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A human being is not only a body or a combination
of organs, but also a living unit, both body and soul
(conscience), and a social being that interactsactively with his or her environment.
It is a complex biological machine that has just
acquired new insights about the way the worldworks.
Physical and mental processes have remained
largely unchanged while the environment created by
us has changed from the primitive Stone Age
existence to one of modern technology and control.
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The acquisition of this new technology broughtabout new diseases as result of our new
discoveries.
How we are killing ourselves:
(i) by our own careless habits;
(ii) by carelessly polluting the environment; and(iii) by permitting social conditions to persist -conditions like poverty, hunger and ignorance -which destroy health especially for infants and
children (The Surgeon General of the UnitedStates Federal Health Service)
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Definitions of Occupational Disease
Occupational diseases stand at one end of
the spectrum of work relatedness where
the relationship to specific causative
factors at work has been fully established
and the factors concerned can be
identified, measured, and eventually
controlled (WHO, 1985).
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Three main factors which influence our
health and well being, as well as ourcapacity to work as well as our life
expectancy are:
hereditary factors
external factors
processes of ageing
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Work related diseases may be partially
caused by adverse working conditions
They may be aggravated (provoked), accelerated, or
exacerbated (worsted) by workplace exposures, They may impair working capacity
However, personal characteristics and other
environmental and socio-cultural factors usually play arole as risk factors in work related diseases, which areoften more common than occupational diseases
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Injuries: Heat and Cold
The single formula that describes thermal comfort isgiven as:
H = M * R * CE
Where
H = body heat storage load,
M = metabolic heat gain
R = radiant or infrared heat load
C = convection heat load
E = evaporative heat loss.
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In occupations in which workers are exposed to excessive
heat, medical evaluation is recommended to identify
individual at increased risk for heat disorders due to pre-existing medical conditions or use of medications
Exposed workers should be trained to recognise early signs
and symptoms of heat disorders and should be advise of theimportance of proper attire (clothing), nutrition and fluid intake
Symptoms and signs may include intense thirst, weakness,nausea, fatigue, headache, confusion, and once core (rectal)temperature exceeds 38oC increased pulse rate,
hyperventilation, and moist skin and if core temperatureexceeds 40oC, collapse, coma and imminent death
Treatment requires rapid action, immediate replacement ofloss fluids and attempts to cool core temperature (isotonic IVdrips proving to be the most effective)
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Injuries: Burns
thermal damage
electric discharges
radiation burns electromagnetic radiation
chemicals
etc
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Natural sunlight
Workers potentially exposed to ultraviolet radiation
Agricultural workers
Brick masons
Ranchers Construction workers
Farmers
Many of the burn injuries that cause a problem in thework place may not be as obvious as the thermal and
chemical burns. For example, exposure to UV(ultraviolet) light is a major problem in a number ofindustries.
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sunlight injuries
Fishermen, Gardeners, Greenkeepers,
Horticultural workers, Landscapers, Lifeguards,
Lumberjacks, Military personnel, Oil field
workers, Open pit miners, Outdoor maintenanceworkers, Pipeline workers, Police officers, Postal
carriers, Railroad track workers, Road workers,
Sailors, Ski instructors, Sports professionals,
Surveyors are examples of potential target ofsunlight injuries.
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ultraviolet
Arc welding ultraviolet: Welders, Pipeline workers, Pipecutters,Maintenance workers
Plasma torch ultraviolet: Plasma torch operators
Germicidal ultraviolet: Physicians, Nurses, Laboratory technicians,Bacteriology laboratory personnel, Barbers, Cosmetologists, Kitchenworkers.
Laser ultraviolet: Laboratory workers
Drying and curing processes: Printers, Lithographers, Painters,Wood curers, Plastics workers.
