,ay; ,uz;L ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60321/9/09_chapter 2.pdf84 ,ay; ,uz;L ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar;

84

,ay; ,uz;L

ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy;

ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;

kdpjg; gpwtpapy; Mz; ngz; ,UtUk; rkchpik cilath;fs;.

Mdhy;> ,f;nfhs;if fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpije;J Mz; cah;e;jtd;. ngz;

jho;e;jts; vd;Dk; epiy cUthdJ. ,ij vjph;j;Jg; ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;F

epfuhd> rhprkkhd chpik Ntz;Lk; vd;W NghuhLk; xU ,af;fNk ‘ngz;zpak;’

vdg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;ifia ehk; md;idahf> nja;tkhf tzq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. fy;tp>

nry;tk;> tPuk; vd;W xt;nthd;iwAk; KiwNa nja;tk;> Njtij> jha;

vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. cly;hPjpahfTk; cs;shPjpahfTk; typikahf

,Ug;gth;fs; ngz;fs;. Mdhy;> mtSf;F chpiktho;T kWf;fg;gl;L mr;rk;>

klk;> ehzk;> gaph;g;G Kjyhd gz;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp ,y;yr; rpiwf;Fs;

milj;Jtpl;ldh;. NkYk; G+g;G> fh;g;gk;> gpurtk; Kjyhd cly;epiyfisg;

gad;gL;j;jpAk; ngz;fis mbikg;gLj;jp te;jdh;. ,e;epiyiaf; fise;

njwpe;J mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fg; ngz; ,af;fq;fSk;

ngz;zpayhsUk; rpe;jpj;jjd; tpisNt ngz;zpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf kyh;e;jJ.

ituKj;J, nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar; rpe;ijidfs;

vt;thW gjpT ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij fhz;gjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.

2.1. ngz;ik

ngz; vd;gts; vj;jifa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lts;. mtsJ ,ay;G

vd;d vd;gij>

“mr;rKk; ehzKk; klDk; Ke;JWj;j

epr;rKk; ngz;ghw; Fhpa” 1

vd;w E}w;ghtpd; %yk; ngz;ikf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mz;fs; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;ijr; nrhy;y chpik

ngw;wpUe;jdh;. Mdhy>; ngz;fSf;F mt;Thpik kWf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid>

“jd;DW Ntl;if fpotd; Kw;fpsj;jy;

vz;Zq;fhiy fpoj;jpf; fpy;iyg;

85

gpwePh; kf;fspd; mwpa Mapilg;

nga;e;ePh; NghYk; czh;tpw; nwd;g” 2

vd;W jiytp jdJ tpUg;gj;ijf; fpotd;Kd;G nrhy;Yjy; epidf;Fq;

fhyj;Jf; fpotpf;F ,y;iy. mq;qdk; nrhy;yhjtplj;Jk; GJf;fyj;jpd;fl;

nga;j ePh;Nghyg; Gwk; nghrpe;J fhl;Lk; czh;tpidAKilj;J mt;Ntl;if

vd;W ngz;jhd; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLfpwhs;;.

“ngUikAk; cuDk; MLc Nkd” 3

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; jiykfd; gopAk;> ghtKk;> mQ;rpAk; mwpTilatdhfTk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgRfpwhh;. ,e;j E}w;ghf;fs; MizAk; ngz;izAk;

ntt;NtW ,ay;GfSf;F cl;gl;L NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;g;gijAk; ngz;zpd; kd

czh;Tfisr; nrhy;top ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak; epiyiaAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

“tpidNa Mlth;f; FapNu thZjy;

kidAiw kfsph;f; fhlth; caph;” 4

vd;w FWe;njhifg; ghly; Mz; ,aq;Fk; vy;iy cyfk; vd;Wk; ngz;

,aq;Fk; vy;iy tPL vd;Wk; tiuaiw nra;fpwJ. NkYk;>

“vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;

mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd” 5

vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlYk; Mz;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.

rq;fg; ghf;fs; ngz;zpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gw;wpr; rpy fUj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

mit mf;fhyj;Jf;Fhpa tpsf;fq;fshf mikfpd;wd. md;Gk;> klDk;> rhaYk;>

,ay;Gk; vd;G nefpo;f;Fk; fpstpAk; gpwTk; xd;WgL nfhs;if cilatsha;

,pUj;jy; ngz;zpd; ,ay;ghfpwJ vd;W ngz;ikf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;

rptfhkp.

“ngz;ikahtJ ahJ? mlf;fk;> nghWik> jpahfk;> Fzeyk;>

,uf;fk;> moF> xg;GuT> njhz;L Kjypad mike;j xd;W ngz;ik

vdg;gLk;” 6 vd;W ngz;ikapd; Fzeyd;fis tiuaWf;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.

ngz; vd;gts; mofhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gz;Gfisf;

nfhz;byq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W r%fk;> Fwpg;ghf Mz;fs; tiuaWj;j ,yf;fzk;

ngz;ik vd;w tpsf;fj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sJ.

2.2 ngz;

86

nghWik> jd;dlf;fk;> khdk;> tPuk;> fw;G> jd;dykpd;wpg; nghJ eyj;jpw;F

cioj;jy;> ehzk;> mr;rk;> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> Rw;wk; fhj;jy; Kjypa gy;tif

ew;Fzq;fSf;Fk; ciwtplkha; tpsq;Fk; jha;ikapDk; rpwe;j xOf;fk;

cyfpypy;iy vd;Nw ,ak;gyhk; vd;fpwhh ; jh.rpq;fhuNtY. “jha;ik vd;fpw

md;ig mwpKfk; nra;jts; ngz;. mtdJ ghy; vOr;rpf;F tbfhyhfj;

jhq;fpf; nfhz;lts; ngz;. kfshfg; gpwe;J> khDlr; rq;fpypia tsh;f;f

cjtp nra;jts;” 7 vd;fpwhh; gpugQ;rd;.

kf;fl ; gpwtpapy; Mz;> ngz; vd;W ,UghYz;L. m/wpiz caph;fspYk;

,t;Ntw;Wik fhzg;gLfpwJ. cyfk; vd;W nrhy;tJ Mz;> ngz; vd;W ,UtuhYk;

Mf;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;. ngz;zpd;wp Mzpy;iy. Mzpd;wpg; ngz;zpy;iy.

Mdhy;> ePz;l fhykhf MZyfk; ngz;ZYfj;ij mlf;fp Mz;L tUjy;

elg;gpayhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

Kjyhspfs; njhopyhspfis mlf;fp Ms;tJNghy Mz;kf;fs; ngz;

kf;fis mlf;fp Mz;L tUfpd;whh;fs;. jq;fSf;F CopaQ;nra;aNt ngz;

kf;fs; gilf;fg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;W Mz;kf;fs; epidf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W jpU.tp.f.

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

jha;topr; r%fk; kiwe;J je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyj;jpy;

ngz; ,dj;jpd;;;; tPo;r;rp njhlq;fptpl;lJ. jha;topr; r%fk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

epyTilikr; r%fj;jpy; FLk;gk; epWtdkhdNghJ ngz;zpd; kPJ Vuhskhd

fl;Lg;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

FLk;gk; guhkhpj;jy; vd;w ngahpy; ngz;zpd;kPJ gy;NtW gzpfs;

Rikfshf Vw;wg;gl;ld. mts; vijg;gw;wpAk; Nahrpf;fTk; Neukpd;wp mts; ‘tPL’

vd;gJ gy;NtW rq;fpypfshy; fl;lg;gl;l rpiwahapw;W. Nahrpf;fhj ngz;ik

‘Fykfs;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. vjph;j;Jf;Nfs;tp vOg;gtpy;iynadpy; ‘nghWikapy;

G+khNjtp’nadg; Gfog;gl;lhs;. gpwe;jJ Kjy; xU ngz;> jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk;

je;ij> rNfhjud;> fztd;> kfd; vd ahuhtJ Xh; MZf;F mlq;fp> mtidr;

rhh;e;J thoNtz;ba eph;g;ge;jj;jpw;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ fhyf;nfhLik vdyhk;.

2.3 ngz; gw;wpa mwpQh; fUj;J

‘fzj;Jf;Ff; fzk; khWgLk; czh;Nt! ePjhd; ngz;!’ vd;fp;whh; mwpQh;

N\f;];gpah;. ‘md;gpw;F ,Ug;gplkhf> jpahfj;jpw;F ciwtplkhf ,Ug;gtNs

ngz;’ vd;fpwhh; lhy;];lha;. ‘chpikahtJ caph;fl;Ff; flTshy; mspf;fg;gl;l

87

xU ngUk; ,aw;iff; nfhil’ vd;fpwhh; mwpQh; gpuhl;Ny. ,t;twpQh;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fspd;%yk; ngz;fs; vt;thW cah;thf kjpf;fg;gl;ldh vd;gij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ.

2.4 ngz;zpak;

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ‘Feminism’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd; tbtk;

MFk;. ngkpdprk; ( Feminism) vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; ‘ngkpdh’ vd;w ,yj;jPd;

thh;j;ijapypUe;J kUtp tsh;e;jjhFk;. ‘ngkpdh’ vd;w thh;j;ijf;F ‘ngz;zpaf;

Fzeyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s’ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j thh;j;ij

Kjypy; ngz;fspd; ghypay; Fzhk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gplNt cgNahfg;gLj;jg;

gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF ngz;zpaj;jpd; chpikfis vLj;Njhjf; ifahsg;gl;lJ.

'ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy; Njhd;wpa tpjj;jpid> ehd;rp v/g;fhl;

vd;gth /ngkpdprkp (Feminisme) vd;w gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J /ngkpdprk;

(Feminism) vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; te;jJ vd;gh;”; 8

/ngkpdp];b (Feministe) vd;w nrhy;iytpl /ngkpidd; (Feminine) vd;w

nrhy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vdNt /ngkpdh (Femina) vd;w ,yj;jPd; Nth;r;

nrhy;Yld; ,rk; (ism) vd;w milr;nrhy; Nrh;j;J /ngkpdprk; vd;W jw;NghJ

miof;fg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

nghJthf MZf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; czh;Tfs;jhd; ngz;Zf;Fs;Sk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MZila gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;Nghy; ngz;zplj;jpYk; mit

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;$Wfs; xd;whff; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;

,g;gbj;jhd ; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thWjhd; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rKjhak;

rl;lk; tpjpf;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpy; ,y;yhj ,r;rl;l tpyq;fpid cilj;njwpa

vOe;jNj ngz;zpakhFk;.

kdpjdhfg; gpwe;j vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; ‘MSjy;’ vd;Dk; nray;ghL kpfTk;

gpbj;jkhd xd;whFk;. ,jidg; ghujp> ahUk; ahiuAk; Vd; MsNtz;Lk;.

,d;ndhUtiu Ms eP ahu;? Mifahy;> vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs; vdr;

nrhy;ypitj;jhd;. ngz; vd;gts; Vd; ahiuAk; rhuNtz;Lk;. mtshy; Rakhfr;

rpe;jpf;f KbAk;. fLikahf ciof;f KbAk;. ciog;gpd; %yk; mts; xU jdp

uhzpahf thoKbAk; vd;ghh;. “ngz;zpathjp vd;gth; ngz;fspd;

Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Jizepd;W mth;fspd; mbikj;jdj;ijf; fise;njwpa

88

cjTtNjhL mthpd; ikaf;nfhs;ifNa rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiykhw;wk;

vd;gijg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” 9 vd;fpwhh;. Nuh.];lhd;rp. Mz;fs;

ve;j mstpw;Fr; r%f mikg;gpYk;> nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> murpaypYk; <Lgl;L

chpik nfhz;lhLfpwhh;fNsh mNj mstpw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fk; midj;Jj;

JiwfspYk; chpikfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtNjhL mjdbg;gilapy;

ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l r%f mikg;G cUthf;fpj;ju KaYtNj ngz;zpak;.

“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;Zf;F vdj; jdpNa vijAk; gphpj;Jg;

NgRtjd;W NtWghLfs; caph;fspd; ,aw;if@ cyfg;nghUl;fspd; ,aw;if@

Mz;-ngz; vDk; ,Ughyh;fSf;fpilNa NtWghLfNs ,y;iynad thjplYk;

epWt Kw;gLjYk; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ. vdNt> ,aw;ifapNyNa mike;j

clYk; kdKk; rhh;e;j NtWghLfs; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,y;yhkYk;>

cyfshtpaJk;> khDlg; nghJik rhd;witAkhd epajpfisAk; ePjpfisAk;

mbg;gilahf itj;Jk;> ngz;zpd; flikfs; nghWg;Gfs;> chpikfs;

r%fepiy Mfpatw;iw rpj;jhpg;gNj ngz;zpak;”. 10

ngz; nfh^ukhdts;. mUtUg;ghdts;. jPz;lg;glhjts; vd;w mbik

thh;j;ijfisf; fz;bj;Jk;> kWkzk;> ngz; rpWikepiy ePf;fy;> rpRnfhiyj;

jtph;g;G> ngz;fy;tp> ngz; mePjp> r%f mq;fPfhuk;> Mzhjpf;f kNdhght vjph;g;G

Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;J vOe;jNj ngz;zpak;.

“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;iz Xh; caphp vdr; r%fk; mq;fPfhpj;J

mtSf;F MZf;Fr; rkkhd chpikAk; Rje;jpuKk; nfhLf;fj; J}z;Lk;

nfhs;ifahFk;”. 11

“ngz;zpak; ngz;fspd; epiyia khw;wf; $ba kpfr;rpwe;j r%f

,af;fkhFk;. ” 12

“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; rpf;fy;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L

mtw;iw ePf;f Kay;tjhFk;. mjd;%yk; cyf mstpy; murpaypYk;

gz;ghl;bYk; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; Md;kPfj;jpYk; ngUj;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j

KbAk; ”13 vd;fpwhh; rhh;y;l; gd;r;. ftpQh; nfhsQ;rp>

“ngz;zpak; / vd;gJ / fz;zpakhfg;

89

NguhLtJ / fztidr; / rpiwitg;gjy;y…” 14

vd;W ‘rpiw’ vDk; ftpijapy; ngz;zpak; gw;wpaj; jd; fUj;jpid $Wfpd;whh;.

2.5 mfuhjpfs; $Wk; tpsf;fk;

1) ngz;zpak; - “ngz;Zf;Fhpa eyk;”

15 vd;W jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp tpsf;fk;

jUfpd;wJ.

2) Mf;];Nghh;L mfuhjp - Feminism vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ‘Movement for

recognition of the claims of women for rights equal to those possessed by

men’ vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ. 3) ngz;zpd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapYk; rKjha murpay; nghUshjhur;

#o;epiyapYk; mts; Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhdts; vd;Dk; cah;newpia

epiyehl;Lk; Nehf;fj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L ,aq;FfpwJ vd;W

gphp;l;lhdpfh fiyf;fsQ;rpak; $WfpwJ.

4) ‘ngz;fspd; Njitia epiwNtw;w mth;fs; rhh;ghf thjhLtJ>

NghuhLtJ’ vd;W Mf;];Nghh;L Mq;fpy mfuhjp $WfpwJ.

5) ‘ngz;fspd; chpikia tw;GWj;Jk; Xh; ,af;fk;’ vd;W Byf;];

Mq;fpyj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp $WfpwJ.

6) nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Mq;fpyj; jkpo; mfuhjp 'ngkpdprk; vd;gjw;Fg;

ngz; chpik Vw;Gf;Nfhl;ghL> ngz;Zhpik MjuT” 16 vd;Wk; nghUs;

jUfpd;wJ.

2.6 ngz;zpak; gw;wp mwpQh;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jfs;

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk nfhLikfs;>

mth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fs;> mth;fs; mjpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtjw;fhd

toptiffis Kd;itg;gNjahFk;. ngz; tpLjiyf;fhf Mz;fs;;

NghuhLtijtplg; ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; ngz;fNs NghuhLtJjhd; kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ

vd;W gy ngz;zpa mwpQHfs; $Wfpd;wdh;. ngz;zpdj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf>

tpLjiyf;fhfg; gy mwpQh;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ijj; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.

“ngz;zpaj;jpd; nka;ahd czh;T ntspg;gLtJ vg;Nghnjdpy; ngz;

MzpypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;Lj; jdpf;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghh;f;fg;gLk; NghJjhd;”17

vd;fpwhh; [_ypal;kpl;ry;.

90

“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ r%fj;Njhw;wj;ij Muha;tJ. mjhtJ> jha;topr;

r%f mikg;gpypUe;J gpd; je;ij topr; r%f mikg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wijAk;>

mk;khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfisAk; vLj;Jiug;gJ”. 18

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ vy;yhg; ngz;fisAk; murpay; kw;Wk; gpw

mbikj;jdq;fspypUe;J tpLtpj;jy; vd;w nfhs;if cilajhFk; vd;fpwhh;

ghh;guh];kpj;.

“ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fs; ghypdg; ghFghl;lhy; mDgtpf;Fk;

jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhuj; Jd;gq;fis vjph;j;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,af;fNk” 19

vd;fpwhh; Gl;rh;.

ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj; njw;fhrpa ehLfs; “ngz;fs; r%fj;jpYk;

mYty;fspYk; tPl;bDs;NsAk; eRf;fg;gLtijg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;r;rpAk;

me;epiyia khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; xUtiu xUth; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L

nraw;gLk; Kaw;rpfSk; vd;w tpsf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sd vd;W $wyhk;.

