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CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 9:MANUFACTURED SUBTANCES
IN INDUSTRY
NAME: MUHAMAD JAMIL ABDULLAH
I/C: 950406-03-5567
TEACHER: SIR ZAINUR
SCHOOL: SEK. MEN. KEB. JELAWANG
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What You Will See & Learn In This Folio is….
9.1: Manufacture of sulphuric acid
- Uses of sulphuric acid - Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry
- Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide
9.2: Manufacture of Ammonia & its salt
- Uses of ammonia
- Manufacture of ammonia- Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in laboratory
9.3: Alloys
- Arrangement of atoms in pure metal
- Alloy
- Arragement of atoms in alloys
- Uses of alloy
9.4: Synthetic Polymers and their Uses
- Natural Polymers
- Synthetic Polymers
- Uses of Synthetic Polymers
- Effect of the disposal of items made from synthetic
polymers on the environment.
9.5: The Uses of Glass and Ceramics
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- Types, composition, characteristics and uses of glass
- Composition, properties and uses of ceramics
9.6: The Uses of Composite Materials- Composite materials
(a): Reinforced concrete
(b): Superconductor
(c): Fibre glass
(d): Fibre optics
(e): Photochromic glass
(f): Ceramic glass
(g): Plastic strengthened with glass fibres
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9.1: MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID
Uses of sulphuric acid
Uses of sulphuric acid ,H SO ,in our daily life are as below:
- Manufacture of fertilizers such as ammonium
sulphate ,
- Manufacture of electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
(car battery)
- Manufacture of soap and detergents
- Manufacture of pesticides (insecticide)
- Manufacture of plastic item such as rayon and nylon
- Manufacture of paint and dyes
Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry
1. Sulphuric acid, H SO , is manufactured in industry
through the Contact process2. The manufacturing of sulphuric acid , H SO, in industry
Involves three stages:
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Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide
1. Fossil fuel such as petrol and manufactured products
of sulphuric acid , H SO , contain sulphur. S2. Burning of these products will oxidise sulphur ,S, to
form sulphur dioxide, SO
3. Sulphur dioxide, SO , is an acidic gas. When it
dissolves in rainwater, it forms sulphurous acid,
,H SO , and causes acid rain
4. Sulphur trioxide, SO , will also form when sulphur
dioxide, SO , reacs with oxygen, O , gas in air
5. When sulphur trioxide, SO , dissolves in rainwater,
sulphuric acid, H SO , is also formed causing acidrain.
6. The effects of acid rain on the environment are as
below:
(a) Corrodes and destroys property such as bridges,
building & statues.(b) Reduces pH of soil and causes it to be unsuiable
for plant life.
(c) Reduces pH of water and causes the death of
aquatic life.
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9.2: MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA & IT’S
SALT
Uses of ammonia
Uses of ammonia, NH , in daily life are as below:- Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers such as
ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO
- Manufacture of nitric acid, HNO , through the Ostwald
process.
- Manufacture of electrolytes in dry cells- Manufacture of cleaning agents such as washing
powder and detergents
- Manufacture of explosives such as trinitrotoluene
(TNT )
- Manufacture of dyes
Properties of ammonia
Properties of ammonia, NH , are sumarised below:
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Manufacture of ammonia
• Ammonia, NH , is manufactured on a large scale in
factories through the Haber Process• In the Haber process, nitrogen, N , and hydrogen, H ,
gases are mixed in the ratio of 1:3 volumes (or moles)
• The hydrogen, H , gas is obtained from methane CH ,
a type of natural gas, while nitrogen, N , gas isobtained from air by fractional distillation of liquefied
air.
• The gas mixture is passed over iron (catalyst ) at a
temperature of 450-550 C and compressed under a
pressure of 200-500 atmoshpere.
• The ammonia, NH , gas obtained is cooled
(temperature of -50 C) to become liquid ammonia,
NH (l).
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Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in the
laboratory
• Ammonium fertilizers are nitrogenous fertilizers thatcan provide nitrogen elements to plants.
• Examples of ammonium salts are used as fertilizers
are ammonium nitrate, NH NO , ammonium sulphate,
(NH ) SO , and ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO .
• Ammonia, NH , dissolves in water to form ammonia
solution, NH (aq), (aqueous ammonia or ammonium
hydroxide, NH OH)• Neutralisation reaction between ammonia solution,
NH (aq), and acid solution produces ammonium, NH ,
salt which is used as fertilizers.
