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OUTLOOK HYDRO IN EUROPE 24
TACKLING GEOTECH CHALLENGES
IN THE HIMALAYAS 26
SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT 35
TLOOK HYDRO IN EUROPEO
ACKLING GEOTECH CHALLENGES
IN THE HIMALAYAS 26
MALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT 35
wwwhydroworldcom
Connecting The Worldwide Hydro Community July 2009
ntents | Zoom in | Zoom out Search Issue | Next PageFor navigation instructions please click here
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 901
httphrwhotimscom RS 1
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 1
JULY 2009
WIND-HYDRO INTEGRATION
ARTICLES
24 Hydropower in EuropeCurrent Status Future Opportunities By Marla J Barnes
For hydro the European Unionrsquos current push to increase use of renewables translates to
signi1047297cant growth in the development of new capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
26 Project Development in the HimalayasSolving Geotechnical Challenges
By Imran Sayeed
During hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian
utility NHPC Limited has faced multiple geotechnical challenges
To overcome these the company has implemented a number
of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for
rock slopes and choosing tunneling practices to best deal with
the rock conditions
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H Irfan AkerDolsar Engineering
Limited Turkey
Ian M CookICCL United
Kingdom
Chris HeadChris Head amp Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B KassanaEast African Tea
Trade AssociationKenya
Peter Thomas MulvihillPioneer Generation Ltd
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal(RG) Vartak
AFCONS InfrastructureLimited India
EmmanuelAntwi-Darkwa
Volta River AuthorityGhana
Arturo GilGarcia
IberdrolaGeneration
Spain
Liu HengInternational Network on
Small Hydropower(IN-SHP) PeoplesRepublic of China
Carlos Alberto KnakiewiczItaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri PhDDr Montris amp Associates
Thailand
Luis C VintimillaConsulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang BotingChinese Society for
Hydropower EngineeringPeoples Republic of
China
Roger GillHydro Focus
Pty LtdAustralia
Zhang JinshengChina Yangtze
Three Gorges ProjectPeoples Republic of
China
Dr Terry MossEskom Generation
South Africa
CVJ VarmaCouncil of Power Utilitiesand The Dams Society
India
James Yang PhDVattenfall Research
and Development ABSweden
2 Viewpoint Hydro and Wind Power
4 Briefings
34 New Hydro
35 Small Hydro
40 Index to Advertisers
12 Pumped Storage Supports Wind Energy
By Fernando Peraacuten Montero and Juan J Peacuterez
Spanish utility Iberdrola isbuilding the 852-MW La Muela 2pumped-storage plant to help 1047297rmthe variability of its more than4200 MW of wind capacity
26
12
Peer Reviewed
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In the world of renewable energy news from 2008 includes the fact of wind pow-
errsquos continued rapid growth Wind added 29 GW during the year Hydropower
also added capacity in this same range mdash 25 to 30 GW
In four years worldwide wind capacity has grown by a factor of 25 times
from 48 GW in 2004 to 121 GW in 2008 mdash an annual growth rate of 26 This
is higher than the growth rate of any other electricity source Three countries mdash
Germany Spain and the United States mdash now host more than half of the worldrsquos
wind capacity And China and India in 4th and 5th place are both adding wind
power at a terri1047297c pace
Hydropower facility owners operators and developers need not worry about
hydro being displaced by wind power or by other new renewable energies or any
other power source The world needs all the electricity it can get mdash especially
renewable energy And where hydro projects are feasible they deliver solid value
Hydro often is a low-cost source of electr icity that provides long-term support for
regional economies Moreover the long life reliability and durability of hydro
projects often provide a bonus Many types of power projects including wind
projects will not endure beyond a 20- or 30-year life Yet after 30 years the
typical hydro project has hardly reached the middle of its li fe
Because the worldwide installation rates of wind and hydro are about the same
gigawatt per gigawatt it could seem fortuitous that new hydro could ldquobalancerdquo
the intermittency of new wind installations Indeed among the top 1047297ve wind-
power countries Spain China and India are rapidly adding hydro and these ad-
ditions aid them in successfully integrating wind power into their electricity grids
Other countries are not so lucky Ireland for example is adding wind power and
is experiencing integration challenges Within Ireland and many other countries
the opportunities for using hydro to support integration are limited
We cannot get too much hydro and wind power To put energy needs in per-
spective what if all of the new demands for electricity in the past ten years had
been provided from hydro and wind (or other renewables) (And please keep
in mind that electricity provides but a fraction of total energy supplies) Over
the decade the 40 addition to total electricity generation added about 6000
terawatt-hours of energy per year To supply this much electricity from hydro
and wind power additions would have required total annual capacity additions
totaling 150 to 200 GW hellip or about three times as much as was installed in 2008
a banner year While these levels of addition may not be beyond possibility they
are de1047297nitely a far stretch from where we are today Itrsquos hard to imagine getting
enough of either hydro or wind
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
V i e w p o i n t
Hydro and Wind Power
Vol 17 No 3 July 2009
1421 South Sheridan RoadTulsa OK 74112PO Box 1260 Tulsa OK 74101
Telephone (918) 835-3161Fax (918) 831-9834
E-mail hydroreviewpennwellcomWorld Wide Web httpwwwhydroworldcom
PUBLISHER AND CHIEF EDITOR mdash Marla Barnes(816) 931-1311 ext106 marlabpennwellcom
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash John Braden(816) 931-1311 ext123 johnbpennwellcom
ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash Elizabeth Ingram(816) 931-1311 ext125 elizabethip ennwellcom
PRESENTATION EDITOR mdash Kermit Mulkins(918) 831-9554 kermitmpennwellcom
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR mdash James L Gordon BSc
CONSULTANTS ADVISORS mdash Leslie Eden and Carl Vansant
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE
PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 60065-3264Customer Service 847-559-7330
Fax 847-291-4816Email hrwomedacom
MARKETING MANAGER mdash Ashley Wood(918) 832-9326 ashleywpennwellcom
GROUP PUBLISHER NORTH AMERICAN RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP
Dick Rauner mdash (918) 832-9249 dickrpennwellcom
SR VP POWER GENERATION mdash Richard G Baker(918) 831-9187 richardbpennwellcom
SALES DIRECTOR mdash Howard Lutzk
(816) 931-1311 ext109 howardlpennwellcom
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS mdash PennWell Corp1421 S Sherid an Road Tulsa OK 74112
Telephone (918) 835-3161
CHAIRMAN mdash Frank T LauingerPRESIDENT CEO mdash Robert F Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT mdash Mark C Wilmoth
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER mdash Emily Martha MartinSR VP AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT amp BOOK PUBLISHING mdash Gloria Adams
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR mdash Charlie ColePRODUCTION MANAGER mdash Dorothy Davis
HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in March May July Sep-
tember October and December by PennWell Corp 1421 S Sheridan Rd
Tulsa OK 74112 phone (918) 835-3161 Printed in USA Canad ian GST
Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001 Canada Post International
Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agree-
ment No 40029359 Copyright 2009 by PennWell Corp (Registered i n
US Patent Trademark Of1047297ce) No part of this periodical may be repro-duced without the consent of the publisher Authorization to photocopy
items for internal or personal use or the i nternal or personal use of speci1047297c
clients is granted by HRW ISSN 1072-9542 provided that the appro-
priate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood
Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400 Prior to photocopying
items for educational classroom use please contact Copyright Clearance
Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400
Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa OK and additional mailing of1047297ces An-
nual subscription rate US$44 per year Single copies US$20 Payments
accepted in US funds only HRW is a subscriber to Reuters and Business
News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in its news col-
umns POSTMASTER Send change of address other circulation infor-
mation to HYDRO REVIEW PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 600 65-3264
ldquoHRW rdquo is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp Return undeliver-
able Canadian addresses to PO Box 122 Niagara Falls ON L2E 6S4
PRINTED IN THE USA GST NO 12681 3153 RT0001
Publications Mail Agreement No 40029359
reg
Member BPA International
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performancewhenever you need it Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants
Using our advanced technology wersquoll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higheroutput of clean renewable and flexible energy with better reliability and efficiency Or as we say
hydro efficiency
To learn more visit wwwpoweralstomcomhydro
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 900httphrwhotimscomRS 2
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______________________
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 700httphrwhotimscom RS 3
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
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their impact on our environment
with products and processes
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
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technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
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ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
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_________________________
___________
________
________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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______________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 901
httphrwhotimscom RS 1
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_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 344
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 1
JULY 2009
WIND-HYDRO INTEGRATION
ARTICLES
24 Hydropower in EuropeCurrent Status Future Opportunities By Marla J Barnes
For hydro the European Unionrsquos current push to increase use of renewables translates to
signi1047297cant growth in the development of new capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
26 Project Development in the HimalayasSolving Geotechnical Challenges
By Imran Sayeed
During hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian
utility NHPC Limited has faced multiple geotechnical challenges
To overcome these the company has implemented a number
of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for
rock slopes and choosing tunneling practices to best deal with
the rock conditions
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H Irfan AkerDolsar Engineering
Limited Turkey
Ian M CookICCL United
Kingdom
Chris HeadChris Head amp Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B KassanaEast African Tea
Trade AssociationKenya
Peter Thomas MulvihillPioneer Generation Ltd
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal(RG) Vartak
AFCONS InfrastructureLimited India
EmmanuelAntwi-Darkwa
Volta River AuthorityGhana
Arturo GilGarcia
IberdrolaGeneration
Spain
Liu HengInternational Network on
Small Hydropower(IN-SHP) PeoplesRepublic of China
Carlos Alberto KnakiewiczItaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri PhDDr Montris amp Associates
Thailand
Luis C VintimillaConsulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang BotingChinese Society for
Hydropower EngineeringPeoples Republic of
China
Roger GillHydro Focus
Pty LtdAustralia
Zhang JinshengChina Yangtze
Three Gorges ProjectPeoples Republic of
China
Dr Terry MossEskom Generation
South Africa
CVJ VarmaCouncil of Power Utilitiesand The Dams Society
India
James Yang PhDVattenfall Research
and Development ABSweden
2 Viewpoint Hydro and Wind Power
4 Briefings
34 New Hydro
35 Small Hydro
40 Index to Advertisers
12 Pumped Storage Supports Wind Energy
By Fernando Peraacuten Montero and Juan J Peacuterez
Spanish utility Iberdrola isbuilding the 852-MW La Muela 2pumped-storage plant to help 1047297rmthe variability of its more than4200 MW of wind capacity
26
12
Peer Reviewed
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 444
In the world of renewable energy news from 2008 includes the fact of wind pow-
errsquos continued rapid growth Wind added 29 GW during the year Hydropower
also added capacity in this same range mdash 25 to 30 GW
In four years worldwide wind capacity has grown by a factor of 25 times
from 48 GW in 2004 to 121 GW in 2008 mdash an annual growth rate of 26 This
is higher than the growth rate of any other electricity source Three countries mdash
Germany Spain and the United States mdash now host more than half of the worldrsquos
wind capacity And China and India in 4th and 5th place are both adding wind
power at a terri1047297c pace
Hydropower facility owners operators and developers need not worry about
hydro being displaced by wind power or by other new renewable energies or any
other power source The world needs all the electricity it can get mdash especially
renewable energy And where hydro projects are feasible they deliver solid value
Hydro often is a low-cost source of electr icity that provides long-term support for
regional economies Moreover the long life reliability and durability of hydro
projects often provide a bonus Many types of power projects including wind
projects will not endure beyond a 20- or 30-year life Yet after 30 years the
typical hydro project has hardly reached the middle of its li fe
Because the worldwide installation rates of wind and hydro are about the same
gigawatt per gigawatt it could seem fortuitous that new hydro could ldquobalancerdquo
the intermittency of new wind installations Indeed among the top 1047297ve wind-
power countries Spain China and India are rapidly adding hydro and these ad-
ditions aid them in successfully integrating wind power into their electricity grids
Other countries are not so lucky Ireland for example is adding wind power and
is experiencing integration challenges Within Ireland and many other countries
the opportunities for using hydro to support integration are limited
We cannot get too much hydro and wind power To put energy needs in per-
spective what if all of the new demands for electricity in the past ten years had
been provided from hydro and wind (or other renewables) (And please keep
in mind that electricity provides but a fraction of total energy supplies) Over
the decade the 40 addition to total electricity generation added about 6000
terawatt-hours of energy per year To supply this much electricity from hydro
and wind power additions would have required total annual capacity additions
totaling 150 to 200 GW hellip or about three times as much as was installed in 2008
a banner year While these levels of addition may not be beyond possibility they
are de1047297nitely a far stretch from where we are today Itrsquos hard to imagine getting
enough of either hydro or wind
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
V i e w p o i n t
Hydro and Wind Power
Vol 17 No 3 July 2009
1421 South Sheridan RoadTulsa OK 74112PO Box 1260 Tulsa OK 74101
Telephone (918) 835-3161Fax (918) 831-9834
E-mail hydroreviewpennwellcomWorld Wide Web httpwwwhydroworldcom
PUBLISHER AND CHIEF EDITOR mdash Marla Barnes(816) 931-1311 ext106 marlabpennwellcom
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash John Braden(816) 931-1311 ext123 johnbpennwellcom
ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash Elizabeth Ingram(816) 931-1311 ext125 elizabethip ennwellcom
PRESENTATION EDITOR mdash Kermit Mulkins(918) 831-9554 kermitmpennwellcom