,jd;gb ghypd mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk;

Mzhjpf;fj;ijAk; Mz; ehafj;ijAk; mwpe;J me;epiyia khw;w

Kay;fpd;wth;fs; ngz;zpathjpfs; Mth;. ,jd;gb ghypd cah;T jho;Tfisg;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. me;epiyia khw;wg; ngz;zpathjpfs;

KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;”.20 vdNtjhd; “ngz;fspd; jho;epiyia Muha;e;J

mij khw;w Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; topKiwfNs ngz;zpak;” 21 vd;W xU

tiuaiwiaf; fhh;ld; vd;gth; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

n[apd; vd;gth; “ngz;zpak; vd;gjw;Fg; ngz;fs; xUtNuhL xUth;

,ize;J xU Mw;wiy cUthf;fp ngz;ik mjd; jd;ikapy; Mz;fNshL

khWgl;bUg;gpDk; mJ Mz;ikf;F epfuhdJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s itg;gJ”22

vd;W tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

gpugQ;rd; ‘ngz;zpd; tuyhW’ vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; tuyhW vd;Wk;

r%fk; ngz;iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;. nghpahh;> cyfpd;

kdpj th;f;fj;jpw;F mbikj; jj;Jtk; xopa Ntz;Lkhdhy; ngz;Zyif

mbikahff; fUjp elj;Jk; mfk;ghtKk; nfhLikAk; xopa Ntz;Lk; vdf;

$wpAs;shh;.

91

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;zpiythjk; vd;w

nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ngz; tpLjiy ,af;fj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; jj;JtKk;

tho;f;if KiwAk; vd;Dk; nghUspy; ,r;nrhy; jkpopy; ngz;zpak; my;yJ

ngz;zpiythjk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

“ngz;zyd; vd;gJ ngz;ikf; Fzk;> ngz; ,dk;”

23 vd;W jkpo;

mfuhjp $WfpwJ.

fofj; jkpo; mfuhjpapy;>

ngz;fyk; - tz;zj;jpd; rpw;wpd;gg; gFjp

ngz;lif - ngz;jd;ik

ngz;L - kidtp> ngz;

ngz;zurp - nry;tKilats;> mofpw;rpwe;jts;> ngz;zhafk;.

ngz;zUq;fyk; - ngz;zpw; rpwe;jts;

ngz;zyk; - ngz;ikf;Fzk;> ngz;zpd;gk;> ngz;zpd; moF

vd;W ngz; rhh;e;j nrhw;fs; gy;NtW nghUs;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,d;W ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy; Gjpa r%fr; #o;epiyapy; ngz;fisg;

gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itapd; mbg;gilapy; vOe;Js;s Nfhl;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;yhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

r%fj;jpYk; Ntiyj;jsj;jpYk; FLk;gj;jpYk; epyTk; ngz; xLf;FKiw

kw;Wk; Ruz;ly; gw;wpa ngz;ikapd; czh;T epiyfSk; ,e;epiyia

khw;Wtjw;Fg; ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; vLf;Fk; czh;TG+h;tkhd eltbf;ifahFk;

vdg; ngz;zpaj;jpw;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh; Kidth; Njtjj;jh. ,t;thW

ngz;zpak; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F tpsf;fq;fshfg; gyTk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sij

mwpayhk;.

2.7 ngz;zpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ New;W ,d;W Njhd;wpaJ md;W. Guhz ,jpfhrf;

fhyq;fspNyNa Njhd;wptpl;lJ. gpuk;kd; fiythzpf;F ehtpy; ,lk; je;jJ>

jpUkhy; ,yf;Fkpf;F khh;gpy; ,lk; je;jJ> rptd; ghh;tjpf;F jk; clypy;

ghjpiaf; nfhLj;jJ ,it vy;yhk; Mz; ngz; rk chpikia epiyehl;Lk;

Guhzf; FwpaPLfNs MFk;.

92

nghJthfr; r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xj;j jFjpAila ,uz;L

$WfSf;F ,ilNa vg;nghOJk; Kuz;ghL Njhd;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

,jdhy;jhd; kdpj ,dj;jpd; ,uz;L $Wfshfpa Mz; - ngz; ,uz;bw;Fk;

,ilNa mit Njhd;wpa fhyk;njhl;Nl ahh; cah;e;jth; vd;w Nghuhl;lk;

epfo;e;Jnfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisTjhd; jha;topr; r%fk;> je;ijtopr;

r%fk;. ,e;jr; r%ftpay; Kuz;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghNl Mz;-ngz; rkj;Jtj;ij

epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ.

jha;topr; r%fk; khwp je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhd;wpaNghJ Mz; Mjpf;fj;jhy;

ngz; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. ,jdhy; ngz;fs; gy epiyfspy; Jd;gg;gl

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; rpy mwpQh;fs; ngz;fs; chpikf;fhfg; Nghuhlj;

jiyg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSs; njhy;fhg;gpaUk; xUtuhthh;. ,jid>

“nrwpTk; epiwTQ; nrk;ikAk; nrg;Gk;

mwpTk; mUikAk; ngz;ghyd” 24

vd;w E}w;ghtpy; $wpAs;shh;. ts;StUk;>

“ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf;f ahTs fw;ngd;Dk;

jpz;ik Az;lhfg; ngwpd;” 25

vd;w Fwspy; $wpAs;shh;. ,th;fNs ngz;zpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F Kjd;Kjypy;

tpj;jpl;lth;fs; vdyhk;.

Feminism vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kjd;

Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Mq;fhq;F ngz;

tpLjiyr; rpe;jid vOr;rp ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;whYk; ngz;zpak; jdp xU

Nfhl;ghlhf tYg;ngw;wJ fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; vd;W lhf;lh; gpNukh

$wpAs;shh;.

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOe;j khh;;f;rpa th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Mjpf;f ntwpah;fis vjph;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy; mjd; xU gFjpahf Mz;

Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; ngz; xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk; Fuy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.

,Jjhd; ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nth; vd;Wk; ,jpypUe;Jjhd; gpd;G ngz;zpak; jdp

xU Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ vd;Wk; khh;f;rpag; ngz;zpathjpfs; $Wfpd;wdh;.

2.8 ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs;

93

“1890 tiuapy; ngz;zpak; vd;gij Fwpf;f kfsphpak; (Womanism)

vd;w nrhy;Ny gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1895-Mk; tUlk; Vg;uy; 27-Mk; ehsd;W

ntspapl;l mj;jPdh vd;w fpNuf;fg;ngz; „nja;tf; Nfhapy;‟ vd;w E}ypy;

Myp]; Nuhrp vd;gth; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ngz;zpak; vd;w nrhy;iy kfsphpak;

vd;w nrhy;Yf;F khw;Wr; nrhy;yhf gad;gLjpdhh;”. 26

rKjhak; jha;topr; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J je;ijtopr; r%fkhf khw;wk;

ngw;wJ. ,J ngz;zpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzkhFk;. je;ijtopr;

r%fj;jpy; nrhj;J Mz;fSf;F kl;Lk; chpj;jhd epiy ,Ue;jJ. MZk;

ngz;Zk; Nrh;e;J elj;Jk; jpUkz tho;f;ifapy; ngz;fSf;fhd chpikfs;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. FLk;gk;> r%fk; ,t;tpuz;bYk; ngz;fs; mlf;fp

Msg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,k;khjphpahd mePjpfisg; Nghf;f ngz;fSf;fhd rKjha

chpikfis vLj;Jf;$w r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; kw;Wk; ngz;zpathjpfs;

Kad;wdh;. mjd;topahf cyfpYs;s gyg;gy ,lq;fspYk; ngz;zpakhdJ

Xh; ,af;fkhf eilNghl Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.

2.9 njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiy

r%fj;jpd; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ngz;fspd; epiyiag; gw;wp rhpahd

Kiwapy; tpsf;fj; jFe;j Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l

,yf;fpaq;fSk; rhpj;jpur; rhd;WfSk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;j

Mq;fpy murhYk;> fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpduhYk;> r%f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfshYk;

njhFf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfs; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiyia XusT

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mjdhy;> Muk;g fhyq;fspy; cs;s ngz;fspd;

epiyiag; gw;wp mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.10 ngz;zpa tifg;ghL

INuhg;gpa> mnkhpf;f ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l njhopy; tifapyhd

tsh;r;rpfspd; gf;f tpisthfg; ngz;zpak; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jJ. Mjyhy;>

njhopy;Gul;rpahy; Njhd;wpa Nkw;fj;jpag; ngz;zpak; gy;NtW ghpkhzq;fSld;

%d;W tiffis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. mit 1. jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak;

(my;yJ) kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; (Liberal feminism,) 2. rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak;

(my;yJ) Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak; (Socialist feminism 3. jPtputhjg;

ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) J}ag; ngz;zpak; (Radical feminism) vd;gdthFk;.

2.10.1 jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) kpjthjg; ngz;zpak;

94

fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jhuhsthjg; ngz;zpak; vDk;

kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jd; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhope;j

NkhpTy;];ld; fpuhg;/l;> vOjpa “v tpd;bNf\d; M/g; jp iul;]; M/g;

Tkd;” 27 vd;w E}ypy; fhzyhk;.

kpy;> 'ngz;fs; jq;fSila nfsutj;ijf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jhk;

tpUk;gpagb gw;gy gzpfis Vw;gJk;> nrhj;jpy; gq;F ngWtJk;> Xl;Lhpik

ngWk; jFjpia cilatuhtJk; kpf Kf;fpankd vLj;Jiuj;jhh;”. 28

kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; “ngz;Zf;F Mizg; Nghy vy;yh epiyfspYk;

rkj;Jtk; Ntz;Lk; (Equal Rights) vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jJ. ,jd;

mbg;gilapy; ngz; tpLjiy> ngz;Rje;jpuk;> rhpepfh; rkhdk; vd;gdtw;iw

,t;tif tw;GWj;jpaJ”. 29

,j;jifa kpjthjg; ngz;zpayhsh;fs; Fwpj;J Njtjj;jh> “kpjthjg;

ngz;zpayhh;> FLk;g mikg;ig mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;nfhz;L r%fg; gof;f

tof;fq;fspy; khWjy;fisf; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpdh;. ,th;fs; r%f

epWtdq;fs;> rl;lk;> kdg;Nghf;F> r%f mikg;G Mfpatw;iw> Fwpg;ghff;

FLk;g mikg;Gg; gw;wp VJk; rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. rl;lq;fspd; njhFjp> r%fj;ij

khw;wptpLk; vd ek;gpdh;. mjdhy; mbg;gilahd khw;wk; Njit vd;W

czutpy;iy”30

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. kpjthjg; ngz;zpak; ngz;zpd; FLk;g>

r%f tho;itr; rPh;jpUj;Jk; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

2.10.2 rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak;

Nrhryprthjg; ngz;zpak; khh;f;rpayhsh;fspd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb tsh;e;jJ.

,g;ngz;zpak; Fwpj;J ghpksk;> “ciof;fpd;w ghl;lhsp tFg;G kf;fspd;

tpLjiyNahL xl;Lnkhj;j khe;jh; ,d tpLjiyia vl;Ltjw;fhfr; nrd;w

E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J fhh;y; khh;f;];> /gpnulhpf; vq;fy;];

MfpNahh; Kd;itj;j rpj;jhe;jj;ij mbnahw;wp epfo;e;j Nrhryprg; Gul;rpfNshL

Njhw;wk; nfhz;lJjhd; Nrhryprg; ngz;zpakhFk;. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa

Guhjdkhd r%fq;fspy; ngz;Zf;Fr; nraY}f;fkhd gq;fpUe;jJ. ,J

gpd;dh; Ntshz;ikr; r%f khw;wj;jhy; Gjpjhf cUthd FLk;gk;> epyTilik>

muR Mfpatw;why; Mzpd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l epiyikNa ngz;Zf;fhd

KO tho;thf mikayhapw;W vd;W vq;fy;]; $wpa fUj;J Nrhryprg;

95

ngz;zpaj;jpw;Fhpa njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ”31

vd;W fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;shh;.

rKjhaj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Ntl;ilahLjy; Kjy; FLk;g cw;gj;jpg;

gzpfs;tiu ngz;zpd; jiyikapy; ,Ue;jd. gpd;dhy; jdpr; nrhj;Jhpik>

thhpR cUthf;fy; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l je;ijtopr; r%fk;

cUthdjhy; ngz;zpd epiy jho;e;jJ vdyhk;. ,tw;iw vjph;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy;

,g;ngz;zpak; cUthdJ.

“jd;dythjpfspd; jd;dyj;ijAk; Mz; ngz; vd;W ghFgLj;JNthhpd;

nfhs;iffisAk; r%fnewpapy; xopg;gijr; nray;ghlhfTk; nfhz;ls;sJ

rkjh;kg; ngz;zpak;”32 vd;gij ,uh.gpNukh ngz;zpak; vd;w E}ypy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

2.10.3. jPtputhjg; ngz;zpak; (my;yJ) J}ag; ngz;zpak;

je;ijtopr; r%fk; fw;gpj;Js;s gz;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Mz;-ngz;

caphpay; $W NtWghLjhd; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs; ngz;izg; ghypay; mbg;gilapy;

mlf;ff; fhuzkhfpwJ vd czh;e;J je;ijtopr; r%ff; FLk;g

mikg;igf;fiyf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jPtputhjg; ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpaJ.

,g;ngz;zpak; gw;wpj; Njtjj;jh> “ghypay; hPjpahd mlf;FKiw Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L

ghypay; uPjpahd ciog;Gg; gq;fPLk; nghUspay; th;f;f mikg;Gk;

Kf;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ mJ rPh;jpUj;jkhf mike;JNghdjhy;> jPtpug;

ngz;zpathjpfs; je;ijtopr; rKjhaj;ij cilj;jiy Kjd;ik

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ldh;. ,jd; Nth;> caphpay; hPjpahd FLk;gk; vd;gjhy;

FLk;gj;ijAk; Kw;Wkhf cilf;f tpUk;gpdhh;fs;”33 vd;W tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shh;.

“ngz;zpak; vd;whNy Miz vjph;g;gJ> FLk;gj;ij cilg;gJ vd;w

jtwhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;j fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ jPtputhjg;

ngz;zpaNk” 34 MFk; vd;fpwhh; ,uh.gpNukh.

kpjthjk;> jPtputhjk;> Nrhryprk; Mfpa tif rhh;e;j ngz;zpag;

Nghf;Ffspy; kpjthjk; kw;Wk; Nrhryprg; ngz;zpag; Nghf;FfNs jkpofj;jpy;

nghpJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2.11 ngz;zpaf; nfhs;if

96

ngz;zpak; vd;w Nfhl;ghlhdJ> Mz;fSf;Fr; r%fj;jpy;> nghUshjhuj;jpy;>

murpaypy; vj;jid chpikfs; cs;sdNth mJ midj;ijAk; ngz;fSf;Fk;

toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JtJ MFk;.

ngz;zpaf;ff; nfhs;ifia mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dhy;> ngz;Zhpik

vd;gJ Fwpj;J mwpa Ntz;Lk;. m/jhtJ> Mizg;NghyNt ngz;Zf;Fk;

tPuk;> td;ik> Nfhgk;> MSe;jpwk; cz;nld;gij Mz;kf;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> FLk;g epWtdk; Mzhjpf;fj;jpw;F> ,lk; je;J ngz;iz

mbikg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ngz; mij tpLj;J ntspNa te;J Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjhFk;.

r%fj;jpYk;> Ntiyj;jsq;fspYk;> FLk;gj;jpYk; epyTk; ngz; xLf;FKiw>

Ruz;ly; gw;wpa ngz;zpd; czh;T epiyfSk; mJnjhlh;ghf Mz;fSk;

vLf;Fk; czh;TG+h;tkhd eltbf;iffSk; ‘ngz;epiythjk;’ vd;gh;. ngz;fs;

eRf;fg;gLtijg; ngz;fsplk; vLj;Jiuj;jy;> ,J njhlh;ghf tpthjpj;J

Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; xUtiu xUth; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; Mz;ikapd;

r%f kjpg;Gfis khw;wpr; rkj;Jt kjpg;gPLfis cUthf;Fjy; Mfpait

ngz;zpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; vy;iyahff; fUjyhk;. tpopg;Gzh;Tk; rPh;jpUj;jNk

ngz;fis Kd;Ndw;wk; milar;nra;Ak;. kdpj chpik kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

chpikia kfspUf;F toq;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.

2.12 ngz;zpar; nraw;ghLfs;

ngz;zpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; ngz;zpaf;fj;jpd; rpf;fy;fis ikag;gLj;jp>

ngz;zpaf;fUj;Jfis tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. mjpy;> ngz;zpa Ma;thdJ

ngz;gw;wpa Ma;T> ngz;epiy Ma;T vd ,Utifahf mikfpwJ. ngz;

gw;wpa Ma;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;fs; vt;thW gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;

vd;gJ gw;wpa nghJ epiy Ma;thf mikAk;. ngz;epiy Ma;T vd;gJ

Mzhjpf;f cyfpy; xLf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; r%f ,Ug;G> tho;tpay; rpf;fy;

,tw;iw Muha;tJld; r%fk;> gz;ghL> kjk;> njhopy;> murpay; jsq;fspy;

ngz;fspd; ,uz;lhk;ju epiyiaAk;> mjd; kjpg;GfisAk; vLj;Jiug;gdthf

mikAk; vd;w gpNukhtpd; $w;W ,q;F rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ.

(i) ngz;epiyj;jpwdha;T my;yJ ngz;zpaf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;> ngz;

vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; kl;LNk jpwdha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w

fUj;ij Kd;itf;fpwJ.