Neutralisation reaction Ammonium salt
( fertiliser )Ammonia solution + phosphoric acid Ammonium phosphate
Ammonia solution + nitric acid Ammonium nitrate
Ammonia solution + sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate
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9.3: ALLOYS
Arragement of atoms in pure metal
• Pure metal is soft and not very strong.
• Atoms of pure metals have similar size and shape and
are arranged closely but there is still space between the
atoms.
• When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide
along one another easily.
• This property causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, itcan be stretched into a wire.
• When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along
one another to fill spaces between the metals atoms.
• This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is
it can be knocked or pressed into various
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Alloy
• An alloy is a substance from a mixture and other
elements• A foreign atom (impurity atom) may be atoms of other
metals or non-metals such as carbon.
• the process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms
of pure metal by melting is called alloying
• The aims of alloying are to:
Increase the strength and hardness of the metal
Prevent corrosion of the metal
Improve the appearance of the metal so that it is
more attractive.
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Arragement of atoms in alloys
• Impurity atoms which are mixed may be larger or smaller than atoms of pure metal.
• Impurity atom fill the empty spaces between the atoms
in pure metal.
• Impurity atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms
from sliding along one another easily.
• Due to this, an alloy is harder & stronger than pure
metal.
• For example, stell is harder than iron.
Uses of alloy
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The properties of alloy such as its strength, ability to
withstand corrosion and its shiny appearance cause it to be
suitable to be made into various items for daily use.
9.4: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS & THEIR
USES
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• Polymers are long chains of molecules made
from combination of many small molecules.• Small molecules that combine to form polymers
are called monomers
• Polymerisation is a process of combining
monomers to form a long chain of molecules.
• Polymers can be divided by 2.
Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
Natural Polymers
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• A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally
• Natural polymers are normally made by living
organism.
Natural Polymers Monomers(small molecule)
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Strach Glucose
Protein Amino Acid
Fat Fatty Acid & Glycerol
Nucleic Acid Nucleotides
Synthetic Polymer
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• Synthetic (artificial) polymers are man-made polymers
that are produce from chemical compounds through
polymerization.
• Plastic, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers are threeexamples of synthetic polymers.
• There are two types of polymerisation:
Addition polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation
( Addition polymerisation )
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Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two carbon atoms undergo addition polymerisation.
Monomers undergo addition polymerisation as shown
below.
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If the structure of a monomer is known, the structural
formula of its synthetic polymer can be determined as
shown below:
Step 1: Write the symbol for two carbon
atoms with double bonds in the middle.
push the atom or molecule that is tied to
the two carbon atoms above or below
two carbon atoms.
Step 2:Change or open the double
bond into two single
covalent bonds and draw
brackets.
Step 3:
Write the letter ‘n’ at the bottom right-hand corner
of the molecule.
( Example 1)
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You are given a propane monomer, C H . Write the
structual formula of the synthetic polymer.
The monomers in a polymer can be determined. The following
guidelines are given to help you to determine the monomer in a
polymer, formed through the addition polymerisation.
( Example 2)
Part of the structure of a molecule of a polymer (PVC) isgiven below. Determine and name the monomer.
( Condensation polymerisation)
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• Small molecules such as water, H O, and ammonia, NH
, are released in condensation polymerisation.
Monomer Polymer
(a) Adipic acid and hexanediamine Nylon(b) 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene & ethane-1,2-diol Terylene
Example of synthetic polymer and their monomer
Uses of synthetic polymers.
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•Synthetic polymers are used widely in daily life.
Type of polymer Use
Polythene Make bucket, plastic bag, raincoats, films,
bowls and rubbish bins.
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)
Make water pipes, electric cables, matsvinyl records and clothes.
Perspex Make car windscreens, airplane window
panes & spectacle lense.
Nylon Make ropes, curtain, stocking and clothes
Polypropene Make ropes, bottles, chairs, drink can, and
carpets.
Polystyrene Make packing boxes, buttons, ¬iceboards
Terylene Make textile item such as clothes & cloths.Application of synthetic polymers
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• Synthetic polymers such as plastic, synthetic fibres &
synthetic rubber have been used to replace various
natural items such as cotton, silk, glass, metal, timber &
rock.