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR mdash James L Gordon BSc
CONSULTANTS ADVISORS mdash Leslie Eden and Carl Vansant
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE
PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 60065-3264Customer Service 847-559-7330
Fax 847-291-4816Email hrwomedacom
MARKETING MANAGER mdash Ashley Wood(918) 832-9326 ashleywpennwellcom
GROUP PUBLISHER NORTH AMERICAN RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP
Dick Rauner mdash (918) 832-9249 dickrpennwellcom
SR VP POWER GENERATION mdash Richard G Baker(918) 831-9187 richardbpennwellcom
SALES DIRECTOR mdash Howard Lutzk
(816) 931-1311 ext109 howardlpennwellcom
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS mdash PennWell Corp1421 S Sherid an Road Tulsa OK 74112
Telephone (918) 835-3161
CHAIRMAN mdash Frank T LauingerPRESIDENT CEO mdash Robert F Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT mdash Mark C Wilmoth
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER mdash Emily Martha MartinSR VP AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT amp BOOK PUBLISHING mdash Gloria Adams
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR mdash Charlie ColePRODUCTION MANAGER mdash Dorothy Davis
HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in March May July Sep-
tember October and December by PennWell Corp 1421 S Sheridan Rd
Tulsa OK 74112 phone (918) 835-3161 Printed in USA Canad ian GST
Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001 Canada Post International
Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agree-
ment No 40029359 Copyright 2009 by PennWell Corp (Registered i n
US Patent Trademark Of1047297ce) No part of this periodical may be repro-duced without the consent of the publisher Authorization to photocopy
items for internal or personal use or the i nternal or personal use of speci1047297c
clients is granted by HRW ISSN 1072-9542 provided that the appro-
priate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood
Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400 Prior to photocopying
items for educational classroom use please contact Copyright Clearance
Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400
Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa OK and additional mailing of1047297ces An-
nual subscription rate US$44 per year Single copies US$20 Payments
accepted in US funds only HRW is a subscriber to Reuters and Business
News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in its news col-
umns POSTMASTER Send change of address other circulation infor-
mation to HYDRO REVIEW PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 600 65-3264
ldquoHRW rdquo is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp Return undeliver-
able Canadian addresses to PO Box 122 Niagara Falls ON L2E 6S4
PRINTED IN THE USA GST NO 12681 3153 RT0001
Publications Mail Agreement No 40029359
reg
Member BPA International
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performancewhenever you need it Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants
Using our advanced technology wersquoll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higheroutput of clean renewable and flexible energy with better reliability and efficiency Or as we say
hydro efficiency
To learn more visit wwwpoweralstomcomhydro
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 900httphrwhotimscomRS 2
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______________________
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 644
4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 744
We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 700httphrwhotimscom RS 3
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
Globally individuals and
companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
3225 Mainway Burlington Ontario L7M 1A6 Canada
Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
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httphrwhotimscom RS 8 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1014
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______________________________
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3544
Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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_______________
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__________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 344
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 1
JULY 2009
WIND-HYDRO INTEGRATION
ARTICLES
24 Hydropower in EuropeCurrent Status Future Opportunities By Marla J Barnes
For hydro the European Unionrsquos current push to increase use of renewables translates to
signi1047297cant growth in the development of new capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
26 Project Development in the HimalayasSolving Geotechnical Challenges
By Imran Sayeed
During hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian
utility NHPC Limited has faced multiple geotechnical challenges
To overcome these the company has implemented a number
of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for
rock slopes and choosing tunneling practices to best deal with
the rock conditions
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H Irfan AkerDolsar Engineering
Limited Turkey
Ian M CookICCL United
Kingdom
Chris HeadChris Head amp Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B KassanaEast African Tea
Trade AssociationKenya
Peter Thomas MulvihillPioneer Generation Ltd
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal(RG) Vartak
AFCONS InfrastructureLimited India
EmmanuelAntwi-Darkwa
Volta River AuthorityGhana
Arturo GilGarcia
IberdrolaGeneration
Spain
Liu HengInternational Network on
Small Hydropower(IN-SHP) PeoplesRepublic of China
Carlos Alberto KnakiewiczItaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri PhDDr Montris amp Associates
Thailand
Luis C VintimillaConsulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang BotingChinese Society for
Hydropower EngineeringPeoples Republic of
China
Roger GillHydro Focus
Pty LtdAustralia
Zhang JinshengChina Yangtze
Three Gorges ProjectPeoples Republic of
China
Dr Terry MossEskom Generation
South Africa
CVJ VarmaCouncil of Power Utilitiesand The Dams Society
India
James Yang PhDVattenfall Research
and Development ABSweden
2 Viewpoint Hydro and Wind Power
4 Briefings
34 New Hydro
35 Small Hydro
40 Index to Advertisers
12 Pumped Storage Supports Wind Energy
By Fernando Peraacuten Montero and Juan J Peacuterez
Spanish utility Iberdrola isbuilding the 852-MW La Muela 2pumped-storage plant to help 1047297rmthe variability of its more than4200 MW of wind capacity
26
12
Peer Reviewed
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 444
In the world of renewable energy news from 2008 includes the fact of wind pow-
errsquos continued rapid growth Wind added 29 GW during the year Hydropower
also added capacity in this same range mdash 25 to 30 GW
In four years worldwide wind capacity has grown by a factor of 25 times
from 48 GW in 2004 to 121 GW in 2008 mdash an annual growth rate of 26 This
is higher than the growth rate of any other electricity source Three countries mdash
Germany Spain and the United States mdash now host more than half of the worldrsquos
wind capacity And China and India in 4th and 5th place are both adding wind
power at a terri1047297c pace
Hydropower facility owners operators and developers need not worry about
hydro being displaced by wind power or by other new renewable energies or any
other power source The world needs all the electricity it can get mdash especially
renewable energy And where hydro projects are feasible they deliver solid value
Hydro often is a low-cost source of electr icity that provides long-term support for
regional economies Moreover the long life reliability and durability of hydro
projects often provide a bonus Many types of power projects including wind
projects will not endure beyond a 20- or 30-year life Yet after 30 years the
typical hydro project has hardly reached the middle of its li fe
Because the worldwide installation rates of wind and hydro are about the same
gigawatt per gigawatt it could seem fortuitous that new hydro could ldquobalancerdquo
the intermittency of new wind installations Indeed among the top 1047297ve wind-
power countries Spain China and India are rapidly adding hydro and these ad-
ditions aid them in successfully integrating wind power into their electricity grids
Other countries are not so lucky Ireland for example is adding wind power and
is experiencing integration challenges Within Ireland and many other countries
the opportunities for using hydro to support integration are limited
We cannot get too much hydro and wind power To put energy needs in per-
spective what if all of the new demands for electricity in the past ten years had
been provided from hydro and wind (or other renewables) (And please keep
in mind that electricity provides but a fraction of total energy supplies) Over
the decade the 40 addition to total electricity generation added about 6000
terawatt-hours of energy per year To supply this much electricity from hydro
and wind power additions would have required total annual capacity additions
totaling 150 to 200 GW hellip or about three times as much as was installed in 2008
a banner year While these levels of addition may not be beyond possibility they
are de1047297nitely a far stretch from where we are today Itrsquos hard to imagine getting
enough of either hydro or wind
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
V i e w p o i n t
Hydro and Wind Power
Vol 17 No 3 July 2009
1421 South Sheridan RoadTulsa OK 74112PO Box 1260 Tulsa OK 74101
Telephone (918) 835-3161Fax (918) 831-9834
E-mail hydroreviewpennwellcomWorld Wide Web httpwwwhydroworldcom
PUBLISHER AND CHIEF EDITOR mdash Marla Barnes(816) 931-1311 ext106 marlabpennwellcom
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash John Braden(816) 931-1311 ext123 johnbpennwellcom
ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash Elizabeth Ingram(816) 931-1311 ext125 elizabethip ennwellcom
PRESENTATION EDITOR mdash Kermit Mulkins(918) 831-9554 kermitmpennwellcom
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR mdash James L Gordon BSc
CONSULTANTS ADVISORS mdash Leslie Eden and Carl Vansant
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE
PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 60065-3264Customer Service 847-559-7330
Fax 847-291-4816Email hrwomedacom
MARKETING MANAGER mdash Ashley Wood(918) 832-9326 ashleywpennwellcom
GROUP PUBLISHER NORTH AMERICAN RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP
Dick Rauner mdash (918) 832-9249 dickrpennwellcom
SR VP POWER GENERATION mdash Richard G Baker(918) 831-9187 richardbpennwellcom
SALES DIRECTOR mdash Howard Lutzk
(816) 931-1311 ext109 howardlpennwellcom
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS mdash PennWell Corp1421 S Sherid an Road Tulsa OK 74112
Telephone (918) 835-3161
CHAIRMAN mdash Frank T LauingerPRESIDENT CEO mdash Robert F Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT mdash Mark C Wilmoth
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER mdash Emily Martha MartinSR VP AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT amp BOOK PUBLISHING mdash Gloria Adams
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR mdash Charlie ColePRODUCTION MANAGER mdash Dorothy Davis
HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in March May July Sep-
tember October and December by PennWell Corp 1421 S Sheridan Rd
Tulsa OK 74112 phone (918) 835-3161 Printed in USA Canad ian GST
Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001 Canada Post International
Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agree-
ment No 40029359 Copyright 2009 by PennWell Corp (Registered i n
US Patent Trademark Of1047297ce) No part of this periodical may be repro-duced without the consent of the publisher Authorization to photocopy
items for internal or personal use or the i nternal or personal use of speci1047297c
clients is granted by HRW ISSN 1072-9542 provided that the appro-
priate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood
Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400 Prior to photocopying
items for educational classroom use please contact Copyright Clearance
Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400
Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa OK and additional mailing of1047297ces An-
nual subscription rate US$44 per year Single copies US$20 Payments
accepted in US funds only HRW is a subscriber to Reuters and Business
News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in its news col-
umns POSTMASTER Send change of address other circulation infor-
mation to HYDRO REVIEW PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 600 65-3264
ldquoHRW rdquo is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp Return undeliver-
able Canadian addresses to PO Box 122 Niagara Falls ON L2E 6S4
PRINTED IN THE USA GST NO 12681 3153 RT0001
Publications Mail Agreement No 40029359
reg
Member BPA International
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performancewhenever you need it Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants
Using our advanced technology wersquoll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higheroutput of clean renewable and flexible energy with better reliability and efficiency Or as we say
hydro efficiency
To learn more visit wwwpoweralstomcomhydro
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 900httphrwhotimscomRS 2
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______________________
_______________
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4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 700httphrwhotimscom RS 3
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1344
MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
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companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
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Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
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)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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________
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__________
___________
________
________
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
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u l y
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0 9Booth 1001
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In the world of renewable energy news from 2008 includes the fact of wind pow-
errsquos continued rapid growth Wind added 29 GW during the year Hydropower
also added capacity in this same range mdash 25 to 30 GW
In four years worldwide wind capacity has grown by a factor of 25 times
from 48 GW in 2004 to 121 GW in 2008 mdash an annual growth rate of 26 This
is higher than the growth rate of any other electricity source Three countries mdash
Germany Spain and the United States mdash now host more than half of the worldrsquos
wind capacity And China and India in 4th and 5th place are both adding wind
power at a terri1047297c pace
Hydropower facility owners operators and developers need not worry about
hydro being displaced by wind power or by other new renewable energies or any
other power source The world needs all the electricity it can get mdash especially
renewable energy And where hydro projects are feasible they deliver solid value
Hydro often is a low-cost source of electr icity that provides long-term support for
regional economies Moreover the long life reliability and durability of hydro
projects often provide a bonus Many types of power projects including wind
projects will not endure beyond a 20- or 30-year life Yet after 30 years the
typical hydro project has hardly reached the middle of its li fe
Because the worldwide installation rates of wind and hydro are about the same
gigawatt per gigawatt it could seem fortuitous that new hydro could ldquobalancerdquo
the intermittency of new wind installations Indeed among the top 1047297ve wind-
power countries Spain China and India are rapidly adding hydro and these ad-
ditions aid them in successfully integrating wind power into their electricity grids
Other countries are not so lucky Ireland for example is adding wind power and
is experiencing integration challenges Within Ireland and many other countries
