1. .. , .. 11 . 11 .: . . . / .. 2- ., . .: , 2002 .

2. 1 1. 1. . 2. , , . - . 3. , , , . 4. , . 5. . , . 2. 1. . 2. , q, , t . I = q/t = q'. I = q/t. 2

3. 3. , , . 4. . 1 = 1 /. 5. , . . 1. : t = 60 c, I=2A q-? 2. : t=1c I = 1,6 A N? : I = const, , I = q q = It t q = 60 2 = 120 . : q = 120 . : q I = q = It ; e , t q It 1, 6 1 N= = ; N= = 1019 19 e e 1, 6 10 : N = 1019 . 3. : : t = 1, I = 1 A Itme e/me = 1,761011/ M = N me = e (. ) M? 1 365 24 60 60 M= = 1,8 104 . : 0,18 . 11 1, 76 10 / 4. : : S = 1 2 q I q = q0 nSvt = I = q0 nSv v = , I = 1,6 A t q0 nS 23 3 n = 10 1, 6 T = 20C = 100 /. v = 23 3 6 2 m = 9,1 1031 10 10 1, 6 10 19 V? 3

4. 3 1, 38 10 23 / 293 mV2 3 3 = = 11, 5 103 / = V = 2 2 m2 9,1 10 31 : V = 100/. 5. : : q = It, q t=4c I1 = 1 A I I2 = 5 A t (. ). q = 12 . q? : q=12. 3. 1. - , . 2. , . . 3. , . SO42- Cu2+ Zn2+ . , . 4. - , , . 5. , . , , . U = 1,5 . 4. 1. , . . 4

5. , .. , . 2. . , . , . 3. , . = /q. [] = 1 = 1 / 4. U = |/q|. 5. , . 5. ( ) 1. , . , . 2. , . 3. . , 2 . 4. . 5. - . , , . 1. : : R = 44 U 220 B U = 220 I = R , I = 44 = 5 A I? : I = 5 A. 5

6. 2. : U = 6 , I = 2 = 2106 R? : 6B U U = 3106 O. I = R = , R = R I 2106 A : R = 3106 . 3. : : q = 2,88 Rq 5 2, 88 10 3 = U = RI = , = = 240 B. t = 60 c t 60 R = 5 ? : = 240 . 4. : N, e, U, R t? : t = : U q Ne Nre I= ; = t = . R t t U N r e . U 5. : R1 = 2 , R2 = 3 , I = 1 A, U = 12 U1; U2; I1; I2 ? : U1 = 2 U2 = 3 I1 = 6 I2 = 4 : U1 = 2 , U2 = 3 , I1 = 6 , I2 = 4 . I, A I1 I2 R = 2 R = 3 1 0 1U 1 U 2 U, B 6. 1. , , . 2. , . ( ), ( ). 3. . , 6

7. . []=1. 4. < 105 ; 105 < < 105 ; > 105 . 5. . 1. : = 1,610-8 S = 0,4 2 = 4107 2 l = 240 R? : l 1, 6 10 8 240 = 9, 6 R= , R= S 4 10 7 2 : R = 10,2 . 2. : : = 8,9103 /3 m l l 2 l 2 , m= = 1,610-8 R = , = R = S Sl m R R = 10 8 2 2 3 3 l = 1 = 103 m = 1, 6 10 1000 8, 9 10 / = 14, 2 10 m? : m = 14,2 . 3. : R = 4 , = 2,810-8 d = 1 = 103 l? : RS Rd 2 l R= l = , = S 4 l= 4 3,14 0, 0012 2 4 2, 8 10 8 = 112 : l = 112 4. : : R = 2,8 m m l l 2 mR -8 R = , V = = Sl S = , R= l= = = 2,810 S l m m = 0,27 0, 27 2, 80 =2,7103 /3 = = 100 , 8 2, 8 10 2,7 10 3 / 3 l?S? S= m = R 0, 27 2,8 10 8 2, 8 2,7 10 3 / 3 =10 4 2 = 1 2 : l = 100 , S = 1 2. 7

8. 5. : n = 10, : Al = 2,810-8 , , Cu = 1,710-8 , mAl = mCu S Al l Al Al = S Cu lCu Cu , Cu = 8,9103 .3, l 1 Al S Cu = S Al Al Al = S Al , Al = 2,7103 3 lCu Cu n Cu k? l n l Al n Cu RCu = Cu Cu = Cu , S Cu S Al R l : k 200. RAl = Al Al k = Cu = Cu Cu n 2 200. Al Al S Al RAl 7. 1. , , . 2. = 0(1 + T), [] = K1. 3. , . 4. , , . 5. , . . , : . 1. : t1 = 0C, R1 = 4 , t2 = 50C, = 4,310-3 K-1 R2 ? 8 : R1 = R0 (1 + t1 ) R1 1 + t1 1 + (t1 t 0 ) = = R2 = R0 (1 + t 2 ) R2 1 + t 2 1 + (t 2 t 0 ) R2 = R1 1 + (t 2 t 0 ) 1 + (t1 t 0 )

9. R2 = 4 1 + 4, 3 10 3 50 1 + 4, 3 10 3 1 20 : R2 = 4,86 . 2. : t1 = 20C, R1 = 25 , t2 = 35C, R2 = 25,17 ? 3. : t1 = 10C R1 = 10 = 1,01 = 6103 K1 t2 ? t2 = : R1 = R0 (1 + t1 ), = R1 R0 0,17 = = 4, 5 104 1 15 25 tR0 : = 4,5104K1. : R1 = R0 (1 + t1 ) 1 + t 2 , = R1 = R0 (1 + t 2 ) 1 + t1 t 2 = (1 + t1 ) 1 , 1, 01(1 + 6 10 3 1 10 o C) 1 6 10 3 1 4. : t1 = 20C, R1 = 20 , U = 220 , I = 0,5 A, = 4,6103 K1 t1 ? : t2 =5005C. = 4, 86 . = 11, 8C . : t2 = 11,8C. : U R2 = ; R1 = R0 (1 + t1 ); I t1 = u JR0 220 B 0, 5 A 20 = = 45650o C 2JR0 4, 6 103 K 1 0, 5 A 20 5. : : S, R, d, R , W = tcv m, R = R0 t t = , v, R0 W ? l R0 = c mS 2 d R cv S 2 d R RS 2 d m S W = v = R0 = 2 t = m m m S d Sl = d : W = cv S 2 d R . 9

10. 8. 1. , , . . 2. , . 3. , . , . 4. , ( ) . , , , . 5. , . , . 9. 1. . 2. , . . 3. . 4. , 10

11. . . 5. , . , , ( ) . , , , . 1. : R1 = 12 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 30 R ? : R2 R3, , R4 R R R4 = 2 3 , R4 R1 R R2 + R3 R R 20 30 R = R1 + R4 = R1 + 2 3 , R = 12 + = 24 O 20 + 30 R2 + R3 : R = 24 . 2. : : R1 = 12 , R1 R2 , R2 = 18 , R5 = R1 + R2, R3 = 5 , R3 R4 R6 = R3 + R4. R4 = 10 R R5 R6 : R? R R ( R + R2 )( R3 + R4 ) 30 15 R= 5 6 = 1 , R= = 10 O R5 + R6 R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 45 : R = 10. 3. : R1 = 3 , : R2 = 2 , R3 = 6 , : R4 = 8 , R5 = 3 , R6 = 2 R? R2, R4 R6 , R7 = R2 + R4 + R6. R7 R3 R R ( R + R4 + R6 ) R3 , R8 = 7 3 = 2 . R7 + R3 R2 + R4 + R6 + R3 R8 R1 R5. 11

