWj;Jg; NgRjy;
$lhJ. fatd;Nky; tPrg;gLk; fj;jp fz;zpathidf; fhag;gLj;jyhfhJ.
md;Wnjhl;L ,d;Wtiu r%f mikg;gpy; Mz; cah;e;jtdhfTk;
ngz; jho;thdtshfTk; fUjg;gl;L tho;e;J Kbj;jhapw;W. jpl;lkpl;Nl
ngz;Zf;fhd nfhLikfs; epfo;j;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mjw;Fg; gopthq;Fk;
tpjkhf Miz mbikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W fUJjy; $lhJ. Mz;ngz;
rkk; vd;Dk; epiy tug; ghLgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
“,Jehs; tiu / ngz;zbik / tsh;j;jjw;Fj;
jz;lidaha; / gopf;Fg;gopaha; / Mzbik epWTjy;
125
mofy;y. / rkr;rPh; epiyf;fhd / Nghuhl;lk; voNtz;Lk;” 108
vd;W nghd;kzp ituKj;J tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;.
2.14.14. jpahfj;jpd; tbtk; ngz;
jd;dykpd;wpg; gpwUf;fhf tho;e;J jd;idNa mh;g;gzpj;Jf;
nfhz;lth;fs; vy;yhUNk jpahfpfs;jhd;. ehl;Lf;fhf ,Ue;jhYk; tPl;Lf;fhf
,Ue;jhYk; me;j mh;g;gzpg;G czh;T xd;Wjhd;. ehl;Lf;fhfg; ghLgLk;
xUth; jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghuhl;LfisAk; tpkh;rdq;fisAk; xd;whfg;
ghtpj;Jj; jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;iwNa epidj;Jr; nray;gl;lhy;jhd; Nehf;fk;
epiwTWk; vd;gjpy; cWjpaha; ,Ug;ghh;. mJNghy tPl;Lg; ngz;Zk;
jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghuhl;Ljy;fisAk; Vry;fisAk; rkkhfg; ghtpj;J
elj;jf;$bats; vd;fpwhh; nghd;kzp.
“mUSk; nghUSk; tsh;f;Fk; / me;jg; ngz; nja;tk;
jd;Nky;tpOk; VriyAk; / mh;r;ridg; ghl;NlahFk; vd;W
mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ” 109
vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngz;izj; nja;tj;NjhL xg;gpl;L tpkh;rdq;fSf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lts; ngz; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;. NkYk;>
“jd;id tUj;jpj; / jdf;F kl;Lk; / tuq;Nfl;Fk;
Qhdpiatpl / kw;wth;f;F tuq; nfhLf;f
jtkpUf;Fk;ngz; / nghpats;” 110
vd;Dk; thpfspYk; kw;wth;fSf;F tuk;nfhLf;Fk; nja;tepiyNahL
xg;gpl;Lf; $Wfpwhh;.
jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ngz;zhdts; jd;idr; rhh;e;j midtiuAk;
kwe;Jtpl;Lf; fztidAk; mtidr; rhh;e;jth;fisAk; NgZgtshf
khwptpLfpwhs;. ,Ugjhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf tsh;j;j ngw;NwhiuAk; rNfhju
cwTfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;Lg; GJ ,lj;jpy; jdJ Nritiaj; njhlq;fp
tpLfpwhs;. ,jid>
“jhypfl;b te;jgpd; / jdpaha; mtSf;F
,Ug;gjpy;iy CUk;NgUk;” 111
vd;Dk; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2.14.15 ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz vjphp
,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; FLk;g cwTfspy; khkpahh;-kUkfs; cwT
126
rpf;fyhdjhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Mz;th;f;fk; ngz;Zf;Fr; rpytifahd
Jd;gq;fisf; nfhLj;J tUfpwJ. mtw;Ws; xd;wpuz;L r%fk; rhh;e;Jk; rpy
ntspaplq;fs; rhh;e;Jk; miktd. Mdhy;> FLk;gj;Jf;Fs; ngz;Zf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs; Mz;fshy; miktijf; fhl;bYk; khkpahh; kw;Wk;
ehj;jdhh; vd;Dk; ngz;fshy; miktdNt mjpfk;. kUkfshf tho;e;J
Kbj;j khkpahhplKk; ngz;izf; nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; nfh^ukdk; ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. mjdhy; nghd;kzp ituKj;J ngz;izg; gy Nfs;tpfSf;F
cl;gLj;Jfpwhh;. xUngz;zpd; fz;zPh; cdf;Fj; jhfk; jPh;f;Fkh? mtsJ
ftiy cdf;F czthFkh? mtsJ tsh;r;rp vd;Dk; Vzpia vl;b
cijf;fyhkh? mtsJ Njhzpia ePhpy; ftpo;g;gJth? ngz;ik vd;gJ
jha;ikg; gz;G my;yth? eP ngz;zhf ,Ue;Jk; vg;NghJ Ngahdha;?