the opportunities for using hydro to support integration are limited
We cannot get too much hydro and wind power To put energy needs in per-
spective what if all of the new demands for electricity in the past ten years had
been provided from hydro and wind (or other renewables) (And please keep
in mind that electricity provides but a fraction of total energy supplies) Over
the decade the 40 addition to total electricity generation added about 6000
terawatt-hours of energy per year To supply this much electricity from hydro
and wind power additions would have required total annual capacity additions
totaling 150 to 200 GW hellip or about three times as much as was installed in 2008
a banner year While these levels of addition may not be beyond possibility they
are de1047297nitely a far stretch from where we are today Itrsquos hard to imagine getting
enough of either hydro or wind
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
V i e w p o i n t
Hydro and Wind Power
Vol 17 No 3 July 2009
1421 South Sheridan RoadTulsa OK 74112PO Box 1260 Tulsa OK 74101
Telephone (918) 835-3161Fax (918) 831-9834
E-mail hydroreviewpennwellcomWorld Wide Web httpwwwhydroworldcom
PUBLISHER AND CHIEF EDITOR mdash Marla Barnes(816) 931-1311 ext106 marlabpennwellcom
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash John Braden(816) 931-1311 ext123 johnbpennwellcom
ASSOCIATE EDITOR mdash Elizabeth Ingram(816) 931-1311 ext125 elizabethip ennwellcom
PRESENTATION EDITOR mdash Kermit Mulkins(918) 831-9554 kermitmpennwellcom
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR mdash James L Gordon BSc
CONSULTANTS ADVISORS mdash Leslie Eden and Carl Vansant
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE
PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 60065-3264Customer Service 847-559-7330
Fax 847-291-4816Email hrwomedacom
MARKETING MANAGER mdash Ashley Wood(918) 832-9326 ashleywpennwellcom
GROUP PUBLISHER NORTH AMERICAN RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP
Dick Rauner mdash (918) 832-9249 dickrpennwellcom
SR VP POWER GENERATION mdash Richard G Baker(918) 831-9187 richardbpennwellcom
SALES DIRECTOR mdash Howard Lutzk
(816) 931-1311 ext109 howardlpennwellcom
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS mdash PennWell Corp1421 S Sherid an Road Tulsa OK 74112
Telephone (918) 835-3161
CHAIRMAN mdash Frank T LauingerPRESIDENT CEO mdash Robert F Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT mdash Mark C Wilmoth
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER mdash Emily Martha MartinSR VP AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT amp BOOK PUBLISHING mdash Gloria Adams
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR mdash Charlie ColePRODUCTION MANAGER mdash Dorothy Davis
HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in March May July Sep-
tember October and December by PennWell Corp 1421 S Sheridan Rd
Tulsa OK 74112 phone (918) 835-3161 Printed in USA Canad ian GST
Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001 Canada Post International
Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agree-
ment No 40029359 Copyright 2009 by PennWell Corp (Registered i n
US Patent Trademark Of1047297ce) No part of this periodical may be repro-duced without the consent of the publisher Authorization to photocopy
items for internal or personal use or the i nternal or personal use of speci1047297c
clients is granted by HRW ISSN 1072-9542 provided that the appro-
priate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood
Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400 Prior to photocopying
items for educational classroom use please contact Copyright Clearance
Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400
Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa OK and additional mailing of1047297ces An-
nual subscription rate US$44 per year Single copies US$20 Payments
accepted in US funds only HRW is a subscriber to Reuters and Business
News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in its news col-
umns POSTMASTER Send change of address other circulation infor-
mation to HYDRO REVIEW PO Box 3264 Northbrook IL 600 65-3264
ldquoHRW rdquo is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp Return undeliver-
able Canadian addresses to PO Box 122 Niagara Falls ON L2E 6S4
PRINTED IN THE USA GST NO 12681 3153 RT0001
Publications Mail Agreement No 40029359
reg
Member BPA International
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performancewhenever you need it Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants
Using our advanced technology wersquoll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higheroutput of clean renewable and flexible energy with better reliability and efficiency Or as we say
hydro efficiency
To learn more visit wwwpoweralstomcomhydro
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 900httphrwhotimscomRS 2
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______________________
_______________
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4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 700httphrwhotimscom RS 3
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 944
httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
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turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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______________
_________
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________
________
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__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performancewhenever you need it Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants
Using our advanced technology wersquoll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higheroutput of clean renewable and flexible energy with better reliability and efficiency Or as we say
hydro efficiency
To learn more visit wwwpoweralstomcomhydro
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 900httphrwhotimscomRS 2
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______________________
_______________
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4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 700httphrwhotimscom RS 3
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
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turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
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technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
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_________________________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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______________
_________
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________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
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J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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4 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro GroupPennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions and the electronic news service HydroWorldcom
At the same time Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWellrsquos
North American Renewable Energy Group of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City Mo-based HCI Publications Inc She
has 20 yearsrsquo experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWellrsquos headquarters in Tulsa Okla
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWellrsquos Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America
Barnes will report to Rauner who will continue to report to Richard G Baker senior
vice president North America Power Group
ldquoWith Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businessesrdquo PennWell President and CEO
Robert F Biolchini said
Variable-speed pumped storage for SwissA partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-electric project its 1047297rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant
Swiss energy provider Alpiq Forces Motrices Valaisannes and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators and other key equip-
ment to the new plant Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy
reg
BrieflyCommunaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africarsquos
Mono River Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months
Bolivia President Evo Mo-rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
SpA of Italy Boliviarsquos Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korearsquos Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu SA(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Perursquos Cusco
Region to 206 MW Grana y
Montero the sole bidder of-
fered a bid of US$148 million
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to 1047298ood damage
in February 1998
Turkish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co (MA RCO) of the
United States to supply engi-neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkeyrsquos Sinop Province
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabatrsquos 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd Sti was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
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copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 944
httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1144
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1244
10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
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their impact on our environment
with products and processes
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
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technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
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ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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___________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
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bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
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nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
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Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
your plant in mind
GGB Bearings 100 years of bearing experience and superior performance for the hydropower industry
At GGB (formerly Glacier Garlock Bearings) we know how important it is to preserve the environment as well as your
profits With GGB bearings yoursquoll be able to help the environment while also saving on maintenance and man-hours
Self-lubricating GGB HPM trade HPF trade and DB trade bearings were specifically developed to meet hydropower applications
for high load capacity low wear low friction and a long service life So when choosing a bearings
supplier choose one with a history of superior performance Choose GGB
To learn more about GGB hydropower bearings visit wwwGGBearingscomhydro
or e-mail us at hydroGGBearingscom
GGB North America bull 700 Mid Atlantic Parkway Thorofare NJ 08086 Tel +1-856-848-3200 bull Fax +1-856-848-5115 bull hydroGGBearingscom
GGB Austria GmbH bull Gerhardusgasse 25 bull A-1200 Wien bull Tel +43-(0)1-332 49 92 bull Fax +43-(0)1-332 91 60 bull hydroGGBearingscom
copy2009 GGB All rights reserved
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 944
httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1344
MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
Globally individuals and
companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
3225 Mainway Burlington Ontario L7M 1A6 Canada
Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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____________
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
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bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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6 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes contributing to better grid regulation
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a 1047297xed quan-
tity of energy while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels assuring asteady re1047297lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro prioritiesAcknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene1047297ts to the developing world
In ldquoDirections in Hydropowerrdquo a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Grouprsquos views on the value of hydropower the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security climate change water security
and regional cooperation
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations
ldquoThere are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990srdquo the bank said
Three bottom lines social environmental economic
As a consequence the bank said the de1047297nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental as well as economic ldquobottom linesrdquo It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices safe-
guards and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank Equator
Banks International Hydropower Association International Energy Agency the World
Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Program
New lending for hydropower increased signi1047297cantly from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004 to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007 In 1047297scal year
2008 new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since 1047297scal year 2003 amounting to US$37 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$85 billion and nearly 9700
MW in project investments
MagEnergy finishing unit rehab at DR Congorsquos 1424-MW Inga 2Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp reports its MagEnergy Inc sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine In a statement of year-end results MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23 the 1047297rst contract at Inga 2
ldquoMagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the
Firm tapped forEcuadorrsquos 1500-MW Coca CodoSinclairDeveloper Coca Codo SinclairSA signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dorrsquos Coca River
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to 1047297nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province Upon comple-
tion expected in 2014 the US$2
billion 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia borderCoca Codo Sinclair SA
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha SA (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina SA (Enarsa) of
Argentina
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical eco-
nomic and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project 1047297nancing by Chinarsquos
Export-Import Bank
Andritz to add385-MW unit to105-MW IffezheimProject operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5 expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River
German utility EnBW
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand IffezheimAndrit z said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$333 million)
order calls for a new 385-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 68-meter-diameter run-
ner When work is complete in
2011 the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 1435 MW mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh
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httphrwhotimscom RS 4
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______________
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
Globally individuals and
companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
3225 Mainway Burlington Ontario L7M 1A6 Canada
Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1444
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
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)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
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Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
Globally individuals and
companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
3225 Mainway Burlington Ontario L7M 1A6 Canada
Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
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httphrwhotimscom RS 8 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1014