97

(ii) Mz;fspd; jpwdha;Tf; nfhs;if vDk; epiyapypUe;J ngz;

vOj;Jf;fisf; fz;nlLj;J kPl;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

(iii) ngz; vOj;Jf;fspd; tuyhW> eil> fU> tif> mikg;G>

tpiutpaf;fk; rhh;e;j ngz;zpd; gilg;G> cstpay; Mfpa midj;ijAk;

cs;slf;fpr; nray;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.

xt;nthU #oypYk; ngz;Zf;F mr;rkpy;yhj jplkhd neQ;rk;

Njit. mjd; %yNk mts; rhjpf;f KbAk; vd;gij> vt;thwhapDk; xU

ngz;Zf;Fj; jsuh Kaw;rpAk;> vijAk; rhjpf;Fk; jpz;zpa neQ;rKk;

Ntz;Lk;. jsuh Kaw;rpAk; FOthff; $bj; jd; Md;kPf Nehf;fpy; ntw;wpaile;j

nray;ghl;Lj; jpwDk; Mz;lhis Md;kPf ngz;zpathjp vd;W fUj

,lkspf;fpwJ vd;w $w;wpd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

NkYk;> ngz;zpaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J> Nkiyehl;L

ngz;zpathjpfSk; gy fUj;Jfisf; $wpAs;sdh;. mtw;wpy; rpy ,d;iwa

epiyapy; ngz;zpak; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtk;> kjpg;G> tPl;bd; cs;NsAk;

ntspNaAk; jk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tho;f;iff;fhd nghUisAk; Njh;T nra;Ak;

Rje;jpuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhdr; rhjidg; Nghuhl;lkhFk;.

ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> ngz;fspd; midj;Jj; jpwikfisAk;

ntspfhl;l tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fspd; cs;sk;> cly; midj;Jk;

nray;jpwid Nehf;fp Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtjhFk;. ,jid ehd;rp

v/g; fhl; vd;gth;> ngz;fs; vy;yh tifahd nraw;ghl;Lzh;T> nghUshjhu

Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mfhPjpahd midj;J ,og;gpidAk; ePf;FtJ> ,Ujug;gl;l

ghypay; ePjpf;F KbT Ntz;Lk; vdpy;> khwhj ghypay; ePjpapypUe;J ePq;fp>

njhopy; kw;Wk; jpwikfis ntspapLk; tz;zk; ngz;fSf;F tha;g;Gfis

Vw;gLj;jp xspngwr; nra;tJ vd;gJk; rpe;jpj;J Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

2.13 ,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhW

Nkiy ehl;bdhpd; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; ,e;jpahtpy; guTtjw;F

Kd; ngz;fspd;epiy mbikepiyahfNt ,Ue;jJ. rKjhaj;jpd; rhpghjpahfp

,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs; cyf ehLfs; KOtJk; ngUk;ghYk; mbikahfNt

,Ue;jdh; vd;gijg; gz;ila cyf tuyhw;wpd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

98

Nkiyehl;Lg; ngz;fisf; fhl;bYk; ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; mDgtpj;J te;j

r%ff; nfhLikfisf; fz;l INuhg;gpa mwpQh;fSk; fpwpj;Jt epWtdq;fSk;

,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Foe;ij kzk;> gyjhu kzk;> tpjitah; epiy>

fl;lhaj; jpUkzk;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> khkpahh;fsplj;jpy; Jd;gk;> kWkz

vjph;g;G> ngz; fy;tp kWg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jdh;.

,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhW 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;

njhlq;FfpwJ vd;W ngz;zpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. njhlf;f

fhyj;jpy; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfNs ngz;fspd; rpf;fy;fisf; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L mth;fs;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; ghLgl;ldh;. Foe;ij kzk;> rjp> gh;jh Kiw> Njtjhrp Kiw

Nghd;wtw;iw xopg;gNj mth;fs; Kd;epWj;jpa Kjd;ikr; rpf;fy;fshFk;.

uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ‘rjp’ia vjph;j;Jk;> <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;

tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;Jk;> uhzNl> fhh;t; Nghd;wth;fs; ngz; fy;tp

Ntz;bAk; rPh;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltu Kw;gl;ldh;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;

nghJthd mlf;FKiwia vjph;j;jjpYk; ngz;fSf;F tpopg;Gzh;;r;rp

Cl;bajpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fhw;wpAs;sdh;.

“ngz;fspd; ,e;jpar; rq;fk; md;dpngrz;l;> khh;ful; frpd;];> Nlhujp

[Pduh[jhrh; MfpNahuhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jw;Fg;gpd; ehLKOtjpYk;

NkYk; NkYk; gw;gy khjh; mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. 1925Mk; Mz;L nghpahh;

jkpofj;jpy; Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ghh;g;gdpak; rhjpak;>

kw;Wk; jPz;lhikf; nfhLikfisAk; fLikahf vjph;j;jhh;. ngz;zbikj;

jdj;jpw;nfjpuhfj; jPtpu Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. gpwg;gpypUe;Nj ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhf

tsh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;> jhyp> kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk; vd;w %lg;gof;f

tof;fq;fisAk; ngz;fs; mwNt xJf;fpg; gbj;J Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W jd;

Ra fhypy; epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. „fw;G‟ vd;gJ Mz;fshy;>

fw;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf;fkhFk;. mijf;fl;bf; fhg;gjw;fhf ngz;fs; mbik

tho;T thoNtz;ba mtrpakpy;iy vd;W Gul;rpr; rpe;jidiag;

ngz;fspilNa tpijj;jhh;”. 35

“,t;tikg;G „];jphp jh;kh‟ vd;w ,jio Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F

Mfpa nkhopfspy; elj;jp te;jJ. ,t;tpjo; %d;W khjj;jpw;F xUKiw

99

ntspte;jJ. ,e;jpag; ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;l

,t;tpjOf;F> cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; thrfh;fs; Mjutspj;jdh; ”.36

“,t;tikg;G 1930,y; kapyhg;G+hpy; gj;J ngz;fisf; nfhz;l

„mt;it ,y;yk;‟ vd;w mehij ,y;yj;ijj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jdhy; gyh;

gadile;jdh;”.37 2.13.1 ngz;rpRf; nfhiy

xU ngz;Foe;ij gpwe;J> tsh;e;J jd; tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU

fl;;;lj;jpYk; ntt;NtWtpjkhd Jd;gq;fis mDgtpg;gjw;F khwhf> mf;Foe;ij

gpwe;jTld; nfhd;WtpLtNj mts; tho;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;thf mikAk;

vd;W fUjpNa mth;fs; ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L te;jdh;. ngz;fspd;

tho;tpw;Fk; capUf;Fk; ,Ue;j kjpg;gw;w epiyia ,t;thwhd tof;fq;fs;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2.13.2 gyjhukzk;

xU Mz;> gy ngz;fis kzf;Fk; tof;fKk; r%fj;jpy; epytpa

njhd;whFk;. ,J ngz;fspd; jho;e;j r%fepiyiaAk; Mjutw;w jd;ikiaAk;

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; ‘$ypd;’ me;jzh;fs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd

ngz;fis kze;jdh;. ,j;jifa xU Mzpd; kidtpah;> fztdpd; md;igAk;

MjuitAk; ngwNtz;bj; jq;fSf;Fs; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf

,Ue;jJ.

taJ Kjph;e;j fpotd;> ,sk;ngz;fis Mirf;fhf kzg;gJk; tof;fpy;

,Ue;jJ. mtd; ,we;jJk; mth;fs; ifk;ikf; Nfhyk; G+zNtz;ba

fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;ldh;. Mdhy;> ,jw;F khwhf xUngz; fztdhy;

vg;gbg;gl;l nfhLikfis mDgtpg;gpDk; mts; ‘fy;yhdhYk; fztd;

Gy;yhdhYk; GU\d;’ vd;Wk;> ‘fztNd fz;fz;l nja;tk;’ vd;Wk; mtidj;

njhOJ tzq;fp> mtDf;Fg; gzptpilfs; Ghpe;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;w

tpjpKiw tof;fpYs;sJ. fztd; vt;tsT jPatdhdhYk; mtd; kidtp

gpw Mltid clyhy; kl;Lkd;wp kdj;jhy;$lj; jPz;lhky; mtDf;F

cz;ikAs;stshf thoNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs;. ngz;fs;

vg;NghJk; Mz;fisr; rhh;e;Nj thoNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs;

vd;gijNa ,it vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

100

2.13.3 ngz;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;

murFyg ; ngz;fs; ntspcyf tho;tpy; gq;FngWtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mth;fSf;nfd;W jdpahd me;jg;Guq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L mth;fs; MAs;

jdpikapy; mq;NfNa fope;jJ. tPl;bd; gFjpfSk; ngz;fs; cgNahfpf;Fk;

gFjpfs; vdTk; Mz;fs; cgNahfpf;Fk; gFjpfs; vdTk; ghFgLj;jg;gl;ld.

ngz;fs; tPl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; rpy miwfSf;Fs;Ns jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tho;f;ifiaf; fopj;jdh;. jq;fs; FLk;gj;J Mz; kf;fs; Kd;ghf tUtJk;

mth;fSld; goFtJk;$l fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,t;thwhd eilKiwapdhy; ngz;fs; mile;j ,d;dy;fs; gy

cs;sd. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if tPl;bw;Fs; rpy miwfSf;Fs;Ns Klf;fp

itf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fspd; kdKk; mwpTk; tsh;r;rpaila ,f;fl;Lg;ghL

jilahf ,Ue;jJ. ntspcyff; fhw;iwg; Nghjpa msT Rthrpf;fhj ngz;fs;

gyh;. ,jdhy;> mth;fs; fhrNeha; Nghd;w gy;NtW Neha;fSf;F

Mshdhh;fs; vd;gjd;%yk;> ngz;fis vt;thW jdpikg;gLj;jp itj;jdh;

vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

2.13.4 NjtjhrpKiw

xOf;fk;> fw;G vd;Dk; fUj;Jf;fspy; MZf;nfhU ePjp ngz;Zf;nfhU

ePjp vd;w xUjiyg;gl;l ePjp tof;fpypUg;gij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;Lk;

epWtdk; Njtjhrp KiwahFk;. ,J Mz;fspd; trjpf;fhfTk; mth;fspd;

,r;iria mth;fs; tpUg;gg;gb G+h;j;jp nra;aTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xU jpl;lkhFk;.

Njtjhrp Kiwapd;gb r%fj;jpy; rpy ngz;fs; flTSf;Fr; Nrit

nra;tjw;fhfj; jhdk; nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jk; tho;f;ifapy; tpiykfspuhf

tho;e;jdh;. mjhtJ kjj;jpd; ngauhy; Mz;fs; jk; ghypay; ,d;gj;ij mth;fs;

kdjpw;Nfw;wgb mDgtpf;fr; rpy ngz;fs; gypflhthf Mf;fg;gl;ldh;.

ngz;fSff;Ff; fw;G newpia typAWj;Jk; mNj r%f epajpjhd; Njtjhrp

KiwiaAk; kjj;jpd; ngauhy; Mjhpj;jJ. ,J jq;fs; FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fspd;

fw;Gf;Ff; fsq;fk; tuhky;> mNjrkak; rpy ngz;fisg; gypahf;fp Mz;fspd;

,r;iriag; G+h;j;jp nra;a Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l MjuitAk; mspj;Jj; Jiz epd;wJ.

Njtjhrpfspd; r%fepiy Kuz;gl;l gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. mth;fs;

gpwg;G ,wg;gw;w flTsh;fisNa fztd;khh;fshf milag; ngw;wikahy;

101

‘epj;jpa Rkq;fypfshf’ mjhtJ ifk;ik epiyia tho;tpy; xUNghJk; mila

Kbahjth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;.

,t;thwhd tpjpKiwfSk; eilKiwfSk; NtW xU fUj;ijAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjhtJ fw;Gld; thOk; ngz;Zf;F ve;jtpjkhd

jdpkdpj r%f chpikAk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mtSf;Ff; fw;Gila ngz;

vd;w r%f kjpg;G kl;LNk fpilf;Fk;. fw;gpoe;J tpiykfshf tho;f;if

elj;Jk; ngz;Zf;F cyfpy; rpy chpikfis mDgtpf;Fk; rYiffs;

cz;L. Mdhy;> mts; r%fj;jpy; ,ope;jts; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; Rkf;f

Ntz;Lk;. xU ngz; tho;f;ifapy; chpikfis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;

mts; ,ope;jts; vd;w gl;lj;ij Vw;fj; jahuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

Mzhjpf;fr; r%f epajpahFk;.

2.13.5 cld;fl;il VWjy;

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; ehfhpf ehLfs;

gytw;wpy; ,Ue;jjhff; $Wfpwhh ; f.g. mwthzd;. fztDf;F Kd; kidtp

,wj;jNy ngUikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. fztd; ,we;J kidtp tho;e;jhy;

mtisf; nfhiyf; Fw;wj;jpw;Fhpats;Nghy; rKjhaj;jpy; xJf;fp itj;jdh;.

r%fg; ghJfhg;G ,d;wp mQ;rp tho;tijtpl ,wj;jNy rpwe;jJ vd;w

KbTf;Fg; ngz;bh; te;jdh;. fztNdhL jPg;ghAk; kidtpia>

“ey;Nyhs; fztndhL edpaoy; Gfp,r;

nrhy;ypil apl;l khiy epiyAk;” 38

vdj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd Mz;fspd; td;Kiwfspy; xd;Wjhd; cld;fl;il

Vw;Wjy; MFk;. ‘fztid ,oe;Njhh;f;Ff; fhl;LtJ ,y;’ vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu

thpapdhYk; ,jid mwpayhk;. fztd; ,we;jTld; cld;fl;il VWk;

ngz;fisAk; fLikahd ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;w ngz;fisAk;jhd;

mf;fhyj;jpy; fhz Kbe;jJ. jk;Kld; ,wf;Fk; kidtp> Ntiyf;fhuh;> Fjpiu

Nghd;wit jk;Kld; kWcyFf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd vd ek;gg;gl;L te;jJ. MfNt

gpujhdp xUtd; ,we;jNghJ mtd; kidtp Ntiyahsh; KjypNahUk; cld;

itj;Jf; nfhSj;jg;gl;lhh;fs; my;yJ Gijf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. kidtpia

cld;fl;il Vw;Wtjw;Fk; gpwpNjhh; fhuzKk; ,Ue;jJ. fztd; ,we;jgpd;

kidtp gpw Mltidf; fztdhff; nfhz;L tho;ths; vd;Dk; nghwhik

102

mtd; cs;sj;jpy; Fbnfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. mtdJ vz;zj;ij epiwNtw;Wk;

nghUl;L ngz; cld;fl;il Vw;wg;gl;lhs;.

fztid ,oe;j gpd;G ifk;ngz;bh; ,t;thwhd nfhLikfis

tho;f;ifapy; mDgtpf;fhJ jg;Gtjw;F xU topKiwAk; r%fj;jpy;

tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. mJ fztd; ,we;j gpd;G mtDld; cld;fl;il

VWtjhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; ,t;thwhd ifk;ik tho;T tho;tijtpl

cld;fl;il Vwp nte;J kbtNjNky; vd KbT nra;J cld;fl;il Vwj;

Jzpe;jdh;. ,t;thW tpjitfs; cld;fl;il VWtJ> tpjitfs; mf;FLk;gj;J

Mz;kf;fis mg;ngz;fspd; fw;igg; ghJfhj;J mth;fis MAs; KOtJk;

Mjhpf;Fk; nghWg;gpypUe;Jk; tpLtpf;fpd;wJ.

cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; njd;dpe;jpahittpl tl ,e;jpahtpy;

mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,uh[];jhdpy; ,g;gof;fk; kpFjpahf murf;

FLk;gq;fspy; tof;fpypUe;jJ. xU murd; Njhw;wTld; mtdJ kidtpah;

midtUk; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. ,J Ntw;wurd; mg;ngz;fis mila

KbahjthW jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; topKiwahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

2.13.6. ifk;ikepiy

,e;jpahtpy; ngz;Zf;nfd;W jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if fpilahJ. mts;

tho;tpw;F Mjhuk; fztNd. mjdhy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; thoj;

jFjpaw;wth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; ey;y

MilfisNah mzpfyd;fisNah mzpaf;$lhJ. mth;fs; caph;thoj;

Njitahd msTjhd; czT cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; mkq;fyr;

rpd;dq;fshff; fUjg;gl;L tpyf;fp itf;fg;gl;ldh;. fy;tp mwptpd;ikAk;

nghUshjhur; Rje;jpukpd;ikAk; mth;fis ,e;epiyf;Fj; js;spd. ifk;ngz;bh;

r%fj;jpy; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fistplf; Nftykhd epiyapy; tho;e;J te;jdh;.