12. ( R + R4 + R6 ) R3 , R= R 1 +R 5 +R 8 =R 1 + R5 + 2 R2 + R4 + R6 + R3 (2 + 8 + 2) 6 = 10 O 2+8+2+6 : R = 10 . R = 3+3+ 4. : R; 2R R ? : : R1 R7 , R1 + R7 R2 , RR R172 = 1 7 + R2 . , R1 + R7 . R1 R7 , R17 = 1 2R 2R 2 R 4 R 3 R 5 R 6 R 7 2R 8 2R 9 2R 2R 2R : R1R7 R R R127 = + R2 = 2 R, R1278 = 127 8 = R , R1 + R7 R127 + R8 R12378 R9 R12378 = R1278 + R3 = 2 R, R123789 = = R, R12378 + R9 R R R1234789 = R123789 + R4 = 2 R, R1234789 A = 1234789 A = R, R1234789 + R A R12345789 A = R1234789 A + R5 = 2 R, R R R1234789 AB = 12345789 A B = R, R12345789 A + R B 12

13. R123456789 A = R12345789 AB + R6 = 2 R, R R R123456789 ABC = 123456789 AB C = R R123456789 AB + RC , 1-2-1, R. : R = R 5. : : I3 = 3 A : I6; I8; U6; U8 ? , , D ( ), , , .. I 3 = I 6 + I 282 , , , CE, EF, FD, . I 8 = I 2 I 3 = I 6 + I 8 . C D ( ) : U = R6 I 6 = 2 R2 I 2 + R8 I 8 = I 8 (2 R2 + R8 ) I 6 = 2 I 8 , I3 =1 A U 8 = I 8 R8 = 8 B I = I 3 = 3I 8 8 3 I = 2 I = 2 A U 6 = I 6 R6 = 12 B 8 6 : I6 = 2 ; I8 = 1 ; U6 = 12 ; U8 = 8 . 10. 1. , . , , 2. , . , , . 13

14. . ( R + R3 )( R2 + R4 ) 1 1 1 5. , = + R= 1 R R1 + R3 R2 + R4 R1 + R3 + R2 + R4 R5 . 1. : R R ? : (. ). 1 3 3 1 5R . = + + Re = R e 5R 5R R 11 : R cx = 5R . 11 2. : R Rac; Rad; Rbd ? : R 2 . Rac , 2R, . 1 1 1 1 2+ 2 R 2 = + + = Rac = Rac 2 R 2 R R 2 2R 1+ 2 , 1. : 2R R 2 , R1 = 14 2 2R 2 2R + R 2 = 2R 2 +1 .

15. R1 R, 2R R 2 + 3R R2 = +R= . 2 +1 2 +1 R 2 + 3R R R 2 + 3R 2 +1 Rad = = R 2 + 3R 2 2+4 +R 2 +1 2, , ( , ). R 2 . 2R, . Rbd = R. R 2 R 2 + 3R , Rbd = R. : R ac = , Rad = 1+ 2 2 2+4 3. : R Rab ? : , . : Rad = 7 R. 6 15

16. 4. : : R h, d, (. ) , R ? R, . g, d, e. , ( R). . 1 1 1 5 R ab = R + R + R = R. 3 6 3 6 5 : Rab = R. 6 5. : R R ? : , , . Re, ( Re) R R Re = 2 R + e Re 2 + Re R = 2 Re R + 2 R 2 + Re R Re = R 3R . Re + R , Ra = R + 3R . : R = R + 3R 11. | Ac | , q . 1. U ab = 16

17. 2. . I= . R+r 3. , 2- , , , , . 3- , , , . 4. . I = 5. R . 1 2 + 3 ... > 0 , . - . 1. : = 12 I=2A U= 10 r; R ? : R + r I = = I r = U , U U I + r U + rI R= I I 10 12 10 : R = 5 OM; r = 1 OM. R= = 5 OM, r = = 1 OM . 2 2 2. : R1=10 I1 = 1 A R2 = 4 I2 = 2 A ; r-? I= : R1 + r I R +r I R I R 1 = 2 r = 2 2 1 1 = 2 O I 2 R1 + r I1 I 2 I2 = R2 + r = I1 ( R1 + r ) = I1 ( R1 + I 2 R2 I1R1 ) = 12 B I1 I 2 : r = 2 OM; = 12 B. 3. : =6 R = 9 I = 0,6 A r; I. ? I1 = : I= r= IR = 1 O ; I R+r I : r = 1 OM; I . = 6 A. . = r =6A 17

18. 4. : 1= 4,5 2= 6 r1 = 0,2 r2 = 0,3 U=0 R? : = 1 + 2 , R = r1 + r2 + R, I = 1 + 2 U1 = 1 Ir1 = 1 1 = 1 + 2 r1 + r2 + R r1 + r2 + R , r1 = 0 1 + 2 r R = 1 + 2 r r r 1 1 1 1 2 r1 + r2 + R 1 + 2 r r r =0,2 1 1 1 2 + 2 r r r = 0,2. : R = 1 1 1 1 2 R= 5. : : , r, R I(R); U(R) ? I = R + r . R I 0 , R = 0 I = r . U = 18 R . R U , R = 0, U = 0 . R+r

19. 12. 1. : R1 = 1 OM : R2 = 2 OM R22 = 22 OM R8 = 8 OM R4 = 4 OM U = 27 B U 2; U4 ? R (. ): R = R1 + RCDEF , 1 1 1 1 1 1 = + = + = RCDEF RCD REF R2 + R22 R8 + R4 8 RCDEF = ( R2 + R22 )( R8 + R4 ) = 8 OM R2 + R22 + R8 + R4 R = R1 + RCDEF = R1 + ( R2 + R22 )( R8 + R4 ) = 9 OM. R2 + R22 + R8 + R4 = 3 A. R RCD 2 , REF, CD .=> ICD = 1 A, IEF = 2 A. U 2 = I CD R2 = 2 , U 4 = I EF R8 = 8 . : U 2 = 2 , U 4 = 8 . I AB = I CD + I EF = 2. : R3 = 3 OM 3- : R5 = 5 OM R6 = 6 OM : 19

20. 2- : 1- : 3. : R1 = 40 ; R2 = 60 ; R3 = 120 ; R4 = 15 ; R5 = 25 ; = 240 B I1; I AC ; I 4 ; I 2 ; I1 ? 20 :

21. RCA = R1R2 R3 = 20 O, R1R2 + R2 R3 + R1R3 Re = RCA + R4 + R5 = 60 , I AB = I CA = Re = I 5 = 4 A, U AC = R AC I AC = 80 B, U 4 = R4 I 4 = 60 B. R1, R2, R3 , 80 I1 = 40 = 2 A 1 1 1 I1 : I 2 : I 3 = : : 80 4 R1 R2 R3 I 2 = = A 60 3 I1 = I 2 = I 3 = I AB I = 80 = 2 A 1 120 3 : I 5 = 4 A, U AC = 1,80 A, U 4 = 60 B, I2 = 4 2 A, I1 = A. 3 3 4. : R; C; U ? q? : (. ) : 2R 2R Re = R + = 2R . 2R + 2R a, b. , , D, IR IR D = B + .( , 2 2 .) 21

22. IR 2 3 U = U. U U C 4 I= = R e 2R UC = U q = CU C = 3 CU . 4 3 : q = CU . 4 5. : R, C, U Uab ? : . : Uab=0,05U. 13. 1. , , . , . 2. . , . , ( ). 3. ( , ). , , . , , , . 22

23. 4. . , . , . 5. . Umax n , n . (n-1) . , . 1. : I = 10 mA R = 9, 9 I ' =1 A r? : U U nI = R + r I' R nI = I ' n = = 100 ; n I + I = nI ; I r I = U R IR R 9, 90 = = = 0,1 OM. ; I (n 1) n 1 100 1 : n = 100, r = 0,1 OM. r= 2. : I1 = 2 A I 2 = 50 A r = 0, 05 OM R? : : U U I2 = + R r I = I + I R R = I 2 I1 r = 2 1 1 U r I1 I1 = R 50 A 2 A 0, 05 = 1,2 . 2 : R = 1, 2 OM . = 23