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______________________________
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2244
Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2444
22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
panyrsquos resultsrdquo MagIndustries said ldquoRevenues from the sale of 84 MW representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity will potentially be generated by late 2009rdquo
In February 2008 DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2 The estimated US$110 millionPhase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2 to
restore them to operation over 1047297ve years
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession lawPresident Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Ricarsquos governing council The measure previously was
approved by Costa Ricarsquos assembly
The presidentrsquos of1047297ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment Energy and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements
The new law 1047297lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Ricarsquos previous concession authority the National Electricity Authority into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep) At that time the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22400-MW Three GorgesChinarsquos Yangtze Power Co operator of 22400-MW Three Gorges Dam is carrying
out a 1075 billion renminbi (US$1576 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the projectrsquos 26 operating units totaling 18200 MW
Yangtze Power said it would issue 155 billion shares to its parent China Three
Gorges Project Corp in a private placement for 1289 renminbi (US$188) each rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$29 billion) and pay 375 billion renminbi (US$55 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$73 billion) in debt
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Powerrsquos installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro1047297t to 63 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last yearrsquos 393 billionrenminbi (US$575 mil lion)
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18200 MW The project has since been ex-
panded further with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22400 MW
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aidThe Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as ldquosuccessfulrdquo its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region
China bank tofinance 1500-MWMphanda NkuwaThe Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to 1047297nance construc-tion of the 1500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambiquersquos Zambezi River
Mozambiquersquos O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince The China Exim bankrsquos
US$23 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo the capital
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwaboosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1500 MW from
1300 MW in 2007 Additional-
ly the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2400 MW
ldquoWe expect the process to
be 1047297nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next yearrdquo Namburete said
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
1047297rm Camargo Correa national
utilit y Electricidade de Mocam-
bique and Energia Capital
Alstom torevamp more unitsof 10300-MWSimon BolivarVenezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri1047297cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$414 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of 1047297ve generators of the
10300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuelarsquos Caroni River
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the projectrsquos life by 30 years
In 2007 Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators
In the latest contract Al-
stom is to refurbish 1047297ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2 including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1244
10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
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their impact on our environment
with products and processes
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
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J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1244
10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
Environmentally Engineered BearingsEliminating Grease and Oil from Your Turbine
Globally individuals and
companies are striving to reduce
their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
3225 Mainway Burlington Ontario L7M 1A6 Canada
Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2003httphrwhotimscom RS 6
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1444
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1544
W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 8 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1014
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______________________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1944
httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2044
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2144
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2244
Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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10 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS
which includes Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Myanmar and provinces in
southeastern China
ldquoThe evaluation found that ADBrsquos GMS energy program has resulted in signi1047297cant
economic bene1047297ts to the participating countriesrdquo ADB said ldquoAn important apparentbene1047297t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect There is clear
evidence that investor con1047297dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent yearsrdquo
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$17 bil-
lion 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$103 billion It said to date ADB has
provided US$1854 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants
Three of the loans 1047297nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand They include 60-MW Nam Leuk 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect and 1070-MW Nam Theun 2
Philippines implements renewable energy incentivesPhilippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean solar geothermal and biomass
energy Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday duty-free importation of
equipment and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales
Although a third of the Philippinesrsquo energy mix is renewable energy including hydro and
geothermal energy the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years
Reyes told a news brie1047297ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200000 MW compared to
existing generating capacity of 15000 MW
On-Line Report
NA = Not available
ProjectName
Owner Country River Capacity(in MW)
On-LineDate
ServiceProduct Suppliers Cost(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2 VorarlbergerIllwerke AG Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG Adams Schweig AG Andr itz Hydro Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swiete lsky BauTunnelbau GesmbH Torno SA and TornoSpA) Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH Beton und MonierbauZublin and Alpine Mayreder) COWA Remsc-heid GmbH Hans Kunz GmbH VAM GmbH
VA Tech SAT GmbH amp Co Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storageusing separate
pumps andturbines
Laxiwa Yellow River Hydro-power Development
CoChina Yellow 4200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2200
First two of six700-MW units
start
Masparro Corporacion Elec-trica Nacional Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 NA 40 Built at existing
Masparro Dam
NZ studiesfour Clutha Riverhydro optionsNew Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website www
contactenergyconz Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth 185-MW Beaumont
160-MW Queensberry and
86-MW Luggate
ldquoNormally developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
communityrdquo the Contact
website said ldquoWe donrsquot yethave a preferred option -- we
want to hear peoplersquos views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewingrdquo
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010 leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposalThe four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor Electricity Corp
of New Zealand
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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___________
___
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1344
MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
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their impact on our environment
with products and processes
that eliminate pollution
Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
providing non-polluting oil and grease-free
bearing solutions for rehabilitation and new
turbine projects
Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
greaseoil free operation and application engineering
technical support will provide you with bearing solutions that
meet or exceed specifications With worldwide installations
ranging from micro-turbines to units with main shafts up to 24m
(94) Thordon hydro-turbine products will improve performance
reduce downtime and save you money
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Tel 19053351440 bull Fax 19053354033
wwwThordonBearingscom
Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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____________
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
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Lahmeyer International GmbH
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Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
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POWER SOLUTIONS
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
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MAIN GUIDE BEARINGS bull WICKET GATE BEARINGS bull SEGMENTED SHAFT SEALS
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Thordon Bearings will reduce your environmentalimpact while improving overall performance by
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Long wear life low friction high abrasion resistance
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Oil and Grease Free Bearings for all your Hydro Turbine Applications
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
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______________________________
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
httphrwhotimscom RS 26
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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________________
________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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________________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1744
httphrwhotimscom RS 8 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1014
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______________________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1844
16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
Worthington waterway barriers L o g j a m a
t f l o o d c o n t r o l d a m i n
P e n n s y l v a n i a ( U S A
)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 1944
httphrwhotimscom RS 10
httphrwhotimscom RS 11
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
____ _______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2044
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2144
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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W i n d - H y d r o I n t e g r a t i o n
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 13
Public awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions As a result of this increasing
awareness over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries In Spain
more than 13800 MW of wind power is installed
providing about 10 percent of the countryrsquos elec-
tricity production
While wind power can offer signi1047297cant 1047297nan-
cial and environmental returns this resource does
pose many challenges Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncrat ic ldquofuelrdquo due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store
This idiosyncrasy poses dif1047297culty for managing
energy systems with a signi1047297cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity At Iberdrola we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage which is always avail-
able and provides signi1047297cant 1047298exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1640 MW
Iberdrolarsquos wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energyin the world At the end of 2008 the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9302 MW
around the world including 4526 MW in Spain
665 MW in the United Kingdom and 2876 MW
in the United States These plants produce nearly
17000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year In
addition Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54000 MW
By comparison worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121200 MW with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation More than 27200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008 the association reports
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored
Therefore it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production However
because wind is highly variable this production
forecast has a large margin of error
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system both in the long and short term
Long term
Over the long term the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration and vice versa For example for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent During this same time period the load
factor mdash the ratio between the net amount of elec-tricity generated and net output capacity mdash varied
Fernando Peraacuten Montero
and Juan Peacuterez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola Mr
Peraacuten is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant Mr Peacuterez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to helpfi rm the variability of its more than 4200 MW of wind capacity in the country The utility seespumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables
By Fernando Peraacuten
Montero and
Juan J Peacuterez
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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14 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2013
signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
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)
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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________________________________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
httphrwhotimscom RS 26
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant inSpain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-ond powerhouse 852-MW La Muela 2 Iberdrola an-ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help firm the variability of the utilityrsquos extensivewind capacity
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signi1047297cantly with values of 25 percent to
70 percent Thus wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system
This requires the installation of additionalpower based on other technologies which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the ldquounit commitmentrdquo) Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns so utilities make
use of their most 1047298exible plants such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities In this context the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is plusmn25 percent of installed capacity with
a con1047297dence level of 70 percent1 With
wind power in Spain of 13836 MW the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
plusmn3460 MW To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
On the daily horizon auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
systemrsquos energy occurs one day ahead
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is plusmn 15