,t;thwhd nfhLikfisf; fztDld; tho;e;J> gpd; fztid

,oe;j ngz;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ> fd;dp tpjitfSk; ,sk; Foe;ij tpjitfSk;

mDgtpj;J te;jdh;. ,jid>

“epiu,tz; je;J eLfy; Mfpa

ntd;Nty; tpliy ,d;ikapd; Gyk;gpf;

nfha;k;kop;j; jiynahL ifk;ikAwf; fyq;fpa

fopfyk; kf^cg; Nghyg;

Gy;ntd;widahy;> gy; mzp ,oe;Nj” 39

103

vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;%yk; ifk;ikf;Nfhyk; Nkw;nfhz;L nghyptope;J

Njhd;Wk; jiytpiag; gw;wpa ifk;ik epiyia mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

ifk;ngz; epiyia vz;zp tUe;jpath; jpU.tp.f. ,d;W fztid

,oe;j ngz;fis ‘tpjit’ vd;gh;. Mdhy; mjw;Fhpa Mz;ghy; nrhy; jkpopy;

,y;iy. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. Mz; ifk;ikah;

vd;w ,r;nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjyhf Mz;Ls;shh;.

ifk;ikepiy ngz;Zyfpw;Fk; MZyfpw;Fk; nghJthdJ. me;epiy

tho;tpy; ,UghyUs; vth;f;NfDk; Vw;glhky; NghfhJ. cyfpy; gy ,lq;fspy;

Mz; ifk;ikah; NghyNt ngz; ifk;ikaUk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;W

Mz;fspy; kidtpia ,oe;jtidj; jpU.tp.f. ‘Mz;ifk;ikfs;’ vd;W ngahpl;L

miof;fpwhh;.

2.14 ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd gpw nfhLikfs;

Nkw;$wg;gl;lit ,e;jpar; r%fk; KOf;fg; ngz;fisg; nghJthfg;

ghjpj;j rpf;fy;fshFk;. ,it kughff; fhyk;fhykhfj; njhlh;e;Jte;j

Mzhjpf;fj;jpdhy; tpise;jit. tujl;riz> mYtyfk; rhh;e;jit> khkpahh;-

kUkfs; rpf;fy;> Foe;ijapd;ik vd;Dk; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs; ,f;fhyg;

ngz;fSf;F cs;sd. mtw;iw vjph;nfhs;s topapy;yhky; jq;fisj;

jhq;fNs khpj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; gpwuhy; vhpf;fg;gLtJk; vdg; ngz;fs; tho

Kbahj #oy; epyTfpwJ. ,jid>

“xUj;jp / fztd; fpilf;fhjjhy;

fre;JNgha;g; gpzkhf / ,d;ndhUj;jp

fztdhy; tho;f;if / fre;JNgha;g; gpzkhf” 40

vd;Dk; thpfs; tujl;riz nfhLf;fg; gzk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk;

mDrhpj;J thoyhk; vd;Dk; kdk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk; ngz;fs; tho;f;if

Gije;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhh; ftpQh; nghd;kzp.

gbf;fhj ngz;fs; gbj;jpUe;jhy; guthapy;iy vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;.

gbj;j ngz;fs; gbf;fhkypUe;jhyhtJ guthapy;iy vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;.

,r;rKjhaj;jpy; gbj;jth;fs;> gbf;fhjth;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; xNu epiyjhd;

cs;sjhfg; nghd;kzp fUJfpwhh;. Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; rhpepfh; vdr; rkj;Jtk;

NgRtnjy;yhk; Vl;lstpy;jhd;. Mdhy;>

“ngz;fSf;Fr; / RLfhLk;…. / Mz;fSf;Fr;

104

nrhh;f;fKk; / Mfh! vd;d rkj;JtNjrk;!?” 41

vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfs; ,d;Dk; jPutpy;iy.

ngz; Nghfg;nghUs;jhd; vd;gJk; Mz;fSf;F kl;Lk;jhd; ,e;j cyftho;f;if

nrhh;f;fk; vd;gJk; ngz;fSf;F ,J RLfhL vd;gJk; czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

2.14.1 ghujpjhrd;

ghujp topte;j ghujpjhrd; ‘tpjitfSf;Fg; GJtho;T juNtz;Lk;’

vd;w Nghh;f;Fuiy vOg;gpdhh;. ,jid>

“Nfhhpf;if mw;Wf; fplf;F jz;Nz ,q;F

Nthpw; gOj;j gyh” 42

vd;W tpjitfSf;fhfg; ghbdhh;.

ngz; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;Gtiu gy;NtW epiyfspYk; mbikg;

gl;bUg;gijf; fz;L xt;nthU epiyapYk; ngz;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;J

iuf;fpd;whh;.

vy;NyhUk; Mz; Foe;ijapd; gpwg;igf; nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUe;j

fhyj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijapd; gpwg;igg; nghpjhf kfpo;e;J nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.

ghujpjhrdpd; FLk;g tpsf;F ehd;fhk; gFjpapy; kyh;f;Foyp jd; kfSf;F

vd;d Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; vd;W Nfl;f> mq;fpUe;j nghpath; xUth; ngz;

gpwe;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh; vd;W Nfl;fpwhh;. mjw;F>

“kz;zpy; gl;lhy; khRgLk; vd;W vd;

fz;zpy; itj;Nj fhg;Ngd; Iah” 43

vd;W kfpo;NthL ngz; gpwg;ig Vw;gjhfr; nrhy;tJld;>

“ngz; Foe;ij! ngz; Foe;ij! vd;gjhd

Ngr;nrhd;W Nfl;fpd;whh; Mlth;fs;

nga; vd;w cyFf;Fg; nga;j thd;Nghy

fPo;nrd;W Foe;ijaOk; xypAk; Nfl;lhh;

fpspnkhopahs; kyh;f;FoYk; ntspapy;te;J

%r;NrhLk; moNfhLk; ngz; Foe;ij

Kj;Jg;Nghy; gpwe;jJ jha; eyNk vd;whs;” 44

vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; ngz; Foe;ijg; gpwg;igj; Njitahd fhyj;jpy;

cyfpw;Fg; nga;j ngUkio Nghy vd;W nfhz;lhb kfpo;tjhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

105

NkYk; fw;fz;L> ntw;wpiy> fspg;ghf;F> thiog;gok; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhLj;Jj;

jk;kfpo;itg; gfph;e;J nfhz;ljhfTk; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

Mzha;g; gpwe;jhy; kfpo;e;J ngz;zha;g; gpwe;jhy; ntWj;J xJf;fpa

rKjhaj;jpy;>

“%lj;jdj;jpd; Kilehw;wk; tPRfpd;w

fhL kzf;f tUk; fw;G+ug; ngl;lfNk!” 45

vd;W ghb ngz;ikf;F cah;T Njbj;je;jhh;.

“eha; vd;W ngz;iz etpy;thh;f;Fk; ,g;Gtpf;Fj;

jha; vd;W fhl;lj; jkpoh;f;F tha;j;jtNs!” 46

vd;W ngz; gpwg;ig ehahff; fUJk; cyfj;Jf;nfy;yhk; mts; jha;

vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

ngz; fy;tpngw mth;fsJ ngw;Nwhh;fNs jilaha; ,Ue;J

tUfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa ngw;Nwhiug; ghh;j;J>

“ngw;w ey; je;ijaNu - ek; / ngz;fisf; fw;f itg;gPNu

,e;ehs; ngz; fy;tpahNy -Kd;Ndw /Ntz;Lk; itaNkNy” 47

vd;w thpfspy; ngz;fis tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns G+l;bitj;J> mts; fy;tpngwj;

jil nra;ahjPh; vd;fpwhh;.

ghujpjhrd; Fwpj;J vOjg;gl;l ftpijnahd;wpy; mtuJ ngz;

rpe;jidfshd tpjit kWkzk;> ngz;fy;tp Kjypad Fwpj;Jg; ghuhl;Lg;

gj;jpuk; thrpf;fpwhh;.

“mLg;gq;fiunad;Dk; / mdy; epyj;jpy; / gjpakpl;l

ghpjhg Nuh[hf;fSf;Fr; / Rje;jpu ntspr;rk;

nrhy;yp;j; je;jtd; / ePay;yth?” 48

vd;W xw;iwthpapy; mtuJ ngz;zpaf; FuYf;F mq;fPfhuk; nfhLj;JtpLfpwhh;

nghd;kzp.

2.14.2 nghpahh;

,d;W ngz;zpak; NgRNthUf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ngz;zbikj;jdj;ijr;

Rl;bf;fhl;b ‘ngz; Vd; mbikahdhs;?’ vd;Dk; E}y; %ykhfTk; kw;Wk;

jd; fl;Liufs; %ykhfTk; ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;lth; je;ij nghpahh;.

rikayiwf;Fs; rkhjpaile;Jtpl;l ngz;fspd; jtq;fisf; fiyj;J

106

tpLjiyf;fhw;iw mth;fs; Rthrpf;fg; Nghuhbath; nghpahh;. ngz;

chpikfSf;Ff; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. mth; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ngz;fSf;fhd

chpikf;Fuy;fs; vOe;jd vd;gij>

“ePz;lfhykha; / epyf;fhpaha;f; fple;j ngz;fs;

itf;fk; tPudpd; / tUiff;Fg; gpd;Gjhd;

itukha; Mdhh;fs;” 49

vd;Dk; mbfspy; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G ,e;ehd;Fk;

ngz;Zf;Fhpad vd;w kuig cilf;fr; nrhd;dth;. ghy;a tpthfj;ijAk;

nghUe;jh kzj;ijAk; xopf;fg; Nghuhbdhh;. tpjitfs; kWkzj;jpw;F

Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhh;. ngz; fy;tp xd;Nw mth;fSf;Fs; Gul;rp

kdg;ghd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.

2.14.3 ngz;fspd; mbik epiy

Mz;fSf;F ,izahd chpikfSk; ,lKk; ngz;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Fuy; gyfhykhf xypf;fg;gl;L tUtJld; mjw;fhd

Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gyUk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;iwa ngz;fSf;F

,d;Dk; me;epiy fpilf;ftpy;iy. MhpaUila kDE}ypy; ngz;fspd;epiy

kpf ,opTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘ngz;fs; ngha;iag;Nghy ghtKilath;fs;.

Mz;fis mRj;jQ;nra;tNj ngz;fspd; ,ay;G. ngz; vg;nghOJNk

tpLjiyaile;jpUf;fj; jFjpaw;wts;’ ,it kD $Wk; rl;lq;fs; MFk;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk;tiu ngz;fs; kugpd; ngauhy;

mlf;FKiwapidj; njhlh;e;J mDgtpj;J te;jdh;. FLk;gj;ijf;

fl;bf;fhg;gjw;Fg; ngz;zplk; nghWik mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. Mdhy;

mts; tho;T KO epiwtilatpy;iy. fztDf;Fg; gpd; J}q;fp Kd;

vOjy;> fztd; cz;lgpd; jhd; cz;Zjy;> jdf;fpy;yhtpbDk; fztDf;Ff;

nfhLj;jy;> Mz;fSf;F mlq;fp tho;jy; Nghd;w tud;Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.

,e;epiyf;F vjpuhf Mz;fs; nray;gLtij>

“mlq;fpf; fplf;fpwJk; gzpQ;rp elf;fwJk;

Mf;fwJk; fhf;fwJk; ehq;f - cz;

lhf;fwJk; fhf;fwJk; ehq;f - mij

mbr;rpg; gwpf;fpwJk; mLj;Jf; nfLf;fpwJk;

ml;lfhrk; gz;ZwJk; ePq;f” 50

107

vd;W ghLfpwhh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;.

xUth; MzhfNth ngz;zhfNth gpwe;Jtpl;lhy; ,aw;if Vw;gLj;jp

aijtpl r%fk;jhd; mth;fis me;je;jg; ghypay;GfSld; cUthf;FfpwJ

vd;W ngz;zpathjpfs; fUJfpwhh;fs; ngz;fshfg; gpwg;gjw;F jtk;

nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>

“kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y

khjtk; nra;jply; Ntz;Lkk;kh” 51

vd;whh; ftpkzp. Mdhy;> rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; kpfg; ghpjhgj;jpw;F

chpath;fshfNt kjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. xUngz; rpWkpahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> tsh;e;jgpd; cld;gpwe;jtUf;Fk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;

fztZf;Fk; kfidg; ngw;W mtd; tsh;e;jgpd; kfDf;Fk; mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk;

epiy ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;jhd; ghujpjhrDk;$l>

“ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRe; jpUehl;by;

kz;zbik jPh;j;J tUjy; Kaw;nfhk;Ng” 52

vd;W ghbdhh;.

ghujp tpLjiyf;Fk;kp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghba ghly;fspy; ngz;

tpLjiyia ikag;gLj;jpg; ghbdhh;. tpLjiy ngw;Wtp;l;ljha;g; ngz;fis

tPuf;Fk;kp nfhl;lr; nrhd;dhh; ghujp. mth; tpUk;gpa tpLjiy ,d;W

rhj;jpag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;why; ,y;iy vdyhk;. ngz;Zhpik> ngz;tpLjiy

vdg; NgRk; Mz;fSf;Fk;; KO Rje;jpuk; toq;Fk; vz;zk; mbkdj;jpy;;

,y;iy. ngz;zpak; NgRk; ngz;fSk; fhyk;fhykhf te;j kuGfspypUe;J

kPsKbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. goikapy; Cwpath;fNsh mbikj;jdj;Jf;F

mOj;jk; nfhLg;gth;fshf cs;sdh;. ,e;epiyapy; ngz;zbik ePq;FtJ

vq;qdk; rhj;jpak; vd epidj;J>

“ngz;zpd; iffspy; / tisay;fNshL

tpyq;FfisAk; / G+l;bapUf;FnkhU

ngha;r;r%fj;jpy; / MNtrf;Fk;kp / mbg;gnjg;gb?” 53

vd;w tpdhit vOg;Gfpwhh; ituKj;J.

‘New;W ,d;W ehis’ vd;w ftpijapy; ngz; Kf;fhyq;fspYk;

mtsJ epiy vj;jifajha; ,Ue;jJ@ ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;gij czh;j;j

Kad;wpUf;fpwhh;. New;iwa ngz; muz;kidapy; tho;e;jhYk; Rje;jpukpd;wp

108

me;jg;Guj;jpy; mbikaha;f; fhyk; fopj;jts;jhd;. murd; tpUk;Gk;NghJ

mtUf;F kfpo;;r;rpiaf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfTk;> thhpR cUthf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;

kl;LNk ngz; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhs; vd;W md;iwa rKjhak; fUjpapUe;jJ.

,d;iwa ngz;Nzh jd;dplk; ,dpikahfg; Ngrp jd;id

mDgtpj;Jtpl;L Vkhw;w epidf;Fk; Mzplk; vjph;tpidahw;Wfpwhs;. MZk;

ngz;Zk; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;Wk; my;yJ goFk; #oy; kpFjpahf cs;s ,d;iwa

epiyapy; ,j;jifa ghypay; epfo;Tfs; Vuhsk; vd;whYk; ghjpf;fg;gLgts;

ngz;jhd;. Mz;fs; ,jid tpgj;J vdf; fUjp tpyf;fptplr; nrhd;dhYk;

ngz;Zf;F vjph;fhy tho;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kd;dh;fhyg; ngz;fisg;Nghy;

,y;yhky; vjph;j;Jg; Ngr Kbahky; ,d;iwa ngz;fs; mjw;fhf epahak;

Nfl;Lg; Nghuhlj; Jzpe;jth;fshf cs;sdh; vd;gij>

“fs;s kd;kjh! / cyfwpa khiyapL

,y;iyNay; / cd; njUKidapy;

Ch;$l;bj; / jpwe;jntspapy; gpurtpg;Ngd;” 54

vd;w ftpijapy; ftpQh; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

ehisa ngz; chpikf;fhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mizg;Nghy

mtSk; cly; cwitNah jha;ikiaNah nghpa epfo;thff; fUjkhl;lhs;.

thhpR cUthf;fk; vd;Dk; jha;ikg; gz;G GdpjkhdJ vd;W Nghw;wpf;

nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhs;. ,jid>

“gpurtr; nryT eP Vw;gpd; / ngw;Wj; jUNtd; vd;

rijg;gpk;gk; / Rkf;fNth / fiyf;fNth / , nkapy; mDg;G” 55

vd;w mbfspy; MZf;Ff; fl;lis ,Lgtshf khwptpLths; vd;gJ

ftpQhpd; vjph;ghh;g;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;tpAk; gpw tha;g;GfSk; tha;f;fg;

ngWk;NghJ ngz;fSf;F ,j;jifa epiy if$lyhk; vd;fpwhh;.