ngz;ikia mopf;Fk; jPahdha;? vd;W Nfl;L>
“cz;ikapy; ngz;zpd; cah;TjLg;gJ
Mzpiy ePahdha; / ed;ik ngz;Zf;F
tuhJNghFq; fhuzk; ePahdha;” 112
vd;W jpl;Lfpwhh;. ,d;Dk; gy tpjkhd topfspy; kUkfs; vd;Dk;
ngz;izj; Jd;GWj;Jgtshf khkpahh; vd;Dk; ngz; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gijg;
‘ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz’ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; nghd;kzp gl;baypl;Lf;
$Wfpwhh;. fztd; ey;ytdhf ,Ue;J md;ghd tho;f;if elj;jpdhYk;
mijf; fz;L nghWf;fhj khkpahUk; ehj;jdhUk; Mizj; J}z;btpl;Lf;
FLk;gj;ijf; Fiyg;gNj ngUk;ghd;ikahd FLk;gq;fspy; epfo;tjhFk;.
“tpthfuj;Jk; tpghPjq;fSk; Neh;tJ cd;dhNy
mtyk; ahTk; Mgj;Jf;fSk; Neh;tJ cd;dhNy
Mzpdq;$lg; guthapy;iy Ntjid cd;dhNy
ngz;zpdk; thlg; gpwe;jhNagy Nrhjid cd;dhNy
ghtr; nraiy epWj;jpLtha; gjNu ngz;gjNu” 113
vd;W ngz;Zf;fhd vy;yhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; ngz;Nz %yfhuzkhf
,Ug;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
ngz;fs; mYtyfq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W mwpthh;e;j nray;fspy;
<Lgl;lhYk; tPL jpUk;gpaJk; ruhrhp kUkfs;jhd;. xd;gJ Kjy; MW
kzptiu mtsJ ngaUk; gjtpAk; NtW. MW kzpf;Fg;gpwF mtsJ
flik NtW. ,uT gLf;fg;NghFk; tiuapy; tPl;L Ntiyfis kUkfs;jhd;
127
nra;aNtz;Lk; vd vd;Dk; khkpahUf;Fg; gae;J tpiutpy; tPL jpUk;g
Ntz;Lk;. mYtyfj;Jf;fhtJ Ie;J epkplk; jhkjkhfyhk;. MW kzpf;Fr;
rhpahf tPL jpUk;gtpy;iy vd;why; khkpahhpd; tpopfs; neUg;Gf; fdy;fshf
khwptpLk;;. ,jid>
“kzp / Mwbf;fg; NghfpwJ / khkpapd;Nky;
rhkpNawptpl;lJ / fha;fwpfSk; mLg;Gk;
fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd / tPl;L thry;fspy; vy;yhk;
tpRthkpj;jpu tpopfs;”… 114
vd khkpahh;fspd; kdij tpthpf;fpwhh;.