percent1 Using the 13836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example this un-certainty represents about 2075 MW
Short term
Over the short term the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear The time horizons of interest in-clude weekly daily and real time
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays each
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Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
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Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
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LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
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peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
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PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
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Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
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(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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V i s
i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
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Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
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LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
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S 1 4
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____
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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_______________
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
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Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
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bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
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Lahmeyer International GmbH
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Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
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Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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16 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Who do the Worldrsquos dam ownerscall for waterway barriers
They call Worthington
Worthington is a name you can trust for all of your
waterway barriers needs including debris and trash
barriers heavy duty hyacinth control boat barriers
security barriers as well as a range of customized
solutions tailored to your project
Our worldwide installation base includes Canada
Spain Portugal Ireland Uganda Chile Indonesia
Suriname Mozambique Italy Sweden Panama
USA and more
You can count on Worthington to provide quality
barriers competent engineering and outstanding
customer service
LOG amp DEBRIS BOOMSLOG amp DEBRIS BOOMS
BOAT BARRIERSBOAT BARRIERS
Call l 0013304527400 Click l wwwtuffboomcom
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This is equivalent to start ing up or shut-
ting down 1047297ve 400-MW single-shaft
combined-cycle plants
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performedin markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours) How-
ever the remaining imbalance has to be
andor decrease generation which is
governed in real time by the system
operatorrsquos secondary powerfrequency
regulation loop and
mdash A tert iary reserve mechanismwhich consists of the start upshutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help 1047297rm the variability of wind capac-
ity These include conventional hydro
pumped storage conventional thermal
gas and combined cycle To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies Iberdrola considered
mdash Start-up and shutdown capacity
mdash Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute) and
mdash Technical min imum load (in per-
cent of maximum load)
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages
First they are the most 1047298exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni1047297cant detrimental effect on the equip-
mentrsquos service life Second their load
variation speed is high For example it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute Third the minimum
load is low often less than 10 percent of
the installed power Fourth their fuel
cost is zero And last they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of thereservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example there are two principalmechanisms to solve these imbalances
mdash A secondary reserve system in
which plants offer a range to increase
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1008
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 119
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________________________________
___________________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
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with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
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0 9Booth 1001
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___________________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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______________
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
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PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
httphrwhotimscom RS 13
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 4012
peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
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and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
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entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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_______________
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
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httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
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WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 19
Wind turbines provided about 10 percent of the elec-tricity production in Spain Spanish utility Iberdrolathe largest producer of wind energy in the worldhad installed wind capacity worldwide of 9302 MWThe utility is building pumped-storage facilities tohelp firm the variability of its wind capacity
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peak electricity demand
After conventional hydro pumped-
storage plants are the best choice to 1047297rm
the variability of wind Power from these
plants is available without the restrictionsinherent in conventional hydro plants
A disadvantage of this technology is its
ldquofuel costrdquo However in systems with a
signi1047297cant quantity of thermal generation
this risk is quite limited because off-peak
prices usually drop considerably due to
the fact that these stations cannot perform
start ups and shutdowns on a daily basis
Conventional thermal
The star t-up and shutdown capacity of a
conventional thermal plant is limited for
two reasons First its start-up process
requires a substantial amount of energy
which involves a substantial cost Sec-
ond performing continuous start ups
this type of plant the main disadvantage
is their high fuel cost (40 percent greater
than those of combined cycle plants)
Combined cycle
From the 1047298exibility point of view these are
and shutdowns signi1047297cantly reduces the
service life of the plant
The regulation velocity of conven-
tional thermal stations is limited to about
1 percent per minute due to their highthermal inertia However their control
range is acceptable given that the tech-
nical minimum lies at about 45 percent
of maximum power
Open cycle gas
This type of technology involves signi1047297-
cant 1047298exibility for continuous start ups and
shutdowns In addition it allows relatively
rapid power variations with a change ve-
locity of about 4 percent per minute
On the other hand the minimum power
of these plants usually is about 60 percent
of full load which limits their regulation
capacity to 40 percent of rated power
Despite the technical advantages of
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Our HyService is electrifying
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
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of state-of-the-art hydro power
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and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
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entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
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Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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______________________
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
httphrwhotimscom RS 26
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2244
Our HyService is electrifying
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2444
22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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w w w m s w d e
Why do more hydro power ownerschoose Voith Hydro as their reliable
partner for services products and
solutions Because of our exper-
tise We are the preferred supplier
of state-of-the-art hydro power
generation equipment solutions
and service HyService
Our service maintenance andoperational skills are unsurpassed
Whether you want us to trouble-
shoot a generator or upgrade an
entire facility you get the best
service through HyService
wwwvoithhydrocom h t t p h r w h o t i m s c o m R
S 1 4
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 1000
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____
_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 2644
24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
httphrwhotimscom RS 26
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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________________
________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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_________
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________
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___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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22 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 15
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 606
Because of its rapid development of new
wind turbine installations Iberdrola is
continuously seeking to broaden its port-
folio of pumped-storage stations It can be
dif1047297cult to 1047297nd suitable sites that permitthe construction of pumped-storage sta-
tions at a moderate investment cost Even
in systems where suitable sites are avail-
able the investment cost of this type of sta-
tion is very high which obliges developers
to assume a very high risk during the long
periods of amortization required
Iberdrolarsquos most recent activity to add
to its pumped-storage portfolio involves
expansion of the existing 635-MW La
Muela plant with the installation of a sec-
ond powerhouse La Muela began operat-
ing in 1989 Construction of 852-MW La
Muela 2 began in 2006 and is expected
to be complete in 2012 The new power-
house will contain four sets of generators
In the case of systems with low levels
of hydro generation a mixture of open
cycle and combined cycle power plants
is the most viable alternative to 1047297rm the
variability of wind
Iberdrolarsquos pumped storage
development activity
Iberdrola has always sought to develop
technologies that provide low greenhouse
emissions In fact the company has about
10000 MW of hydro capacity world-
wide including more than 8800 MW
in Spain Of this 8800 MW more than
2300 MW is pumped storage Ibderdro-
larsquos plants represent 47 percent of the
installed hydro capacity in Spain This
large portfolio of hydropower plants has
allowed Iberdrola to maximize the prof-
itability of its wind turbine installations
from the moment of their construction
between conventional thermal stations and
open cycle turbines Thus with respect to
conventional thermal stations they are
more robust to perform continuous start
ups and shutdowns due to the greater1047298exibility provided by the gas turbine
With regard to the regulation veloc-
ity it is about 25 percent per minute
slightly lower than open cycle turbines
because of the higher thermal inertia of
the combined cyclersquos conventional part
Lastly the minimum power of these
plants is nearly 50 percent of the power
at full load
After conventional hydro and pumped
storage combined cycle plants are the
next most likely option to 1047297rm the vari-
ability of wind These plants can render
regulation services at a moderate variable
cost although qualitatively higher than
conventional hydro or pumped storage
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 16
(supplied by Alstom) and pump-turbines
(supplied by Voith Hydro) Fomento de
Construcciones y Contratas SA (FCC)
of Spain is the civil contractor for La Mu-
ela 2 and a consortium of Alstom SacyrVallehermoso and Cavosa is supplying
the penstock Ingenieria y Construccion
SAU (Iberinco) is performing the engi-
neering work for La Muela 2
In addition to this plant currently
under construction Iberdrola plans to
develop the Alto Tomega hydroelectric
complex in Portugal Construction of
the 1200-MW complex involves build-
ing four dams and four power stations
two of which will be pumped-storage fa-
cilities The two pumped-storage plants
will be 779-MW Gouvaes and the 112-
MW Pradoselos Construction on this
complex is proposed to begin in 2010
and be completed in 2018
Accordingly Iberdrola is involved in the
development of several of these plants
When completed 2018 they will provide
nearly 1750 MW of capacity to the elec-
trical system in Spain and Portugal
Note
1Nielsen Henrik Aalborg et al et al ldquoFrom
Wind Ensembles to Probabilistic Informa-
tion about Future Wind Power Production
ndash Result s from an Actual Applicationrdquo
9th International Conference on Probabi-
listic Methods Applied to Power Systems
Royal Inst itute of Technology Stockholm
Sweden 2006
Reference
Carlsson Frederik and Viktoria Neimane
ldquoA Massive Introduction of Wind Power
Changed Market Conditionsrdquo Elforsk
Report Elforsk Sweden June 2008
Finally Iberdrola is considering sev-
eral other locations for pumped-storage
facilities Among these is the 750-MW
Santa Cristina plant in Spain
Summary
Wind power is a generating technology
that is included in many countriesrsquo electri-
cal systems and permits a substantial re-
duction in emissions of greenhouse gases
However the increasing penetration of
this technology in current electricity sys-
tems requires a substantial increase in the
resources required to balance generation
and demand as well as additional invest-
ments to guarantee the continuity of elec-
tricity supply when wind intensity is low
Of all of the available technologies in
current electricity systems pumped-stor-
age plants constitute the most attractive
option for 1047297rming the variability of wind
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___________
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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_______________
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
httphrwhotimscom RS 19 httphrwhotimscom RS 20
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_______________
______________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3244
30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
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httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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24 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Marla Barnes is Publishe r
Hydro Group for
PennWell Corporation
By 2020 a 1047297fth of all energy consumption in
European Union (EU) member countries
must come from renewable sources mdash hydro
wave solar wind and biomass This mandate
which EU leaders signed in March 2007 is part of
a proposal designed to cut greenhouse gas emis-
sions by 20 percent (compared with 1990 levels)
For hydroelectric power this mandate trans-
lates to signi1047297cant growth in development of new
capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities
throughout Europe