2.14.4 ngz;fspd; fy;tpepiy

xU ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;jhd; mlq;fpAs;sJ.

vdNt ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT ngw;W midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;

vd;W jiyth;fSk;> ftpQh;fSk; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. mjdhy;jhd; ghujpahh;>

“gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk;

ghhpdpy; ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk;

vl;L kwptpdpy; MZf; fpq;Nfngz;

109

,isg;gpy;iy fhz;” 56

vd;W ghbdhh;. ghujpjhrDk; mtiutpl xUgb NkNy nrd;W>

“fy;tp ,y;yhj ngz;fs; fsh;epyk;

me;epyj;jpy; / Gy; tpise;jplyhk;

ey;y Gjy;th;fs; tpistjpy;iy” 57

vd;w ftpijapy; ngz; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig cah;TgLj;jpg; ghbAs;shh;.

fw;w ngz;fs; fztid kjpf;fkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJk; fy;yhj ngz;fs;

kWj;Jf; $wkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJk; rKjhaj;jpy; epyTk; fUj;Jfs;. ,it

Vw;ff;$bad my;y. ngz;fs; fw;why;jhd; vq;Fk; nry;y KbAk;. vthplj;Jk;

gofKbAk;> vijAk; nra;aKbAk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhff; Foe;ijfspd;

fy;tpapy; Mh;tk; fhl;LtJk; fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJk; jhNa Mths;. Foe;ijfspd;

mwpT tsh;r;rpf;Fj; J}z;LNfhyhf tpsq;Fk; ngz;zpw;Ff; fy;tp kpfkpf

mtrpakhfpwJ.

ngz;fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ Fwpj;J Nkw;fz;l ftpQh;fs; ,UtUk;

gjpT nra;jpUg;gjpypUe;J mf;fhyg; ngz;fy;tp Fwpj;J ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

ghujp> ghujpjhrd; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; ,e;epiy ePbj;jJ vd;gij

fPo;tUk; nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

“mts; / rhjk; gilj;jhNy NghJk;

Ntjk; gbf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W / kiwf;fg;gl;lJ kiw

mLg;gpw;Fs; fhpj;Jz;lha; / mts; khpj;jpUe;jhs;” 58

ngz;fy;tp Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;lgpwF fy;tp fw;Fk;

ngz;fspd;epiy cah;e;Js;sJ. rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Gtiu$l ghy;a

tpthfk; Kjyhd ngz;zbikj;jdk; epytpajhy; ngz; fy;tp Klf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jid>

“gd;dpuz;Lf;Fs;Ns / fy;tpf;F %Ltpoh

vz;zpuz;L Kbtjw;Fs; / kidkhl;rpj; jpwg;Gtpoh” 59

vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

ngz;fy;tp ngw;w ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;Zf;Ff; fy;tp

kWf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisT czug;gLfpwJ. ,jid>

“E}w;whz;L E}w;whz;lha; / milj;jpUe;j fjit

fhyk; cilj;Jj; jpwe;jgpd; / cz;ik Ghpe;jJ

110

mts; xspj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xsp!” 60

vd;w thpfspd; thapyhf Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

2.14.5 ngz; tpLjiy

FLk;gk;> r%fk;> njhopy;> epWtdq;fspd; ngz;zlf;F Kiwj;

jisfspypUe;J kPl;rp ngWjNy ngz; tpLjiy MFk;. ngz;fSf;Ff;

fy;tp> Ntiy> jpwd;fs;> ntsp cyfpw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;wit kWf;fg;gl;ld.

mjdhy; ngz; Mizr; rhh;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

ngz;fSf;F NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l chpikfs; fpilj;jhy;jhd; ngz;fspd;

r%fepiy caUk;. Mz; ngz; ,UghyhpilNa Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kiwe;J

rkj;Jtk; rhj;jpakhFk;.

‘ngz;ik nty;f vd;W $j;jpLNthklh’ vd;W Koq;fpdhh; ghujp.

ngz;zpak;> ngz; fy;tp> ngz; tpLjiy vd;Dk; vOr;rpf; Fuy; vq;Fk;

Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wfhykpJ. Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhak; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s fztd;

nra;Ak; jtWfisj; jl;bf;Nfl;Fk; Jzptpy;yhJ tha; %bf;fplg;gNj fw;G

vd;why; mj;jifa fw;Ng Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,jid>

“njhl;L khiyapl;Nlhh; Njhifaiuf; $bagpd;

tpl;Lg; gphpe;J NtWjpir NghdhYk;

fz;zPiuj; jpdk; rpe;jpf; fz;%b tho;tJjhd;

ngz;bh;f;Ff; fw;ngd;W Ngrpdhy; mf;fw;Ng

,e;j cyfj;jpy; ,y;yh njhopal;Lk;!” 61

vd;w mbfspy; jdf;Fj; jhNd tpyq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; ngz;iz

tpkh;rpf;fpwhh;.

ngz;fs; jq;fs; Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy;

ntspg;gLj;jhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy; mjdhy; gy rpf;fy;fisr; re;jpf;f NehpLk;

vd;gij fz;zfpapd; nrayhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.

“mwk;ghb@ kJiu murd; Gfo;rhbj;

jpwk;ghLk; / G+efiuj; jPahy; vhpj;jhNa!

mj;jpwj;ijr; Nrhzhl;by; mZtsT fhl;b epd;why;

rj;jpahkha; tho;tpy; jsph;j;Jr; nropj;jpUg;gha;!” 62

vd;w ftpijapd; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s tpyq;Ffisj; jhq;fNs cilf;f

111

Ntz;Lk;. jd;idj;jhNd fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jhkjk; Vw;gl;lhy;

tho;tpy; kpfg;nghpa rhptpidr; re;jpf;f Ntz;btUk; vd;fpwhh;. ,jid>

“Rarpe;jid cs;s / NjhopaNu! / ePq;fs;

kdpjh;fspd; tuyhw;iw / kWghh;it nra;Aq;fs;!

nfhbfshk; ePq;fs;! / nfhbfs; jhk;

nfhk;gpidj; Njbf; / fhw;wpy; miyAk;

fhl;Lf; nfhbay;y / ,e;ehl;bd;

Njrpaf; nfhbnad;W / njhpag;gLj;Jq;fs;

md;dq;fshk; ePq;fs;! / md;dq;fs; jhk;

Mdhy; … / ghypypUe;J jz;zPiu ay;y

tp\j;ijNa gphpj;njLf;Fk; / tpj;jpahr md;dq;fs;” 63

vd;Dk; thpfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,d;iwa ngz;fs; jhq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; epiy

Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J mjpypUe;J kPz;L tuj; njhpahjth;fsy;yh;. Mz;fspd;

Kd;dhy; jiyiaf; Fdpe;J nfhz;L mth;fs; ,l;l Vty;fisr;

nra;gth;fsy;yh;. jd; epiyapypUe;J khwp jdf;fhd chpikfisg;ngw

Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kidg;GlNdNa cs;sdh; vd;gijg; nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd;>

“$l;Lg;GO Nghyf; / FWfpf; fplf;fpNwd;

gl;lhk;G+r;rp eP / gFj;jwpe;J nrhy;thah?” 64

vd;w ftpij thpfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2.14.6 tujl;riz

ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; nfhLikfisg; ngz;zpaj;jpw;fhd

jilfs; vdyhk;. tWik fhuzkhfj; jq;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk;

nra;J nfhLf;f ,ayhj ngw;Nwhhh;fs; mth;fisf; NfhapYf;F mh;g;gzpj;

jikiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fpwp];jt kjk; ,d;Wk; mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l

ngz;fSf;F czT> cil> ciwAs;> fy;tp Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLj;J

Ngzp tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gpw gilg;GfspYk; tujl;rizg; gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzh;Tfis Fwpj;J Vuhskhf vOjpAk; vOjpAk;$l tujl;riz

xope;jghby;iy. tujl;riz vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf

Mfptpl;lJ. tujl;riz nfhLf;f Kbahky; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F Rikahf>

112

Kjph;fd;dpahf thOk; ngz;fspd; mtyepiy ek; neQ;ir neUg;ghf;FfpwJ.

,t;tujl;riz nfhLikia>

“Kd;ngy;yhk; / Mz;lhs; gbf;fr; nrhd;d

mg;gh / ,d;W / gl;bdj;jhUk; / guthapy;iy vd;fpwhh;.

me;jr; rPij / rpe;jpf;fpwhs; / ,e;j

tujl;riz tpy;iy / tisg;gJ ahh;?” 65

vd;w mbfspy; ngz;Zf;F vjpuhd r%ff; nfhLikfisf; fz;L nghq;Fk;

NfhgKk; ngz;zpdj;jpd; kPjhd mf;fiwAk; ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

gbj;J Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,d;W tujl;riz xU

rpf;fyhf ,Ug;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

2.14.7 Kjph;fd;dp

tujl;rizf; nfhLikahy; Kjph;;fd;dpfs; cUthfpd;wdh;. Kjph;fd;dp

vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny kdjpy; typia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngz;fspd; ,e;j

epiyikf;F tujl;riz xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpy Neuq;fspy;

ngw;Nwhh;fSk; fhuzkhfptpLfpd;wdh;. ngz;izg; ngw;wth;fs; jd;

ngz;Zf;F Vw;w tud; vd;W fhh;> gq;fsh cs;std;> gjtpAs;std;>

gzf;fhud; vd;Nw ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. xU Vio thypgd; vd;whYk; gz;Gs;s

igadhf ,Uf;fpd;whdh vd;W ghh;g;gjpy;iy. mth;;fspd; ,e;jj; Njlypy;

fhy Xl;lj;jpy; gypahff; $bath;fs; ngz;fNs vd;gij>

“ngj;jtq;f rypr;rhq;f / kj;jtq;f ntWj;jhq;f

tpf;fhj ruf;Fd;D / tPjpnay;yhQ; rphpr;rhq;f” 66

vd;w thpfs; %yk; Kjph;fd;dpapd; epiyiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

jpUkzkhf Ntz;ba tajpy; mJelf;fhky; Kg;gj;ije;J taJtiu

jpUkzj;jpw;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; xU ngz;zpd; Vf;fk; ek; kdijf; fhag;

gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. ,jid>

“fz;zPhpy; fiue;jJ / fz;ik kl;Lkh?

,sikAk;… / ,sikAk;…

Kjypy; epw;fg;NghtJ / vJ / khjtpyf;fh?

cd; %r;rh? / vq;fpUf;fpwha; / vd; \h[`hd;?

,we;j gpd;Nd / jh[;kfhy; Ntz;lhk;

,Uf;Fk;NghNj / xU Fbir nfhL” 67

113

vd;Dk; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;Fj; jha;ik vd;gJ xd;Wjhd;

rpwg;igj; jUtjhf Mz; rKjhak; epidf;fpwJ. ngz;fshy; NtW

vt;tpjj;jpYk; gad; ,y;iy vd;gNj nrhj;Jilikr; rKjhaj;jpd; fUj;J.

mJ ,d;Wtiu epyTfpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; nghpahh;$l ngz;fs;; fUg;igia

vLj;Jtpl;lhy; ngz;zbik jPh;e;JtpLk; vd;whh;. Mzpd; thhpR cUthf;fj;

Jf;Ff; fjtilg;G nra;Jtplr; nrhd;dhh;. Foe;ij ngWtJk; Mzhy;

,aYnkdpy; Kjph;fd;dpg; ngz;fSf;F tho;f;if vd;gJ ,ayhjjhfptpLk;.

,jid>

“gps;is ngwNt / Mzpd;W ,aYnkdpy;

,ayhNjh tho;Tngw?” 68

vd;w mbfspy; Kjph;fd;dp xUj;jp Gyk;GtJ ,ij cWjpnra;fpwJ.

2.14.8 FLk;g tho;f;if

FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;G ntspg;ghh;itf;F Mokhfj; njhpaf;$ba

,Oj;J %lg;gl;lnjhU myq;fhuk;. ,J MZf;Fmjpfkhd chpikiaf;

nfhLj;J> ngz;Zf;F ‘xj;Jg;Nghjy;’ vd;w mstpNyNa cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

“FLk;gj;jpd; mjpfhu mikg;G KiwapYk; MZf;Nf Kjd;ikaplk;

mspg;gjhy; ngz;fs; kdj;jpy; jho;T kdg;ghd;ik cUthfpwNjad;wp

jiyik kdg;ghd;ik Njhd;Wtjpy;iy”.69 gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpapd;

fhuzkhff; fztDf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;T ngz;fspd;

kdj;jpy; gbe;J tpLfpwJ.

“FLk;gk; cyfj;ijf; FLk;gkhf epidf;Fk; Mw;wiyj; juhky;

mijf; fpzwhf Mf;fp> ngz;fis NkYk; fpzw;Wj; jtisfshf Mf;Fk;

mDgtj;ijNa jUfpwJ” 70 vd;gh;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; xUngz;

thoNtz;ba ,lk; mtsJ fztdJ tPL. Mq;F vt;tsT nfhLikfs;

epfo;e;jhYk; jdJ fztdJ tPl;iltpl;L tUtijr; r%fk;

mq;fPfhpg;gjpy;iy. “FLk;g epWtdj;jpy; ngz;fis mbikg;gLj;Jk;

kw;nwhU fhuzp Foe;ijg;NgW” 71 vd;gh;. jha;ik vd;w ngahpy; ngz;fs;

mjpfkhf Raj;ij ,oe;J mbikapy; rpf;fpj; jtpf;fpd;wdh;. Mjypd;

ngz;fs; Xh; vy;iyf; Nfhl;Lf;Fs; epw;fg; gofptpLfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa

vy;iyAzh;T mth;fSila elkhl;lg; gug;gpid kpfTk; RUf;fp tpLfpwJ.

114

ngz;iz Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa jha;topr; r%f mikg;G rpijf;fg;gl;L

je;ijtopr; r%fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJ ngz; MZf;Ff; fPohdtsha;>

,uz;lhk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhs;. nrhj;JhpikAk; thhpR cUthf;fYNk

,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshapd. ,q;F ‘ngz; cly;’ Mzpd; cilik

ahf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J ngz;zpd; ghypay;

chpik kPjhd xLf;FKiwf;F mbj;jskpl;lJ. jha;ik Gdpjkhdjhff;

fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it midj;Jk; jpUkzk; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,jd;

%yk; ngz; Mzpd; Mirfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;gtshfTk; thhpRfis

cUthf;FgtshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;lhs;. Gjpa fl;Lg;ghLfSk;> rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;

ngz;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;ld. Mz; tpUk;gpathW cUthf;fg;gl;l gbkkhfNt

ngz; ,Ue;jhs;. “,e;jr; r%f mikg;gpy; ve;j xU ngz;Zk;

tsh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSf;nfd;Nw jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpuj;Nafkhd mr;rpy;

thh;f;fg;gLfpwhs;” 72 vd;w ghujpapd; $w;W ,q;F nghUj;jKilajhfpwJ.

FLk;gk; vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; MZk;ngz;Zk; rhpepfh; rkhdkhf

tpsq;Fk;NghJjhd; me;j ,y;ywk; rpwf;Fk;. “Mzhjpf;fj;ij xJf;fpa

MZk; ngz;Zk; rk chpikAld; ,ize;J tho;tjhfpa ,y;yw tho;Tk;>

r%f tho;Tk; ngz;zpaj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;”.73 Mdhy;> ,d;W FLk;g

mikg;G mt;thW ,y;iy. ngz;zpd; czh;Tfs;> Mirfs;> vz;zq;fs;

kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSila tpUg;gq;fs; nghRf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

FLk;gg; ngz;fSf;fhd flikfs; ,d;dpd;d vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

fhyfl;lj;jpy; mf;flikfis nra;tjpy; kl;LNk ftdkhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ve;j nray; Fwpj;Jk; fUj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhd chpik mtSf;F

toq;fg;gl;ljpy;iy. ,e;epiy ,d;Wk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd FLk;gq;fspy; ePbj;J

tUfpwJ vd;gij>

“Fz;^rpr; rpe;jidf;Fk; / FLk;gj;jpy; ,lkpy;iy

flikfspd; nehprYf;Fs; / fhzhky; NghNdd;” 74

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

ngz;fspd; gy;NtW epiyfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ftpQh; ituKj;J

FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; kidtp vd;Dk; me;j];jpy; ngz; gLk; mtyq;fis

vLj;Jf;fhl;lj; jtwtpy;;iy. ,jid>

“ghtk; kidtp! ,e;j / ,y;ywf; fphpf;nfl;by;

115

fl;byiwf;Fk; rikayiwf;Fk; / ud;fs; vLj;njLj;Nj

uzkha;g; Nghdhs;” 75

vd;w thpfspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. NkYk;>

“fy;ahzj; JwT G+z;L / ngw;NwhUf;F

Kjy;Njjp / mKjRugpfsha;” 76

vd;Dk; thpfs; %ykhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if vd;gJ jpUkzk;>

Foe;ijfs; ngWtJ> tsh;g;gJ> jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;shky; gzpf;Fr;

nrd;W rk;ghjpg;gJ vd;Dk; rpe;jid ek;kplk; ,Uf;Fk;tiu ngz;zpd;

epiy khwg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;fpwhh;.

ngz;zbikj;jdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,Ug;gplkhf FLk;g epWtdk;

cs;sJ. ,f;FLk;g epWtdk; jpUkz cwTfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

ngz; vspjpy; tpLgl ,ayhj tifapy; gpizf;fg;gLfpwhs;. jpUkzj;jpw;F

Kd; je;ijapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;Sk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDf;F

mbgzpe;Jk; taJ Kjph;e;Jk; kfDf;F mlq;fpAk; thoNtz;ba tifapy;

Mz; mjpfhu ikak; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“kdpj r%fk; jd; ghy; ce;Jjiy xU epWtd mikg;gpw;Fs;

epiwT nra;Jnfhs;s Vw;gLj;jpa KiwNa jpUkzkhFk;” 77 vd;fpwhh;

gf;jtj;ry ghujp. ek; r%f mikg;gpy; jpUkz cwT jtph;f;ftpayhjJ.

ngz;Zf;F Mzpd; Jizapyhd jpUkz tho;Nt r%f kjpg;igg;

ngw;Wj;jUtjhff; fUj;jpay;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MfNt ngz;Zf;Fj;

jpUkzk; vd;gJ mtSila tpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ.

fl;Lg;ghLfNshL tsh;f;fg;gl;l ngz;Zf;F ‘jpUkzk;’ XusT Rje;jpuj;ijj;

jUk; vd;w vjph;ghh;g;G ,ay;ghf mike;JtpLfpwJ. Mdhy;> Mz; mjpfhu

ikakhf khw;wk; ngWtNj ‘jpUkz’ cwTfspy;jhd; njhlq;FfpwJ.

ngz;zpd; kfpo;r;rpia KOtJk; tpOq;fptpLk; epiyahf ,Ug;gJ

jpUkzk;. mjw;F Kd;Gtiu ,Ue;j mtSila tho;f;if Kiw khwp

kfpo;r;rpiag; gwpnfhLj;jtshfptpLfpwhs;. ‘Gd;dif njhiyj;j r%fk;’

vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;j ftpijnahd;wpy; ftpQh; fz;nlLj;j Gd;dif

xd;iw chpathplk; xg;gilf;f tpUk;gp xt;nthUthplKk; Nfl;fpwhh;. NgUe;J

xd;wpy; mkh;e;jpUe;j tajhd %jhl;baplk; Nfl;lNghJ mts;>

“K$h;j;jj;jpy; njhiyj;jJ kfNd

116

KjypuTf;Fs; ,we;jpUf;Fk;” 78

vd;W gjpy; mspf;fpwhs;. ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpahf ,e;j %jhl;bia

itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fs; ,y;yw tho;f;ifapy;

kfpo;r;rpiaj; njhiyj;jth;fs;jhNd xopa kfpo;e;jth;fs; ,y;iy vdyhk;.

nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; ‘fz;Zf;F epoy; moF’ ftpijapYk; ,Nj

fUj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid>

“jpUkzj;jpw;Fr; rphpj;jNjhL

jpUk;gTk; rphpf;f Kbahky; Nghdjhy;

kzg;glj;ij epidTr; rpd;dkha;

kidr;Rth;fs; khl;bapUf;Fk;” 79

vd;Dk; thpfs; ituKj;Jtpd; fUj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gdthf cs;sd.

nghd;kzp ituKj;Jtpd; ngz;zpak; NgRk; ftpijfspy; rpy

ngz;zbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgrpdhYk;> rpy

ftpijfspy; kuG kPwhj ngz;zhf ,Uj;jiy tpUk;GtdthfTk; cs;sd.

fhyk; fhykhff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUk; ngz;Zf;fhd Fzq;fs; Ngzg;gLtij

tpUk;Gk; mth; mj;jifa Fzq;fshy; GFe;j tPl;bw;Fk; gpwe;j tPl;bw;Fk;

ngUikj; Njbj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhh;. ,jid>

“cd; jpwik / nghWik / mwpntd;Dk;

%d;whYk; / GFe;j tPl;by; / epiyNgW ePnfhs;” 80

vd;Dk; ftpijapd; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpwhh;. ngz; fy;tp fw;W

rpwg;gile;jpUe;jhYk; mts; nghWikahf ,Ue;J ew;nganuLf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;Dk; r%fj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;igf; ftpQUk; vjph;ghh;f;fpwhh;.

