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Industrial city (Garnier) &Amsterdam Zuid Plan (Berlage)Mercedes Delgado MartínezA005!"!# Marc$ 0% 0"# 'ran $eories# Instituto ecnol*gico y de+studios ,u-eriores de Monterrey .am-us /e*n



Index

Introduction

Pg. 3

The industrial revolution: the background

Pg. 3

Tony Garnier: the man behind the theory

Pg. 4

Cité Industrielle: the concept

Pg. 6

Amsterdam Zuid: Berlage’s plan

Pg. 11

Conclusion

Pg. 12

Bibliography



Pg. 14



“The industrial revolution was another of those extraordinary jumps forward in the

story of civilization” – Stephen Gardiner while the architect was not wrong by

saying this, the industrial revolution was indeed a step forward when talking about

inventions and somehow economical growth. Also it helped develop a lot of urban

theories known nowadays, two of them being Tony Garnier’s “Industrial City” and

Berlage’s Amsterdam zuid plan.

Through this essay Garnier’s urban plan will be analyzed starting from its

background and ending with its reaches. Amsterdam Zuid plan will be analyzed as

a collateral effect of the industrial revolution and thought of as an industrial city

expansion. The way that industrialization changed the world can not only be seen

in a factory, these changes are seen in our streets, our thoughts, our clothes and

even our buildings. Without it new materials, like steel, would not be used today.

The industrial revolution: the background

Beginning in Great Britain in the late 1700’s the industrial revolution was a period

during which agrarian and rural societies in Europe and America became industrial

and urban. This period ofIndustrialization marked a shift to powered, special-

purpose machinery, factories and mass production.For many people in upper an

middle class things went up but of the lower classes things went downhill.However

not only the industry changed, the landscape of the cities was altered forever,

though many changes were for the better; more machines, more production,

increased volume and variety of manufactures goods, there were many things that

changed for the worst.

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The living conditions during this time were terrible. Due to the fact that a lot

of people was leaving the countryside to look for jobs in the city the population in

those was very, very high. This over-population problem and an unrestricted urban

growth led to slum housing, dirt, disease and a lack of communal green spaces

within the city landscape. But it was because of these problems that urban planning

as we know today arose in response to this disorder. The main objective at the time

was the reformation of these areas according to planners, who began to impose

regulatory laws establishing standards for housing, sanitation etc. it was urban

planners the ones who also introduced parks, playgrounds, in city neighborhoods,

public spaces, among other things. The concept of dividing the city in different

zones (zoning) was a major concept of urban planning at this time.

Img. 1 A huge amount of people were working at the factories, this image showsonly one textile industry, but all of them were this crowded. If factories were

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Img. 2 In this sketch of an aerial view of Garnier’s industrial city the center can be

seen. In this área the public space was located, along with the residentialárea which is designed as a wide rectangle.

Cité Industrielle: the conceptGarnier’s proposal for an industrial city had a lot of influences and some

resemblance to Howard’s Garden city, they both believed that their cities could form

a federation of cities that would create bonds through communication and an

exchange of goods. The theory of regionalism is included in his work through the

federations and the good exchange although it is not quite conformed with a

socialist thought so it is not completely included.Individual initiative is not stressedin his proposal, property is owned in common and public conveniences are

maintained for benefit of all.

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The basic idea was this; an industrial city of approximately 35,000

inhabitants, although it was not quite established it was located on an area in the

south of France on a plateau with high land and a lake to the north, a valley and

river to the south; the water being really important because it was to be used for

power. The site’s location was really important not only because of the water but it

needed to have accessibility for transportation and a site for a dam since it was

provided with natural energy production, which in this case is hydroelectric power.

Also it is important to mention that the new city would be located in an old small

city.

The city was divided in a regular way but not in a symmetrical way, not all

the streets are lined up equally. The zoning principle was applied in his theory; the

city was divided into different zones, each dedicated to a different activity regarding

its purpose. The four zones were: Work, housing, health, and leisure. These zones

were clearly related but they were separated by location and patterns. Generally

speaking the lots were long, narrow and they were located on an east-west

orientation originating at the railway station, buildings were separated by wide open

spaces, the streets were wide to allow pedestrians to have enough space for

walking, houses had a garden each and some had roof gardens. Even though

Garnier did not specified a material for the buildings concrete was mostly used for

public buildings, as well as brick and glass. The use of these materials was

because they would allow an open plan, roof terraces large windows for natural

light and ventilation. Just like in Howard’s proposal streets were lined with trees.

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Img. 3 This is the layout of Garnier’s City four main areas can be seen (the

residential area is not specified): Industry, hospitals, old town, and railway

station. Apart from those 4 there are 8 more: 1: old town, 2: central station,

3: Residential area, 4: City center, 5: Elementary schools, 6: ProfessionalSchools, 7: Health area, 8: City station, 9: Industrial area, 10: Industrial

Station, 11: Cemetery, and 12:slaughterhouse

The industrial area is located in the plateau and near the dam and

hydroelectric plant; which provided the city with essential energy. The main industry

is metallurgy since the nearby mines supply the raw material. The factory

produces: steel rods, metal, wheels and agricultural tools. The industry is made up

of blast furnaces, steel mills, workshops for large presses and hammers, ship

dockyard, and vehicle testing tracks. The industrial area, as well as all areas has a

lot of surrounding land so it can grow according to its needs.

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Img. 4: This is the representation of Garnier’s industrial area, the factory can

be seen as well as the dam at the back of the drawing.

The residential area was made up of 150x30 meters rectangular blocks, these

block gave the city its elongated form, each block was divided into 15x15 meter lots

with a street facing side he thought that by dividing it this way there would be a

better land use. The residence could not occupy more than 50% of the land for this

area was to be used for pedestrians and public spaces, also each room in the

house must have a south facing window to bring natural light into the space.

Garnier was one of the first architects to think about energy efficiency, that’s why

natural ventilation and natural lightning were very important. The layout of the

residential area was important because the public space allowed pedestrians to

walk along the city in any direction; also the space between each house prevented

one building to shadow the other. Although schools are not residential places they

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were located inside the residential area so they could be near the houses and

within walking distance, those are the primary schools for kids up to 14 years, the

high schools were located in the northeastern part of the city. The streets in this

area were also lined with trees as well as the residential lots, which needed trees.

Img. 5: as mentioned in the paragraph above a block can be seen, the lot division

is not visible but it can somehow be seen because the houses area

represented. All is lined with trees and the space between the houses isclearly there. Garnier had it all planned out.

The health area was located on the north part of the city, near the mountains

so it could protect the area from cold winds as well as a section of trees planted on

a E-W axis. The health section was divided into four main parts: the hospital, the

heliotherapy establishment, the contagious diseases hospital and a disabled

persons asylum. The main hospital would have 715 beds to treat patients.

The last zone was the leisure one, where administration-public buildings

were located. This was also divided into three groups: administrative services and

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assembly halls, museum, public buildings for sports and entertainment. This whole

concept was located in the center of the city. The administrative services and

assembly halls area was a building in which the city council and all administrative

services were located, each service had public rooms, committee rooms, offices,

agencies. Another building for offices where all organs of the city were located, a

third building was destined for laboratories and a last fourth where the

administrative files were. The assembly hall had a capacity of 3000 people with

continuous access, there were also 3 amphitheaters the biggest on with a capacity

of 1000 and two small ones with a capacity of 500 people. In this area was also a

clock tower, which indicated the center of the city.

The museum group was a museum that holds historical collections,

important documents with archeological, artistic or industrial relevance. The area

surrounding the museum was destined for botanical gardens and monuments. The

library was located near also, and it consisted of a big reading room and 2 areas

one for books and another for newspapers and images. The last group is the public

buildings for sports and entertainment. A theater and entertainment hall was

located here, with a capacity of 1900 people. Also a circular amphitheater existed.

There were public gyms and a pubic bath with heated and non-heated pools. There

were playgrounds, tennis, football and some other courts. There were also training

tracks for bicycles and runners, these were bordered by grassy terraces and

screened by trees for sunlight protection.

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Img. 6 This is the section of the railway station were the main levels are the public

areas at street level, the roads are on the basement along with waiting

rooms. The public areas are located here so the rest of the city is free of tall

structures.

Finally the railway station, which is not a specific area but it is still very

important because that is the way the city is connected to other cities and also

within itself. There are three railway stations, the main station, the industrial station

and the city station. The areas were the station was located held hotels,

department stores, and markets in order to have a little more order inside the city.

The railway station connected the whole city and it has public services at the level

of the streets, the roads are in the basement and are served by the platforms.

Amsterdam Zuid: Berlage’s plan

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Though not particularly related Amsterdam Zuid plan was developed as a side

effect of the industrial revolution in The Netherlands. Amsterdam has a big

problem: it is located bellow sea level so in order to increase the size of the city

many technical problems have to be solved first, that’s why in the beginning of the

XX century a lack of houses became a problem, the population increased but not

the amount of homes built. Berlage was the one who took the job, his first proposal

was rejected because it did not cover all the new laws that had been recently

developed.

Up until that day the city had been growing in a concentric way which

Berlage completely broke and started working with another layout. His layout is

more geometrical and also symmetrical, the axis converged on the important

buildings. He used clean lines, and had an honest use of materials; specially brick

which was the distinctive material of the Amsterdam School. The area built by

Berlage can be separated by the old city with the Amstel Canal.

In his plan urban spaces were determined by street elevations, it consisted

also of grand avenues, squares, the height of the trees and buildings, and

monumental buildings. There were two main axes on the area: one aimed to a

skyscraper and the other aimed to the new railway station. Due to the fact that the

same material was used on the area it could be thought of as monotonous, but with

the squares, and its monumental layout on finds that the area has continuity more

than monotony. Actually to this day Amsterdam Zuid is one of the areas of the city

that has more public life, this can be due to the streets and public spaces for

people to be in.

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Img. 7 as it can be seen the layout of Amsterdam Zuid is a little bit more

symmetrical and has a grid like structure compared to the rest of the city.

Berlage wanted to differentiate the area from the previous expansion plan.

Conclusion

As it can be seen these two things are completely different if looked at just

quickly but if we pay attention to them they are more related than we are lead to

believe. Starting with Garnier’s industrial city a new development for the big

changes that were happening in France due to the industrial revolution, a change

that was the migration of people from the country to the cities which was also what

happened in Amsterdam and what made the government decide on a plan to

increase the city’s size.

Another important aspect is that in both cases the public space is taken into

consideration, something that was not so important in previous ages. Public space

is very important because it gives the population a place to be, a place to

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communicate, and experience the city. The rich people had the opportunity to go to

the theater, the opera, and that kind of events, but those who couldn’t afford it had

the public spaces to go to. Also an important aspect of this was the fact that trees

became important again, they realized that they were needed for city life.

In conclusion the effects of the industrial revolution were seen many, many

years after it ended and even if people think that bad things came out of it, because

many bad things did came out of it; the good things are the ones that have to be

looked at because if it weren’t for that urban planning would never have had that

much importance since it was because of it that most urban planners started to

develop their theories or even the cities themselves.

Bibliography:

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Josep Maria Montaner . (2010). Tony Garnier: la anticipación de la ciudad industrial. March 1st 2016 , de Unirioja Sitio web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?

codigo=2188115

Utopies et avant́gardes . (2008 ). TONY GARNIER (1869-1948): LA CITÉINDUSTRIELLE.. March 1st 2016 , de UTOPIES ET AVANT-GARDES Sitio web:

http://utopies.skynetblogs.be/archive/2008/12/09/tony-garnier-1869-1948-la-cite-industrielle.html

Supriya Pundlik. (2010). Tony Garnier: Une Cite Industrielle (1917). March 1st 2016

, de Architecture and Urbanism Sitio web:

http://architectureandurbanism.blogspot.mx/2010/11/tony-garnier-une-cite-

industrielle-1917.html

Tejasi Gadkari . (2014 ). Tony Garnier: Une cité industrielle . March 1st 2016 , de ss

Sitio web: https://es.scribd.com/doc/207096166/Tony-Garnier-une-cite-industrielle-

1918

Mark Minkjan . (2013 ). Amsterdam’s Morphology, A History. March 2 2016 , deCity breaths Sitio web: http://citybreaths.com/post/40011703127/amsterdam-

morphology-a-history

OSTANZO RANCI, CAROLINA PACCHI, MARA POPOLIZIO. (2013). Amsterdam,

a model of city planning. March 2 2016 , de Politecnico di Milano (students) Sitio

web: http://es.slideshare.net/silviasanasi/amsterdam-a-model-of-city-planning

Architectureguide . (2008). Urban design Amsterdam-Zuid . March 2 2016 , de

Architectureguide NL Sitio web:

http://www.architectureguide.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/457/prj_id/361

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