khw;wk; xd;Nw khwhjJ vd;gjw;Nfw;g khkpahhpd; Mjpf;fk; Fiwaj;
njhlq;Fk;NghJ kUkfs; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij> Mj;jpuj;ijf; fhl;lj; njhlq;fp
tpLfpwhs;. jd; FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; ,Jehs;tiu mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fis
vy;yhk; jpUg;gpf; nfhl;lj; Jtq;fptpLfpwhs;. grpf;F czT$lf; nfhLf;fhky;
gl;bdpg; NghLfpwhs;. ,jid>
“grp tapw;iwf; fps;SfpwJ
fhfj;jpw;F itf;Fk; / cUz;ilaha;
nespe;j jl;by; itj;J / ePl;Lfpwhs; kUkfs;” 115
vd;w thpfs; thapyhf kUkfisg; nghWj;jtiu khkpahh; ,g;NghJ fpol;Lf;
fhty; ehahff; fhl;rp jUtjhf Mrphpah; fhl;Lfpwhh;. jd;tpid jd;idr;RLk;
vd;Dk; ,e;epiyia mwpe;J khkpahh; - kUkfs; vd;gJ jha; - kfs; cwT
vd;Dk; jFjpiag; ngwNtz;Lk;.
2.14.16. tajhd ngz;fspd; epiy
jdpf;Fbj;jdq;fSk; ntspA+h;> ntspkhepy> ntspehl;L Ntiy
tha;g;Gf;fSk; ngUfptpl;l ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cwTfs; rpije;Jtpl;ld
vdyhk;. ngw;Nwhh; jdpj;J tho Ntz;ba epiy cs;sJ. tajhd fhyj;jpy;
mth;fsJ flikfisNa mth;fshy; nra;Jnfhs;s ,ayhj #oypy;
mth;fs; KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fis ehl Ntz;b cs;sJ. rpy FLk;gq;fspy;
Riknadf; fUjp tpul;lg;gLfpwhh;fs;. cly; ciog;igr; rpwpNjDk;
gad;gLj;j KbAk; fhyk; tiuapYk; tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;aj; Jizahf
,Ug;ghh;fs; vd;W fUjp cld; itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gps;isfs; gLj;j
gLf;ifahd gpwF KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fspy; Nrh;j;JtpLfpd;wdh;. ngz;zhdts;>
128
tho;f;;if KOtJk; jd;dykpd;wpr; nray;gl;l mts; ,d;W jdf;nfd
ahUkpy;yhj epiyia epidj;J Vq;Ffpd;whs;.
“tho;f;if KOtjpYk; / jdf;nfdj; jdpaha;r;
rpe;jpf;f VJkpd;wp je;ijf;F / fztDf;F
gps;isf;F vd;W / jiyahl;bj; jiyahl;b
,g;NghJk; mij / epWj;j KbahkNy jhdha;j;
jiyahl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ / me;jg; gOj;j fpok;” 116
vd;W tajhd ngz;zpd; epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;.
tajhdth;fSf;F md;ghd Mjuthd thh;j;ijfs; NghJk;. NtW
vijAk; mth;fs; vjph;ghh;g;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; mtw;iwf; nfhLg;gjw;Fg;
gps;isfSf;Fj; njhptjpy;iy. jd;idj;Njb tUk; kw;wth;fsplk; kdk;tpl;Lg;
NgrpdhYk; FLk;g tpraq;fis cswpf; nfhl;Ltjhff; Fiw $Wfpd;wdh;.
tajhdth;fs; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;bYk; ,wg;gNjNky; vd;gNj gps;isfspd;
vjph;ghh;g;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ.
',d;Dk; Nghfhky; / capnuLf;fpwJ fpok;
cswp Ciuf; $l;LfpwJ / caph;tpl;lhyhtJ
capYf;Fg; gaDz;L” 117
gj;J khjq;fs; Rke;J ngw;Wf; fz;Nz kzpNa vd;W nfhQ;rp kfpo;e;jtis
,d;W NgNa vd;W ngUikg;gLj;Jfpwhd; kfd;. tapw;wpy; ,lk;je;j mtSf;F
tPl;by; ,lk; nfhLf;fhky; thrYf;F ntspNa ,lk; je;jpUf;fpwJ gps;is.
