Download pdf - Veldmeijer & Ikram 2013 - Chasing Chariots - eBook

7/22/2019 Veldmeijer & Ikram 2013 - Chasing Chariots - eBook

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prmfeeacdhs mb tge bcrst cdterdltcmdlo

fglrcmt fmdberedfe (flcrm 9:


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Vcaestmde ZressL dew he derltcmd mb Zuioc sgcdh

Smu lre relacdh l buoo verscmd mb tgcs immn, bmr bree!

Qgcs immn cs plrt mb tge Vcaestmde e-ocirlry wgere kmst mb mur

puiocfltcmds lre buooy lffesscioe bmr bree. Bmr lffess tm kmre

bree immns vcsct0 www.scaestmde.fmk/ocirlry

Amwdomla Buoo ZAB

Rcsct tge Vcaestmde e-ocirlry tm irmwse mur e-immns. Bmr l kcdcklo

bee ymu fld purfglse l buooy budftcmdlo ZAB lda iy amcdh sm, ymu

geop tm neep mur ocirlry ruddcdh.

www.scaestmde.fmk/ocirlry


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Vcaestmde Zress

fglrcmts

fglscdh


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prmfeeacdhs mb tge bcrst cdterdltcmdlo

fglrcmt fmdberedfe (flcrm 9:


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ilfn0 mki mb Gmrekgei, Vlqqlrl. Zgmtmhrlpgy iy Ldar @. Reoakec`er.


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Listrlfts 3

Zreblfe


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L Hockpse cdtm tge Xmrnsgmps mb tge Fglrcmtry mb \ldtcr-Zcrlkesse Vtmde lda Ketlo Qmmos mb

Vcte \ C

Vcovcl Zreoo


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3

LIVQYLFQV

L Vurvey mb tge Acpomkltcf Ymoe mb tge Fglrcmteers cd tge Ylkesscae Zercma

Kmglkea Yllblt Liils

Fglrcmteers were very schdcfldt cd tge Ylkesscae Zercma, evcaedfea bmr exlkpoe iy tge brequedt kedtcmd mbtgek cd texts altea tm tge rechd mb ncdh Ylkesses CC. Fglrcmteers losm polyea ld ckpmrtldt rmoe cd acpomklfyls kldy Ylkesscae fglrcmteers geoa tge tctoe wpwty dsw r xLswt ditge rmylo edvmy tm everybmrechd fmudtry. cs plper wcoo bmfus md tge acpomkltcf rmoe mb tge fglrcmteers cd tge Ylkesscae Zercma ldatgecr stltus cd Ehyptcld smfcety.

L Zmsscioe Fglrcmt Fldmpy bmr Qutldnglkud

Eawcd F. Irmfn

e tmki mb Qutldnglkud fmdtlcdea lkmdh tge kldy mi`efts l hcoaea wmmaed trlpezmcalo brlke brmk wgcfgrlaclte l serces mb twedty-echgt gcdhea rcis. cs brlke lda rci lssekioy cs suppmrtea iy bmur pmoes, lda cs`ust mver twm keters cd gechgt. e lssekioy wls stredhtgedea olterlooy iy twm plcrs mb gmrczmdtlo ilrs, elfgprmvcaea wctg fyocdarcflo irmdze soeeves lt tgecr edas wgcfg t mver tge upper edas mb tge pmoes iedeltg tgetrlpezmcalo brlke (Flrter Lrfgcve, Iurtmd pgmtm p


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tge fmdfouscmd cs cd blvmur mb dmt uscdh ldy crmd cd l gchg-perbmrkldferlfcdh fglrcmt.

Ld Loterdltcve emry bmr 'Ict-Xelr' Bmuda md tge Omwer Vefmda Zrekmolr mb tge Iuged Gmrse

Suncnm Vlslal

Cd


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relas (Glilfgc,


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9 iy steppcdh cdtm gcs fglrcmt, tge ncdh wmuoaglve fmkpoetea tge fyfoe, ircdhcdh tm ocbe tge pmted-tclo vcftmry tge aefmrltcmd represedts.

DMQEV

< Vcdfere tgldns tm Vtepged Glrvey, AlvcaMFmddmr, lda Nltgercde Eltmd bmr fmkkedtcdh

md tgcs reselrfg lda prmvcacdh tgecr cdvloulioe

hucaldfe.

9 e evcaedfe bmr tge scovercdh mb tge fglrcmt cs dmt

expolcdea iy Octtluer & Frmuweo cd tgecr mtger-

wcse tgmrmuhg acsfusscmd mb tge fglrcmt (


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23

Ieoo, O.


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Glrvey, V.


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8sefmdaoy, gmrse arluhgt (strmdh lda blst) lda la-lptltcmd mb tge (mrchcdlooy mx) ymne tm tge gmrsesfmdbmrkltcmd> lda tgcraoy, ircaoe icts loomwcdh bmracreftcmdlo ls weoo ls irlncdh fmdtrmo mver tge ldc-klos. Ct sgmuoa ie dmtea tglt suctlioe tckier wlsdefesslry, ls weoo ls frlsked sncooea cd iucoacdhlda klcdtlcdcdh tge vegcfoes, lda prmbesscmdlogmrse trlcders lda arcvers (see losm Vglw 9::


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lda ckpresscve schgt. Imtg tge fglrcmts lda tgecrarluhgt ldcklos were gchgoy suctlioe bmr olvcsg aef-mrltcmd, tgus fltercdh bmr tge omve mb mstedtltcmd mbncdhs lda ld eocte folss. e equcplhes wmuoa glveoedt prestche tm tgecr mwders, rlcscdh tgek octerlooylda ketlpgmrcflooy limve tgecr beoomws.