Many of the burn injuries that cause a problem in the work
place may not be as obvious as the thermal and chemicalburns. For example, exposure to UV (ultraviolet) light is amajor problem in a number of industries
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important medical condition linked
with occupational UV exposure(i) Photokeratoconjunctivitisor "Welders Flash", symptoms occur
6-12 hours after exposure and include severe pain, photophobia,and a sensation of a foreign body in the eyes, and tearing;
(ii) Cataracts,strong association between UV exposure andcataractogenesis exists;
(iii) Eye diseases, retinal damage as well as a number of benign andcancerous cell conditions;
(iv) Erythema, (reddening of the skin), UV exposure leading tosunburn is known to most beach bathers. Erythema is mostsevere following exposure to wavelengths of 290-320nm andmay be accompanied by oedema, blistering, desquamation,
chills, fever, nausea;(v) Photosensitivity reactions, especially skin reactions in those
workers of particular medication;
(vi)Premalignant and malignant skin lesions, these usually take along time to manifest, earlier changes include acceleratedageing of skin, loss of elasticity, hyper pigmentation, wrinkles,
etc.
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Injuries: Biomedical
Injury at work due to biomechanical factors, suchmanual handling (lifting of heavy loads),inappropriate workplace designs (ergonomics) andrepetitive injuries account for a large proportion of
compensation claims Manual handing involves the application of human
effort to move equipment, materials, objects, peopleor animals. A lot of these activities can be classifiedas lifting, but other processes such as, pushing,
pulling, twisting and maneuvering play a role incarrying any object. It is no use teaching people tolift things correctly when their job involves, say,manual handling a 160L drum.
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A major factor in manual handling
injuries Poor working posture this can have a number of
adverse outcomes to the worker.
The work posture and injuries that could besustained to tissues, and body parts such as the
back, neck and wrists.
The capacity to perform manual handling variesconsiderably not only between individuals but
within any given individual over time. Factorssuch as gender, age, and body size can modifyrisks of injury
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The consequences of poor working posture.
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Injuries: Noise and Vibrations
The human ear has a remarkable dynamic
range of roughly 0 to 120 dB, which allows
for the detection of the faintest noise to
painful stimulation
Occupational hearing loss can result from
exposure to excessive noise or prolonged
exposure to high noises
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EAR ANATOMY
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Occupational hearing loss
partial or total;
unilateral or bilateral; and conductive,
sensorineural, or mixed conductive and
sensorineural in nature
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Definition of Injuries
Conductive hearing loss results from dysfunction ofthe external or middle ear, which impairs the passageof sound vibrations to the inner ear. In the workplace,this can be caused by blunt or penetrating headinjuries, explosions, and thermal injuries, such as slag
burns sustained when a piece of welders slagpenetrates the eardrum
Sensory hearing loss results from usually thedeterioration of the cochlea, usually the due to loss ofhair cells from the organ of Corte. Among the many
common causes of sensory hearing loss are continualexposure to noise in excess of 85 dB (Australian TWAstandard), blunt head injury, and exposure to ototoxicor neurotoxic substances.
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SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTS OF
INDUSTRIAL DEAFNESS
SYMPTOMS:a. Speech can be heard but the words aren't clear.
b. Inability to distinguish certain speech sounds life 'f','s' and 't'; sounds like birds singing or leavesrustling can't be heard.
c. Some sounds are distorted and 'loudnessrecruitment' occurs. This means that sounds whichare hard to hear suddenly become unbearably loudwith only a slight increase in volume.
d. Sufferer may tend to speak too loudly because theycan't hear their own voices clearly.
e. Speech becomes more difficult to hear when e c isbackground noise. it can become difficult to hear atmeetings.
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EFFECTS:
The most obvious effect of high noise levels
is
Deafness, Dizziness, Loss of balance.
Ringing in ears (Tinnitus).
Headache.
Stress and nervous effects such as
annoyance, irritability.
Reduced night vision.
Loss of sleep
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PREVENTION:
an understandingis gained in regard tothe cause of this injury.
There is only one cause, Industrial Noise.
Knowledgeof some technical aspectsabout noise is the first step towards theelimination of industrial deafness.