mdhijf; fpoq;fSf;fhd KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fs; vq;Nf Kisj;jpUf;fpd;wd
vd;W NjLfpd;wd gps;isfs;.
njhFg;Giu
kdpjg; gpwtpapy; Mz;> ngz; NtWghbd;wpr; rkkhd chpik ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; ngz;zpak; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifiag;
goq;fhy kf;fs; nja;tkhf topgl;ldh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
ngz;fs; cly; hPjpahfTk; cs;s uPjpahfTk; typik ngw;wth;fs;.
mjdhy; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G Nghd;w gz;Gfshy;
mth;fis mbikg;gLj;jpdh;.
ngz;Zf;F ,yf;fzkhf mfuhjpfs; gy tpsf;fq;fisj; jUfpd;wd.
Mz;fs; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;;ijr; nrhy;y chpik ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
ngz;fSf;F mt;Thpik kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
129
ngz;zpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gil
fhuzq;fs;> njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiy> ngz;zpa
tifg;ghLfs; Mfpad $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhw;wpy; jiyth;fs; gyh; ngz;fSf;F
tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Cl;bajpy; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpAs;sdh; vd;gij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
tpidNa Mlth;f;F caph; vd;Wk;> ngz;fSf;F tpidNkw; nry;Yk;
MltNd caph; vd;Wk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. nghWik> jpahfk;>
jd;dlf;fk;> khdk;> tPuk;> fw;G Nghd;w Fzeyd;fs; ngw;wtNs ngz;
vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fs; Nghfg;nghUshf> tPl;L Ntiyf;fhhpahf> Ngr;Rhpik
mw;wtshf> Foe;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUk; ,ae;jpukhff; fUjg;gl;ljd;
tpisNt ngz;zpaf; fUj;jhf;fk; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gilf;
fhuzq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ngz;zpaf; nfhs;iffSk;> ngz;zpar;
nraw;ghLfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngz;rpRf; nfhiy> gyjhu kzk;> ngz;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;>
NjtjhrpKiw> cld;fl;il VWjy;> ifk;ik epiy Nghd;w
fhuzq;fshy; ngz;fs; mbikg;gl;L te;jdh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
ngz; cilikg; nghUs; md;W@ mtSk; capUs;s> czh;r;rpAs;s
[Ptd;. jdf;F vd;W jdp tpUg;G ntWg;GfSk; RakhpahijAk;
cilats;. ngz;fs; r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; fztd; vd;w cwT
epiyf;fhfTk;> jd;id mopj;Jf; nfhs;tNjh vy;yhtw;iwAk;
KOikahfj; jpahfk; nra;J mlq;fpg;NghtNjh Njitapy;iy.
czh;Tfs; xLf;fg;gl;L thoNtz;ba eph;g;ge;j epiyia vjph;j;J
tpopg;Gzh;Tld; chpikf;Fuy; vOg;g Ntz;Lk;.
FLk;gj;ij elj;jpr; nry;tJk;> Foe;ijfisg; ngw;nwLg;gJk;>
cilikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> ngz;zpd; flikahf ,Ug;gjhy;
nghJ tho;tpypUe;Jk;> r%ff; flikfspypUe;Jk;> xJf;fg;gl;L
tPl;bw;Fs; milgl;Lf; fplf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;W fy;tp je;j Jzpthy;
Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yTk;> nghJ tho;tpy; <LglTk;> tha;g;gpidg; ngw;w
gpd;dUk; mth;fSf;Fj; jq;fisr; Rw;wp epfOk; rpf;fy;fSf;F tpil
fhzf;$ba tpopg;Gzh;T Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;gNj ftpQh;fsJ
gjpthf cs;sJ.