Fglrcmts were dmt suaaed cdvedtcmds, iut ae-

veompea mut mb elrocer vegcfoes tglt were kmudteamd acsn mr frmss-ilr wgeeos. Qgcs aeveompkedtfld iest ie trlfea cd tge Delr Elst, wgere spmne-wgeeoea lda gmrse-arlwd true fglrcmts lre bcrstlttestea cd tge elrocer plrt mb tge sefmda kcooed-dcuk IF (bchure 6 ^tlned brmk l Vyrcld fyocd-aer selo mb tge


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85

Bchure 1L & I. Brlhkedts mb stmde reocebs mb Lgkmse Cbrmk Liyams. Brmk0 Yluowcdh & Fouttmd-Irmfn(9::30 hs. 98-97 oe).

Bchure 5. Qrmooey lda kmaeo imlt brmk tge tmki mb

Lggmtpe, eies. Brmk0 Zlrtrcahe (


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ndmwd tmki0 Glyes,


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Bchure 3 (ieomw). Csmketrcf arlwcdh mb tge tmkimb Qutldnglkud lda cts fmdtedts. Arlwcdh iy G.Zlrncdsmd. Brmk0 Octtluer & Frmuweo (


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fmvery ls tge Ldtefglkier, Iurclo Fglkier, Qrel-sury lda Lddexe (hures 7 & 3). e fglkiers, ldatge tmki ls l wgmoe, lre very skloo cd fmkplrcsmdwctg tge mtger rmfn-fut rmylo sepuofgres cd tge Rlo-oey mb tge Ncdhs.

Lkmdh tge welotg mb das brmk tge tmki mbQutldnglkud were dm bewer tgld scx fglrcmts ldabrlhkedts mb glrdess lda ircaoe eoekedts. Bmur mbtge vegcfoes were bmuda cd tge Ldtefglkier ldatwm cd tge Qrelsury. e bmrker kelsures fl. 7 x6.2: k, tge oltter fl. 1 x 6.5: k (bmr ld cael mb tgeda fcrfukstldfes, see hures


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Bchure


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terea lda ircey aesfrciea iy Flrter gckseob cd tge@murdlo aEdtre. Ls bmr tge fglrcmts, ve mb tgek(L


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7 Ymvettl et lo., 9:::> Vldamr, 9::1l> 9::1i> Vvlrtg, losm Ymiert Gurbmra Zer-smdlo Fmkkudcfltcmd 9: fb. Octtluer & Frmu-weo, Kmmrey, 9:: Vglw, 9::


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Bchure 93. Aetlco mb wloo plcdtcdh brmk tge tmkimb Yengkcre, eies. Arlwcdh iy @. Kmreo. Brmk0

Octtluer & Frmuweo ( Xesterd,


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lda tge neepcdh mb gmrses brmk tge Delr Elsttm Ehypt dmt mdoy cdfouaea wmmas sufg ls eok ldaicrfg (ilrn), iut losm sncooea frlsked, gmrses ldatgecr trlcders, ls weoo ls tge reoevldt tefgdcflo vm-fliuolry. Mtger flses mb kmre mr oess fmdtekpmrlry,

prcklrcoy kcoctlry tefgdmomhy trldsber brmk tgeDelr Elst tm Ehypt lre tge fmkpmscte imw lda sfloelrkmur. Fmkpmscte imws were usea md tge hrmudals weoo ls brmk fglrcmts, wgerels sfloe lrkmur wlswmrd iy fglrcmt frews lda arluhgt telks mb gmrses(Kmmrey, 9:: Vglw, 9::


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fglrcmt L1, ct gla wmmaed ls weoo ls rlwgcae tyres,iut ct cs mb oess sturay fmdstruftcmd. Flrter fmdsca-erea fglrcmt L5 lda tge mtger mde brmk tge Qrel-sury (L2), wctg cts fmdscaerlioe lkmudt mb hcot aef-mrltcmd (hure


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smurfes losm sgea ochgt md tge med fmkpoex mrhldc-sltcmd mb tge lrkces, lda tgecr fglrcmtry cd Ehypt(see espefclooy Vfguokld, Hdcrs, see losm Vplocdher, tgcs vmouke) lda tgeDelr Elst (see espefclooy Nedaloo, Ielo,

9::9). Ct cs dmtlioe tglt fudecbmrk tlioetsbrmk Duzc cd dmrtgelsterd Crlq kedtcmd fglrcmts mbtge oe lda rchgt wcdhs, suhhestcdh tglt tgese mper-ltea md tge lrkys ldns wged cd ilttoe (Nedaloo,


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bmr ldmtger QR amfukedtlry flooea Iucoacdh Zgl-

rlmgs Fglrcmt (9:


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73

`eft mb tgcs plper, glve ieed lssekioea iy ZeterYluowcdh ( 9:::0 Cd Octtluer & Frmu-weo, 9::90 xc-xcc> losm Yluowcdh & Fouttmd-Irmfn,9::3). Lplrt brmk tgmse kedtcmdea cd ky text, Cglve prmbctea brmk relacdh tge bmoomwcdh puiocfl-

tcmds0 Beoakld & Vluvlhe (9: Gldsed (Gmbbkecer ( Zlrtrcahe (9::9)> Xcoae (9::60


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Z B C F F

Hrliudhsnlkplhde (Brgocdh 9::7 uda Brg-ocdh 9::3). hypted uda Oevldte


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3 ge kly dmt plusemd tge rmla (Hlracder,


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Fglsscdlt,


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ùst ls ge ^wrelns glvmf[ cd tge kmudtlcd mb fmp-

per,

sm ames ge aestrmy 7cd Oeildmd.Ls bmr tge Gyrymb ymur fglrcmt0 3tge sny wctg cts bmur ^suppmrts[.Ct gls fmke (tm ld eda).

e preservea text md tge Qurcd mstrlfmd fmd-scsts mb echgt stldzls, acvcaea evedoy ietweed mi-èfts geoa cd tge ncdhs glda lda laactcmdlo plrts mbtge fglrcmt. Xgcoe tge ncdhs pldmpoy, imw, sgceoa,sguil-stl, lda wgcp, lre elscoy caedtcea, tge fglr-

cmt terkcdmomhy mb tge Qurcd mstrlfmd cs eved kmremisfure tgld tglt mb tge Eacdiurhg text. Aespcte tgeocdhercdh misfurctces wctgcd tge text, mde fld fmd-aedtoy caedtcby tge mièft mb tge gykd ls tge ncdh,ls gls ieed lssukea cd tge bmrehmcdh ldloyscs. eocst mb cteks cd tge Qurcd mstrlfmd losm das l vc-sulo fmkpoekedt cd tge tmki mb \edlkud, wgere lfglrcmt iecdh presedtea tm tge ncdh cs lffmkpldceaiy l imw, sgceoa, wgcp, lda swmra (Alvces,


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Bchure


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K Y

1) Buoo-scze vegcfoes.

e rst fltehmry, kmaeos, cs tge kmst prevloedtexlkpoe mb wgeeoea vegcfoes. Ls kedtcmdea limve,tgese iefmke fmkkmd cd tge kca-6ra kcooeddcukIF terrlfmttl lssekiolhes, lotgmuhg tge elrocestexlkpoes glve ieed lttestea brmk tge Dcdevcte Rpercma (93::-95:: IF) mdwlras. cs fltehmry prm-vcaes ckpmrtldt cdbmrkltcmd md tge aceredt typesmb vegcfoe lda tgecr wcaesprela use.

Hoyptcf represedtltcmds lda wrctted refmras glvel ockctea fgrmdmomhcflo lda hemhrlpgcflo acstrciu-tcmd. Gmwever, lt Qeoo Ieyalr ld ckpmrtldt fmrpusmb tlioets lda selo ckpresscmds reoltea tm wgeeoeavegcfoes gls ieed bmuda. Imtg fltehmrces prmvcaecdbmrkltcmd md types lda budftcmds mb vegcfoes. ekmst blkmus exlkpoe mb twm-ackedscmdlo lrt cs tgeVtldalra mb Ur wctg cts sgeoo cdolys represedtcdh wlrwlhmds. Vckcolr hures fmke brmk tge Csgtlr ldaDcddc-Plzl tekpoes ls weoo ls brmk tge pre-Vlrhmd-

cf plolfe mb Klrc.Bcdlooy, dm buoo-scze vegcfoes glve ieed bmuda cd

Vyrcld @lzcrlg. Gmwever, tge sm-flooea Klrc Xgeeosglve ieed cdfouaea cd tgcs fltehmry.

Kmaeos

e moaest exlkpoes mb kmaeos brmk Vyrcld @lzcrlgalte tm tge Elroy @lzcrlg CC (98::-92:: IF). Cd tgcspercma klcdoy twm-wgeeoea kmaeos glve ieed lt-testea (Imooweh, Zru, 9:


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17, dms. 98-97> 335, dms. 99-92).

Cd tge elsterd @lzcrlg sctes tge sefmda type mbwlhmd kmaeos preamkcdltes (hure 1I). esekmaeos glve l reftldhuolr lda dlrrmw imx-imay,fglrlfterczea iy sgloomw brlkes, lda l kmre mr oessirmla selt cd tge relr (Imooweh, Zru, 9:


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ct gls ieed cdterpretea ls bmur-wgeeoea wlhmd.Xged spefcea ct cs arlwd iy mxed>hc HHCY (hchhcr )0 Ct gls ieed cdterpretea lsfmverea wlhmd lda usulooy lsschdea tm ckpmrtldtpersmdloctces>hchhcr-suk0 cs cs tge oess fmkkmd type cd tge

Eiol texts, ndmwd losm cd tge pre-Vlrhmdcf Kesm-pmtlkcl lda cdterpretea ls flrrycdh wlhmd.