2.14.9 ngz; tsh;g;G

cyfk; KOtJk; ‘ghy;tif’ vd;gJ Mz;> ngz;iz mjpfhuk;

nra;Ak; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. Mz; jdf;Fhpa r%ff;fsdhf ,uhZtk;>

njhopw;rhiy> murpay;> ePjp> njhopy;El;gk;> fy;tp Nghd;wtw;iwj;

njhpe;Jnfhz;L jd;id Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ngz;Zf;F ‘,y;yk;’

vd;gij chpajhf;fp mjw;Fs; mtisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. “n`l;ypf;lhd;

kw;Wk; Mypd;ry;iud; cs;spl;l ngz;zpathjpfs; „ghypay; mbikj;jdk;

(Sexual Slavery) vd;gJ gw;wp tphpthfg; NgRfpd;wdh;. ,r;rKjhak;

ngz;fisg; „ngz;zhf khW> ngz;zhfNt ,U> ngz;zhfNt tho;‟ vd;W

117

nrhy;ypr; nrhy;;yp mth;fis mbik tho;tpw;F cl;gLj;jptpLfpwJ”81

Mzpdk; ngz;zpdj;ij mtyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mJ gytifapYk;

MSikia epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

“Mz;kfd; cuDilatdhf (The Strerner Sex) ngUikf;Fhpatdhf

(The Renowned Sex) cUthf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ngz;kfs; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;

vd;w ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L moFilatshf (The Fair Sex)>

,uf;fKilatshf (The Gentle Sex), nky;ypashf (The Softer Sex)>

czh;r;rpia mlf;Fk; Mw;wy; mw;wtshf / nray;jpwdw;wtshf (The

Weaker Sex) cUthf;fg;gLfpwhs;.” 82

rpWtajpypUe;Nj ngz;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

Mz;fisg; Nghd;W ,ay;ghf mth;fs; tsuKbtjpy;iy. “fj;jhpj;J

xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk; nrbfisg; Nghd;Nw mth;fSk; mt;tg;NghJ jzpf;if

tho;TKiwf;F cl;glNtz;batuhfpd;wdh;”.83

Foe;ij tsh;g;gpy; ngz; Foe;ijfSf;nfd rpy kuGfs; cs;sd.

gj;JtajpNyNa tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;tJ> nkJthfg; NgRtJ> jiy

Fdpe;J elg;gJ> rj;jkpl;Lr; rphpj;jy; $lhJ vd;gd Nghd;w fl;Lg;ghLfs;

cs;sd. ‘nghk;gis rphpr;rhg; Nghr;R: Gifapiy tphpQ;rhg; Nghr;R’ vd;gd

Nghd;w tof;fhWfs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfpd;wd. MZf;fhd gzptpilfisr;

nra;jy;> mlq;fp ,Uj;jy; vd;Dk; mbikj;jd tpj;J KisapNyNa

Cd;wg;gl;LtpLfpwJ. ,e;epiy khwNtz;Lk; vd;gij>

“rj;jkplhNj vd;W / nghj;jpg; nghj;jp itj;jjpy;

nrj;Nj Nghapw;W fhkk;” 84

vd;Dk; thpfspy; czh;j;Jfpwhh; ituKj;J. “Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk;

,sikapy; gbf;fnthl;lhky; G+r;rp G+r;rp vd;W gag;gLj;jpg; gphpg;gij

tpl;LtplNtz;Lk;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; ngz; tho;;e;j vy;iy FWfpa vy;iy.

,g;nghOJ ve;jf; FLk;gj;jpYk; ngz;fSk; gy Mz;fNshLk; gof

NtzbAs;sJ. ngz;fs; Mz;fNshL gofhky; tho Kbahj fhyk; ,J.

nghJ md;ig tsh;j;J el;G Kiwapy; goff; fw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jhd;

Ntz;Lk;” 85 vd;W K.tujuhrd; ‘mfy;tpsf;F’ vd;w ehtypy; $Wfpwhh;.

ngz;fspd; ngw;Nwhh; mtsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F elf;ftpLtjpy;iy.

ngw;Nwhhpd; tpUg;gNk jpzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fy;tp> cil> mzpfyd; cs;spl;l

118

midj;JNk ngw;Nwhh;fspd; Njh;Tjhd;. tho;f;iff;fhd Jiziaj; Njh;e;

njLg;gjpYk;$l mtsJ tpUg;gk; nghUl;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jid>

“cd; Ragyj;ij / ,th;fs; / mt;tsT vspjpy;

mq;fPfhpg;gjpy;iy. / ,th;fspd; / xg;Gjy;

fpl;Lk;tiu / Xa;e;jpUf;fhNj” 86

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

ngw;Nwhiu vjph;j;Jg; NgrNth jd; tpUg;gj;ij vLj;Jf; $wNth

ngz;Zf;F chpikapy;iy vd;gij>

“,e;j / eiuKb #ba uh[hf;fspd; / rk;kjq;fSf;fhff;

fhj;jpUe;J fhj;jpUe;Nj / gyh; / fhykhfptpl;lhh;fs;” 87

vd;Dk; ftpijapy; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

ngz;fSf;F tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

chpikia Rje;jpukhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUJk; #oypy; vy;yhg;

ngz;fSk; rhpahd Jiziaj; Njh;e;J nfhs;thh;fs; vd;gjw;Fk;

cj;juthjkpy;iy. ngw;Nwhh;fs; ghh;j;J Kbf;Fk; jpUkzq;fSk; rpf;fy;fs;

,y;yhky; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ngz; jhNd Njh;e;J nfhz;l Jizaha;

,Ue;jhYk;> rpf;fy; tUk;NghJ mijr; rfpj;Jf; fhyk; js;Sths;.

mt;tifapy; fhjy; jpUkzq;fis Mjhpj;jdh;. Mdhy;> ,d;iwa ngz;fs;

Rje;jpuk; vd;w ngahpy; mbf;fb tpthfuj;Jf; NfhUtJ vd;gJ ey;y

ehfhpfkhf ,Uf;fhJ. ifg;gpbj;jtNdhL tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J ,Wjptiu tho;e;J

fhl;LtNj rpwg;igj; jUk;. mj;jifatshfg; ngz;Zk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

Mz;fis kl;Lk; Fiw $wpg; gadpy;iy vd;fpwhh; nghd;kzp ituKj;J.

“Ntfkha;f; fhjy; / Ntfkha;;j; jpUkzk;

mijtpl Ntfkha; / tpthfuj;J!

,Jjhd; / etAfg; ngz;fs; rpyUf;F

ehfhpfnkd;why; / me;j ehfhpfk; cdf;F Ntz;lhk;” 88

vd;W kfspd; fhjy; Fwpj;Jj; jha; $Wtjhf mike;Js;s ,f;ftpij

fhjy; nra;Ak; ,d;iwa ngz;fspd; kPJ ngw;Nwhh; mtek;gpf;if

nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,d;iwa ngz;fspy;

rpyh; ,j;jifa gz;GfNshL cs;sdh; vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.

119

,d;iwa ngz;fs; fy;tpAk; Ntiytha;g;Gk; ngw;W rpwe;J

tUfpd;wdh;. mth;fSila tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;Jnfhs;s

mth;fshy; KbAk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfspd; fUj;jhFk;.

,d;iwa ngz;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fSila tpUg;gj;jpw;Nf jq;fs; tho;f;ifiaj;

jpahfk; nra;Jtplj; jahhpy;iy. Mdhy;> ngw;Nwhh; jq;fSila

mDgtk;jhd; rpwe;j tho;f;if Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;a KbAk; vd;W

epidf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk;> mth;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

,jid>

“ahidf;F mq;Frk;@ / gUt kfSf;Fj; / jhapd; fhty;” 89

vd;w ftpijapd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. jq;fsJ kfspd; fhjypy;

cz;ikapy;iy. ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehq;fs; vjph;f;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;nwy;yhk;

ngw;Nwhh; $Wtij ,d;iwa ngz;zpak; Vw;gjpy;iy. gpd;dhy; tUtJ

Fwpj;J ahh; mwpa KbAk;. tUtij Vw;W tho;Nthk; vd;gNj tho;f;ifahf

,Uf;fKbAk;.

2.14.10 mYtyf kfsph; epiy

Mz;fSf;F epfuhf vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;

ngz;fs; vy;yh epWtdq;fspYk; vq;Fk; gzpahw;wj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

Ntiyf;fhd Neh;fhzypd;NghJ Jtq;Fk; mth;fSf;fhd ghypay; njhe;juT

Nkyjpfhhp> rf Copah;fs; vdg; Ngjk; ,y;yhky; njhlh;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J

jg;gpj;J xUrpyh; Ntiy nra;a ,aYfpwJ. rpyh; ,j;jifa ,d;dy;fSf;Fg;

gae;J Ntiyia tpl;LtpLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; gzpaplq;fspy; Mz;fSf;F

epfuhfg; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw Kbtjpy;iy.

“Ntiyf;fiye;Njd; / Kd; mDgtk; vd;w Nfs;tpf;nfjpNu

„fhjy;? ‟ vd;wpspj;Jf; / fz;zbj;jhd; xUtd;” 90

vd;Dk; thpfspYk;>

“jd; fy;ahzk; tiuapYk; vd;NdhL

fhjyhLtjha;r; nrhd;dhh;

tsh;gpiw tOf;if thypgdhh; xUth;” 91

vd;Dk; thpfspYk; mYtyfg; ngz;fspd; ,lh;g;ghLfisg; glk;gpbj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpwhh;.

120

fy;tp ngw;Wtp;l;ljdhy; kl;LNk ngz; Rje;jpuk; mile;Jtpl;lhs;

vd;W nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy. mYtyfk; nry;Yk; ngz; mts; thq;Fk; rk;gsk;

xd;Wf;fhf kl;LNk kjpf;fg;gLfpwhs; vd;gjid>

“tPl;Lj; jisfs; / khl;bapUe;j iffspy;

,g;NghJ / rk;gsr; rq;fpypfs;!” 92

tPl;by; khkpahh; jd;Dila mjpfhuj;ij kUkfsplk; fhl;Lfpwhs;

vd;why; mYtyfj;jpy; mjpfhhpfs; jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijg; gzpapYk; ghypay;

njhe;juTfspYk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. mYtyfg; ngz;fs; gLk; Jauq;fz;L

Mde;jg;gLNthuhf Mz; mjpfhhpfs; cs;sdh;. ,jid>

“mth;fis mjl;LtjpNyNa / Mde;jq; fhZk;

mjpfhhpfs; vd;Dk; / Mz; khkpahh;fs;!” 93

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ‘Mz; khkpahh;fs;’ vd;W mjpfhhpfis khkpahUf;F

xg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

Miztplg; ngz; mwpTs;stshf ,Ug;gjpy; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gpy;iy.

mj;jifa ngz;fSf;F NtWkhjphpahd njhy;iyfs; gzpaplq;fspy;

Vw;gLfpd;wd. cs;nshd;W itj;Jg;Gwnkhd;W NgRk; ,t;Tyfpy; ngz;Zf;F

vJTNk gpbglhky; NghfpwJ. ,jid>

“md;gpw;Fj; jhopl;L / mwptpw;Fj; jilfspLk;

Ntljhhpfspd; $l;lklh ntspAyfk;

Ntiy gpbf;ftpy;iy / ntspAyfk; gpbf;ftpy;iy” 94

vd;W kdk; ntWj;Jg; NgRfpwhs;.

Neubahd thh;j;ijfs; %ykhfTk; ghh;itfs; %ykhfTk; ngz;izj;

njhy;iyg;gLj;Jk; Mz;fs; ey;y kdepiyapy; ngz;fisg; gzp nra;a

tpLtjpy;iy.

“rpyh; / Nfhg;Gfis thq;Fk;NghJ / mth;fspd;

tpuy;fisAk; tprhhpg;ghh;fs;” 95

vd;gJ Nghd;w ,ilA+Wfisr; rfpj;Jf;nfhz;L gzp nra;a Ntz;b

,Uf;fpwJ. ,j;jid njhe;juTfSf;F kj;jpapy;jhd; ngz;fs; Ntiy

nra;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa Mz; khkpahh;fsplkpUe;J ngz;fisf; fhf;fj; jdp

tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jNtz;Lk;.

“rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ / mth;fspd; Mzpiag;

gpLq;Ftjd;W@ / gioa m];jpthuq;fspd;

121

MzpNtiuNa mWg;gJ / mg;NghJjhd;

ngz;ikf;F epue;ju khpahij / eph;zakhFk;.” 96

vd;Dk; ftpijapd; thapyhf mYtyfj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,e;jr; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijr;

nra;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. Mz; cah;e;jtd; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijNa NtNuhL

fisa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftpQuJ fUj;J.

2.14.11 ,d;iwa kfsph;

,d;iwa ngz;fs; fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

Vl;ilAk; ngz;fs; njhLtJ ghtk; vd;Dk; epiy khwp ,d;iwa ngz;fs;

fy;tp fw;W Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;Ls;sdh;. r%fj;jpd; mj;jid JiwfspYk;

,d;W ngz;zpd; gq;F cs;sJ. gbj;J> gl;lk; ngw;W jdJ rPhpa mwpthy;

ehl;ilAk; cyifAk; Kd;Ndw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,d;iwa ngz;fSf;Fr;

rpy tpraq;fs; kd cisr;ry;fisNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ngz;fs; ,d;W

Ntiyf;Fg; NghtJ Xh; mbg;gil nghUshjhuj; Njitahf khwptpl;l

epiyapy; xU eLj;juf; FLk;gj; jhapd; kd cisr;riyAk; NtjidiaAk;

ftpQh; gpd;tUk; thpfspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

“NgUe;jpy; eRq;fpg; / gpJq;Ffpd;w NtisapYk;

vil nfhQ;rk; ,oe;J / ,wq;Ffpd;w NtisapYk;

Nfhg;Gf;Fs; %o;fpf; / FbapUf;Fk; NtisapYk;

G+g;G+tha; cdJ Kfk; / Gwg;gl;L tUk; fz;Nz! …………………………………………….

jhnad;W fhl;Ljw;Fk; / jOtp vLg;gjw;Fk;

Qhapw;Wf;fpoik tUk; / ey;ytNs! fz;Zwq;F” 97

MZf;Fg; ngz; epfuhf vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; Kd;NdwpapUe;jhYk;

ngz;fspd; rhgk; ,d;Dk; njhlh;e;J nfhz;Nljhd; tUfpwJ vd;gijf;

ftpQh;>

“VB mfypif! …/vg;Nghjb ngz;zhtha;…?

Miyfspy; … /mYtyfq;fspy; fodpfspy; …

fl;by;fspy; / rhiyfspy; … / ,d;Dk;

r%fr; re;jpfspy; … / ,d;Dk; / cd; rhgf;fy;

,q;Nfjhd; fplf;fpwJ / fyq;fhNj kfNs

fy;yha;g; Nghdnjd;d / ePnad;wh epidf;fpd;wha;?