130
ngz;zpak; vd;gJ Mz;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; md;W. mJ
mbikg;gl;L> tijg;gl;L thOk; ngz;fis mbikj;jisapypUe;J
kPl;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; MFk;. ,e;j ,yf;if mila Mz;fs;
jilahFk;NghJ kl;Lk; mth;fs; vjphpfshfpd;wdh; vd;gij ftpQh;
nghd;kzp ituKj;J vLj;jpak;gpAs;shh;.
tujl;riz> mYtyfk; rhh;e;j rpf;fy;> khkpahh; - kUkfs; rpf;fy;>
fztd; - kidtp rpf;fy;> Foe;ijapd;ik> chpikfs; NfhUjy;
Kjyhdit ,f;fhyg; ngz;fSf;F cs;s rpf;fy;fshf milahsk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
tujl;riz Fwpj;J vt;tsT tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gLj;jpAk; mf;nfhLik
Fiwe;jghby;iy. mJ ngz;izg; ngw;wth;fspd; nfsutkhfTk;
r%f mq;fPfhukhfTk; khwptpl;lJ. mjdhy; kzkfd; Nfl;fhkNyNa
nfhLf;Fk; epiy cs;sJ. trjpgilj;jth;fs; nfhLf;Fk;NghJ trjp
,y;yhjth;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. xl;Lnkhj;j r%fKk; ,jw;F
vjpuhfg; Nghuhbdhy;jhd; jPh;T fpilf;Fk;. mJtiu Kjph;fd;dpfspd;
epiy khw tha;g;gpy;iy.
gbj;j ngz;fSf;Fk; gbf;fhj ghkug; ngz;fSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;>
rpf;fy;fs; xNu khjphpahfj;jhd; cs;sd. ngz; fy;tp ngw;why;
khwptpLk; vd;Dk; fdT ,d;Dk; edthfNt cs;sJ.
mYtyfq;fspy; gzpGhpAk; ngz;fSf;Fg; ghypay; njhe;juTfSk;
mth;fsJ tsh;r;rpapy; FWf;fPLfSk; cs;sd. Nkyjpfhhpfs;
khkpahh;fisg; Nghyr; nray;gl;L ,th;fsplk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;J
fpd;wdh;. ngz;Zila mwpTk; Mw;wYk; ntspg;glj; jilahf
,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Mz; cah;e;jtd; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijNa NtNuhL
fisAk;NghJjhd; ,g;ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl KbAk;.
ghujpjhrd;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; Kjyhdth;fs; ngz;
tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;fs;. tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;@
ngz; fy;tpia tw;GWj;jpdh;@ nrhj;Jhpik Kjyhdtw;iwg; ngwr;
nra;jdh;. mth;fsJ ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; ftpQh;fshy;
ghuhl;lg;gl;L> mth;fs; Kd;Ndhbfshfg; Gfog;gl;Ls;sdh;.
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj kWf;fg;gl;L te;j ngz;fy;tp jw;NghJ fpilf;fg;
ngw;wjhy; ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; epiyapy; rw;Nw khw;wk;
131
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisitj;
jw;NghJ Mz;fs; czh;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.
ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s tpyq;Ffisj; jhq;fNs
cilf;fNtz;Lk;. jd;idj;jhNd fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;
jhkjk; Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ. mt;thW jhkjpf;Fk;NjhWk; tho;tpy;
kpfg;nghpa rhpitr; re;jpf;fNtz;b tUk;. ,e;epiyapypUe;J khwpj;
jdf;fhd chpikfisg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w Kidg;GlNdNa
cs;sdh;.
FLk;g mikg;gpy; Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; epyTk;NghJjhd; ,y;ywk;
rpwf;Fk;. Mdhy;> ,d;W mt;thW ,y;iy. ngz;zpd; czh;Tfs;>
Mirfs;> vz;zq;fs; kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSila tpUg;gq;fs;
nghRf;fg;gLfpd;wd. flikfs; kl;LNk mtis Ml;nfhs;fpd;wd.
khjr; rk;gsj;jpw;F kl;LNk khpahij fpilf;fpwJ. ngz;zbikj;
jdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,lkhff; FLk;gk; ,Ug;gijf; ftpQh;fs;
,UtUk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;.
,d;iwa ngz;fs; Mz;fshy; Vkhw;wg;gl;Ltplhky; jq;fsJ
chpikf;NfhUk; Jzpr;ry; ngw;wth;fshf khwp tUfpd;wdh;. ehisa
ngz;fs; MZf;Ff; fl;lis ,Lgth;fshf khwTk; tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ.