Natural compound that
have been replaced by
synthetic polymers
The advantages of synthetic
polymers compared to natural
compounds
Cotton and Silk Stronger, more durable, withstands dirt,
and does not wrinkle easily
Paper Waterproof, does not wrinkle or tear
easily
Timber Does not rot easily
Metal Lighter, does not corrode easily, more
easily forged and coloured
Glass and Ceramics Does not break easily
Marble (rock ) Cheaper Advantages of synthetic polymers used to replace natural compounds
Effects of the disposal of item made from synthetic
polymers on the environment
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• Synthetic polymer are not biodegradle (not decomposed by microorganisms).
•
The careless disposal of items made from synthetis polymers such as plastic causes environmental
pollution.
• The effect of burning and careless disposal of items
made from synthetic polymers on the environment are
as below…
(a) Burning of synthetic polymers
Release pollutants that endanger health uch
as smoke, gases that are smelly poisonous
and corrosive such as sulphur dioxide,
pollutants that cause acid rain and the
greenhouse effect.
(b) Careless disposal of synthetic polymers
Spoils the beauty of the environment
Causes flash floods during heavy rainfall Endangers marine life like turtles that
accidentally eat polymers such as plastic as
its food.
• The best way to manage used items made from
synthetic polymers is to recycle them.
• Plastics that are biodegradable can be used instead toreduce environmental pollution.
9.5: THE USES OF GLASS AND CERAMICS
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Types, composition, characteristics and uses of
glass
• The main component of glass is silica or silicon
dioxide, SiO , which obtain from sand
• The main characteristics of glass are
Brittle
Hard
Chemically inert
Transparent Not permeable to gas and liquid ( fluid )
Does not conduct electricity
Heat insulator
• The most simple glass is fused silica glass. This glass
mainly contains silica, SiO ,
• Most of the glass are produced by mixing molten
silica, SiO , with other compounds.• Glass can be recycled. Glass can also be melted and
solidified repeatedly.
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• Diffferent types of glass have different uses
Composition, properties and uses of ceramics
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• Ceramics are made from clay that has been heated at
a very high temperature.
• The main component of ceramics is silicate
•
Most ceramics contain silicon, Si, oxygen, O, andaluminium, Al.
• Unlike glass, ceramics cannot be recycled . Ceramics
that have been solidified cannot be melted again as
they are extremely heat resistant.
• Common properties of ceramics
Brittle
Extremely hard
High melting point
Withstand compression
Cracks when temperature changes drastically
• Several uses of ceramics are as follows.
Manufactured of computer microchip
Make dentures (enamel )
Make porcelain, vase and ornamental items
Make plates, bowls and pots
Used in the manufacturing of car engines,
spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear
reactors.
9.6: THE USES OF COMPOSITE
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MATERIALS
• In this modern world, the demand for items withspecific properties is high
• Compounds with specific properties are combined to
produce a composite material that meets the
requirements of industry, construction and
transportation
Composite materials
• Composite materialsare produced from the
combination of two or more different compounds such
as alloys, metals, glass, polymers and ceramics.
• The characteristics of the produced material are much
more superior than those original components.
• Several uses of composite materials are:
(a) Reinforced concrete
Made from a mixture of cement, gravel,
sands, water, iron or steel to produce nets,
rods or bars
Strong, high tensile strength and cheap
Construction material for buildings,
bridges, highway and dams.
(b) Superconductor
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Made from various components such as
mixture of niobium and germanium
Compound that has no electrical resistance
( zero resistance) Can function only under extremely low
temperatures
Used in the transportation,
telecommunications and astronomy
industries and in medical field
(c) Fibre glass
Made from silica, sodium carbonate, and
calcium carbonateGood insulator of heat and electricity
Used to make protective apparel for
astronauts and firefighters
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(d) Fibre optics
Made from glass, copper and aluminium
Enables information to be transmitted in
light form at high speed ( speed of light )Used in the field of communication to
make electrical cables and in the field of
medicine to observe internal organs
without performing surgery
(e) Photochromic glass
Produced from molten silica that is mixed
with a little silver chloride, AgCl
Dark in color when exposed to bright light(ultraviolet ray) and bright when in the
dark
Used to make optical lenses and glass
windows (windshields) of certain vehicles
(f) Ceramic glass
Produced by exposing glass that containscertain amount of metals to ultraviolet rays
and heating it at high temperature
Used to make cooking material and rocket
head
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Withstand heat
(g) Plastic strengthened with glass fibres
Made of plastic and glass fibres
Composite plastics that are very strong,light, easily formed and can withstand
corrosion
Use to make body of car & aeroplane, rods
and other parts of aeroplans.