Hcved tgecr efmdmkcf dlture, tge Eiol textsmed reber tm fmdstruftcmd klterclos mb wgeeoeavegcfoes, sufg ls wmma lda textcoes. Cd plrtcfuolr,wmmo wls acvcaea cdtm hmma lda ila quloctces, ctwls lsschdea tm tge fmdstruftcmd mb tge hc H-HCY (hchhcr ) lda prmilioy usea bmr fmvercdh. Ctwls losm lsschdea bmr tge fmdstruftcmd mb tge mtger

types mb vegcfoe (Fmdtc,

Klrhuermd, 9::1> 9:


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K Y

L scdhoe mrchcd cd tge rehcmd dmrtg mb tge Iolfn Vel(Kltusfgcn, 9::2)> Qwm mrchcds0 mde cd Kesmpmtlkcl lda mde cd tgerehcmd dmrtg tm tge Iolfn Vel (Rmsteed, 9::2).

Brmk tge rsts lda reoltcveoy bew exlkpoes aur-cdh tge Dcdevcte R Zercma, flrts lda wlhmds ie-flke l fmkkmd fltehmry aurcdh tge sefmda glob mbtge 6ra kcooeddcuk IF, ls prmved iy tge cdfrelse

cd tge amfukedtltcmd lda acssekcdltcmd. cs mut-fmke wls prmilioy suppmrtea iy tge edvcrmdkedtlofmdactcmds mb tge Vyrcld @lzcrlg oldasflpe tglt wereekcdedtoy suctlioe bmr wgeeoea trldspmrt. e olda-sflpe mb tge Vyrcld @lzcrlg wls lokmst fmkpoeteoylt, sekc-lrca lda wctg pmmr vehetltcmd, lda tgussuctlioe bmr wgeeoea vegcfoes kufg kmre sm tgldtge smutgerd Kesmpmtlkcld, tglt, lotgmuhg lt, csklrnea iy olrhe klrsgoldas.

Rld Ocere & Olurly ( 9:


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et lo.


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9: Rld Ac`n, 9:::), wged fglrcmtswere ld ckpmrtldt plrt mb fmdtekpmrlry lrkces(Bceoas, 9::20


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9:5

Olst, iut dmt tge oelst, ct sgmuoa ie kedtcmdeatglt Ehypt lda Lssyrcl acerea wctg respeft tm tgedlture mb ncdhsgcp. Cd Ehypt, tge ncdh wls tge cdflr-dltcmd mb l hma, tge smd mb l hma klae esg. Vtcoo,tge ocdelhe mb l ncdh wls ckpmrtldt tmm, sm tglt l

Aydlsty sufg ls tge 9:


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9:2

glve klae tge vcftmry lppelr blr kmre elsy lda

tgus oess homrcmus.Burtgerkmre, cd tge flkplchds mb Vetc C cd Zlo-

estcde lda Vyrcl, tge Ehyptclds lre sgmwd lttlfn-cdh wlooea lda bmrtcea fctces surrmudaea iy wlterfmurses lda trees, ls weoo ls mtger fglrcmts, ldawged sgmwd hgtcdh lhlcdst tge Gcttctes, tge Ehyp-tclds hgt lhlcdst tge edekces fglrcmts. Cd loo tgesefmkpmsctcmds, tge edekces lre sgmwd bloocdh ldaiecdh rud mver iy tge Ehyptcld fglrcmts. Ct fld iedmtcfea, ls cd tge ilttoe lhlcdst tge Gcttctes (Vplo-

cdher, 9::50 h.


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9:8

pyomd, lda md tge exterdlo wloos mb tge rst pmrtcfm.Ehyptcld fglrcmts lre sgmwd cd mraeroy rmws wctghloompcdh gmrses, smketckes bmoomwcdh tge fglrcmtmb tge ncdh, lda lre med lffmkpldcea iy tge Ehyp-tcld cdbldtry, wgcfg cs sgmwd cd tchgt mraeroy rldns.

Gmwever, tge edekces lre represedtea cd acsmraerlda fglms lda, ls cd tge mtger reocebs, lre sgmwdbloocdh ls l resuot mb tge Ehyptcld lssluot lda lreiecdh mverrud0 tgcs cs gmw tge Ehyptclds typcflooyaepcftea tgecr edekces. Ls cd tge lbmrekedtcmdeareocebs, tge ncdh cs losm sgmwd fglrhcdh lhlcdst ed-ekces lda eved edeky fctces cd gcs fglrcmt, wloncdhmd tmp mb blooed edekces lda sgmmtcdh lrrmws cdtmbmrtcea fctces.

Mtger wlr reocebs wctg fglrcmts lre bmuda lt

Ylkesses CCs tekpoe cd Liyams (Vplocdher, 9::509


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9:7

Md tge oe wloo mb tge rst fmurt tge sefmda Ociyldexpeactcmd mb Ylkesses CCC cs represedtea (Zlr-trcahe, 9::90 928-927> Vplocdher, 9::50 952-957).Bcdlooy, imtg md tge exterdlo dmrtgerd wloo ietweedtge rst lda tge sefmda pyomd lda md tge westerdwloo mb tge dmrtgerd tmwer mb tge rst pyomd Yl-kesses CCCs ilttoes lda fmdquests cd Vyrcl lre rep-resedtea (Zlrtrcahe, 9::90 989-986). Gere, ls cd tgeprevcmus reocebs, tge ncdh cs aepcftea cd gcs fglrcmtwctg hloompcdh gmrses, gmoacdh imw lda lrrmw lda

mdfe losm wctg tge ngepesg, lda lttlfncdh bmrtceafctces mr klsses mb bmes, ls weoo ls wloncdh md ed-ekces. Cd mde mb tgese sfedes, gcs fglrcmt cs sgmwdiecdh tlned flre mb iy Ehyptcld smoacers. e ncdh cslffmkpldcea, ls cd tge lbmrekedtcmdea exlkpoes,iy mraeroy rldns mb Ehyptcld fglrcmts lda bmmt-smo-acers. Ls cd tge mtger wlr reocebs, tge edekces lresgmwd acsmraerea lda sklsgea, tge fmkpoete mp-pmscte mb tge stlte mb tge Ehyptcld lrky.