Foe;ij tsh;g;gpYk; Mz; ngz; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz;
rpWtaJ Kjw;nfhz;L Rje;jpukhfj; jphpayhk;. ngz;Zf;Nfh NgRtJ>
elg;gJ> rphpg;gJ Kjw;nfhz;L ve;jr; Rje;jpuKk; fpilahJ.
ngw;NwhuJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F thog; gzpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. jdf;fhd
tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpikiaf;$lg;
ngw;Nwhh;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; jUtjpy;iy. ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfs;
,e;epiyia khw;wpj; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F thoj; njhlq;fpAs;sdh;.
ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;G typAWj;jg;gLtij ,U ftpQHfSk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. ngz;> fw;G vd;gij cilj;njwpe;Jtpl;L xOq;fPdkhf>
kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; ele;Jnfhs;syhk; vd;Wk; $Wtpy;iy.
ngz;Zf;F xOf;fk; tw;GWj;jg;gLk;NghJ mJ MZf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj mth;fsJ Nfhhpf;ifahf cs;sJ.
Mzhjpf;fk; vd;w xw;iwr; nrhy;ypy; Mz;th;f;fk; KOtijAk;
Fw;wk; $w KbahJ. Mz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; ey;yth;fshf
cs;sdh;. xUrpyh; nra;Ak; jtWfSf;fhf xl;Lnkhj;j Mz;
132
rKjhaj;ijAk; ntWj;jy; $lhJ. ngz;zbikf;Fg; gopthq;Fk;
eltbf;ifahf Mzbikia epWt Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mz; ngz;
rkj;Jtj;ij epiyehl;l topfhz Ntz;Lk;.
rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;W ngz; mDgtpj;J tUk; nfhLikfSs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz juf;$bait.
ngz;zhf ,Ue;J ngz;izf; nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; khkpahh;fspd;
nraiyf; fz;bf;fpd;wdh;.
tajhd ngz;fs; KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fSf;F tpul;lg;gLk; epiy ,d;W
kpFjpahfp tUfpwJ. tho;ehs; KOtJk; jd;idj; jpahfk; nra;J
FLk;gj;jpw;fhf tho;e;j mth;fSf;F md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; fpilf;fr;
nra;a Ntz;Lfpd;wdh;.
133
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. Rg;gpukzpad; r.Nt.> njhy;;> E}. gh. vz;. 1045
2. NkyJ> E}. vz;. 1064
3. NkyJ> E}. vz;. 1044
4. NrhkRe;judhh;> ngh.Nt.> (c.M)> FWe;> gh. vz;. 135 thp. 1-2
5. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> F.nt.> tpRtehjd;> m.> (c.M) KjypNahh;> Gwk;>
gh. vz;. 187 thp 3-4
6. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> jpU.tp.> ngz;zpd; ngUik> g. 14
7. gpugQ;rd;> ngz;ik nty;f> g. 2-3
8. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of modern feminism, p.13
9. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g.15
10. ehfNtzp> ,uh.> ngz; ftpQh;fs; ghh;itapy; ngz;zpak;> g. 1
11. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g.19
12. khhpak;khs;> rp.> etPd - jkpo; Mq;fpy Gjpdq;fspy; ngz;zpak;> g. 25
13. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g. 13
14. epuQ;rdhNjtp> rp.> ftpQh; gh. tp[a;apd; ftpj;jpwd;> g. 21
15. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g.19
16. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Mq;fpyj; jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 379
17. Juliet Mitchell, Annoakley, P. 25
18. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g.19
19. Kj;Jr;rpjk;guk;> r.> ngz;zpak; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> g. 11
20. NkyJ> g. 10
21. NkyJ> g. 10
22. NkyJ> g. 11
23. jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 283
24. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;;> fs. E}. vz;. 209
25. ghpNkyofh; ciu> Fws;. vz;. 54
26. Njtjj;jh jp. fkyp> ngz;zpak; fiyr;nrhy; tpsf;Fk; ifNaL g. 26-27
27. nuq;fk;khs;> ,uh.> thRfp> rp.> ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpag;
gad;ghLk;. g. 26
28. NkyJ> g. 26
134
29. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g. 20
30. muq;f ky;ypfh> jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; ngz;zpaKk;> g. 3
31. NkyJ> g. 3
32. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g. 67
33. nuq;fk;khs;> ,uh.> thRfp> rp.> ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpag;
gad;ghLk;. g. 28
34. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g. 22