24. 3. :r1 = 2 A I1 = 2 A I 2 = 10 A U = 200 B R; r2 ? : : U = IRg. U 200 B Rg = = = 100 I 2A U U + R r I = I + I R R = I 2 I1 r = 10 2 2 = 4 2 1 1 1 U 2 r1 I1 I1 = R I I : R = 2 1 r1 = 4 OM , Rg = 100 . I1 I2 = 4. : U1 = 6 B : U n = 2 = 40 U1 R = 2 OM , U 2 = 240 B , , : RD ; n ? (m 1)U 1 U1 I= = , RD R m = n + 1 . RD = R (m 1) = Rn = 80 O. : RD = 80 , n = 40. 5. : R = 103 = 1 U = 12 S = 107 = 0,1 2 l = 450 = 210-7 U1 ? : : l RD = , S R (n 1)U U l 1 I= = n 1 = D = . RD R R S R n . l 2 10 7 450 U1 = nU = U= 12 = 120 B. SR 10 7 10 3 : U1 = 120 B. 24

25. 14. . - 1. . 2. , , . 3. , , , . Q = I2Rt. 4. , , , . U2 P = I 2 R = IU = R 5. , . . 1. : q = 3 = 106 U = 220 A? 2. : R = 20 I = 15 t = 1 = 60 Q? 3. : r, R1 = R2 R? : A = qU = 3 10 6 220 = 0, 66 10 3 . : A = 0, 66 10 3 : -: Q =I 2 Rt =225 2 200 60 = 18 10 3 =18 . : Q = 18 . : R1 = 2 R R2 = R 2 25

26. P = I 2 R1 = 2 2R + r 2R = 2 R1 + r R1 , 2 R/2+r R / 2 2 R( R R + r ) 2 = (2 R + r ) 2 2 2 2 R ( R + 2r ) 2 = 2 R (2 R + r ) 2 R = r :R = r. 4. : t1 = 10 = 600 c t2 = 15 900 c tP; t ? tP = t 2 : Q = I 2 R1t1 = I 2 R2t 2 = I 2 RPtP = I 2 R t R2 ( R2 + R1 ) = t2 R1 R2 R1t1 = R2t 2 R2 = R1 R1 t1 t2 t1 t R1 ( 1 + 1) t2 t2 t = t 2 ( 1 + 1) = t1 t2 R12 t2 600 = 900 = 1500 = 25 900 + 600 t R1 1 R2 t2 t = t2 = t2 ( 1 ) = t = t2 t ( R2 + R1 ) t 2 + t1 R1 ( 1 + 1) t2 600 = 900 = 360 = 6 900 + 600 : tP = 25 , t = 6 . 5. : P = 60 BT 1 P2 = 40 BT U H = 110 B U = 220 B P ' ; P2' ? 1 26 : U: U 2 U 2 U 2 U 2 P = H R1 = H ; P2 = H R2 = H 1 R1 P R2 P2 1 UP P2 U 1 U: I = = 2 R1 + R2 U H ( P + R2 ) 1

27. P ' = I 2 R1 = 1 = UH 2 U 2 P1 P 2 2 = = U H 4 ( P + R2 ) 2 P U H 2 ( P1 + R2 ) 2 1 1 48400 2 60 1600 12100 2 (60 + 40 ) 2 P2 ' = I 2 R1 = = U 2 P 21 P 2 2 = 38, 4 U 2 P 21 P 2 2 UH 2 U 2 P12 P2 = = U H 4 ( P + R2 ) 2 P2 U H 2 ( P1 + R2 ) 2 1 48400 2 3600 2 40 12100 (60 + 40) 2 = 57, 6 BT : P2' = 38, 4 BT, P2 ' = 57, 6 BT. . 15. 1. . 2. , . , . 2R . 3. PH ( R) = I 2 R = (R + r)2 4. , . 5. . 1. : P = 100 BT U = 220 B U = 200 B P? P= : U2 . P = . R U, . U2 . R 27

28. 2 100 40000 2 U 2 U U2 = P = P 2 = = 82, 6 . P P 48400 2 U : P = 82, 6 . 2. : N; ; r P ? : 2 ' , , r P = r' . ' = N P = 2 ' = N 2 . N 2 : P = . r ' = Nr r r' r 3. : I =8A U = 150 B m = 450 V = 7 / = = 0,116 / ? : : P = Fv = mgV , P = UI . P mgV 450 9,8 / 2 0,116 / = = = = 0, 42. P UI 8 150 : = 0, 42 ( 42%). 4. : r = 0, 2 OM : 4 P = 10 B = 10 U = 250 B ? = P P P = = P P = 1 P P 2r U 2 = 1 Pr = P U2 10 4 0, 2 = 0, 97. 62500 2 : = 0, 97 ( 97%). 5. : , : . = 12 It 150 A 12 B P = 95 BT P = I Pt = It t = = = 18, 9 . P 95 B It = 150 A t-? It : t = = 18,9 . P 28

29. 16. 1. , . , , . 2. , . ( , , ) . 3. , , . 4. m = kQ , . 1 M m= Q , F , M F n , n , Q . 5. , , , . 1. : : : m = 5, 6 = 5,6 10 3 k = 1,12 10 6 / q? m = kq q = m 5, 6 10 3 = = k 1,12 10 6 / = 5 10 3 . 3 : m = 5 10 . 2. : m = 10 = 10 2 t = 3600 k = 3, 28 10 7 / I? : : m m = kq q = ; k q m 10 2 = = = 8, 5 A t kt 3,28 10 7 / 3600 : I = 8, 5 . . I= 29

30. 3. : t = 28800 I = 10 = 27 10 3 / : : 1 M m= Q 1 M It = F n m = F n Q = It n=3 m? = : m = 26, 9 . 27 10 3 / 10 28800 9, 65 10 4 / 3 =. = 2, 69 10 4 = 26, 9 . 4. : S = 50 2 = 50 10 4 2 , h = 50 = 50 10 6 , I = 1, 3 , M = 0,108 /, n = 1, d = 10,5 108 /3 : t ? : : 1 M m= Q F n 1 M 12ShdFn m = 12Shd 12Shd = It t = = F n MI Q = It 9, 65 10 4 / 12 5 10 -3 2 5 10 -5 10, 5 10 8 / 3 = 0,108 / 1,3 = 21600 = 6 . : t = 6 . = 5. : : t=5 : m = kQ = kIt V = 1 = 103 3 -: P = 105 m PV k = 8,29 / PV = RT m = . RT T? PV PV kIt = T = = RT kItR 10 5 10 3 3 32 10 3 / = 8, 29 / 5 3600 8,31 /( ) = 258 = 15C. = 30

31. 2 17. 1. . , , , . 2. . 3. . 4. , , . 5. . 18. 1. , , , , . , . 2. r B . , . : () , . 3. : , , . r r r r 4. B = B1 + B2 + K + Bn , , 31

32. . ( .) 5. : , . . 19. 1. , . 2. . 3. . 4. , . 5. , , . 20. 1. , . . 2. : , ( ), , , . FA = IB l sin . 3. . 4. : , , - 32

33. , , . 5. , , , . H [ B] = 1 =1 (). A 1. : : l=15 = 0,15 , FA = IB l sin . B=0,4 B I sin = 1, , I=6 A FA = IB l = 6 0, 4 0,15 = 0, 36 . FA ? : FA = 0, 36 H. 2. : : l = 20 = 0,2 FA = IB l sin . B = 0,1 1 ( B$I ) = 30 sin = , I = 1 A, = 30 2 FA ? 1 FA = IB l = 1 0,1 0, 2 0, 5 = 0, 01 . 2 : FA = 0, 01 . 3. : l = 10 = 0,1 m = 10 = 0,1 I = 4,2 A B = 0,1 T? : , , (. ). I u r B m Mg+FA , . , 2- : 33

34. 2T = mg + FA mg + IBl T = = FA = IB l sin 90 2 0, 01 9, 81 / 2 + 4, 2 0,1 0,1 = 0, 07 . 2 : T = 0, 07 . 4. : l = 10 = 0,1 m = 10 = 0,1 I = 9,8 A, B = 0,1 ? : 2- (. ): r r r FA + 2T + mg = 0 . 2T FA mg : FA = 2T sin BI l = 2T sin . (1) : mg = 2T cos . (2) (1) (2): tg = BI l 0,1 9, 8 0,1 = = 1 = 45 . mg 0, 01 9, 8 / : = 45 . 5. : l12 = 20 = 0,2 l23 = 15 = 0,15 l34 = 12 = 0,12 l45 = 15 = 0,15 I = 5 A, B = 0,1 F12; F23; F34; F45 ? 34: : 12 45 I B , , F12 = F45 = 0. 23 F23 = BI l 23 sin 90 = = BI l 23 = 0,1 5 0,15 = 75 . F34 = BI l34 sin 45 = BI l = = 0,1 5 0,12 : F12 = 0; F23 = 75 ; F34 = 42 ; F45 = 0. 34 1 2 = 42..