YEOCEBV XCQG FGLYCMQV BYMKLVVSYCL

Brmk Lssyrcl, reocebs wctg fglrcmts lre bmuda cd tgeDmrtgwest Zlolfe mb Dckrua, wgere flkplchds mbLsgurdlscrplo CC (776-753 IF> Geloy,


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9:3

olaaers ls weoo ls scehe klfgcdes, cs ekpglsczea, lscd tge limve-kedtcmdea reocebs. Vmoacers hgtcdh mdhloompcdh gmrses wctg spelrs lre losm represedtea, lsweoo ls tge Lssyrcld flkp.

Mtger exlkpoes mb wlr reocebs wctg fglrcmts lrebmuda cd tge Fedtrlo Zlolfe cd Dckrua (Lsger-Hreve & Veoz, Ilrdett & Blonder,


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9 ls lowlys, tge ncdh csrepresedtea olrher tgld ldy mtger hure. Cd laac-

tcmd, tge ncdh cs lowlys lffmkpldcea imtg iy tgesmolr acsf, smketckes wctg urlec, lda tge acvcdesykimo mb Gmrus, Dengiet, Kut mr Kmdtu. Exlk-poes cdfouae tge kldy aepcftcmds mb Ylkesses CC cdtge reocebs sgmwcdh tge Ilttoe mb \laesg. Burtger-kmre, tge ncdh lowlys welrs tge urleus, tge IoueFrmwd mr tge Lteb Frmwd. e ncdh cs lowlys lomdecd gcs fglrcmt, dmt mdoy md tge ilttoeeoa, iut losmcd sfedes prefeacdh lda bmoomwcdh tge klcd ilttoe.Aurcdh fmkilt, tge ncdh gls tge recds tcea lrmudagcs gcps. e dmd-rmylo Ehyptcld fglrcmt lowlys gla

l twm-kld frew, fmdscstcdh mb l fglrcmteer lda ld

lrfger (Vfguokld,


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9 tgey cdfouae gudtcdh sfedes,sfedes cd wgcfg tge ncdh cs lffmkpldcea iy hedceslda mtger superdlturlo freltures, mr belture feoeirl-

tcmds, ls bmr exlkpoe tge bmudacdh mb l dew flpctlo.Md tge fmdtrlry, cd tge tekpoes mdoy reocebs tglt lresuperdlturlo lda reochcmus cd dlture fld ie bmuda.

FMDFOUVCMD

e mdhmcdh dlture mb tge reselrfg loomws bmr tgebmoomwcdh preockcdlry fmdfouscmds. Imtg cd Ehyptlda cd Lssyrcl tge fglrcmt reocebs lck lt ekpglscz-cdh tge stredhtg lda vloue mb tge ncdh. Cd Ehypt,tgey udaersfmre tge stredhtg lda tge ckpmrtldfe

mb tge ncdh> cdaeea gcs auty cs tm vldqucsg gcs ed-ekces lda tm estliocsg, cd tgcs wly, mraer mver fglms,lda edsure `ustcfe (Vplocdher, 9::50 88-87). Rcftmryaekmdstrltes tglt tge ncdh ed`mys tge blvmur mb tgehmas, espefclooy Lkud, lda tgus oehctckczes gcsrchgt tm ruoe ls l hma gckseob. Cd Lssyrcl, tge reocebsekpglscze tge blvmur lda tge rchgt tm pmwer tglttge ncdh refecves brmk tge hmas, lda gcs rmoe ls tgecrelrtgoy cdterkeaclry.

Iut tgere lre losm aceredfes cd gmw tge ncdhs

lre aepcftea cd tge Ehyptcld lda Dem-Lssyrcld re-ocebs. e klcd aceredfe oces cd tge reoltcmdsgcp ie-tweed tge ncdh lda gcs lrky cd ilttoe sfedes. Cd tgeEhyptcld reocebs, imtg cd tge represedtea sfedes (ldacd tge texts, lotgmuhg ieymda tge tmpcf mb tge pres-edt wmrn), tge ekpglscs cs foelroy polfea md tge ncdh,wgm cs freactea wctg aefcscve cduedfe cd ilttoe. Iyfmdtrlst, cd tge Lssyrcld reocebs, tge ncdh ames dmt lp-pelr tm ie hreltoy ekpglsczea reoltcve tm tge Lssyrcldlrky ls l wgmoe (Fmoocds, 9::70 95). Dmte, gmwever,tglt cd tge texts lffmkpldycdh tge reocebs tge ncdh

folcks tm lft md gcs mwd, iut wctg tge geop mb tge hma.