35. nuq;fk;khs;> ,uh.> thRfp> rp.> ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpag;
gad;ghLk;. g. 73-74
36. NkyJ> g. 74
37. NkyJ> g. 74
38. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;. nghUs;. E}. vz;. 71
39. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> F.nt.> tpRtehjd;> m.> (c.M) KjypNahh;> Gwk;>
gh. vz;. 261
40. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g. 53
41. NkyJ> g. 55
42. ghujpjhrd;> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> g. 95
43. ghujpjhrd;> FLk;g tpsf;F> g. 67
44. NkyJ> g. 68
45. ghujpjhrd; ghly;fs;> njh> 1 g. 114
46. NkyJ> 114
47. ghujpjhrd;> FLk;g tpsf;F> g. 69
48. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g. 60
49. NkyJ> g. 61
50. gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; ghly;fs;> g. 197
51. ngUkhs;> m.fh.> = Fkhh;> v];.> (g. M) ftpkzp ftpijfs; g. 116
52. ghujpjhrd;> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> g. 3
53. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> g. 46
54. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 46
55. NkyJ> g. 46
56. ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> g. 187
57. ghujpjhrd;> FLk;g tpsf;F> g. 69
135
58. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 235
59. NkyJ> g. 63
60. NkyJ> g. 236
61. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 14
62. NkyJ> g. 16
63. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> gf;. 18-20
64. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 62
65. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> gf;. 19-20
66. ituKj;J> uj;jjhdk;> g. 34
67. ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> gf;. 72-73
68. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 64
69. rPjsh> rp.> ngz;zpak;> g. 57
70. muq;fehjd;> R.> (f.M.) jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;ik> vl;lhtJ
fUj;juq;F Ma;Tf;Nfhit> njh. 1> g. 12
71. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g. 91
72. ghujp> ngz; thh;g;Gk; tsh;g;Gk;> g. 8
73. nuq;fk;khs;> ,uh.> thRfp> rp.> ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpag;
gad;ghLk;> g.11
74. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 63
75. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> g. 18
76. NkyJ> g. 20
77. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khDltpay;> g. 368
78. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 94
79. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp;> g. 46
80. NkyJ> g. 92
81. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> gf;. 115-116
82. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g. 117
83. ikjpyp> fp.> ngz;zpaKk; jkpOk;> g. 8
84. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 63
85. tujuhrd;> K.> mfy;tpsf;F> g. 326
86. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> g. 131
87. NkyJ> g. 131
136
88. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 72
89. NkyJ> g. 69
90. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 63
91. NkyJ> g. 63
92. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> g. 44
93. NkyJ> g. 45
94. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 79
95. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> g. 48
96. NkyJ> g. 49
97. ituKj;J> uj;jjhdk;> gf;. 77-78
98. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> g. 48
99. NkyJ> g.50
100. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;. nghUs;> fw;. E}. vz;. 11
101. Fkhurhkp> rp.vd;.> ngz;zpa Nehf;fpy; ghujp> g. 225
102. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 14
103. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> jpU.tp.> jpUf;Fws; tphpTiu> g. 512
104. tpRtehjd;> rPdp.> kfhftpghujpahhpd; ‘rf;futh;j;jpdp’ fl;Liufs; g. 87
105. ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> g. 187
106. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 92
107. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 18
108. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 111
109. NkyJ> g. 238
110. NkyJ> g. 239
111. NkyJ> g. 241
112. NkyJ> g. 341
113. NkyJ> g. 342
114. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g. 6
115. NkyJ> g. 162
116. NkyJ> gf;. 156-157
117. NkyJ> g. 161