35. 21. 1. , . 2. , , . 3. M = ISB sin . , . 4. . , . . 5. . , , , . 1. I . u r X X B Xu X X r Bo X X X X X , , X X X X X ( 180). , . X X X X X . 2. : : M = ISB sin , S = a 2 , a = 10 = 0,1 sin = 1 M = IBa 2 = B = 0,1 I=5A = 5 0,1 0,01 2 = 5MH . M? : M = IBa 2 = 5 MH M 3. : a = 4 = 0.04 b = 5 = 0,05 B = 0,2 I = 5 A, = 60 F1; F2; M-? : , , . a (. ): 35

36. 1 = 0, 02 . 2 b: Fb = IBb = 5 0,2 0,05 = 0, 05 . M = ISB sin , Fa = IBa sin(90 60) = 5 0,2 0,04 Z ur Bo M ur B uu r Fa a uu r Fb b I O Y b uu r Fa X a uu r Fb I S = ab M = IabB sin = = 5 0,04 0,05 0,2 3 = 2 = 1, 73 10 3 . : Fb = 0, 05 , Fa = 0, 02 . M = 1, 73 10 3 . 4. : : a = 5 = 0,05 1 M = ISB sin , S = bh, sin = 1. b = 6 = 0,06 2 B = 0,2 2 b b b2 M = 0,24 h = a2 M = IB a 2 I? 4 2 4 M 0, 24 = = 10 3 I= 2 2 b 2 b 0, 0036 B a 0, 2 0,03 0,0025 2 2 4 4 : I = 1 . 5. : M max = 5 10 2 H S = 10 2 = 10 3 2 I =2 N = 1000 B? 36 : , sin = 1, => M M max = IBSN B = max = ISN = 5 10 2 2 10 3 2 10 3 : B = 250 . = 250 .

37. 22. FA , N . N 2. , . F = qvB sin . 3. , . ( , .) 4. = 90,sin = 1, F v , , , . , F v . 1. F = 2 5. ma n = F v = qvB R = mv , T = 2R = 2m . R qB v qB , . 1. : 6 v = 5 10 / e + = 1, 6 10 19 B = 0,3 F ? : F = qvB sin , , sin = 1. F = e + vB = 1, 6 10 19 5 10 6 / 0, 3 = 2, 4 10 13 . : F = 2, 4 10 13 . 2. : mp=1,6710-27 v = 5 106 / + = 1,6 1019 = 0,3 r; T ? : 2- F = m p a qvB = m p r= m pv qB = v2 r 1, 67 10 27 5 10 6 / 1, 6 10 19 0, 3 = 0,17. 37

38. T= 2r 2m p 2 3,14 1, 67 10 27 = = = 0, 22 10 6 . v qB 1, 6 10 19 0, 3 : r = 0,17 , T = 0, 22 10 6 . 3. : m = 6, 68 10 27 q = +2e U = 10 D = 0, 064 B? : : 2mv . mv D R= = B= qB 2 Dq : qU = , mv 2 v= 2 2qU . m 2m 2qU 2 2Um 2 2 1000 6, 68 10 27 = = = 0, 2 . . Dq m D q 0, 064 3, 2 10 19 : B = 0, 2 . . B= 4. :v = 5 106 / D = 8 = 0, 08 me = 9,1 10 31 e = 1, 6 10 19 B? Z : , , , OY (. ). OD , . B e V V e 0 Y X 2vme 2 5 10 6 / 9,1 10 31 D vme = B= = = 7,1 10 4 . 19 2 eB De 0, 08 1, 6 10 : B = 0, 71 10 3 . 5. : : r : d, d B , e (R > d)(. ). 38

39. R= e v mv 2deB mv deB = d v, v1 = . = d v0 = . 2R = eB m eB m v1 < v < v0, , . v > v0, . v v1 B . d 23. - 1. , - . . . , . 2. , . , qBB0 m = R. E0 3. . . . 4. . , , .. 5. , , ( ), . 24. 1. . 39

40. , . 2. . 3. . , . 4. . . 5. , . , , . 25. 1. , . 2. , , , . . 3. . 4. [ I ] = 1 . 1 , , 1 , 2 10 7 . I 5. B = k m . r 26. 1. . 40

41. 2. , , , . 3. , . 4. , , , . 5. . 27. 1. , r . v = vS cos . 2. S , r r B S . r r = ( B S ) = B S cos 3. , , . 4. [ ] = 1 (). 5. 1 , 1 12, . 1. : B = 0,1 = 0,1 R = 10 = 60 1; 2-? : r 2 B cos 4 r 2 3,14 0,12 2 1 = B= 0,1 = 0, 785 . 4 4 r 2 3,14 0,12 2 1 2 = B cos = 0,1 = 0, 392 . 4 4 2 : 1 = 0, 785 , 2 = 3, 92 . = B S cos = 41

42. 2. : t = 2 a = 10 = 0,1 v = 3 / = 0,03 / B = 0,01 -? : , t = 2 c. S = atv. = B S cos = avtB = 0,1 0, 03 2 0, 01 = 6 10 5 . : = 6 10 5 . 3. : : R, = 180, , B : = 0 cos t = B R 2 cos t , ? , 180 - . = 2BR 2 . : = 2BR 2 . 4. : t, a, b, w, B (t) ? : (t ) = 0 cos t = Bab cos t = 2 / Bab 2 3 2 3 t -Bab , . : (t ) = Bab cos t . 5. : : B, R S , . ? n S = S i cos i = R 2 = S B = R 2 B. B S i =1 S : = R 2 B. 42

43. 28. 1. , - . , , . 2. B, B I I . 3. , , . [ L] = 1 (). 4. . 5. . LI 2 Wm = . 2 1. , , .. . 2. : : l = 0, 5 6 10 2 A A = IBld B = = = d = 20 = 0,2 Ild 6 0, 5 0, 2 I =6 = 0,1 . A = 60 = 6 102 : B = 0,1 B? 3. : : I = 2,5 A 5 10 3 = LI L = = = 2 10 3 3 = 5 = 510 I 2, 5 L? : L = 2 . 4. : : LI 0, 5 36 L = 0,5 W = = = 9 . I=6A 2 2 W? : W = 9 . 2 2 43

44. 5. : : = 0,2 = 2107 : 2 2 U0 = 100 LI 0 CU 0 LI 2 CU 2 3 + = + L = 1 = 10 2 2 2 2 U = 50 , I = 5 A, t 2 2 2 2 LI C (U U 0 ) LI Q? Q= 0 = + = 2 2 2 103 25 2 2 107 (2500 2 10000 2 ) = + = 2 2 = 25 105 = 0, 25 . : Q = 0,25 . 29. 1. , , , . - , , , . - , , , . B . 1 . 1 . . = B0 >>1. 3. , , B0. , . 4. (, ) , . 5. , , , . 44