Fmkplrcdh tge Ehyptcld lda tge Lssyrcld wlrreocebs tglt fmdtlcd cklhes mb fglrcmts, ct kust iepmcdtea mut tge aceredfe cd tge ncda mb iucoacdhmd wgcfg tgey lre omfltea. Cd Ehypt, tge sfedes lrebmuda cd tekpoes, wgcoe cd Lssyrcl tgey lre omfltea

cd plolfes, sm cd kmre sefuolr omfltcmds. cs prmi-lioy aercves plrtclooy brmk tge cdtedaea luacedfebmr tge reocebs. Md tge Ehyptcld scae, tge luacedfeocneoy cdfouaea tge hmas, kekiers mb tge rmylo fmurtlda mb tge foerhy, tm wgcfg tge ncdh gla tm sgmwgcs pmwer lda tge buookedt mb gcs autces. Burtger-kmre, ct wls keldt tm sltcsby tgecr expeftltcmds, tmfrelte fmdsedsus lda tm acssulae ldy lttekpt ltfmdspcrlfy. Bmr tge Lssyrcld reocebs, tge klcd luac-edfe wmuoa glve fmdscstea mb omflo Lssyrcld dmioes,

wgm wmuoa glve ieed acssulaea tm tlne up lrkslhlcdst tgecr ncdh iy tge oltters kcoctlry prmwessiecdh aekmdstrltea. Kmremver, tge vcewer wmuoaglve ieed bmrechd vcsctmrs mr bmrechd kekiers mbtge fmurt, lda tge purpmse mb tge reocebs wls prmi-lioy tm prevedt reieoocmd mr rebuslo tm ply trciute(Zmrter, 9:


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9 tge fmdfouscmd cs cd blvmrmb dmt uscdh ldy crmd cd l gchg-perbmrkldfe rlf-cdh fglrcmt.

FMDQYLVQCDH FGLYCMQAEVCHDV CD QEFGDCFLO

YEVELYFG

e Xetwldh Feotcf fglrcmt (hures


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9 echgtbuoo vegcfoes mb essedtclooy sckcolr aeschd> fmverea iyOcttluer & Frmuweo, tgey stlicocze tge ymne lda

skmmtg mut skloo udeveddesses cd tge puoo mb tgegmrses. e oedhtg mb tgese ocdes vlrces l hrelt aelobrmk mde fglrcmt tm ldmtger, aepedacdh md tge lt-tlfgkedt pmcdt md tge pmoe. Ct cs dmtewmrtgy tglttge sprcdh lftcmd aepedas ocdelroy md tge oedhtg mbtge ocde, wctg tge omdher mdes lppelrcdh tm ie smer,iefluse tge eomdhltcmd udaer l hcved tedscoe omla csacreftoy reoltea tm tge oedhtg (Vldamr, bmrexlkpoe, l trlfe mb oedhtg 9O stretfges twcfe ls kufg

ls l trlfe mb caedtcflo frmss-seftcmd iut oedhtg O,

Bchure 6. Vfgekltcf vcewsmb l fglrcmts klcd beltures.

Aclhrlk iy I.C. Vldamr.

Bchure


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9 ct kly ie fmdscaerea ls l reol-tcveoy stc sprcdh. Ldmtger suitoe sprcdh cs tge plcrmb lffeoerltcmd irlfes tglt fmddeft tge pmoe tm tge

kcaaoe mb tge irelstwmrn/ieooy-ilr. e mivcmusbudftcmd mb tgese irlfes, wgcfg lre dmrklooy stcfnsmb wmma, hmma bmr tedscmd lda fmkpresscmd (rlreoymb oeltger strcps, wgcfg mdoy glve tedscmd flplico-cty), cs tm bmrtcby tge upper strufture mb tge imay cdtge evedt l rcaer hrlis tge ieooy-ilr aurcdh suaaedlffeoerltcmds. L oess mivcmus iut usebuo rmoe mb tgeseirlfes cs tm frelte ld essedtclooy trcldhuolr, sprcdhytruss strufture fmdscstcdh mb tge pmoe sehkedt, tgeieooy-ilr lda cts vertcflo suppmrt fmoukd (lt pmcdt

I cd hure 6), lda tge twm wmmaed irlfes, wgcfgfld rescst tedscmd mr fmkpresscmd. e edtcre pmoectseob cs l fmkpoex sprcdh0 l ielk cd iedacdh ocne loelb sprcdh cd flrs, mr l tmrscmd sprcdh wctg tge klcdomlacdh prmvcaea iy tge ymne lda tge lxoe, wctglaactcmdlo tmrscmd fmdtrciutea iy tge mut-mb-poldewlrpcdh mb tge brmdt mmr ilr. e ldloyscs ldaacsfusscmd mb tgcs wlrpcdh ieglvcmr lda cts fmdse-quedfes cd strufturlo aydlkcfs lre lavldfea tmpcfscd edhcdeercdh, blr ieymda tge sfmpe mb tgcs plper.Elscer tm udaerstlda cs tge oelb-sprcdh lftcmd mb tge

pmoe cd tgcs plrtcfuolr fmdhurltcmd, wgere tge lxoecs lt tge relr mb tge fglrcmt imay> tge ldfcedts fer-tlcdoy udaerstmma tgcs blcroy weoo, ls cooustrltea cdhure 1.

e ney tm hure 1 cs vcsuloczcdh tge pmoe ls ctiefmkes l sprcdh wged l persmd steps md tge fglr-cmt lda kmves bmrwlra tmwlra tge gmrses. Cd mtgerwmras, tge pmoe cs dmt yet lftcvltea ls l sprcdh wgedtge persmd cs stldacdh mver tge lxoe, iefluse tgelxoe fld flrry loo gcs wechgt. Ls tge persmd kmves

bmrwlra, tge omla md tge lxoe cs reaufea, wgcoe tgeomla md tge gmrses cdfrelses. e prefcse acstrciu-tcmds mb tgese omlas bmr ldy plrtcfuolr pmoe lda cts

Bchure 1. Lftcvltcmd sfgekes mb pmoe sprcdh cd Ehyptcld

vs. Ymkld fglrcmts. Aclhrlk iy I.C. Vldamr.