Several new conventional hydroelectric proj-
ects entered commercial operation in the past
few months hellip something not seen in several de-
cades Examples of new projects include Sonna
in Norway (270 MW) Glendoe in the United
Kingdom (100 MW) and Blanca in Slovenia
(425 MW)
For small hydro (less than 10 MW) devel-
opment opportunities are signi1047297cant Provided
the mandate by EU member countries is imple-
mented on a timely basis the European Small
Hydropower Association (ESHA) estimates that
installed small hydro capacity could reach 16000
MW by 2020 mdash a more than 4000-MW increase
over current levels
Another area of signi1047297cant growth for the
hydropower sector in Europe especially in the
central region of the continent is in pumped stor-
age In addition to supplying additional electricity
during times when demand for power is highest
pumped storagersquos ability to balance power pro-
duction and regulate the transmission network in
light of increased use of intermittent renewables
particularly wind is attractive
As many as ten pumped-storage facilities are
under construction including 178-MW Avce in
Slovenia 540-MW Kopswerk 2 in Austria 480-MW Limberg 2 in Austria and 141-MW Nestil
in Switzerland Several more potential projects
are being investigated
Europe also is an established leader in research
and development of new technologies mdash ocean
wave and hydrokinetic Thirty years ago the
United Kingdom had the most aggressive wave
power research and development program in the
world This commitment to research and devel-
opment as well as to commercialization of new
designs continues today throughout Europe
Installed hydropower in Europe totals ap-
proximately 179000 MW European countries
with the largest amounts of hydro include France
Italy Norway and Spain Maintaining and in
many cases upgrading this existing infrastruc-
ture continues to be an important focus through-
out Europe
The emphasis in Western Europe is retro1047297tting
hydro plants with modern equipment usually
upgrading the capacity of the plant In Eastern
Europe the focus is rehabilitating aging plants
that often were allowed to deteriorate during the
era of the Soviet Union
Numerous utilities are committing signi1047297cant
resources to upgrade entire portfolios For ex-
ample here in France national utility Electricite
de France (EDF) is investing more than 2 bil-
lion euros (US$25 billion) as part of Francersquos
economic stimulus program including spending
on modernization of hydroelectric projects In
recent months EDF has issued several solicita-
tions for hydropower equipment and other work
for its many projects including up to 50 turbine-
generators over 1047297ve years
mdash Editors of HRW magazine and HydroWorld
com continually track European project construc-
tion and rehabilitation progress To regularly follow
hydropower development and rehabilitation activitybookmark wwwhydroworldcom
Hydropower in Europe
Current Status Future Opportunities
Ou t l o o k
By Marla J Barnes
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
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STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
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_______________
______________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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________________
________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
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_______________
_________
__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
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of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
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_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
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Since 1931
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bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
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__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
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i t us a
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u l y
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httphrwhotimscom RS 17
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26 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
httphrwhotimscom RS 18
build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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_______________
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
wwwrizzoassoccom
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
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Imran Sayeed is chief
(geology) for NHPC Limited
which develops and
operates hydroelectric
projects in India
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy usefulness
and overall importance withinthe hydroelectric industry
C i v i l C o n s t r u c t i o n
Project Development in the Himalayas
Solving Geotechnical ChallengesDuring hydro project construction in the Himalayas Indian utility NHPC Limited has facedmultiple geotechnical challenges To overcome these the company has implemented anumber of solutions including providing adequate reinforcement for rock slopes and choos- ing tunneling practices to best deal with the rock conditions
layas In addition construction is under way on
800-MW Parbati 2 with its 315-kilometer-long
headrace tunnel and 3000-MW Dibang with a
288-meter-high dam which will be the highest
concrete gravity dam in the world
Hydro development in the Himalayas
The Himalayas are the worldrsquos highest moun-
tain range with more than 100 peaks attaining
a height above 7200 meters In India the Hima-
layas run from west to east through the states of
Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttra-
khand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
The Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra riv-
ers arise in the Himalayas and 1047298ow toward the
northern plains in India These rivers are fed
by the permanent snow line and glaciers in
the summer and by heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season This arrangement of a steep
fall in the Himalayan river beds together with
perennial discharge forms an ideal setting for
hydropower development
Geotechnical challenges and solutions
In the Himalayas the geological challenges
occur in part from the fact that this mountain
range evolved due to the collision of the Aus-
tralasian and Eurasian plates The rocks were
thrown into several folds and fault zones giv-
ing rise to a disturbed rock mass traversed by
several discontinuities Geotechnical chal lenges
that must be solved include assessing foundation
conditions ensuring stability of high cut rockslopes securing rock slopes during construction
I
n India the Himalaya mountain range has
enormous untapped potential for hydro devel-
opment According to the Central Electricity Au-
thority of India about 80 percent of the 148700
MW of hydro potential in the country comes from
rivers that arise in the Himalayas In fact only 2
percent of the potential in northeastern India and
24 percent of the potential in northern India has
been developed
One signi1047297cant challenge in developing this
potential is the structurally unsound rock and
other issues related to the complexity of the re-
gionrsquos geology Throughout 33 years of develop-
ing hydro projects in this area NHPC Limited
(formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited) has developed solutions to
a number of geotechnical problems For example
it is possible to successful ly excavate underground
powerhouses or make high cut slopes for spillways
or surface power stations in the Himalayas by
carrying out detailed investigations and using ap-
propriate rock support systems Other challenges
for which NHPC has developed solutions include
dealing with dif1047297cult foundation conditions lo-
cating construction materials and tunneling in
uncertain rock conditions
Experience shows that it is feasible to build
large dams in the Himalayas despite constraints
the geology imposes For example the highest
concrete gravity dam (Bhakra Dam) highest
rock1047297ll dam (Tehri Dam) longest headrace tun-
nel (associated with the 1500-MW Nathpa Jhakri
project) and largest underground powerhousecavern (Tehri) in the country are all in the Hima-
By Imran Sayeed
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
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STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
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_______________
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
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cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 27
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3005
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build a rock1047297ll dam on a site with shal-
low bedrock
Other factors mdash such as availability
of construction materials and capacity
required for the spillway mdash also plan amajor role in selecting the type of dam
For concrete dams proper investiga-
tion is required to determine the sub-sur-
overburden to this depth is feasible
without much dif1047297culty Deeper excava-
tion involves problems of seepage slope
stability and time required to complete
the work However if suf1047297cient materialsare available for construction of a rock-
1047297ll dam and an adequate spillway can be
provided it could be less expensive to
of above-ground powerhouses locating
construction materials and tunneling
in uncertain rock conditions
Assessing condition of the foundationRivers that arise in the Himalayas have a
high-velocity 1047298ow of water because of the
steep fall The rivers often follow weak
zones of rock such as faults In these ar-
eas deep erosion in the river bed may be
covered by loosely consolidated deposits
These rivers often 1047298ow through narrow
gorges that may be the result of a major
discontinuity Because of this situation
there is a general tendency of an irregu-
lar deep bedrock pro1047297le in many river
sections Choices of viable dam sites of-
ten are limited so proper site selection
in the deep gorges or even in relatively
wider valley sections that may have bur-
ied channels is quite challenging
Choosing a site for a dam in the Hi-
malayas primarily requires careful as-
sessment of foundation conditions For
rivers with deep bedrock (30 meters or
more deep) building a rock1047297ll or con-
crete-faced rock1047297ll dam (CFRD) with a
positive cutoff such as a plastic concrete
diaphragm wall is an effective measure
to avoid the need to excavate down to
the bedrock For example NHPC built
a CFRD at 280-MW Dhauliganga 1
where the bedrock was 65 to 70 meters
deep NHPC also used this solution at
520-MW Parbati 3 which features a
conventional rock1047297ll dam with a clay
core and a cutoff wall to a depth of 40
meters Rock1047297ll was chosen over CFRD
for this site because it is less expensive
than excavating to bedrock and avoids
the construction risk involved in this
practice In addition transporting a
large quantity of cement to the remote
location would be challenging
If the bedrock is shallower than 30
meters construction of a concrete dammay be a better option Excavation of
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_______________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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_______________
______________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3244
30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
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Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
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Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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28 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Construction of a positive cutoff wall is one solution for dealing with deep bedrock conditions in rivers in theHimalayan mountain region
face bedrock pro1047297le as well as the founda-
tion conditions In situations where there
is a large deviation in foundation depth
problems may include increased excava-
tion water seepage and large increases
in concrete This can cause problems
with regard to a projectrsquos construction
schedule In addition provisions may be
required for treatment of shear zones For
the concrete dams built to impound water
for the 540-MW Chamera 1 and Parbati
2 projects NHPC was able to use a care-
fully planned drilling program to predict
the bedrock conditions quite accurately
Ensuring stability of rock slopes
There are several projects in the Hima-
layas that may involve slope cuts more
than 50 meters high This includes ex-
cavating for building side channel spill-
ways at rock1047297ll dams or for removal of
weathered or slumped rocks which typi-
cally are present at many sites in the Hi-
malayas Removal of these rocks may be
needed to provide a sound foundation
for placement of the dam and a proper
junction between the dam body and
abutments or for building side channel
spillways at rock1047297ll dams Rock condi-
tions play a pivotal role in the design of
such slopes and the need for adequate
rock reinforcementFor 280-MW Dhauliganga 1 a high
Building above-ground powerhouses
For hydro projects in the Himalayas that
involve surface powerhouses slope sta-
bility is a problem Because of the narrow
con1047297guration of the valleys space mustbe created for powerhouses by cutting the
hill slope For Parbati 2 a surface power-
house with hill cutt ing of 100 of 125 me-
ters was planned This powerhouse is in
meta-basics and chlorite schistsphyllites
with three sets of joints This slope has
suffered three collapses due to the deep
cutting Redressing of the slope with
heavy supports is under way The sup-
port elements consist of 35-meter-long
cable anchors 6- to 12-meter-long rock
anchors shotcrete and wire mesh The
entire slope is expected to be completed
by the end of 2009
As the above example illustrates ex-
ecution of slopes particularly in adverse
rock conditions remains a challenge
Depending on the slope height and rock
conditions heavy supports may be re-
quired Generally for high slopes there
is considerable provision of support
measures These supports include long
rock bolts or anchors (9 to 15 meters)
cable bolts treatment by injection of
grout andor use of reinforced concrete
plugs to make small horizontal tunnels
into the slope Proper drainage arrange-
ments also are necessary
Accordingly it is important to provide
suf1047297cient time in the schedule for instal-
lation of systematic supports during
excavation The amount of time needed
depends on the magnitude of the work
The Bureau of Indian Standards
publishes codes of practice for geologi-
cal investigation for dams and power-
houses1 which are followed in India to
perform river valley investigations In
view of the problems faced in the Hi-
malayas and also based on the successes
achieved at some projects the followingsteps are recommended for deep open
slope cut was to be executed on the right
bank in strong biotite gneiss of Pre-Cam-
brian age However the joint patterns of
this rock were such that prominent un-
stable wedges formed When the excava-
tion work began in 2000 blocks as large
as 10000 cubic meters in volume started
to fall from the cut slope
To solve this problem NHPC engi-
neers proposed special support measures
apart from modifying the slope of the
rock Rock supports already proposed
for the situation included 18-meter-long
cable bolts 9- 12- and 15-meter-long
rock anchors shotcrete and wire mesh
The special measures involved reinforc-
ing the rock mass by driving 30-meter-
long tunnels with additional cross-cuts
into the hill slope and then back-1047297lling
the tunnels and cuts with concrete and
steel This solution stabilized the slope
and enabled the project to be commis-
sioned on schedule in March 2005
In this case the large size of the blocks
was detrimental to slope stability and
necessitated modi1047297cations to the slope
angle as well the support measures The
key to success for a high slope excavation
lies in proper investigations design and
support provisions and careful execution
This arrangement is described below for
surface powerhouses where high opencuts may be involved
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mwhglobalcom3128313515
MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
httphrwhotimscom RS 21 httphrwhotimscom RS 22
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 801
DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 5004
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
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HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
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MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
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Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
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with our local presence guarantees
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Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
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MWH the wet infrastructureleader is committ ing to theconservation and controlof the worldrsquos irreplaceableresource ndash water Join us inproviding the most technically
advanced hydropowerservices for our global clients
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL REACHL O C A L T O U C H
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DESIGN bull ANALYSIS bull INSPECTIONS bull CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA USA
PHONE 0014128569700 FAX 0014128569749
Proudly building on 25 years of RCC and DamConstruction Experience
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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_______________
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3744
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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________
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___________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
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nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
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u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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30 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
For high cut slopes in the Himalayas use of proper excavation and support methods are important to ensurestability during hydro project construction The photo on the left shows high cut slopes with vulnerable jointsIn the right photo pre-stressed cable bolts are being used to support the slope
excavations for surface powerhouses or
for high cut slopes for other structures
mdash Complete geotechnical mapping
on a 11000 scale covering the entire
area of the cut slope as well as about 50meters on the sides and above the top of
the proposed cutting line
mdash Excavate two to three test tun-
nels to probe the slumped or weathered
zones and determine the nature of any
discontinuities
mdash Dri ll two to three holes beyond
the periphery at an elevation 10 to 20
meters above the top of the cut line to
delineate the overburden and weathered
or slumped rock that must be dealt with
immediately as the cutting begins and to
ascertain the quality of rock in deeper
excavations and thus both establish pre-
treatment before commencing actual
excavation and determine the adequacy
of rock supports
mdash Perform laboratory tests on rock
samples to determine physical and engi-
neering properties
mdash Perform in-situ rock mechanic tests
for shear strength modulus of deforma-
tion and elasticity separate tests may be
necessary for shear strength along joint
planes
mdash Include suf1047297cient provisions for
rock support according to numerical
analysisdesign calculations and proper
scheduling in the tender for the works or
contract with the executing agency
mdash Use controlled blasting and im-
mediate quick rock support during
execution of a high cut slope (height
of unsupported areas may not be more
than 2 meters for individual excavation
rounds) and
mdash Use pre-strengthening measures
like grouting in weak rocks or vulnerable
areas
Locating construction materialsThe choice of a dam type greatly de-
projects in the Himalayas Since 1975
NHPC has completed more than 200
kilometers of tunnels in the region Al-
though many projects with tunnels
have been completed in the Himalayas
by other companies as well some have
taken a decade or more with the delays
mainly attributed to tunnel completion
Contractors cite poor rock conditions
as the prime reason for cost and time
overruns
Keys to successful tunneling include
mdash Invest igation and rock mechanics
testing before construction begins to
develop a suitable tunneling method se-
lect support elements for different types
of rock estimate the quantity of work to
be performed and identify geohazards
that require treatment (such as fractured
and crushed rock zones fault crossings
water ingress under high pressure and
rock burst areas) and
mdash Provision of immediate primary
support in the heading portions consist-
ing of shotcrete or 1047297ber-reinforced shot-
crete together with rock bolts When this
support is not in place there are l ikely to
be collapses and subsequent disruptions
to the work
The tailrace tunnel for 480-MW
Uri 1 provides an example of ef1047297cientsupport methods in poor and highly
pends on the availability of construction
materials In the Himalayas the rocks
contain a considerable percentage of free
mica rendering them unsuitable for use
as aggregate In addition because of the
steep bed slopes in the rivers the occur-
rence of suitable river shoals or terrace
deposits is rare This results in greater
dependence on rock quarries
Detailed work is required to choose
safe and environmentally benign loca-
tions for quarries This work involves
studying the available rock types (which
could be used for aggregate) and per-
forming surveys testing and con1047297rma-
tion regarding exploitable quantities
The optimal choice is to locate quarries
in the area that will be submerged when
the reservoir is impounded because this
avoids affecting new areas If suitable
deposits are not found in the reservoir
area alternative locations for the quarry
are identi1047297ed along with a plan for res-
toration of the quarry site after construc-
tion work is complete Such restoration
plans are now part of the environmental
management plan included in the en-
vironmental impact assessment for all
NHPC projects
Tunneling in uncertain rock conditionsTunneling is an intrinsic part of hydro
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httphrwhotimscom RS 23
httphrwhotimscom RS 24
Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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________________
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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_______________
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__________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3644
34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3744
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
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___________
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wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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_________________________
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________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
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UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
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All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Our services
Engineering
Assembly work Site erection
Production in own workshops
Preventive wear protection
Your partner for hydropower
Refurbishment
Modernization
Automation Control systems
Hydraulic steelwork
Internet wwwstellba-hydrochE-Mail infostellba-hydroch
Stellba Hydro AGLanggas 2CH-5244 BirrhardSwitzerland
Telefon
Telefax
+41 (0)56 201 45 20
+41 (0)56 201 45 21
Internet wwwstellbadeE-Mail infostellbade
Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KGBadenbergstrasse 30D-89520 HeidenheimGermany
Telefon
Telefax
+49 (0)7321 96 92 0
+49 (0)7321 6 20 73
Hydro
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 3016
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________________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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_______________
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__________
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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________
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
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POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
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WATERPOWER XVI
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i t us a
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u l y
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0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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32 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
stressed rock conditions Along the
course of the 2-kilometer-long tunnel
the contractor encountered a folded
thrust zone between the sedimentary
formation and the meta-volcanics Ac-cording to the geomechanical classi1047297ca-
tion developed by ZT Bieniawski the
rock encountered in the tunnel included
1 percent class II 49 percent class III
28 percent of class IV and 22 percent
class V There are 1047297ve rock classes in
the geomechanical classi1047297cation from I
(very good) to V (very poor)
Despite the poor rock quality at
this site no steel arches were needed
for support nor was there a single in-
stance of cavities or heavy overbreak
(Overbreak is rock excavated in excess
of that needed to install the tunnel In
this case overbreak would result from
weak rock or close fractures or shear
zones that could not be controlled)
Support elements used at this site
consisted of pre-grouting of the rock
mass division of the tunnel section
into several parts for easier excava-
tion in poor rock application of 200-
to 250-millimeter-thick shotcrete
with a double layer of wire mesh and
water-expanding bolts and grouted
dowels Successful completion of Uri
1 brought about changes in tunneling
techniques in the Himalayas particu-
larly with respect to the use of flex-
ible supports and pre-grouting as a
stabilization measure The tunneling
method used at this site designed by
Sweco of Sweden is based on t he New
Australian Tunneling Method The
civil contractor was Uri Civil Contrac-
tor AB a Swedish-British consortium
led by Skanska
The use of tunnel boring machines
in the Himalayas has met with lim-
ited success The Parbati 2 project is a
good example This project involvestrans-basin water transfer between two
silt emerged from a probe hole under
high pressure with a discharge of
5000 to 6000 liters per minute This
caused inundation of the tunnel for
nearly 2 kilometers and the tunnel bor-ing machine was virtually buried under
silt The discharge slowly subsided to
2000 liters per minute and continues
more than two years after the leak be-
gan As of February 2009 discharge
had reduced to 1350 liters per minute
An expert group consisting of experts
in contracts civil design cost engineer-
ing geology and 1047297nancing has recom-
mended options for treating the dif1047297cult
zone so that the balance of the tunnel-
ing can be completed These options
include building a bypass tunnel and
treating the weak zone by grouting
Conclusions
Development of the nearly 119000 MW
of hydro potential from rivers in India
that arise in the Himalayas relies on
1047297nding solutions to challenges posed by
the regionrsquos complex geology Through
33 years of experience developing hydro
projects in this area NHPC Limited
has developed solutions to a number of
geotechnical problems These solutions
have allowed construction of some of the
largest dams and hydraulic structures in
the world
The views expressed in this article are
those of the author and not of NHPC
Limited management
Note
1Code of Practice for Sub-Surface Investigation
for Power House Sites IS 10060 1981
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New
Delhi India 1981 and 2004 A number of
other standards for geotechnical investiga-
tion and subsurface exploration are avail-
able under Division 14 Water ResourcesSection WRD-5 of the BIS
rivers via a 315-kilometer-long head-
race tunnel This is one of the longest
water-conducting tunnels in the world
Total tunneling for the project which
includes feeder tunnels and access aditsis 572 kilometers Construction of this
project began in 2002 and is scheduled
to be complete in 2010 according to the
revised program
One element of success at this project
involved use of a double shield inclined
tunnel boring machine to excavate two
inclined pressure shafts These shafts
are 1546 meters in length and 35 me-
ters in diameter at a dif1047297cult angle of 30
degrees and run through meta-basics
and chlorite schist bands Progress in
the second pressure shaft was so fast that
the tunnel was completed in 136 days in
2006 The main reason for the success of
this tunnel boring machine is the moder-
ate strength of the meta-basics which is
amenable to boring without dif1047297culty
Use of an open shield tunnel boring
machine to complete the portion of the
headrace tunnel that passes below a high
ridge met with less success Initially the
machine worked fairly well in granite
gneiss schistose gneiss and schist bands
However progress slowed as the tunnel
entered quartzites and heavy-duty cut-
ters were required Simultaneously as
the rock cover on the tunnel increased to
800 to 1000 meters the jointed quartz-
ite gave rise to wedge failures near the
cutter head
Because there were site limitations to
using shotcrete the contractor used wire
mesh with channels in the crown por-
tion together with rock bolts as support
measures in class III conditions In class
IV and some area of class III ring beams
were used
From 4000 meters onwards the
tunnel encountered closely jointed
zones and silt-1047297lled discontinuities inthe tunnel At 4056 meters water and
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
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Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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Environmental Monitoring SolutionsEnvironmental Monitoring Solutions
Made to MeasureMade to Measurehelliphellip
See us at
IHA rsquo09 in Reykjavik
Waterpower XVI in Spokane
Booth 716
ContinuousContinuous
automatedautomated
monitoring systemmonitoring system
for greenhouse gasfor greenhouse gas
concentrations inconcentrations in
freshwaterfreshwater
environmentsenvironments
AXYS GHG SentinelAXYS GHG SentinelTMTM
httphrwhotimscom RS 27 httphrwhotimscom RS 28
httphrwhotimscom RS 29 Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2004
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 811
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_______________
_________
__________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
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34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
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8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3744
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
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________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
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__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3644
34 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
New Hydro
Aquamarine Airtricity plan
1000 MW of ocean energyAquamarine an af1047297liate of Scottish and
Southern Energy (SSE) and renewable
energy developer Airtricity a division of
SSE are working to develop 1000 MW
of wave energy sites in the British Isles
by 2020
Aquamarine and Airtricity agreed
in February 2009 to form a 50-50 joint
venture to develop sites off the United
Kingdom and Ireland They said work
on the 1047297rst two sites has begun with
plans to advance additional sites over
three years
Wheeler said the agreement gives
Airtricity a wind and hydro developer
a 1047297rst option on sites developed with
Aquamarine expertise said Airtricity
Director Stephen Wheeler
Study finds extensive ocean
power potential in Chile
A study by the Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank (IADB) 1047297nds Chile has a
high potential for wave and tidal energy
development
Energy Minister Marcelo Tokman
said the report con1047297rms that Chile has
great potential for ocean energy and
details steps to follow in developing the
new energy source
The report identi1047297es attributes and
criteria for project selection and identi-
1047297es priority areas to establish projects It
also indicated a need to implement spe-
ci1047297c measurements of ocean generating
potential in certain areas of the country
In addition the report said it is necessary
to review site plans and existing infra-
structure to take advantage of generation
opportunities
IADB is to promote research of the
new technologies to support creation of
a new market in Chile that can exportknowledge to the world The government
of Chile previously announced plans to
create a renewable energy center to serve
as a clearinghouse and sponsor of non-
conventional renewable energy sources
for Chile and for South America
The study was conducted by IADB
in coordination with Chilersquos economic
development agency Corporacion de
Fomento de la Produccion (Corfo) and
Comision Nacional de Energia
Israel wave energy developer
to supply units to China
Israel wave energy developer SDE En-
ergy Ltd will supply wave plants to Chi-
na with the 1047297rst installation planned off
Guangdong Province in southern China
SDE Managing Director Shmuel
Ovadia said two joint venture companies
formed to implement the agreement plan
to build an initial model in Guangzhou
It is to be deployed by the end of 2009
Once the model has been proven Ovadia
said the companies will begin installing
the plants in China
The Chinese government must ap-
prove the installations and is to purchase
electricity generated by the plants Ova-
dia said Construction of the wave power
plants is to be 1047297nanced by investors from
Hong Kong and China
SDErsquos technology converts the ver-
tical motion of waves into hydraulic
pressure which is then used to generate
electricity The units which are installed
on breakwaters rest on the surface of the
ocean and are connected to the break-
water by a hydraulic arm The units can
produce energy from both the rising and
falling of waves
Ovadia said to date SDE has built eight
model wave power plants with 1047297nancialassistance from the chief scientist of Is-
raelrsquos Ministry of Industry and Trade
Oceanlinx receives Australian
development grant
Oceanlinx Ltd of Australia is using
a A$295 million (US$193 million)
grant from the Australian government
to design and test the next generation
of Oceanlinx technology The grant
awarded under the AusIndustry Climate
Ready program is to be matched by
Oceanlinx
The technology Oceanlinx is develop-
ing consists of wave generators tethered
to the sea bottom that use oscillating
water column technology Wave action
compresses air inside the unit and that
compressed air turns turbine-generators
to produce electricity
Oceanlinx said it successfully re-
deployed its full-scale wave energy con-
version unit at Port Kembla Australia
in early February for continued testing
First deployed in 2005 the unit has been
undergoing planned refurbishment and
modi1047297cations for several months
Brieflyhellip
Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy formed
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technol-
ogies to develop ocean current power tech-
nologies and projects The German compa-
nies said investment would total 30 million
euros (US$378 million) over the next few
years Finland-based utility Fortum
and Swedish wave generator developer
Seabased Industries are seeking govern-
ment support to develop a 10-MW wave
energy project off the west coast of Sweden
Continued on page 38
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3744
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3744
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 105
httphrwhotimscom RS 30
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 35
Small Hydro
Uganda names Norway firm
to build 75-MW Birara RiverThe government of Uganda named Ja-
cobsen Elektro AS of Norway to build
a 75-MW hydroelectric project on the
Birara River
The state-run New Vision said the
project on the border of Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts will be supervised
by the Uganda Rural Electri1047297cation
Agency
Jacobsen Elektro also contracted New
Plan Consulting Engineers to perform
a feasibility study and environmental
impact assessment New Plan is to com-
plete the 1047297rst phase of the study and as-
sessment by the end of 2009
Of1047297cials of Jacobsen Elektro and the
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development are to examine the results
after which construction is to begin
Australia consultant to plan
expansion of 4-MW Afulilo
Samoarsquos Ministry of Finance has named
SMEC International Pty Ltd of Aus-
tralia to develop a plan to augment the
capacity of Samoarsquos 4-MW Afulilo hy-
droelectric project
SMEC received a US$1 million con-
tract to prepare the Afulilo Environmen-
tal Enhancement Project
Turbine rehab awarded for
Swedenrsquos 9-MW Edsforsen
Hydropower operator Fortum Genera-
tion AB awarded a contract to Litostroj
EI of Slovenia to refurbish two turbines
at the 9-MW Edsforsen project on Swe-
denrsquos Klaralven River
Litostroj will supply two new Kaplan
turbine runners and perform related re-
furbishment work at the Edsforsen plant
which was built in 1949
Work is to include design and equip-ment for refurbishing the vertical shaft
units with new runners new inner head
covers new turbine shafts and other
parts Work is to be performed in 2010
and 2011
Austria agency names supplier
for Kainischtraun piping
Osterreichische Bundesforste AG (OBf)
named Austrian 1047297rm Etertec Tiefbau
GmbH to supply pressure piping for the
35-MW Kainischtraun hydroelectric
project
Etertec Tiefbau GmbH is supply-
ing 3600 meters of pressure pipe and
1047297ttings for the small hydro project in
Kainisch and Bad Aussee
ESHA celebrates anniversary
and achievements
The European Small Hydropower As-
sociation (ESHA) is celebrating its 20th
anniversary this year
Looking toward the future ESHA
said a newly adopted renewable energy
sources directive paving the way for 20
percent renewable energy by 2020 will
bring a new drive for sustainable hy-
dropower development in the European
Union (EU)
The organization also said it plans
to continue to represent the interest
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
____________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3844
36 HRW July 2009 wwwhydroworldcom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2011httphrwhotimscom RS 31
of sustainable hydropower within the
renewable energy family thereby con-
tributing to EUrsquos security of energy
supply to economic development andto abatement of climate change
Representation over 20 years has
served to position the small hydro
sector and enabled it to effectively
promote the beneficial use of hydro-
power in the EU ESHA said It has
helped encourage the development
of small hydropower mdash projects with
an installed capacity of up to 10 MW
mdash through lobbying and other act ivi-
ties including conferences seminars
workshops and studies
The non-pro1047297t association based
in Brussels Belgium promotes small
hydro plants and emphasizes environ-
mental integration ESHA was created
through an initiative of the European
Commission in 1989 and has repre-
sented the interests of the small hydro-power sector in the EU since that time
ESHA is a founding member of the
European Renewable Energy Council
It also is a member of the Alliance for
Rural Electri1047297cation
Mavel equips refurbishment of
Finlandrsquos 862-kW Finnholm
Czech equipment supplier Mavel as re-
ceived a contract from Vaasa Engineer-
ing Oy of Finland to supply a turbine for
refurbishment of the 862-kW Finnholm
hydroelectric project on Finlandrsquos Ahta-
vanojoki River
Mavel said it is to provide a double-
regulated Kaplan bulb turbine steel
intake draft tube and lubricating and
cooling system The Mavel KA1800K4
turbine has a runner diameter of 1800millimeters and four runner blades
Finnholm which is owned by Oy
Herrfors Ab has a net head of 535 me-
ters and a 1047298ow of 185 cubic meters per
second Mavel expects to commission
the unit in September 2009
On line reports Macedonia
Norway Panama Peru
New and refurbished small hydropower
projects in Macedonia Norway Pana-
ma and Peru are now operating
Utility EVN Macedonia brought
on line the refurbished and upgraded
96-MW Matka hydroelectric project
on Macedoniarsquos Treska River The
Macedonian Information Agency said
Hydropol of the Czech Republic re-
furbished Matka under a concession
to modernize and manage seven small
hydro plants New turbines and other
equipment were supplied by GE Nor-
way while generators were provided by
INDAR Spain Matka formerly total-
ing 37 MW was built in 1938
Norway utility Statkraft began op-
eration of the 29-MW Rodberg hydro-
electric project in Norwayrsquos Buskerud
County The project uses 60 percent
of the water drop between the 206-
MW Nore 1 and 63-MW Nore 2 hydro
projects by using the minimum 1047298ow
release from Rodberg Dam The plant
is to have an average annual genera-
tion of 155 gigawatt-hours Statkraft
said development of Rodberg meets
the governmentrsquos and Statkraftrsquos goal
of upgrading and extending its existing
hydropower projects
Developer Istmus Hydro Power Corp
has commissioned its 10-MW Concep-
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
___________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 3944
wwwhydroworldcom July 2009 HRW 37
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 2001
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 803
httphrwhotimscom RS 32 httphrwhotimscom RS 33
cion hydropower project on the Piedra
River in Panamarsquos Chiriqui Province
The project is 500 kilometers west of
Panama City in the Chico River BasinEquipment supplier Mavel as of the
Czech Republic said Istmus Hydro con-
tracted a consortium of ABB Inc and
Mavel to provide equipment and super-
vise installation and commissioning
Canada tungsten miner Malaga
Inc placed the 600-kW Pasto Bueno
project into commercial operation on
the Pelagatos River at Malagarsquos Pasto
Bueno mining operation in northern
Peru Hidropesac Malagarsquos joint hydro
venture with Emerging Power Develop-
ers SA of Switzerland and Peru energy
company Electrokraft SA brought the
projectrsquos 450-kW horizontal and 150-kW
vertical Pelton turbines on line Stucky
Ltd of Switzerland assisted the develop-
ment Hidropesac invested more than
US$3 million in the project Construc-tion was 1047297nanced through sale of carbon
credits under the United Nationsrsquo Clean
Development Mechanism
Briefly hellip
The board of Brazilrsquos Agencia Na-
cional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL)
approved the application of Casa de
Pedra Energia Ltda to act as an inde-
pendent power producer by deploy-
ment and operation of the 8-MW Rio
dos Indios hydro project ANEEL also
authorized Ferro Liga Ltda to act as
a self-generator of electricity through
development and operation of 15-
MW Maria Celia Mauad Notini in
Minas Gerais State hellip The African
Development Bank approved a loan
and a grant totaling 11 million Units ofAccount (US$164 million) to fund an
electricity supply project in Leso-
tho The project focuses on renewable
energy including mini-hydropower
projects hellip Abu Dhabi National En-
ergy Co acquired a 50 percent stake
in the Caribbean portfolio of Mar-
ubeni Corp including 40 percent of
Jamaica Public Service Co and its
eight small hydroelectric plants totaling
21 MW The US$320 mil lion deal forms
a joint venture portfolio of equity stakes
in generation and transmission facilities
in Jamaica the Bahamas Trinidad and
Tobago and Curacao
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
________________
___________________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4044
Professional Listings
New Hydro (continued)
The 1047297rms submitted an application of interest to the Swedish En-
ergy Agency for investment support of a full-scale wave power site
to utilize 500 generating units hellip Swedish utility Vattenfall has
acquired a 51 percent stake in Pandion Ltd an Irish ocean ener-
gy site development company for 500000 euros (US$648225)
Vattenfall said ocean energy developer Wavebob Ltd will hold
the remaining 49 percent of Pandion which has applied for ocean
energy sites on the west coast of Ireland hellip British engine and
power systems maker Rolls-Royce plans to embark on sea trials
of a 500-kW tidal power turbine-generator in the United King-
dom in the summer of 2009 said Ric Parker director of research
and technology The unit was developed with Tidal Generation
Limited Rolls-Royce says it plans to test a 1-MW version about
18 months later hellip Npower renewables and wave energy de-
veloper Wavegen are moving forward with development of the
4-MW Siadar Wave Energy Project on the Isle of Lewis in
the Hebrides Islands of Scotland The companies received con-
sent from the Scottish government for the project
httphrwhotimscom RS 34
httphrwhotimscom RS 400
httphrwhotimscom RS 403 httphrwhotimscom RS 404 httphrwhotimscom RS 405
httphrwhotimscom RS 401
httphrwhotimscom RS 402
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 808
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
__________
__________
________
_________________________
___________
________
________
_______
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4144
httphrwhotimscom RS 406 httphrwhotimscom RS 407 httphrwhotimscom RS 408
PAN reg bronzesand
PAN reg -GFself-lubricating bearings
Since 1931
- Superior quality withbull Highest wear resistance
bull Low maintenance bull Or maintenance free
- Extended operating life
PAN-MetallgesellschaftPO Box 102436 bull D-68024 Mannheim Germany
Phone + 49 621 42 303-0 bull Fax + 49 621 42 303-33
kontaktpan-metallcom bull wwwpan-metallcom
httphrwhotimscom RS 409httphrwhotimscom RS 410
httphrwhotimscom RS 411
UK Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon LtdCanal head North Kendal
Cumbria LA9 7BZ
hydrogilkescomUSA Gilkes Inc
gilkesgilkesinccom
JAPAN Gilbert Gilkes amp Gordon Ltd
h-yamamorf6so-netnejp
HYDRO AND POWER SYSTEMSReliable and innovative solutions utilizing over
150 years continuous hydro electric
turbines generators controls switchgear and
associated plant up to and around 20MW
httphrwhotimscom RS 412 httphrwhotimscom RS 413 httphrwhotimscom RS 414
All Services for Complete Solutions
bull from concept to completion and operation
bull from projects to complex systems
bull from local to multinational schemes
bull for public and private developers
Lahmeyer International GmbH
Friedberger Strasse 173 middot D-61118 Bad Vilbel Germany
Tel +49 (6101) 55-1164 middot Fax +49 (6101) 55-1715
E-Mail berndmetzgerlahmeyerde middot httpwwwlahmeyerde
Your Partner for
Water Resources and
Hydroelectric Development
httphrwhotimscom RS 415 httphrwhotimscom RS 416 httphrwhotimscom RS 417
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
______________
_________
_____
________
________
__________
__________
___________
________
________
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4244
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4344
POWER SOLUTIONS
MARELLI MOTORI SpA
VIA SABBIONARA 1 - 36071 ARZIGNANO (VI) - ITALY
(T) +39 0444 479 711 - (F) +39 0444 479 888
wwwmarellimotoricom salesmarellimotoricom
Visit us at Waterpower XVI Booth 215httphrwhotimscom RS 35
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
J
u l y
2 7 -3 0 2 0
0 9Booth 1001
| | | | | |Previous Page Contents Zoom in Zoom out Front Cover Search Issue Next PageRW F
8132019 HRW_20090701_Jul_2009
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullhrw20090701jul2009 4444
Hydro Power
We generate added value for you
Service amp Rehab provides solutions
products and services over the entire
life cycle of hydro power plants
bull Plant Assessment bull General Over-
haul bull Rehabilitation bull Upgrading and
Modernization bull Integrated Plant
Control ldquoNEPTUNrdquo bull Feasibility Studies
bull Residual Life Analysis bull Risk Assess-
ment bull Training Services The combi-
nation of our global competence
with our local presence guarantees
competent and on-the-spot response
Service amp Rehab ndash Your partner nearby
WATERPOWER XVI
V i s
i t us a
t
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