Stewards are urged to study the section ofthe manual carefully and to expand theirknowledge by further reading
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NOISE CHARACTERISTICS:
INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY
Noise is an unwanted or unpleasant sound
It can interfere with work and safety by
inducing stress and disturbed
concentration
It can cause serious accidents by breaking
down communications; warning signals
cannot be heard when noise levels are
high
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INTENSITY
The concentration of sound power on a
surface is called intensity
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FREQUENCY
sound power or energy is transmitted throughsound waves
The speed of air particle vibration is calledfrequency
Noise frequency is measured by the number oftimes air particles move backward and forward,(i.e., from compression areas to vacuum areasover a certain period of time
In technical terms frequency is understood andmeasured as, cycles per second' hertz or HZ forshort
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ABILITY TO HEAR AND INDUSTRIAL
DEAFNESS
OUTER EARconsisting of the portion attached to theouter surface of the head and the AUDITORY CANAL
MIDDLE EARconsisting of the eardrum and the threesmallest bones in the body, the HAMMER, ANVIL and
STIRRUP INNER EARcontaining the most complex mechanism of
all. This part of the ear consists of the COCHLEA, abony structure shaped like a snail. Inside the cochleathere are tiny hair cells mounted in a membrane which
floats in the liquid. The hair cells in turn are connectedwith the brain through the auditory nerve.
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THE HEARING PROCESS
Sound waves (vibrations) in the air are transmittedthrough the three bones in the middle ear to thecochlea of the inner ear
During this process, vibration in the air isconverted to mechanical vibration by theoscillation of the eardrum and the small bones
Finally, the mechanical vibration sets in motionfluid waves, in the cochlea.
The power carried by these waves activates thetiny hair cells which in turn send messages to thebrain through the auditory nerve. When thesemessages reach the brain, then we can say thatwe 'hear'.
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HEARING LOSS
Temporary and permanent
TEMPORARY HEARING LOSS involves theorgans of the middle and inner ear and canoccur due to exposure of excessive continuousnoise or impact noise
Impact noise, e.g. metal plates hitting each otheror from forges, hammers and presses, theeardrum can be damaged. However theeardrum can eventually repair itself. In the caseof the continuous exposure to noise the hearingcan gradually return
Temporary hearing loss will become permanentover a period of time.
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PERMANENT HEARING LOSS mainly
involves the destruction of hair cells of the
inner ear (in the cochlea Once the haircells are destroyed, they cannot be
repaired. The most insidious
characteristics of permanent hearing lossare:
(a) that there is no warning of the
destruction occurring in the inner ear(b) the loss of hearing occurs over a long
period of time
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THE EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS
The amount of noise workers receive over
a certain-period of time (see Daily Noise
Dose)
The most important point to remember is
that CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE, even to
low levels, (e.g., 70 dB (A) may damage
the ear mechanisms
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THE TYPE OF NOISE
continuous and impact or impulse noise
lathe or most of the machine tools will
produce a continuous noise
steel plate dropped on another will
produce impact noise which is more
intense and more dangerous
rivet guns or pneumatic wrenches will emit
impulse noise but in very short intervals
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NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND LEGAL
STANDARDS
hazard has to be measured first before action is taken toeliminate it
MEASUREMENT: THE dB(A) scale is that designed tomeasure noise levels and frequencies which can be
hazardous to the human ear. The dB is a unit of sound (noise) pressure
The (A) next to dB indicates that noise is measuredwithin a certain range of frequencies (approximately 25Hz8000 Hz). At the same time the (A) indicates alsothat in noise measurement only some intensities arebeing taken into account.
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THE CONCEPT OF DAILY NOISE DOSE
used to assess the degree of potential danger tohearing
the average acoustic power, which the earreceives during a working day
daily dose is the average of ALL NOISE levels,which the human ear is coursed to in an 8 hourperiod
the instrument used to measure the daily noise
dose is called a DOSIMETER. Its electroniccircuit averages out automatically all the noiselevels received and the results can be read atanytime and for any portion of the day.
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LEGISLATION
legislation regulates reduction of exposure tonoise by ENGINEERING CONTROLS andPERSONAL PROTECTION
Two important concepts involved in noise
regulation are: NOISE LEVELS and DAILYNOISE DOSE
In most States legislation will specify that - noiselevels should not exceed the 115 dB(A) mark atany time and - daily noise dose should notexceed 85 dB(A) TWA (Time Weighted Average,i.e., over the eight hour working day as anaverage of all measurements).
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