Bchure 5. Imw-sprcdh sfgekltcf. Aclhrlk iy I.C.Vldamr.

Bchure 2. Imw-sprcdh kmaeo> fomseup mb lt pmoe-tlcoommseoy ttea cd cts smfnet md lxoe. Iy I.C. Vldamr

(9::6).

omlacdh pmsctcmd lre relacoy flofuoltea uscdh tgeketgma mb stltcf equcocircuk. Dmrklooy, tge extrlomla md tge gmrses cs skloo, oess tgld 5% mb tge rca-ers wechgt md elfg, tgmuhg ct fmuoa fmdtrciute tmtgecr bltchue. e hrelt lavldtlhe mb tge relr-lxoe

fmdhurltcmd (hure 6) cs tge resuotcdh supercmrsuspedscmd systek wctg l smer rcae tgld pmsscioewctg tge fedtrlooy omfltea lxoe (hure 9). e smerrcae cs edgldfea iy tge alkpcdh (brcftcmd> vcirl-tcmd aefly> ederhy lismrptcmd) ls tge glrdess ruislda presses md tge sm imaces mb tge gmrses. Dmtetglt, cd lpplredt fmdtrlacftcmd, l stc suspedscmd csaescrea bmr tge udfmkbmrtlioe iut reoltcveoy sgmrtrcaes cd rlfcdh flrs lda fglrcmts bmr stlicocty ldaprefcse gldaocdh lt gchg speeas.

Cd laactcmd tm tge pmoe iecdh l iedacdh lda tmr-scmd sprcdh, ct cs losm plrt mb tge sprcdh systek ilseamd tge imw-ocne excdh mb tge A-sglpea brmdt mmrilr, cooustrltea cd hures 5 lda 2. e skloo ilfn-


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99:

lda-bmrtg kmvekedts mb tge pmoe lre flusea iy uf-tultcmds cd tge bmrfe lppocea iy tge gmrses, lda iytge wgeeos gcttcdh ruts lda rmfns. e imw sprcdh,olsgea tm tge pmoe, smeds tgese `erny kmtcmds, ldatge pmoe tlco socacdh lda ruiicdh cd cts lxoe smfnet

prmvcaes alkpcdh. e lt pmoe tlco ietweed tgelxoe lda tge relr mmr ilr rescsts ldy twcstcdh lf-tcmd iy tge pmoe, neepcdh tge lxoe kmstoy gmrczmdtlowgedever l wgeeo gcts l iukp lda wmuoa teda tmimudfe cdtm tge lcr (Vldamr, 9::1). ese stlicoczl-tcmd beltures mb tge fglrcmt (imw-sprcdh lda ldtc-rmoo kefgldcsk) prmvcae l fmkicdea lftcmd bmr tgefmkbmrt lda slbety mb tge rcaers. ere cs mdoy mdemtger sckcolr kefgldcsk ndmwd, tge trlpezmcalopmoe-tlco destcdh cd tge Qcier irmdze kmaeo mb l Ym-

kld rlfcdh fglrcmt (Vldamr, 9:


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99 Ymiert Gurbmrasrefmdstruftcmd bmr DMRL QR amfukedtlry, Flcrm (@uoy 9:tgcs wmuoa edgldfe tge sm respmdse mb tge fglrcmtaurcdh iukpy rcaes. cs fmkpoex fmdfept losmdeeas burtger stuay lda frctcflo lssesskedt.

Vmke mb tge fglrcmt sprcdhs fld ie elscoy aek-mdstrltea wctg tge lca mb skloo excioe kmaeos, sufg

ls tge iedacdh mb tge A-brlke cd hure 2, mr tgekmre fmkpoete kmaeo cd hure 3, wgere tge pmoefld ie iedt lda twcstea, cd laactcmd tm puoocdh mdtge A-brlke. Ct cs iest tm klne sufg kmaeos gchgoyexcioe, sm tglt tge aebmrkltcmds lre exlhherltealda vcscioe> tgcs cs cd fmdtrlst tm tge typcflo fmk-

Bchure 3. Glda-sczeexcioe kmaeo mbl Qutldnglkud-fglrcmt. I.C. Vldamr

(9:


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999

kerfclo fglrcmt kmaeos klae mb glra polstcf tglt lretmm stc bmr sufg aekmdstrltcmds.

Md tge wgmoe, tge suspedscmd systeks mb l slbelda kcdcklooy fmkbmrtlioe relo fglrcmt kust glvesmke purpmseoy aeschdea excioe fmkpmdedts,

sufg ls tge pmoe lda tge A-brlke, lda smke mb tgerlwgcae-olsgea `mcdts lre aescrlioy squelny cdtgecr brcftcmdlo, sgmfn-lismricdh ieglvcmrs.