45. 30. 1. , . 2. . . 3. . . 4. - , - , . 5. . . 45

46. 3 31. , 1. , . 2. , . 3. , , , . 4. = vl, v , l , . 5. (81) . 1. : v = 1080 / = 300 / l = 30 B = 5 10-5 U ? 2. : v1x>0, v1y = 0 v2x < 0, v2y = 0 v3x = 0, v3y = 0 I1, I2, I3 ? : = U = vB l = = 300 / 30 5 105 = 0, 45 . : = 0,45 . : , (. ). Y B v. r X I r v 46 Y

47. , , . . 3. : : I = U/R l = 0,2 . = U = vB l S = 0,017 2 = 1,7108 2 B = 0,1 l I = vB l/R + r, r = v = 3,2 / s R = 0,3 . I? 3, 2 / 0,1 0, 2 I= = 0,128 . 0, 2 0, 3 + 0, 017 106 0,017 106 2 : I = 0,128 . 4. : l = 0,2 ; B = 0,2 ; v = 5 /; R = 2 F? : I = U/R = vB l/R . 2 FA = IB l = vB l 2 / R , . F = FA v = const 3- 5 / 0, 04 2 0, 04 2 2 F = vB l 2 / R = = 4 103 H. 2 : I = 5 . 5. : : l = 0,5 ; I = U / r = (vB l + ) / r B = 0,2 ; ( , v = 5 / ). r = 0,2 ; 5 / 0, 2 + 1, 5 = 1,5 I= = 5 . 0, 2 I? : I = 5 . 32. 1. , - 47

48. , . 2. , ; ; , . 3. , . , . 4. , . 5. , , , . , , , , . , . 1. : : a = 4 ; t: R = 2 ; vt. B = 0,5 ; = B S = B la = B tva V = 5 / i = ' = / t -. I? i = Bvta / t = Bva I = i / R = Bva / R . 0,1 5 / 4 102 = 0, 01 = 10 . 2 I ( ). : I = 10 . I= 2. : t = 0,05 = 5105 = 6 = 6103 i ? 48 : i = ' = / t . , . : i = 120 .

49. 3. : : i = ' = / t = ( B1 B 2 ) S / t -. u t | U |= N | i | N = U t /(B2 B1 )/S = = B2 / S B1 = 0,1 B2 = 0, 2 S = 10 2 = 103 3 t = 0, 001 U = 100 = N ? 4. : a = 0, 1 , R = 0, 2 B = B 0 + t 2 B 0 = 0, 002 = 5 10 3 / 2 t=2 100 B 0, 001 0, 2 /103 2 = 500. : N = 500. i = ' = 2 t . I =U /R | I |= 2 t / R; Fa = BIL . : F1 = F2 = F3 = F4 = ( B 0 + t 2 ) 2 at / R = F1, F2, F3,F4 ? (0, 002 + 5 103 /2 4 2 ) 2 5 103 /2 0,1 2 = = 0, 2 : F = 2,2 104. = 2,2 104. 5 : : R, S, , B ? , . q = I t = i t / Rc = / Rc , Rc = l / S = 2R / S. = B S = B ( 0 R 2 ) = B R 2 q= B R 2 S BRS = . 2 R 2 33. 1. , , , . 2. , .. 49

50. . , , , (. . 110). . , 0, 0. , ( ). 3. , , . . , . , ( ). 4. ( ), , . , , . 5. , . , , . 34. 1. . 2. N , N2 , , -, N , , -, , , N . 3. , , , . , . . 50

51. 4. , , . , . . 5. . . 35. 1. , . 2. - , . , (). 3. , . . 1. . 1. 4. - . , . 5. ( , ) ( - ). , , . , , . , . 51

52. 36. 1. , , . , , . 2. , , . 90 . 1 3 (. . 119 ) , 2 4 , , , . = 2 / B S 2 0 3. 3 2 2 5 2 3 t B S = 2 / (t ) B S 0 2 3 2 2 5 2 3 t B S 4. () . 5. ( ) . 1. : a = 5 = 0,05 b = 8 = 0,08 T = 0, 02 B = 0, 2 im ; i (t ) ? 52 : x L 0 i = im sin(t ) ; i = 0,25 sin 100t. : m = 0, 25 B; i = 0, 25 sin 100t.

53. 2. : N = 20 B = 0, 5 m = 7, 85 2 : m = BS , im = m / N = m / NSB = (1 /(2)) m / NSB = 4 S = 25 = 25 10 ? 3. : N = 10 2 7,85 = 2 3,14 20 25 104 2 0, 5 : = 50 . = 50 . : im = BS = 2SB S = 1200 2 = 0,12 2 m = N i = 2N SB = = 50 = 2 3,14 10 50 0,12 2 0, 58 220 B = 0, 58 : m = 220 m ? 4. : : F = evB sin . : A = RF = e . o = 30 R=5 = 10 B = 5 10 ? 4 = evBR sin ; v = R = 2R = 2R 2 B sin = = 2 3,14 25 2 10 5 10 4 sin 30 o = 0, 4 B : = 0, 4 B. 5. : N = 200 S = 100 c 2 = 0, 01 2 T = 20 = 2 10 2 B = 0, 2 R = 100 I (t ); ; I m ? : i = i m sin t = BS sin t; U = N i = BSN sin t U BSN sin(t ) 2BSN sin t I= = = R R TR 2NBS 2 3,14 200 0, 2 0, 01 2 = = Im = RT 100 0,02 =1,26 . 53

54. 2 2 3,14 = = 314 / ; I(t) = 1,26 sin 314t. 0, 02 : Im = 1,26 A; = 314 /; I(t) 1,26 sin 314 t. = 37. 1. , . 2. ( ), . 3. 20, () . 4. , . 5. 50 , 0,05 . , . 38. 1. t. , . t = 0 ( ). 2. , , , , . 3. Im , 0. /2. 54

55. 4. ( ). 5. . 1. : : 2 T u = 10 cos(( )(t + )) u = 10 B ; 0 = t 6 3 T 5 T U = 10 cos = 5 3 B. u m ; ; ; U ? 4 6 4 T : u m = 10 B; 0 = ; u = 5 3 B. 3 4 2. : : 3 i = 4 cos(10t + ) 4 I m = 4 A; 0 = y 3 4 0 x Im 3. : u = 6 sin(5t / 3) B y u m = 6 B; 0 = um 0 4. : u1 = 10 cos(t + ) 4 u 2 = 10 sin(t + ) 4 ? 3 x 3 u1 = 10 cos(t + ) = 10sin(t + ); 4 4 = , 2- 2 55

56. u1 u x u2 5. : : u1 = 10 cos(t + ) 4 u 2 = 10 sin(t + ) 4 u = u1 + u 2 2 2 u m = (u1 + u 2 ) = 10 2 u = 10 2 cos t : u = 10 2 cos t 39. U R 2. 1 , , 1 . . 3. , , . 4. () 2 . () 2 . 5. , . 1. : i = 40. 1. . 56

57. 2. RC R. 3. UC UC(t). t = 0, t = RC. 4. . 5. /2. : XC = Um / Im = 1 / C. 1. : q = t t 2 = 10 / = 0, 25 / 2 : dq I = = 2t = 10 / 2 0, 25 / 2 2 = 9 . dt : I = 9 t =2c I 2. : C = 0, 5 u = 10 sin(100t ) i (t ) ? I = q ' = C (dU / dt ) = CU 100 cos(100t ) = = 5 10 7 10 100 3,14 cos 100t = = 1, 57 cos(100t ) : i = 1, 57 cos(100t ) 3. : C = 0, 5 U = 10 sin(100t ) p ? p = IU = 10 sin(100t ) 1, 57 cos(100t ) = sin(200t ) 15, 7 B = 7, 85 sin(200t ) . 2 p 7,85 T 4 7,85 T 2 3T 4 t 57

58. 4. : xc = 3, 2 = 3, 2 3 1 xc = ; C C = 1 = 10 6 ? = 2 xc = 1 = 6 2 3,14 10 3, 2 10 3 1 1 = = 2c 2cxc = 50 . : = 50 . 5. xc 1 ; . c 2,3 , xc 2,5 . : xc = 0 41. 1. . 2. xL = L. 3. /2 . 4. . 5. , 0, . . 1. : L = 20 = 2 10 2 = 50 xL ? 58 : x L = L = 2 l = 2 3,14 50 2 10 2 = = 6, 28 . : xL = 6,28 .

59. 2. : xL = L . 3 xL 3 . xL 0 3. : L = 10 = 0, 01 R = 10 N = 10 ? : = 1590 . 1 1 xL = = NR = 2L 2NRL 1 = = 1590 2 3,14 10 100 0, 01 4. : L = 0, 35 U = 220 : U U = Im = m I = xL 2L = 50 = I 7 220 B = 2 . 2 3,14 5 0, 35 y u x 0 I 5. : U = 311cos(100t ) I = 7 L ? Um I = L = U m /(I 2 ) = 0,1 L 2 : L = 0,14 . 59

60. 42. 1. , L C, , . 2. (R 0). 3. t = 0 . t = T/4 , . , , . t = T/2 0. , . , t = T . . . 4. . q = q0cos 0t; 2 2 LC . 5. T0 = 0 i = Im sin 0t. 1. : L = 10 = 0, 01 C = 1 = 10 6 U = 225 B Im ? 60 : 2 LI m = CU 2 I m = U C = L 10 6 = 2, 25 A. 0,01 : Im = 2,25 A. = 225 B

61. 2. : : 3 L = 4 = 4 10 T = 2 L C = 2 S = 10 2 = 10 3 2 d = 1 = 10 3 T ? = 2 3,14 L 0 S = d 4 10 3 8, 85 10 12 / 10 3 3 10 3 = = 11, 8 10 5 = 118 . : T = 118 . 3. : : L = 1 = 10 3 C1 = 40 = 4 10 11 11 2 = 90 = 9 10 1 = 2 3,14 10 2 = 3 1 2 ? 10 : 1 = 31,4 ; 2 = 21 . 4. : 9 10 11 = 3,14 10 4 = 2,1 10 4 : T = 50 = 5 10 T2 ? T2 = T 3 4 10 2 3,14 11 C C = 5 C = 2C ,C = C ; T = 2 LC , 2 L = const, 2C 2T 100 . C/2 : T2 = 100 . 5. : u c = 200 cos(1000t ) C = 0,1 L; I m ? : 1 1 L= 2 = = 0,1 . C (1000 /) 2 10 7 2 2 LI m = CU m : I m = U C / L = 200 B 10 5 = 0, 2 A. 0,1 : L = 0,1 ; Im = 0,2 . 61

62. 43. 1. : uL = ULmcos (t + /2), ULm = ImXL = ImL. : uC = Um cos (t /2), Um = ImXC = Im / C. 2. y u Lm UCm x U Rm I m 3. : 2 Z = Um / I m = 1 2 2 R 2 + L (R +( L 1 / C) ). C 4. , . , , . 5. Im Um R R R1 > R 0 1 0 1. : U C = 100 B U L = 60 B U R = 230 B U ? 62 : 2 U m = U Rm + (U Lm U Cm ) 2 2 U = U R + (U L U C ) 2 = 900 + (60 100) 2 = = 50 B : U = 50 B.

63. 2. : xC = 2, 5 : Z = x L xC = 0, 5 : Z = 500 . x L = 2 Z ? 3. : R = 5 L = 5 : 2 = = 1 = 10 3 LC C = 4 2 2 L = 4 (3,14) 2 6 10 5 = 8 10 6 I = U / Z = U R 2 + (L 1 /(C )) 2 = U = 220 ? =U / R = 220 B = 44 A. 5 : = 8 ; I = 44 . 4. : L = 0, 2 : C = 0,1 = 10 7 R = 367 = 1 = 10 3 x L ; xC ; Z ? = 2 = 6, 28 x L = L = 1, 26 x = 1 /(C ) = 1, 6 Z = R 2 + (L 1 /(C )) 2 = = 1346890 2 + (1, 26 10 3 1, 6 10 3 = 500 : xL = 1,26 ; xC = 1,6 ; Z = 500 5. : : = 2 = 628 / L = 0, 5 C = 4 = 4 10 R = 54 = 100 I = 0, 5 Z; Um ? 6 Z = R 2 + (L 1 /(C )) 2 = = 54 2 2 + (682 0, 5 1 628 / 4 10 6 = = 100 U m = I m Z = I 2 Z = 0, 5 1, 42 100 = 70, 7 : Z = 100 ; Um = 70,7 . 63

64. 44. 1. , . . 2. , . (). 3. , , . . , . 4. As Ge. n-, . 5. Ga Ge. p-, . 45. 1. , p- n-, p-n-. p- 1000 , n-, . , n-. . p- n-. 64

65. 2. , p-n- , . p-n- n- p- , , , p- n-. p- , n- . p-n- () . 3. : p-, n-. . , . , , . 4. p-n- , . p-n- . , . , . 5. , . . U 0 D2 t D1 R D3 D4 U 0 t 65

66. 46. 1. pn- . , , . . 2. , , . . + ( -) n p I = I + I U = I R I - I R ( -) n I + - - + - + U I U 3. , . . - ( -) ++++ - - ++++ ( -) I p n p + + I R I - + U + - I U . . 66

67. . 4. U U U U U U U =U +U C + - R - + = U U U 5. + - L L + + U . , , . . 67

68. 4 - - 47. 1. , . = 3 108 /. 2. , ( ). , . ( ). , . 3. , , . 1 (. 155, ) , 2 3, . , . . 4. , . . 68

69. 5. . 48. 1. 1 v v. 2 vT/4. 3, 4 5 v( T/2); v( 3T/4) v( T). 1-5 vT . 2. , . . 3. E = E0 sin (t x/v). B = B0 sin (t x/v). 157 ) . XY, . 7T/4 . 157 ) ( ). XY. 4. . r r , E ( B ) , . , . 5. . , . 69

70. 1. : : 8 v = 100 = 10 c = 3 108 / ? c 3 108 / = = 3 . 108 : = 3 . 2. : = 300 = : L = 100 = 10 4 ? 1 = = LC = 2c L 2 C = 4 2 c 2 10 4 9000 2 4 (3,14) 2 9 1016 2 / 2 = 2, 5 : = 2,5 . 3. : 1 = 108 ; 2 = 4 108 ; L=1 =106 1; 2 ? : = 1 LC = 2c = 2c LC ; 1 = 2 3,14 3 108 / 10 8 10 6 = 188, 5 2 = 2 3,14 3 108 / 4 10 8 10 6 = 377 . : 1= 188,5 ; 2 = 377 . 4. : 0 = 1 / = 105 /; = 600 ? : E = E0 sin((t x / c)) . = 2v = 3, 77 1015 . E = 10 5sin(3,77 1015t 1,26 10 7 x) /. : E = 10 5sin(3,77 1015t 1,26 10 7 x ) /. 70

71. 5. : = 100 sin (6 104t + + 2 106 x E0; ; ; ; v ? : E0 = 100 /. v= = 3 1014 . 2 T = 1 / v = 3, 3 10 15 . = / v = 1 /(2 10 6 2) = 1 = v = 3 108 /. : E0 = 100 /; = 3 1014; = 3,3 1015 ; = 1 ; v = 3 108 /. 49. , 1. , S . , , . 2. . 3. . 4. . . 5. . , . 71

72. 50. 1. , . . 2. . 3. 2 I 2 1, 4 10 3 p= = = 9, 4 . c 3 108 4. t: p = 2p; F = p / t = 2p / t; P = ISt / c. 5. . 51. 1. . 2. , 0 2 104 , = 1,5 104 . , 2 104 109 , = 0,3 1,5 104. , 109 3 1011 , = 1 0,3 . , 3 1011 3,85 1014 , = 780 1. , 3,85 1014 7,89 1014 , = 380 780 . , 8 1014 3 1016 , = 10 380. , 3 1016 3 1020 , = 10 12 10 8 . -, > 3 1020 , < 10-12 . 3. . . 72

73. . . 4. , . : 780 620 . 620 590. 590 560 . 560 500 . 500 480 . 480 450 . 450 380 . , . , . . 5. . , . , . , , . - , . . . 52. - - 1. . , . 2. : ( ); ; ; . 73

74. (). 3. , =103 104 , v = 105 , =102 103, v = 106 . , = 10 102, v = 107, . , = 1 10, v = 108 , = 10-1 1, v = 109 . , = 10-3 10-1 , v = 1010 1011 . 4. ( ). 5. . , , , , . 53. , : 1. , , , . 2. . , . 3. , . . - . , . 4. . 74

75. . . : , . 5. : = 0 + cos t. 75

76. 5 54. 1. , . . 2. , . 3. , . . . 4. . . . 5. , . , . 55. 1. . . 2. . , , , . 76

77. . - , . , . 3. , . 4. . , , . 5. , . , , . , . , . . 1. : : , = 90 = 2 = 45 ? : = 45 2. : , ? : = 2. 3. : h? : , 2( + ) = 2 + = 2 : 2 h 1 1 = 2 ( ) h =( h) h = /2 : h = /2. 77

78. 4. : = 1,8 ; = 30 d? : d = H / tg = 1,8 / tg 30 = = 3,1 . : d = 3,1 . H d 56. 1. . , . 2. , . , , , . , . , . . 3. , . . 4. . , , . 5. , , . , . , . 78

79. 1. : n = 2,42 v? : 3 108 / = 1,2 108 /c. 2, 42 : v = 1,2 108 /c. v=c/n= 2. : = 540 n = 1,333 ? : 540 = 406 . 1,333 : = 406 . = / nv = 3. : : = 60 , = . n = 1,333 ? : sin sin 3 = n sin = = = 0, 649 sin n 2 1, 333 = 180 = 120 = 120 40 = 80 : = 80. 4. : n2 = 1,52; n1 = 1,333 = 90 ? : n n = 2 = 1,14 n1 sin ; n = 180 o arcsin sin sin 90 o arcsin = sin(90 ); ; n n sin = cos tg = n . = 48,4. n : = 48,4. 79

80. 5. : h = 1 ; = 90 r? : = arccos (sin / n) r = H ctg (arccos (1/n) = 1,13 . : r = 1,13 . 57. 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . , . 5. , . 58. 1. n , . 2. n , . 3. , , , . 4. , . = (n 1). 5. . . 90. . 80

81. 1. : n = 1,5 d = 1 a = 50 b? 2. : n1 = 1,33 h1 = 4 n2 = 1,5 h2 = 6 H? 3. : n = 1,5 d = 10 = 60 h? : b = AB + BC = d tg tg (90 ) = = d sin / sin cos / cos + a = = 51,3 : b = 51,3 . a A B C b d : , H = h1 sin + h2 sin = h1 / n1 + h2 sin / n2 n1 = = h1 / n1 + h2 /n2 = 7 : = 7 . : h = AB sin ( ) = = d / cos (arcsin (1/n)) sin arcsin (1/n)) = 5,1 : h = 5,1 4. : n = 1,5 = 60 ? 5. : AB = BC = AC n = 1,52 ? h A d B : = 180 180 + 2 = 2arcsin (sin / n) arcsin (sin / n)) = 30 sin = n / 2 = 48,6 : = 48,6 : = arcsin (1 / n) = 41,8 = 90 (180 60 ) = 11,8 sin / cos = 1 / n = arcsin (cos / n) = 40,7 = 40,7 30 = 10,7 : = 10,7. 81

82. 59. 1. , . . 2. , . , . 3. R1, R2 >0; - R1 > 0, R2 ; - R1 < 0, R2 > 0; R1 < 0, R2 < 0; - R2 < 0, R1 ; - R1 > 0, R2 < 0. 4. , . 5. , . 60. 1. , , , . . , . 2. 1 / F = (n 1) / R. 3. , . (). 4. D = (n 1) (1/ R1 + 1 / R2). 5. 1) , . 2) , . 82

83. 3) , . , . 1. : n =1,58 R = 11,6 = 0,116 F; D ? 2. : n = 1,5 d = 4 = 4 102 H = 2 = 2 103 D ? : 1 / F = (n 1) / R F = R / (n 1) = 0,2 D = 1 / F = 1 / 0,2 = 5 . : D = 5 ; F = 0,2 : R2 = (R H / 2)2 d2 / 4 R = = (H2 / 4 d2 / 4) / H = 4 10 6 2 16 10 4 2 + : 2 103 = = 4 4 = 20,05 . 1, 5 + 1 = 4,95 . 20, 05 : D = 4,95 . D = (n 1) / R = 3. : R = 12 = 0,12 F = 24 = 0,24 n ? 4. : n1 = 1,5 R1 = R2 = 9,2 n2 = 1,33 D1; D2 ? : F = R / (n 1) n = R / F + 1 =1,5 : n = 1,5 : D1 = 1 / F1 = (n1 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = = (n1 1) (2 / R1) = 0,5 (2 / 9,2 ) = 10 D2 = 1 / F2 = (n2 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = (n2 1) (2 / R1) = 0,33 (2 / 9,2 ) = 7 . : D1 = 10 ; D2 = 7 . 83

84. 5. : F1; F2 ? : F2 O F1 61. 1. . , . 2. , . = yf / yd = h / H = f / d. 3. . 4. , 2F. 5. 1. : 2F F O F 2F 2. : 2F 84 F O F 2F

85. 3. : 2F F O F 4. : A F1 B B A 5. : A B B F1 A 62. 1. || = f / d = (f F )/ F, 1 / d = 1 / F 1 / f. 1 / F = 1/ d + 1 / f. f / d = (f + F )/ F, 1 / F = 1/ d 1 / f. 2. 1 / F = 1/ d + 1 / f. 3. d < F, f . 85

86. 4. f 2F F 0 F d 2F 5. d f d > 2F F < f < 2F d 2F f = 2F F < d < 2F f > 2F fF f = d 0) ( < 0) ( < 0) ( > 0) (|| < 1) (|| 1) (|| > 1) (|| > 1) +1 0 F 2F d -1 1. : d=1 f = 0,25 F? 2. : d = 15 D = 10 f? 86 : F = (1 / d 1 / f)1 = 20 . : F = 20 . : F = 1 / D = 1 / 10 = 0,1 = 10 f = (1 / f 1 / d)1 = 30 . : f = 30 .

87. 3. : N = 100 d = 10 D? : (d) = f / d = N f = 1000 , dx < 0 D = 1 / F = 1 / f + 1 / d = 10,1 . : D = 10,1 . 4. : d>F (d + f)min ? : f = (1 / F 1 / d ) 1 = dF /(d F ) ; d + f = d 2 /(d F ) ; (d + f ) ' = (2d (d F ) d 2 ) /(d F ) 2 ; (d + f ) ' = 0 d = 2 F . d + f = 4 F . : (d + f) = 4F. 5. : l = 40 F = 30 d1; d2 ? : l d = (1 / F 1 / d ) 1 l d = dF /(d F ) l = d 2 /(d F ) d 2 = ld lF d = (l L2 4 Lf ) / 2 d1 = 10 ; d 2 = 30 . : d1 = 10 ; d 2 = 30 . 63. 1. , , , . , ( ). 2. 1/ F = (n 1) (1 / |R|). 3. , . , . , . 87

88. 4. . 5. .206 ) 2 F O F 1. : n = 1,5 R = 20 = 0,2 D; R ? F = R / (1 n) = 40 d + 1 / F = 2,5 . : F = 40 ; D = 2,5 . 2. : d = 4 = 0,04 H = 4 = 4 103 h = 2 = 2 103 D? 3. : F = 20 ; R = 10 n? 4. : R1 = 20 R2 = 10 n1 = 1,5; n2 = 1,62 D1; D2 ? 5. : F2 88 F1 : R2 = (R H)2 d2/4 R1 = (H2 + d2 / 4) / 2H; R2 = (h2 + d2 / 4) / 2h D = (n 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = 4,95 . : D = 4,95 . : F = (R) / (n 1) n = R / F + 1 = 1,5 : n = 1,5/ : D = (n1 1) (1 / R1 1 / R2) = 2,5 . : D2 = (n1 n2) (1 / R1 1 / R2) = = (0,12) (1 / 0,2 1 / 0,1 ) = 3,1 . : D1 = 2,5 ; D2 = 0,6 .

89. 64. 1. () . 2. . 3. |f| / d = (|F| |f|) / |F|, 1 / d = 1 / |f| 1 / |F|, 1 / |F| = 1 / d 1 / |f|. 4. , . , . |f| |F| 0 |F| d |F| -|F| d 5. , . 1 1,5 -|F| 0 1. : 2. : A A F F B B F 2F 89

90. 3. : F = 10 f? : 1 / |f| = 1 / d + 1 / |F| = 1 / 5 5 . : f = 5 . 4. : F = 20 ; N=3 d? : = 1 / N = |F| / (|F| + d) d = |f| 9N 1) = 40 : d = 40 5. : a = 4 c b = 6 F? : f = Hctg; 4 = hctg; 6 = hctg; f + 6 = Hctg f +6 f = f = 12 6 4 f H h : F = 12 65. 1. , , , . 2. M 1 B F2 F1 K L O1 F F2 O2 F 3. D = |D1| +D2. 4. 1 B 1 2 F2 2 L O1 l O2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 N 1 F F2 F1 F2 F1 N F 5. D1 = |D1|, D = D1+D2. 90

91. 1. : F h? : , h=2F.( ). 2. : : F1 = 20 F2 = 15 l = 30 F = (1 / F1 l) + 1 / F2)1 = 30 . F? : F = 30 . 3. : D1 = D2 = 2 . D = 1,2 l? : l = 42 . : D = 1 / (F1 l) + D2 l = =1 / D1 1 / (D D2) = 42 . 4. : : D1 = 5 D2 = 6 1 / f = D1 1 / d f1 = 40 l = 60 = 0,6 . d = 40 = 0,4 2- d2 = (l f1) f2; ? 1 / f2 = D2 1 / (d2 f1) f2 = 100 . 1=|f1 / d| = 1; 2 = |f2 / d2| = 5; = 1 2 = 5 : f2 = 1 ; = 5 5. : f1 = 25 F1 = 3,6 F2 = 12 l? : , , , F = f 1 / f = 1 / (F1 l) + 1 / F2 l = F1 (1 / f 1 / F2)1 l = 3,6 (1 / 25 + 1 / 1,2 )1 = 2,34 : l = 2,34 . 91

92. 66. 1. , , ( ), , , , , , , , , . 2. ( ) . 3. . 4. , . = 25. , , . , . , . 5. ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ). 1. : d = 100 = 1 h? : h = 2,91 . 92 : tg = h / d d tg = 2,91

93. 2. : F1 = 25 F2 = (D2 D1) ? : D1 D2 = 1 / F2 1 / F1 = 4 : D = 4 . 3. : : d = 20 , . . f = F. D? 1 / d = 2 / F . F = d / 2 = 10 , D = 1 / F = 1 . : D = 1 . 4. : d=2 D? : Dmax = 1 / f + 1 / d = 59 . D = 1 / f + 1 / d n = 62, 5 . D0 = D Dmax = 3,5 . : D = 3,5 . 5. : D = 2,25 d = 25 d ? : D = 1 / d 1 / d d = 16 . : d = 16 . 67. , 1. . , , . = dD. 2. ( ) ( ). . 93

94. 3. = D1D2dL. 15 1200. , . (. 222 .) 4. - . , . . , , . 5. = / = F1 / F2. . . , , . , . 1. : F = 5 = ? : : = 5. =dn / F = 5. 2. : = 8 D? : = dnD, D = / dn = 32 : D = 32 3. : F1 = 1 ; F2 = 2 L = 19 ? 4. : d = 27 D1 = D2 = 40 . L0; ? = (f F) / F 130. 94 : = (L F1 F2) dn. / (F1 / F2) = 200 : = 200 : 1 / f = |D2 1 / d| f = 51,3 L0 = 51,3 + F1 + F1 + F2 = 58,8 : L0 = 58,8 ; = 130.

95. 5. : D1 = 0,5 D2 = 60 a = 385000 d = 3480 ? : H h( f1 F2 ) = = f2 F1F2 f = (1 / F2 1 / a)1 = h((D2 1 / a)1 1 / D2) D1D2 = 31 : = 31. 95

96. 6 68. 1. : , . 2. . 3. , , . , . 4. , . 5. , . . 69. 1. . 2. - 96

97. , : tmax = mT, m = 0, 1, 2, . Imax = I1 + I2 + I1 I 2 . 3. , : tmin = mT, m = 0, 1, 2, . Imin = I1 + I2 I1 I 2 . 4. . 5. : = m, m = 0, 1, 2, . : = (2m + 1)/2, m = 0, 1, 2, . 1. : : l = 550 / r2 r1 = 0 = 1 = 1500 / . 2 = 340 / = m m = 0, , = 40 . m? . : . 2. : n = 1,5 d = 6 t ? : t = d / (cos (arcsin (1 / n) c 1,5 d / c 2- , - , 97

98. d / cos (), d. t = 0,1 . : t = 0,1 . 3. : 1 = 6 n = 4/3 2 ? : = t. c 1 1 = 1 = 2 = n1 = 8 2 c2 n : 2 = 8 . 4. : = 1,2 = 400 2 ? 5. : I = 1 /2 = 694 = 4,47 I ? : = 3, . : m = 3 : = 6 . IA = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 = 4I1 = 4 /2. : IA = 4 /2. 70. 1. , . 2. . . , , . 3. = dym / Rm, 98

99. m = 0, 1, 2, ; ym ; d , R . 4. : . : . 5. . : d = v1T/4 = 1/4, 1 . 71. 1. , . , , , . 2. : , . 3. , . , /2 ( ). 4. m- : asin m = m, 99

100. m = 0, 1, 2 . . 5. , , , . 1. 2. ( ), . 3. . 20 . 4. , . 5. LiD, . 20 . 89. 1. , , . (1 = 1 / ). 2. . 3. . (1 ). 4. . , , 2 . 5. 55%, 11%, 11%, 8%, 8%, . 4%, 3%, 1%. 118

119. 9 90. 1. , . , . 2. , , . 3. : . , 1, s = 1/2. , s = 0 s = 1. 1/2 3/2. 4. : . . , . , , . . 5. , - () . 119

120. 91. 1. : () (). 2. 12 ( 6 6 ): , , , , , . L ( ) 1, L = 0, L = 1. 3. . , . , . + + . 4. , () 1956 . m0 = / Rc 3 1025 . 5. W, W . 92. 1. : (s = 0, 1, ) (s = 1/2, 3/2, ). (s =1/2) (s = 1/2, 3/2). 2. , . , 20 . 120

121. , , , . 3. Q q . 0 = Q + 2q; e = 2Q + q. Q = +2/3e ( u-); q = 1/3e (d-). 4. , . : . . 1/3, ( ) = 1 ( ). - 1 = 1 + 0 + 0. 5. . () q B s = 1/2 u, c, t +2/3e 1/3 d, s, b 1/3e 1/3 93. 1. () : , . . . 2. 0. , . . , . , . 121

122. 3. - , 6 6 . 48 . , . 4. ( 1), ( ) , , . 5. , . 122