122

fhtpr; rhkpae;jf; nfsjkdpd; / kdry;Nyh?” 98

vd;Dk; ,f;ftpij ngz; xOf;fj;jpy; gpwo;e;jpUg;ghNsh vd;W re;Njfj;jpd;

fhuzkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jz;lidahf> Mzhjpf;fr; rKjhaj;jpy;

ngz;zpd; tho;it ek;Guhzq;fs; ghpjhgkhf;Ftijg; gilj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

NkYk;>

“Mz; th;f;fNk! / cdJ / mePjp mOf;if / me;jr;

rhgf;fy;ypy; mbj;Jr; / ryit nra;J nfhs;thah?” 99

vd;W Mz; th;f;fj;ijg; ghh;j;Jf; Nfl;Fk;NghJ ngz;fspd; Jauq;fSf;F

Mzhjpf;fNk fhuzk; vd;W fLikahfr; rhLfpwhh;.

2.14.12 fw;G

fw;G vd;gjw;F kdpj tuyhw;wpy; nrhj;Jhpik Vw;gl;l gpwF jhd;

mDgtpj;j nrhj;Jf;fisj; jd; fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; jdf;Fg; gpwe;j jd;

Foe;ijfNs mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpa Mzpdk; ngz;zpaj;jpd;ghy;

fw;gpj;jNj ‘fw;G’ vd;ghh; vq;nfy;];.

“fw;Gk; fhkKk; ehw;ghy; xOf;fKk;

nky;ypay; nghiwAk; epiwAk; ty;ypjpd;

tpUe;J Gwe;jUjYk; Rw;w Nkhk;gYk;

gpwTk; md;d fpoNths; khz;Gfs;” 100

vd;w E}w;gh %yk; xU ngz; ey;tpUe;J Xk;Gtjhy; fztDf;F

el;gpdshfTk; ,y;ywk; NgZtjhy; jhahfTk; kf;fisg; ngWtjhy;

kidtpahfTk; fw;Gila ngz;zhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jphpfLk;

typAWj;jp epw;fpwJ.

nghWikNa ngz;Zf;F mzp. fztdpd; gpioiag; nghWj;J

mtDf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;j fz;zfpNghyj; jw;fhyg; ngz;Zk; nghWikiaf;

iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJNt fw;Gj; jpwk; vd ,uha. nrhf;fypq;fk;

mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.

“fw;G vd;why; tho;ehs; KOtJk; xUtDf;F xUj;jpahf tho;tJ

vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. mJ goq;fhyj;Jf;F kpfg;nghUe;Jk;. goq;fhyj;jpy;

ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ xU newpAk; mjpy;

ek;gpf;ifAk; njhop;y; NtfKk; ngw;W tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. Muha;jYk;

mDgtpj;jYk; kpFjpahf cs;s fhyk; ,J. MfNt xUtid tpl;L

,d;ndhUtDld; thOk;gb Neuyhk;. xUtid tplhky; ,d;ndhUtDld;

123

tho;tJjhd; jtW. vg;NghJ vtDld; tho;fpd;whNsh mtDf;Fj; JNuhfk;

nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. mJjhd; fw;G” 101 vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

“njhl;L khiyapl;Nlhh; Njhifaiuf; $bagpd;

tpl;Lg; gphpe;J NtWjpir NghdhYk;

fz;zPiuj; jpdk;rpe;jpf; fz;%b tho;tJjhd;

ngz;bh;f;Ff; fw;ngd;W Ngrpdhy; mf;fw;Ng

,e;j cyfj;jpy; ,y;yh njhopal;Lk;!

re;ijapYk; tpiyNghfhr; ruf;fhfpg; Nghfl;Lk;!” 102

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngz;bh;f;nfd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;G Fwpj;Jf; ftpQh;

$wpAs;s fUj;J ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfs; fUj;NjhL xj;Js;sikiaf;

fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; Mlth;f;Fk; fw;G tw;GWj;jg;gLfpwJ. rKjhaj;ij

tho itg;gjpYk; jiyKiwapdiu cUthf;FtjpYk; Mlth;f;Fk;

ngz;bh;f;Fk; rhpgq;F cz;L. vdNt ,UghyUk; fw;G newpAld; tho;tNj

rhyr; rpwe;jJ. vdNt> “ngz;kf;fSk; Mz;kf;fs; Nghd;wth;fNs.

,Ughyh;f;Fk; mwpT cz;L: neQ;rk; cz;L. fw;G vd;gJ ,Uth;f;Fk;

nghJthapUg;gJ. mwpthy; neQ;ir epWj;jpf; fw;igf; fhf;Fk; nghWg;G

,Urhuhh;f;Fk; cz;L” 103 vd;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.

MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; fw;G nghJthdJ@ ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;ig

typAWj;Jtjhy; gadpy;iy vd;gJ ghujpahhpd; njspthd jPh;g;ghFk;.

“ngz;fSf;Ff; fw;Gepiy vj;jid mtrpaNkh mj;jid Mz;fSf;F

mtrpakpy;iy vd;W epidg;gJNghy; %lj;jdk; NtW fpilahJ”104

vd;fpwhh;. fztDk; kidtpAk; ‘ehd; cdf;F cz;ik vd;W fw;Gnewp

jtwhky; tho Ntz;Lk;’ vd;whh; ghujp.

“fw;Gepiynad;W nrhy;y te;jhh; ,U

fl;rpf;Fk; m/J nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;” 105

vd;fpwhh;.

nghd;kzp ituKj;J ,y;ywg; ngz;fspd; gz;Gfshfg; gl;baypL

tdtw;Ws; fw;igg; NgzNtz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpwhh;.

“fw;Gj;jPaha; / mw;Gjj;jhaha;

NghFk; tPl;ilg; / nghypaitg;gha; eP!” 106

124

vd;W ngz;Zf;F mwpTiufs; toq;Ffpwhh;.

ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;G typAWj;jg;gLtij ,U ftpQh;fSNk

Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mNj rkaj;jpy; ngz; fw;G vd;gij cilj;J

vwpe;Jtpl;L kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; xOq;fw;W ele;J nfhs;syhk; vd;Wk;

$wtpy;iy. ngz; xOf;fk; tw;GWj;jg;gLk;NghJ mJ MZf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj mth;fsJ Nfhhpf;ifahf cs;sJ. Mdhy; eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;

Mz;fs; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; jphpayhk;. ngz; kl;Lk; gpw Mltid

kdj;jhYk; epidf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJ tpjpahf cs;sJ.

gpw Mltid Nehf;fhj ngUe;jd;ik vd;gJ fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Fg;

nghUe;JtJ. mij ituKj;J Mjhpf;fpwhh;. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; MZk;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;> xOf;fj;Jld; thoNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhh;. mjdhy;

ngz;zplk; $Wk;NghJ>

“fw;nghd;wpy; kl;Lk; fz;zfpiag; NghypUq;fs;

kw;wtw;wpy; me;j klkfis kwe;jpLq;fs;!” 107

vd;W $Wk; thpfspy; Mz; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; elf;fyhk; vd;Dk;

Mzhj;jpf;fr; rpe;jidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;ff; $lhJ. MZk; xOf;fj;Jld;

ele;Jnfhs;s tw;GWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.

2.14.13. Mz;fspy; ey;yth;fs;

ngz;fsplk; md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; fhl;Lk; je;ij> jhj;jh> fztd;>

kfd;fs;> ez;gh;fs;. rpy fz;zpathd;fs; vd vz;zw;w Mz;fis

thpirg;gLj;jyhk;. ey;y Mz;kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; vOgj;ije;J tpOf;fhl;bw;Fk;

Nky; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> nfl;lFzk; nfhz;l fhy;thrp Mz;fSf;fhf

ngz;zpathjpfs; xl;Lnkhj;j Mz; rKjhaj;ijAk; ntWj;Jg; NgRjy;

$lhJ. fatd;Nky; tPrg;gLk; fj;jp fz;zpathidf; fhag;gLj;jyhfhJ.

md;Wnjhl;L ,d;Wtiu r%f mikg;gpy; Mz; cah;e;jtdhfTk;

ngz; jho;thdtshfTk; fUjg;gl;L tho;e;J Kbj;jhapw;W. jpl;lkpl;Nl

ngz;Zf;fhd nfhLikfs; epfo;j;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mjw;Fg; gopthq;Fk;

tpjkhf Miz mbikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W fUJjy; $lhJ. Mz;ngz;

rkk; vd;Dk; epiy tug; ghLgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

“,Jehs; tiu / ngz;zbik / tsh;j;jjw;Fj;

jz;lidaha; / gopf;Fg;gopaha; / Mzbik epWTjy;

125

mofy;y. / rkr;rPh; epiyf;fhd / Nghuhl;lk; voNtz;Lk;” 108

vd;W nghd;kzp ituKj;J tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;.

2.14.14. jpahfj;jpd; tbtk; ngz;

jd;dykpd;wpg; gpwUf;fhf tho;e;J jd;idNa mh;g;gzpj;Jf;

nfhz;lth;fs; vy;yhUNk jpahfpfs;jhd;. ehl;Lf;fhf ,Ue;jhYk; tPl;Lf;fhf

,Ue;jhYk; me;j mh;g;gzpg;G czh;T xd;Wjhd;. ehl;Lf;fhfg; ghLgLk;

xUth; jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghuhl;LfisAk; tpkh;rdq;fisAk; xd;whfg;

ghtpj;Jj; jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;iwNa epidj;Jr; nray;gl;lhy;jhd; Nehf;fk;

epiwTWk; vd;gjpy; cWjpaha; ,Ug;ghh;. mJNghy tPl;Lg; ngz;Zk;

jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghuhl;Ljy;fisAk; Vry;fisAk; rkkhfg; ghtpj;J

elj;jf;$bats; vd;fpwhh; nghd;kzp.

“mUSk; nghUSk; tsh;f;Fk; / me;jg; ngz; nja;tk;

jd;Nky;tpOk; VriyAk; / mh;r;ridg; ghl;NlahFk; vd;W

mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ” 109

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngz;izj; nja;tj;NjhL xg;gpl;L tpkh;rdq;fSf;F

mg;ghw;gl;lts; ngz; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpwhh;. NkYk;>

“jd;id tUj;jpj; / jdf;F kl;Lk; / tuq;Nfl;Fk;

Qhdpiatpl / kw;wth;f;F tuq; nfhLf;f

jtkpUf;Fk;ngz; / nghpats;” 110

vd;Dk; thpfspYk; kw;wth;fSf;F tuk;nfhLf;Fk; nja;tepiyNahL

xg;gpl;Lf; $Wfpwhh;.

jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ngz;zhdts; jd;idr; rhh;e;j midtiuAk;

kwe;Jtpl;Lf; fztidAk; mtidr; rhh;e;jth;fisAk; NgZgtshf

khwptpLfpwhs;. ,Ugjhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf tsh;j;j ngw;NwhiuAk; rNfhju

cwTfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;Lg; GJ ,lj;jpy; jdJ Nritiaj; njhlq;fp

tpLfpwhs;. ,jid>

“jhypfl;b te;jgpd; / jdpaha; mtSf;F

,Ug;gjpy;iy CUk;NgUk;” 111

vd;Dk; thpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2.14.15 ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz vjphp

,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; FLk;g cwTfspy; khkpahh;-kUkfs; cwT

126

rpf;fyhdjhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Mz;th;f;fk; ngz;Zf;Fr; rpytifahd

Jd;gq;fisf; nfhLj;J tUfpwJ. mtw;Ws; xd;wpuz;L r%fk; rhh;e;Jk; rpy

ntspaplq;fs; rhh;e;Jk; miktd. Mdhy;> FLk;gj;Jf;Fs; ngz;Zf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs; Mz;fshy; miktijf; fhl;bYk; khkpahh; kw;Wk;

ehj;jdhh; vd;Dk; ngz;fshy; miktdNt mjpfk;. kUkfshf tho;e;J

Kbj;j khkpahhplKk; ngz;izf; nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; nfh^ukdk; ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ. mjdhy; nghd;kzp ituKj;J ngz;izg; gy Nfs;tpfSf;F

cl;gLj;Jfpwhh;. xUngz;zpd; fz;zPh; cdf;Fj; jhfk; jPh;f;Fkh? mtsJ

ftiy cdf;F czthFkh? mtsJ tsh;r;rp vd;Dk; Vzpia vl;b

cijf;fyhkh? mtsJ Njhzpia ePhpy; ftpo;g;gJth? ngz;ik vd;gJ

jha;ikg; gz;G my;yth? eP ngz;zhf ,Ue;Jk; vg;NghJ Ngahdha;?

ngz;ikia mopf;Fk; jPahdha;? vd;W Nfl;L>

“cz;ikapy; ngz;zpd; cah;TjLg;gJ

Mzpiy ePahdha; / ed;ik ngz;Zf;F

tuhJNghFq; fhuzk; ePahdha;” 112

vd;W jpl;Lfpwhh;. ,d;Dk; gy tpjkhd topfspy; kUkfs; vd;Dk;

ngz;izj; Jd;GWj;Jgtshf khkpahh; vd;Dk; ngz; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gijg;

‘ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz’ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; nghd;kzp gl;baypl;Lf;

$Wfpwhh;. fztd; ey;ytdhf ,Ue;J md;ghd tho;f;if elj;jpdhYk;

mijf; fz;L nghWf;fhj khkpahUk; ehj;jdhUk; Mizj; J}z;btpl;Lf;

FLk;gj;ijf; Fiyg;gNj ngUk;ghd;ikahd FLk;gq;fspy; epfo;tjhFk;.

“tpthfuj;Jk; tpghPjq;fSk; Neh;tJ cd;dhNy

mtyk; ahTk; Mgj;Jf;fSk; Neh;tJ cd;dhNy

Mzpdq;$lg; guthapy;iy Ntjid cd;dhNy

ngz;zpdk; thlg; gpwe;jhNagy Nrhjid cd;dhNy

ghtr; nraiy epWj;jpLtha; gjNu ngz;gjNu” 113

vd;W ngz;Zf;fhd vy;yhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; ngz;Nz %yfhuzkhf

,Ug;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

ngz;fs; mYtyfq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W mwpthh;e;j nray;fspy;

<Lgl;lhYk; tPL jpUk;gpaJk; ruhrhp kUkfs;jhd;. xd;gJ Kjy; MW

kzptiu mtsJ ngaUk; gjtpAk; NtW. MW kzpf;Fg;gpwF mtsJ

flik NtW. ,uT gLf;fg;NghFk; tiuapy; tPl;L Ntiyfis kUkfs;jhd;

127

nra;aNtz;Lk; vd vd;Dk; khkpahUf;Fg; gae;J tpiutpy; tPL jpUk;g

Ntz;Lk;. mYtyfj;Jf;fhtJ Ie;J epkplk; jhkjkhfyhk;. MW kzpf;Fr;

rhpahf tPL jpUk;gtpy;iy vd;why; khkpahhpd; tpopfs; neUg;Gf; fdy;fshf

khwptpLk;;. ,jid>

“kzp / Mwbf;fg; NghfpwJ / khkpapd;Nky;

rhkpNawptpl;lJ / fha;fwpfSk; mLg;Gk;

fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd / tPl;L thry;fspy; vy;yhk;

tpRthkpj;jpu tpopfs;”… 114

vd khkpahh;fspd; kdij tpthpf;fpwhh;.

khw;wk; xd;Nw khwhjJ vd;gjw;Nfw;g khkpahhpd; Mjpf;fk; Fiwaj;

njhlq;Fk;NghJ kUkfs; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij> Mj;jpuj;ijf; fhl;lj; njhlq;fp

tpLfpwhs;. jd; FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; ,Jehs;tiu mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fis

vy;yhk; jpUg;gpf; nfhl;lj; Jtq;fptpLfpwhs;. grpf;F czT$lf; nfhLf;fhky;

gl;bdpg; NghLfpwhs;. ,jid>

“grp tapw;iwf; fps;SfpwJ

fhfj;jpw;F itf;Fk; / cUz;ilaha;

nespe;j jl;by; itj;J / ePl;Lfpwhs; kUkfs;” 115

vd;w thpfs; thapyhf kUkfisg; nghWj;jtiu khkpahh; ,g;NghJ fpol;Lf;

fhty; ehahff; fhl;rp jUtjhf Mrphpah; fhl;Lfpwhh;. jd;tpid jd;idr;RLk;

vd;Dk; ,e;epiyia mwpe;J khkpahh; - kUkfs; vd;gJ jha; - kfs; cwT

vd;Dk; jFjpiag; ngwNtz;Lk;.

2.14.16. tajhd ngz;fspd; epiy

jdpf;Fbj;jdq;fSk; ntspA+h;> ntspkhepy> ntspehl;L Ntiy

tha;g;Gf;fSk; ngUfptpl;l ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cwTfs; rpije;Jtpl;ld

vdyhk;. ngw;Nwhh; jdpj;J tho Ntz;ba epiy cs;sJ. tajhd fhyj;jpy;

mth;fsJ flikfisNa mth;fshy; nra;Jnfhs;s ,ayhj #oypy;

mth;fs; KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fis ehl Ntz;b cs;sJ. rpy FLk;gq;fspy;

Riknadf; fUjp tpul;lg;gLfpwhh;fs;. cly; ciog;igr; rpwpNjDk;

gad;gLj;j KbAk; fhyk; tiuapYk; tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;aj; Jizahf

,Ug;ghh;fs; vd;W fUjp cld; itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gps;isfs; gLj;j

gLf;ifahd gpwF KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fspy; Nrh;j;JtpLfpd;wdh;. ngz;zhdts;>

128

tho;f;;if KOtJk; jd;dykpd;wpr; nray;gl;l mts; ,d;W jdf;nfd

ahUkpy;yhj epiyia epidj;J Vq;Ffpd;whs;.