Xgeeos

Cd fmdtrlst tm suspedscmd systeks, l hmma wgeeokust ie ls rchca ls pmsscioe, lda tgere cs kufg evc-aedfe tglt tge ldfcedts were fmdstldtoy struhhocdhtm sltcsby tgcs eterdlooy acstfuot requcrekedt (tge

budalkedtlo prmioeks were dmt looevcltea udtco tgelavedt mb pdeukltcf tcres lda kmaerd klterclos).Zerbeftcmd cd wgeeos cs eouscve, ls seed cd tge

stltue mb @upcter gmoacdh l klhdcfedt wgeeo (h-ure


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996

9< 2 9: 1:


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991

Bchure


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995

Bchure


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Z B C F F

992

wgcfg cs tge relsmd ge kcssea mut md aedcdh ct(tgcs wls amde cd tge


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998

tluer & Frmuweo, tge tlperea spmnes lre deeaeabmr rescstldfe tm scae omlas. Ct cs pmsscioe tglt ex-trekeoy tgcd crmd tcres mb skloo aclketer were mf-flscmdlooy usea cd Ymkld rlfcdh fglrcmts, ls plrt mbtge evmoutcmd mb wgeeo klncdh.

Suyl-Q`ucu Fglrcmt ls l Ylfer

Fmdscaercdh tge echgt hures mb


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Z B C F F

997

ketcfuomus aetlcos mb tge cklhe lre relocstcf. us,ct cs blcr tm sly tglt (re0 hures 96 & 91 cd tge li-sedfe mb sufg l gchgoy rehlraea, schdcfldt fmkpm-dedt ls ld crmd tcre) tgere wls dm crmd tcre md tgcsplrtcfuolr blcoea wgeeo (hure 91). cs wls l rcsn

tlned iy tge rlfcdh telk, buooy lwlre mb tge aldhersmb tge omw strufturlo cdtehrcty mb wgeeos klae wctg-mut crmd tcres, iut gmpcdh tm wcd tge rlfe md dewgeeos lckea tm lfgceve gchg lffeoerltcmd.

FMDFOUVCMD

Cd sukklry, tge cdder aydlkcfs mb fglrcmts cs lfmkpoex sui`eft tglt gls twm kl`mr fltehmrces0suspedscmd systeks lda rmtltcmdlo cdertcls. L weoo-

aeschdea suspedscmd systek bmr tge slbety lda fmk-bmrt mb tge rcaers fmdscsts mb sprcdhs (bmr l fglrcmt,klcdoy tge pmoe cd iedacdh lda tmrscmd, lda tgeA-sglpea brmdt mmr ilr cd iedacdh lda wlrp-cdh), lda sgmfn lismriers/alkpers cd rlwgcae mroeltger icdacdhs. Qm kcdckcze rmtltcmdlo cdertcl(deeaea bmr gchg lffeoerltcmd), l wgeeo sgmuoa glve

Bchure 91. Xgeeo brlhkedts lt frlsg scte cd omweroe mb tge Oymd fcrfus kmslcf. e reklcdcdh pcefeslre vcscioe mutscae tgcs cklhe lrel (burtger m brmktge upper rchgt). Dm crmd tcre cs seed, cd ocde wctg tgetgemry tglt tge iest rlfcdh fglrcmts gla dm ketlofmkpmdedts cd mraer tm glve tge omwest pmsscioetmtlo wechgt lda rmtltcmdlo cdertcl, lt tge rcsn mbfltlstrmpgcf brlfture mb tge wgeeo. Zgmtmhrlpg iy I.C.

Vldamr. Fmurtesy mb Kuse Hloom-Ymklcd ae Oymd-Bmurvcre.

ls octtoe klss blr brmk cts lxcs ls pmsscioe l veryacstfuot requcrekedt iefluse mb tge wlsgimlra eb-beft tglt mffurs wctg wgeeos wctg tgcd rcks. L kls-scve gui, lda spmnes tlperea brmk tge gui, gmw-ever, lre defesslry tm rescst scae omlas cd fmrdercdh.

ese ilscf requcrekedts bmr l rlfcdh klfgcde lreiest exekpocea cd tge Qcier kmaeo lda tge Suyl-Q`ucu wgeeos. us, crmd tcres were prmilioy kmstoylvmcaea cd Ymkld rlfcdh ls evcaedfea iy tge Oymdkmslcf, wgcoe rlwgcae tcres were pmsscioy ekpomyeasmketckes tm fmdsmocalte tge wgeeos.

FCQEA OCQEYLQUYE

Irmwd, B., F. Gmwlra-Alvcs, K. Ireddlda, L. Imyoe,

Q. Evlds, V. MFmddmr, L. Vpedfe, Y. Gelwmma &L. Ouptmd. 9::7. e Lrfglemomhy mb tge L< (K). Mxbmra, Mximw Immns.

Ekcocmzzc, L.E.


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993

LD LOQEYDLQCRE QGEMYS BMY ICQXELY BMUDA

MD QGE OMXEY VEFMDA ZYEKMOLY MB QGE IUGED

GMYVE

Suncnm Vlslal

CDQYMAUFQCMD

e Iuged gmrse, wgcfg wls bmuda iy Ekery cd


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96:

F


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96