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GENOMEGENOME
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GENETIC MAPSGENETIC MAPS
Are linkage maps that shows
the relative location of geneson a chromosome asdetermined by recombinationfrequencies.
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Genetic map of common
shrew consist of 45 genesmarking 8 chromosomes of10 of Sorex araneuskaryotipe.
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Physical MapsPhysical Maps
yAre diagrams showing the
relative positions of Landmarkswithin specific DNA sequence.
yLandmarks include specific
sequences of DNA and siteswhere restriction enzymes cutDNA.
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yThe distance between
landmarks on a physical mapare measured in base-pair(1 000 base pairs equal 1kilobase, kb)
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Physical map of the
Y chromosomeindicating someknown genes andgene regions.
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y It is not necessary to know the
DNA sequence of a segment ofDNA in order to create a physicalmap or to know the DNA codes
for a specific gene.
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11stst Genetic Map (1911Genetic Map (1911--1913)1913)
yAlfred
Sturtevantmapped 5 genes in aDrosophila melanogaster
y It is measured incentrimorgan (cM), thedistance of a geneticmap.
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ProteomeProteome
yThe entire set ofproteins expressed by agenome, cell, tissue or
organism.
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CloningCloning
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y Based from the article what is cloning?
y Who cloned the first animal? What was thatanimal?
y Who was the scientist in-charge for cloning dolly?
y Dolly was born last _________________.
y How many trials was done before dolly was fully
cloned?y Dolly was named after _______________.
y What was the institute responsible for cloningDolly
y Dolly was a combination of what type of cells andorganisms (animal/s)?
y Give two applications of cloning in the presenttime.
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What is a clone?What is a clone?
y Clone refers to genetically identical cells
originating from one cell.
y They take DNA from a cloned cell ofanother animal, and insert it into a zygote
that had its DNA removed, and replace itwith the cloned DNA.
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Who did they clone?Who did they clone?
y In 1996, they successfully cloned the
first animal- a sheep named Dolly.y The nucleus they used was from anadult of the same species.
y
Since then, they have successfullycloned sheep and pigs.
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Why do they want to cloneWhy do they want to cloneanimals?animals?
y They do this to study genetic
disorders and disease susceptibility.y It is done strictly for medicalresearch.
y Ian Wilmut and other scientists wasin charged for cloning Dolly
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Other Genetic EngineeringOther Genetic Engineeringstrategiesstrategies
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Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer
y Technology used for large animals such as
cattle, buffaloes or carabaos and goats
y Biotechnology Research Team of the Phil.Carabao Center (Nueva Ecija)
Produced healthy elite breeds of waterbuffaloes from in-vitro produced frozen thawedembryos from Aurangadan, India.
Named it Glory.
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Recombinant DNARecombinant DNATechnology (1970s)Technology (1970s)
Set of techniques for combining
genes from different sourcesand transferring the resultingrecombinant DNA into a cell by
means of a test tube.
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Use of E. coliUse of E. coli (1946)(1946)
y Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum
Conducted experiment withEscherischia coli
The E. colicontain sexual
mechanism that results incombining genes from two differentcells.
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BACTERIA USEDBACTERIA USED
TO TRANSFERTO TRANSFERDNADNA
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Three Ways to Transfer DNA by aThree Ways to Transfer DNA by aBacteriaBacteria
yTRANSFORMATION
yTRANSLOCATION
yCONJUGATION
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TransformationTransformation
yTaking up of DNA from a
fluid surrounding a cell
yFrederick Griffith (1920s)Experiment regarding pneumonia-causing bacteria
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TRANSLOCATIONTRANSLOCATION
yThe transfer ofbacterial genes by
a phage
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CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION
yWhen two bacterial cell mateyMale contains sex pili
yFemale serve as the recipient
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Experiment of E. coliExperiment of E. coli
yContains F Factor
yCaries genes for making sex pili andother things needed for conjugation
y Also contains the origin ofreplication, where DNA replicationcan start.
y It can exist as a PLASMID
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VECTORVECTOR
ySomething to carry therecombinant DNAmolecule
xPlasmidsxPhages
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PLASMIDPLASMID
yA small circular DNA molecule
that is separated from a muchbigger bacterial chromosome.
yCarrier of recombinant DNA
Molecule.
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PhagesPhages
yViruses that infectbacterial cell and maycarry a recombinant
DNA molecule.
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Steps to Multiply Useful DNASteps to Multiply Useful DNA
by means of Plasmidsby means of Plasmidsy Plasmid is isolated from a bacteria
y DNA of interest is obtained from other
celly DNA of interest is inserted into the
plasmid (Recombinant DNA)
y Bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by
transformationy Bacterium is the cloned
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Uses ofRecombinant DNAUses ofRecombinant DNAy Production of Pest resistant Plants
y Cleaning toxic wastes
y For insulin productiony Proteins dissolves blood clots in the heart
attack therapy
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yIf you are Ian, what
organism will you clone?What will be its significancein the following:
EnvironmentEconomySociety