“tho;f;if KOtjpYk; / jdf;nfdj; jdpaha;r;

rpe;jpf;f VJkpd;wp je;ijf;F / fztDf;F

gps;isf;F vd;W / jiyahl;bj; jiyahl;b

,g;NghJk; mij / epWj;j KbahkNy jhdha;j;

jiyahl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ / me;jg; gOj;j fpok;” 116

vd;W tajhd ngz;zpd; epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;.

tajhdth;fSf;F md;ghd Mjuthd thh;j;ijfs; NghJk;. NtW

vijAk; mth;fs; vjph;ghh;g;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; mtw;iwf; nfhLg;gjw;Fg;

gps;isfSf;Fj; njhptjpy;iy. jd;idj;Njb tUk; kw;wth;fsplk; kdk;tpl;Lg;

NgrpdhYk; FLk;g tpraq;fis cswpf; nfhl;Ltjhff; Fiw $Wfpd;wdh;.

tajhdth;fs; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;bYk; ,wg;gNjNky; vd;gNj gps;isfspd;

vjph;ghh;g;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ.

',d;Dk; Nghfhky; / capnuLf;fpwJ fpok;

cswp Ciuf; $l;LfpwJ / caph;tpl;lhyhtJ

capYf;Fg; gaDz;L” 117

gj;J khjq;fs; Rke;J ngw;Wf; fz;Nz kzpNa vd;W nfhQ;rp kfpo;e;jtis

,d;W NgNa vd;W ngUikg;gLj;Jfpwhd; kfd;. tapw;wpy; ,lk;je;j mtSf;F

tPl;by; ,lk; nfhLf;fhky; thrYf;F ntspNa ,lk; je;jpUf;fpwJ gps;is.

mdhijf; fpoq;fSf;fhd KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fs; vq;Nf Kisj;jpUf;fpd;wd

vd;W NjLfpd;wd gps;isfs;.

njhFg;Giu

kdpjg; gpwtpapy; Mz;> ngz; NtWghbd;wpr; rkkhd chpik ngw

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; ngz;zpak; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifiag;

goq;fhy kf;fs; nja;tkhf topgl;ldh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

ngz;fs; cly; hPjpahfTk; cs;s uPjpahfTk; typik ngw;wth;fs;.

mjdhy; mr;rk;> ehzk;> klk;> gaph;g;G Nghd;w gz;Gfshy;

mth;fis mbikg;gLj;jpdh;.

ngz;Zf;F ,yf;fzkhf mfuhjpfs; gy tpsf;fq;fisj; jUfpd;wd.

Mz;fs; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;;ijr; nrhy;y chpik ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

ngz;fSf;F mt;Thpik kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

129

ngz;zpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> ngz;zpak; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gil

fhuzq;fs;> njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; r%fepiy> ngz;zpa

tifg;ghLfs; Mfpad $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpag; ngz;zpa tuyhw;wpy; jiyth;fs; gyh; ngz;fSf;F

tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Cl;bajpy; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpAs;sdh; vd;gij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ.

tpidNa Mlth;f;F caph; vd;Wk;> ngz;fSf;F tpidNkw; nry;Yk;

MltNd caph; vd;Wk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. nghWik> jpahfk;>

jd;dlf;fk;> khdk;> tPuk;> fw;G Nghd;w Fzeyd;fs; ngw;wtNs ngz;

vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

ngz;fs; Nghfg;nghUshf> tPl;L Ntiyf;fhhpahf> Ngr;Rhpik

mw;wtshf> Foe;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUk; ,ae;jpukhff; fUjg;gl;ljd;

tpisNt ngz;zpaf; fUj;jhf;fk; Njhd;wpajw;fhd mbg;gilf;

fhuzq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ngz;zpaf; nfhs;iffSk;> ngz;zpar;

nraw;ghLfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngz;rpRf; nfhiy> gyjhu kzk;> ngz;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;>

NjtjhrpKiw> cld;fl;il VWjy;> ifk;ik epiy Nghd;w

fhuzq;fshy; ngz;fs; mbikg;gl;L te;jdh; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

ngz; cilikg; nghUs; md;W@ mtSk; capUs;s> czh;r;rpAs;s

[Ptd;. jdf;F vd;W jdp tpUg;G ntWg;GfSk; RakhpahijAk;

cilats;. ngz;fs; r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; fztd; vd;w cwT

epiyf;fhfTk;> jd;id mopj;Jf; nfhs;tNjh vy;yhtw;iwAk;

KOikahfj; jpahfk; nra;J mlq;fpg;NghtNjh Njitapy;iy.

czh;Tfs; xLf;fg;gl;L thoNtz;ba eph;g;ge;j epiyia vjph;j;J

tpopg;Gzh;Tld; chpikf;Fuy; vOg;g Ntz;Lk;.

FLk;gj;ij elj;jpr; nry;tJk;> Foe;ijfisg; ngw;nwLg;gJk;>

cilikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> ngz;zpd; flikahf ,Ug;gjhy;

nghJ tho;tpypUe;Jk;> r%ff; flikfspypUe;Jk;> xJf;fg;gl;L

tPl;bw;Fs; milgl;Lf; fplf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;W fy;tp je;j Jzpthy;

Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yTk;> nghJ tho;tpy; <LglTk;> tha;g;gpidg; ngw;w

gpd;dUk; mth;fSf;Fj; jq;fisr; Rw;wp epfOk; rpf;fy;fSf;F tpil

fhzf;$ba tpopg;Gzh;T Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;gNj ftpQh;fsJ

gjpthf cs;sJ.

130

ngz;zpak; vd;gJ Mz;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; md;W. mJ

mbikg;gl;L> tijg;gl;L thOk; ngz;fis mbikj;jisapypUe;J

kPl;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; MFk;. ,e;j ,yf;if mila Mz;fs;

jilahFk;NghJ kl;Lk; mth;fs; vjphpfshfpd;wdh; vd;gij ftpQh;

nghd;kzp ituKj;J vLj;jpak;gpAs;shh;.

tujl;riz> mYtyfk; rhh;e;j rpf;fy;> khkpahh; - kUkfs; rpf;fy;>

fztd; - kidtp rpf;fy;> Foe;ijapd;ik> chpikfs; NfhUjy;

Kjyhdit ,f;fhyg; ngz;fSf;F cs;s rpf;fy;fshf milahsk;

fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

tujl;riz Fwpj;J vt;tsT tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gLj;jpAk; mf;nfhLik

Fiwe;jghby;iy. mJ ngz;izg; ngw;wth;fspd; nfsutkhfTk;

r%f mq;fPfhukhfTk; khwptpl;lJ. mjdhy; kzkfd; Nfl;fhkNyNa

nfhLf;Fk; epiy cs;sJ. trjpgilj;jth;fs; nfhLf;Fk;NghJ trjp

,y;yhjth;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. xl;Lnkhj;j r%fKk; ,jw;F

vjpuhfg; Nghuhbdhy;jhd; jPh;T fpilf;Fk;. mJtiu Kjph;fd;dpfspd;

epiy khw tha;g;gpy;iy.

gbj;j ngz;fSf;Fk; gbf;fhj ghkug; ngz;fSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;>

rpf;fy;fs; xNu khjphpahfj;jhd; cs;sd. ngz; fy;tp ngw;why;

khwptpLk; vd;Dk; fdT ,d;Dk; edthfNt cs;sJ.

mYtyfq;fspy; gzpGhpAk; ngz;fSf;Fg; ghypay; njhe;juTfSk;

mth;fsJ tsh;r;rpapy; FWf;fPLfSk; cs;sd. Nkyjpfhhpfs;

khkpahh;fisg; Nghyr; nray;gl;L ,th;fsplk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;J

fpd;wdh;. ngz;Zila mwpTk; Mw;wYk; ntspg;glj; jilahf

,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Mz; cah;e;jtd; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijNa NtNuhL

fisAk;NghJjhd; ,g;ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl KbAk;.

ghujpjhrd;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; Kjyhdth;fs; ngz;

tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;fs;. tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;@

ngz; fy;tpia tw;GWj;jpdh;@ nrhj;Jhpik Kjyhdtw;iwg; ngwr;

nra;jdh;. mth;fsJ ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; ftpQh;fshy;

ghuhl;lg;gl;L> mth;fs; Kd;Ndhbfshfg; Gfog;gl;Ls;sdh;.

njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj kWf;fg;gl;L te;j ngz;fy;tp jw;NghJ fpilf;fg;

ngw;wjhy; ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; epiyapy; rw;Nw khw;wk;

131

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisitj;

jw;NghJ Mz;fs; czh;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.

ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s tpyq;Ffisj; jhq;fNs

cilf;fNtz;Lk;. jd;idj;jhNd fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;

jhkjk; Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ. mt;thW jhkjpf;Fk;NjhWk; tho;tpy;

kpfg;nghpa rhpitr; re;jpf;fNtz;b tUk;. ,e;epiyapypUe;J khwpj;

jdf;fhd chpikfisg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w Kidg;GlNdNa

cs;sdh;.

FLk;g mikg;gpy; Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; epyTk;NghJjhd; ,y;ywk;

rpwf;Fk;. Mdhy;> ,d;W mt;thW ,y;iy. ngz;zpd; czh;Tfs;>

Mirfs;> vz;zq;fs; kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtSila tpUg;gq;fs;

nghRf;fg;gLfpd;wd. flikfs; kl;LNk mtis Ml;nfhs;fpd;wd.

khjr; rk;gsj;jpw;F kl;LNk khpahij fpilf;fpwJ. ngz;zbikj;

jdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,lkhff; FLk;gk; ,Ug;gijf; ftpQh;fs;

,UtUk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;.

,d;iwa ngz;fs; Mz;fshy; Vkhw;wg;gl;Ltplhky; jq;fsJ

chpikf;NfhUk; Jzpr;ry; ngw;wth;fshf khwp tUfpd;wdh;. ehisa

ngz;fs; MZf;Ff; fl;lis ,Lgth;fshf khwTk; tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ.

Foe;ij tsh;g;gpYk; Mz; ngz; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz;

rpWtaJ Kjw;nfhz;L Rje;jpukhfj; jphpayhk;. ngz;Zf;Nfh NgRtJ>

elg;gJ> rphpg;gJ Kjw;nfhz;L ve;jr; Rje;jpuKk; fpilahJ.

ngw;NwhuJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F thog; gzpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. jdf;fhd

tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpikiaf;$lg;

ngw;Nwhh;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; jUtjpy;iy. ,d;iwa ngz;zpathjpfs;

,e;epiyia khw;wpj; jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F thoj; njhlq;fpAs;sdh;.

ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; fw;G typAWj;jg;gLtij ,U ftpQHfSk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. ngz;> fw;G vd;gij cilj;njwpe;Jtpl;L xOq;fPdkhf>

kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; ele;Jnfhs;syhk; vd;Wk; $Wtpy;iy.

ngz;Zf;F xOf;fk; tw;GWj;jg;gLk;NghJ mJ MZf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj mth;fsJ Nfhhpf;ifahf cs;sJ.

Mzhjpf;fk; vd;w xw;iwr; nrhy;ypy; Mz;th;f;fk; KOtijAk;

Fw;wk; $w KbahJ. Mz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; ey;yth;fshf

cs;sdh;. xUrpyh; nra;Ak; jtWfSf;fhf xl;Lnkhj;j Mz;

132

rKjhaj;ijAk; ntWj;jy; $lhJ. ngz;zbikf;Fg; gopthq;Fk;

eltbf;ifahf Mzbikia epWt Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mz; ngz;

rkj;Jtj;ij epiyehl;l topfhz Ntz;Lk;.

rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;W ngz; mDgtpj;J tUk; nfhLikfSs;

ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;Nz juf;$bait.

ngz;zhf ,Ue;J ngz;izf; nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; khkpahh;fspd;

nraiyf; fz;bf;fpd;wdh;.

tajhd ngz;fs; KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fSf;F tpul;lg;gLk; epiy ,d;W

kpFjpahfp tUfpwJ. tho;ehs; KOtJk; jd;idj; jpahfk; nra;J

FLk;gj;jpw;fhf tho;e;j mth;fSf;F md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; fpilf;fr;

nra;a Ntz;Lfpd;wdh;.

133

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. Rg;gpukzpad; r.Nt.> njhy;;> E}. gh. vz;. 1045

2. NkyJ> E}. vz;. 1064

3. NkyJ> E}. vz;. 1044

4. NrhkRe;judhh;> ngh.Nt.> (c.M)> FWe;> gh. vz;. 135 thp. 1-2

5. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> F.nt.> tpRtehjd;> m.> (c.M) KjypNahh;> Gwk;>

gh. vz;. 187 thp 3-4

6. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> jpU.tp.> ngz;zpd; ngUik> g. 14

7. gpugQ;rd;> ngz;ik nty;f> g. 2-3

8. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of modern feminism, p.13

9. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g.15

10. ehfNtzp> ,uh.> ngz; ftpQh;fs; ghh;itapy; ngz;zpak;> g. 1

11. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g.19

12. khhpak;khs;> rp.> etPd - jkpo; Mq;fpy Gjpdq;fspy; ngz;zpak;> g. 25

13. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g. 13

14. epuQ;rdhNjtp> rp.> ftpQh; gh. tp[a;apd; ftpj;jpwd;> g. 21


16. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Mq;fpyj; jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 379

17. Juliet Mitchell, Annoakley, P. 25


19. Kj;Jr;rpjk;guk;> r.> ngz;zpak; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> g. 11

20. NkyJ> g. 10

21. NkyJ> g. 10

22. NkyJ> g. 11

23. jkpo; mfuhjp> g. 283

24. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;;> fs. E}. vz;. 209

25. ghpNkyofh; ciu> Fws;. vz;. 54

26. Njtjj;jh jp. fkyp> ngz;zpak; fiyr;nrhy; tpsf;Fk; ifNaL g. 26-27

27. nuq;fk;khs;> ,uh.> thRfp> rp.> ngz;zpak; mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpag;

gad;ghLk;. g. 26

28. NkyJ> g. 26

134

29. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> g. 20

30. muq;f ky;ypfh> jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; ngz;zpaKk;> g. 3

31. NkyJ> g. 3

32. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpak;> g. 67


gad;ghLk;. g. 28



gad;ghLk;. g. 73-74

36. NkyJ> g. 74

37. NkyJ> g. 74

38. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;. nghUs;. E}. vz;. 71

39. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> F.nt.> tpRtehjd;> m.> (c.M) KjypNahh;> Gwk;>

gh. vz;. 261

40. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g. 53

41. NkyJ> g. 55

42. ghujpjhrd;> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> g. 95

43. ghujpjhrd;> FLk;g tpsf;F> g. 67

44. NkyJ> g. 68

45. ghujpjhrd; ghly;fs;> njh> 1 g. 114

46. NkyJ> 114



49. NkyJ> g. 61

50. gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; ghly;fs;> g. 197

51. ngUkhs;> m.fh.> = Fkhh;> v];.> (g. M) ftpkzp ftpijfs; g. 116

52. ghujpjhrd;> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> g. 3

53. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> g. 46

54. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 46

55. NkyJ> g. 46

56. ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> g. 187


135

58. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 235

59. NkyJ> g. 63

60. NkyJ> g. 236

61. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 14

62. NkyJ> g. 16

63. ituKj;J> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> gf;. 18-20


65. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> gf;. 19-20

66. ituKj;J> uj;jjhdk;> g. 34

67. ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> gf;. 72-73


69. rPjsh> rp.> ngz;zpak;> g. 57

70. muq;fehjd;> R.> (f.M.) jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;ik> vl;lhtJ

fUj;juq;F Ma;Tf;Nfhit> njh. 1> g. 12


72. ghujp> ngz; thh;g;Gk; tsh;g;Gk;> g. 8


gad;ghLk;> g.11



76. NkyJ> g. 20

77. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khDltpay;> g. 368


79. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp;> g. 46

80. NkyJ> g. 92

81. gpNukh> ,uh.> ngz;zpa mZFKiwfs;> gf;. 115-116


83. ikjpyp> fp.> ngz;zpaKk; jkpOk;> g. 8


85. tujuhrd;> K.> mfy;tpsf;F> g. 326

86. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> g. 131

87. NkyJ> g. 131

136


89. NkyJ> g. 69


91. NkyJ> g. 63


93. NkyJ> g. 45



96. NkyJ> g. 49

97. ituKj;J> uj;jjhdk;> gf;. 77-78


99. NkyJ> g.50

100. rz;Kfg;gps;is> K.> (g.M)> njhy;. nghUs;> fw;. E}. vz;. 11

101. Fkhurhkp> rp.vd;.> ngz;zpa Nehf;fpy; ghujp> g. 225


103. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> jpU.tp.> jpUf;Fws; tphpTiu> g. 512

104. tpRtehjd;> rPdp.> kfhftpghujpahhpd; ‘rf;futh;j;jpdp’ fl;Liufs; g. 87

105. ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> g. 187




109. NkyJ> g. 238

110. NkyJ> g. 239

111. NkyJ> g. 241

112. NkyJ> g. 341

113. NkyJ> g. 342


115. NkyJ> g. 162

116. NkyJ> gf;. 156-157

117. NkyJ> g. 161

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,ay; ,uz;L ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60321/9/09_chapter 2.pdf84 ,ay; ,uz;L ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar;