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Chapter 42

A SLAVE TO THE RECUE Quīntus Valerius, dominus meus, abhinc duōs mēnsēs ē Bīthŷniā Romam ā

patre missus est epistulās ferēns. Ego ūnā cum dominō profectus sum. Cum

quattuor diēs nāvigāvissēmus, subitō maxima tempestās coorta est. Nāvis hūc illūc

ventIs iactāta in ingentī erat perīculō. Tandem cum undae et ventī nāvem ad

īnsulam quondam ēgissent, nōs in terram vix ēvāsimus. Tōtam noctem in lītore

morātī, prImā lūce, quod iam vīs tempestātis cecidisse vidēbātur, in nāvem regressī

sumus.

Subitō complūrēs scaphās hominum plēnās cōnspeximus. Magister navis

nostrae, cum has scaphas conspexisset, “Prō dī immortālēs!” exclāmāvit. ”Hī

hominēs sunt pīrātae. Eheu! Effugere nōn poterimus.”

Cui dominus meus, “Sī mē servāveris,” inquit, “pater meus, quī est vir dīves et

praeclārus, magnam tibi pecūniam dabit. Haec nāvis est illīs scaphīs celerior.

Pīrātae, etiam sī sequentur, nōs nōn capient.”

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Effugere cōnātī sumus, sed frūstrā. Pīrātae enim, cum nōs effugere cōnantēs

cōnspexissent, nāvem nostrum adortī sunt. Dominus meus statim gladium strīnxit

et mihi clāmāns “Mē sequere!” in scapham dēsiluit.

Ego quidem secūtus dominum meum dēfendere coepī, nam vulnus grave

accēpisse vidēbātur. Magister nāvis, cum valdē timēret, suōs vetuit nōs adiuvāre.

“Sī pīrātīs resistēmus,” inquit, “nōs omnēs sine dubiō necābimur.”

Tum pīrātae, cum nōs superāvissent, arma nōbīs adēmērunt et nōs ad lītus

addūxērunt. Cum prīmum in terrā fuimus, pīrātae circum nōs stantēs rogābant quī

essēmus, unde vēnissēmus, quō iter facerēmus. Omnēs tacēbant praeter

dominum meum. Ille enim, “Sī pecūniam vultis,” inquit, “nūllam pecūniam hīc

inveniētis. Nōs omnēs pauperēs sumus. At nisi nōs abīre sinētis, vōs omnēs

poenās certe dabitis. Cīvis sum Rōmānus.”

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Rīsērunt pīrātae, et ūnus ex eīs xclāmāvit, “Rōmānōs nōn amō. Sī vōs nūllam

pecūniam habētis, vōs certē necābimus.” Tum magister nāvis metū commōtus,

“Hic adulēscēns,” inquit, “vēra nōn dīcit. Pater eius est vir dīvitissimus. Ille

magnam vōbīs pecūniam dabit.” Itaque pīrātārum aliī dominum meum in casam

suam trāxērunt, aliī nōs cēterōs in nāvem redūxērunt et ibi custōdiēbant.

Nocte, cum omnēs dormīrent, ego surrēxī, pūgiōne modo armātus. Clam in

mare dēsiluī, ad lītus natāvi, casam pīrātārum summā celeritāte petīvi. Cum casae

fūrtim appropinquāvissem, per fenestram vīdī dominum meum in lectō iacentem

ac duōs custōdēs vīnum bibentēs. Paulisper nihil faciēbam. Mox tamen alter ē

custōdibus ē casā exit, alter cum dominō meō manēbat. Tum ego silentiō

ingressus hunc custōdem pūgiōne percussī. Deinde ē casā ēgressus ad lītus

dominum portāvī, nam ille propter vulnus aegrōtābat neque ambulāre poterat. Ibi

scapham invēnī quam pīrātae nōn custōdiēbant. Ita ā lītore profectī ex īnsulā

ēvāsimus.

Iam multōs diēs in scaphā erāmus cum ā mercātōribus quibusdam inventī

sumus. Quoniam neque cibum neque aquam habēbāmus, graviter aegrōtābāmus.

Sed mercātōrēs nōs cūrāvērunt et Brundisium attulērunt. Ibi dominus meus multōs

diēs morātus iam convaluit et paucīs diēbus aderit.

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1. What was Valerius bringing from Bithynia?

2. What happened four days into the voyage?

3. What happened to the ship?

4. What did the passengers do during the night?

5. What did they do in the morning?

6. What did they spot?

7. What did the captain say they saw?

8. What did Valerius suggest doing?

9. Why did he think this was a safe thing to do?

10. What did the pirates do?

11. What did Valerius do then?

12. Why did the slave defend Valerius?

13. What did the captain do?

14. What was his reason?

15. What was the next thing the pirates did?

16. What did they ask?

17. What did Valerius have to say?

18. What did one pirate respond?

19. What information did the captain of the ship volunteer?

20. What action did the pirates take with this information?

21. What did the slave do at night?

22. What did he see through the window?

23. Why was he able to enter the hut?

24. What did he do when he entered?

25. How did he get his master away?

26. How were the slave and Valerius rescued?

27. What was their condition?

28. Why did they stay at Brundisium?

•Rarely used in English

•Indicative = facts, things that have happened

•Subjunctive = possibility, hoped for, not fact

•Most used in specific kinds of subordinate clauses

•The good news: absolutely regular formation

We have thoroughly covered the Indicative. Now it is time for…

The easiest tense in Latin!

Can you recognize how it is constructed?

Eucleides, cum praedones timeret, solus nocte non egressus est.

Sextus rogavit ubi esset Davus.

Sextus rogavit quid Davis faceret.

Cum Magistra intraret, omnes discipuli surrexerunt.

Add personal endings to the present active infinitive.

Change these verbs from imperfect indicative to imperfect subjunctive.

1. Cum piratae arcessebant…

2. Cum Sextus obsecrabat…

3. Cum pecuniam rapiebatis…

4. Cum non valebamus…

5. Cum nihil in ludo discebas…

6. Cum in terram evadere poteramus…

7. Cum Sextus grammatico non parebat…

8. Cum grammaticus Sextum dormientem animadvertebat…

9. Cum nos omnes Sextum monebamus…

10.Cum Romam regredi volebatis…

11. Cum cibum adferebas…

12.Cum in nave magna navigabam…

arcesserent…

obsecraret…

raperetis…

valeremus…

disceres…

possemus…

pareret…

animadverteret…

moneremus…

velletis…

adferres…

navigarem…

Use your review vocab sheets to fill in an imperfect subjunctive.

1.Magistra rogavit quis / qui ___________

2.Cum discipuli ________,

Magistra gavisa est.

Almost as easy as the imperfect subjunctive.

Titus, cum amicos in popinā conspexisset, eos salutavit.

Cornelius rogavit quid praedones fecissent.

Davus nescivit cur Geta efugisset.

Quintus Valerius, cum piratae eum superavissent, non iam restitit.

Add personal endings to the perfect active infinitive.

Change these pluperfect indicatives to pluperfect subjunctives.

1. …cur Sextus grammatico non paruerat.

2. …unde piratae venerant.

3. …ubi Valerius fuerat.

4. …quos rapueratis.

5. …quid nos omnes feceramus.

6. ..in quo loco fueras.

7. …unde veneram.

8. …quid Sextus cupiverat.

9. …quid facere potueratis.

10. …cur tecum ire nolueram.

11. …cur nihil in ludo dediceras.

12. …qui nobis resisterant.

13.…unde princeps redierat.

14.…quomodo evaseras.

paruisset.

venissent.

fuisset.

rapuissetis.

fecissemus.

fuisses.

venissem.

cupivisset.

potuissetis.

noluissem.

dedicisses.

resistissent.

rediisset.

evasisses.

Using your review vocab sheets, complete the following sentences

with a pluperfect subjunctive.

Magistra rogabat quid vos ________.

Cum nos ___________,

convalescebamus.

Direct: Sextus rogavit, “Ubi est Davus?”

Indirect: Sextus rogavit ubi esset Davus.

Grammaticus Sextum rogavit ubi esset Hesperia.

Piratae Valerium rogaverunt quis esset.

Rogavimus cur piratae nos pauperes cepissent.

Cornelia scire voluit quo irent.

An indirect question reports, but does not quote, a question.

The sentence that contains an indirect question is usually not a question!

Did you notice that the heading above is an indirect question?

•Look for introductory verbs of asking, knowing, wondering, and other such verbs

•Look for interrogative words starting the indirect question:

•Quis, quid (who, what)

•Si, nisi (if, if…not)

•Quo (where to)

•Num (whether, if)

•Cur (why)

•Qualis, quale (what kind of)

•Unde (from where)

•Imperfect tense shows action at the same time as the main verb.

•Pluperfect tense shows action before the main verb.

Translate into English.

1. Cornelia rogavit quis Quintum Valerium ad Bithyniam misisset.

2. Cornelia rogavit quis Quintum Valerium ad Bithyniam mitteret.

3. Servus scivit quot dies navigavissent.

4. Servus scivit quot dies navigarent.

5. Piratae nesciverunt qualis homo esset Valerius.

6. Piratae scire voluerunt si Valerius multam pecuniam haberet.

7. Pirata explicabat cur Romanos non amaret.

8. Valerius nesciebat num servus auxilium ferret.

9. Valerius nesciebat num servus auxilium tulisset.

What is the direct Latin question inside each of these indirect questions? Write the original Latin question and its English translation on the lines provided.

1. Magistra Octaviam rogavit cur in ludo dormiret.

Original Question:__________________________________________________________

Translation:_______________________________________________________________

2. Magistra Liviam rogavit quo in loco pensum domesticum reliquisset.


Translation:_______________________________________________________________

3. Plinius Claudum rogavit ubi esset Cincinnatus.


Translation:_______________________________________________________________

4. Magistra Sabinam rogavit quis amica esset.


Translation:_______________________________________________________________

5. Magistra Senecam Catoenemque rogavit quo tempore e ludo egressi essent.


Translation:_______________________________________________________________

6. Magistra Lucretiam rogavit cur Livia heri afuisset.

Original Question:_________________________________________________________

Translation:______________________________________________________________

7. Magistra Sabinam Augustumque rogavit in quibus oppidis habitarent.


Translation:______________________________________________________________

8. Cincinnatus Clodium rogavit quid dixisset.


Translation:______________________________________________________________

9. Octavia Catonemm rogavit quid Seneca faceret.


Translation:______________________________________________________________

10. Magistra Augustum Octaviamque rogavit quid fecissent.


Translation:______________________________________________________________

How do you translate cum in these sentences?

Magister navis nostrae, cum has scaphas hominum plenas conspexisset, “Pro di immortales!” exclamavit.

Piratae, enim, cum nos effugere conantes conspexissent, navem nostram adorti sunt.

Tum piratae, cum nos superavissent, arma nobis ademerunt.

Nocte, cum omnes dormirent, ego surrexi, pugione modo armatus.

Magister navis, cum valde timeret, suos vetuit nos adiuvare.

Cum may be translated “when”, “since”, “because”, even “although”.

•Sometimes they show cause, in which case cum can be translated as since or because.

•Sometimes they show the circumstances that give rise to another activity, in which case cum can be translated as when.

•Usually context is the best factor to determine the translation for cum. Just try each translation out and see what works best.

•Use of imperfect tense for action at the same time as the main verb.

•Use of pluperfect tense for action before the main verb.

Would you translate these cum clauses using when or since?

1. Cum casae appropinquavissem, dominum vidi.

2. Cum casam intravisset, custodem pugione percussit.

3. Cum pater huius adulescentis divitissimus esset, multam pecuniam poposcerunt piratae.

4. Valerius, cum Brundisii maneret, epistulam ad Cornelium misit.

5. Sextus miserrimus fuit cum russati non vicissent.

6. Grammaticus me, cum de Hesperia ignorarem, verberavit.

7. Magister navis, cum piratas timeret, vera dicere constituit.

Translate the verb for each of these cum clauses into Latin. Then translate.

1. Cum vis tempestatis ________________, ad navem regressi sumus.(cadere, had subsided)

2. Cum homines piratae ____________, resistere verebamur. (were)

3. Ego, cum piratas dormientes _________________, furtim casae appropinquavi. (had spotted)

4. Cum mercatores nos ______________, navis Brundisium navigabat. (were taking care)

5. Cum dominus meus vulneribus _______________, eum ad litus tuli. (aegrotare, was sick)

6. Cum tu de Valerio fabulam ________________, Cornelia de Valerio sollicta fiebat. (had told)

7. Nocte, cum omnes _____________, ego surrexi, pugione modo armatus. (were sleeping)

8. Cum nos complures dies Brundisii ____________, dominus meus convaluit. (manere, had stayed)

cecidisset

essent

conspexissem

curarent

aegrotaret

narravisses

dormirent

mansissemus