3.2. carlota léchaud

The Role of Innovation on Bicycle Commuting in Portugal

Carlota LéchaudAveiro, 2016

Introduction

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'Cycling City' logo: Bristol City council; Gráfico: European Cyclists’ Federation; Photo: American Press Institute; 1 (Dekoster & Schollaert, 1999; Dill & Gliebe, 2008); 2 Clayton Christensen

Sustainable Cities

Portugal vs Europa

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Disruptive innovation2

Transforms products and services making them much more affordable and accessible to a larger population

Lower CO2 emissions and noise pollution, eliminate traffic congestion and increase public health

Large variation of averages in Europe; In Portugal bicycles are still neglected as a mobility solution

For short distances, up to 5 km, and even more with traffic congestion, the bicycle is time competitive with the car1

© Carlota Léchaud, 2016Universidade Europeia, Laureate

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Research objectives

i. Identify the motivations for people not commute by bike on their daily journeys.

ii. Identify what are the main reasons why urban cyclists commute by bike on their daily journeys.

iii. Understand what are the main barriers that cyclists have to deal with on a day-to-day basis.

iv. Understand how innovations contributed to people become urban cyclists.


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On-line surveyGoogle Forms

1 Likert scale question, 2 open quastions25 questions: multiple choice, checkboxes, closed questions and open questions

• Facebook: communities; groups; stores136 pages

• E-mail, LinkedIn, Messenger – personal contacts, cycling ambassadors, stores, organizations and companies

• Word of mouth

Methodology

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Non-structured interviews

SPSS Statistical analysis

Jun 2016Jul 2016

Mar 2016May 2016

Set 2015Mar 2016


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Sample

• On-line survey: Between March and May 2016• Inclusion criteria: Residents in Portugal, older than 16 years.• Convenience sample.• 701 participants:

– 704 respondants– 3 participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria.

43%

57%

Bicycle com-mutersOther com-muters

AveiroBeja

BragaCoimbra

ÉvoraFaro

FunchalGuarda

LeiriaLisboa

Ponta DelgadaPorto

SantarémSetúbal

Viana do CasteloVila Real

10.5%0.7%

5.6%3.3%

1.6%1.3%

0.7%0.3%0.3%

51.5%0.3%

13.4%1.0%

6.6%1.3%

0.3%


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Urban cyclist profile

Photos: Artur Lourenço, Uma Lisboa Ciclista


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RQ 1: What are the main reasons that motivate people to not commute by bicycle on their daily journeys?

What would it take to make them cyclists?

o lack of infrastructures (72%)o lack of bike lanes (68%)o unsafe (63%)

o Do not prefer the car over the bicycle (48%)o Do not prefer the motorcycle over the bicycle

(84%)o It’s not uncomfortable (70%)o Having children is not an obstacle (68%)

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R E

S

U

L T

S


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infrastructures

location/weather/time

other

respect on the road

nothing will made me ride

49%

30%

24%

20%

11%

RQ 2: What are the main reasons for urban cyclists commute by bike on their daily journeys?

Cyclists’ motivations

Travel purposes Route choice

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R E

S

U

L T

S

Work/Meetingsshopping

social/recreationtouring

Scool/Universitygo to gym

take kids to kindergarten/school/extra activitiesother (destination)

82%46%

36%26%

20%14%

10%10%

minimize traveled time

avoid traffic

avoid steep hills

avoid poor pavement

avoid polution

favor the use of bike lanes

other

minimize traveled distance

51%

47%

40%

39%

37%

30%

28%

28%


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healthy

it's fun

faster

sport

other reason for bike commuting

good bike lane network

enough infrastructure

83%69%

68%62%

59%56%

31%24%

19%7%

5%4%4%

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RQ 3: What are the main barriers that urban cyclists have to face on their daily journeys?

R E

S

U

L T

S

appropriate equipment

no difficulties felted

weather

polution

insecurity

steep hills

lack of public policies and surveillance

traffic

poor pavement

lack of bike lanes, safe parking and other infrastructure

road rage/lack of manners

1%

1%

1%

3%

5%

5%

12%

16%

20%

33%

58%


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RQ 4: What were the main innovations that made people start commuting by bike?

R E

S

U

L T

S

Other accessories

Bike communities

Mobile Apps

Public policies

None

Clothes

Bikes

Carriage accessories

Infrastructures

2%

4%

9%

15%

22%

24%

31%

37%

59%


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Discussion

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Measures in Portugal Portugal < EuropaNon-cyclists – 89% potencial cyclists

Infrastructures

Cyclists’ barriersRoad rage/lack of manners

Essential innovations to start commuting by bike

Cyclists

Road safety

Minimize traveled time, avoid traffic, steep hills, bad pavement and polution, favor the use of cycle lanes, minimize distance

Healthy, fun, environmental concerns, speed

Work, shopping

Bicycles

Carriage accessories

European Commission (2014):ConvenienceSpeedPriceEnvironmental concerns

World Health Organization (2010)Physical inactivity → risk factor for mortality“Active travel” (Hartog, Boogaard, Nijland, & Hoek, 2010)

InconvenienceRoad safety concernsWeather conditions (Claudy & Peterson, 2014)

Bicyclists would choose longer routes to ride favoring cycling amenities (Dill & Gliebe, 2008)Informal information → travel planning (Bartle, Avineri & Chatterjee, 2013)

Traffic calming measuresLegislation promoting safety and surveillancePavement maintenanceEducational programmes (schools and drivers)Clearly marked crossingsBike lanesCongestion charging scheme (eg: London)(Jacobsen, 2003; OCDE, 2015; Reid & Adams, 2010)

Well connected bike lane networkBike parks and sheltersCycle lanes along main urban street corridorsBike sharing systemsContraflow cycling on one-way streetsTurn cobblestones streets in cycle routes Timed lights for bicycle priorityGreenway with shadowsMulti-modal transport(Martin-Diener, 2008)

Innovation (eg: Polisport, Órbita, BikEmotion)


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Conclusion

Innovative knowledge and innovative technologies

Disruptive Innovation

General and specific legislation, promotion of safety and surveillance, bicycle and accessories, mobile applications and websites that facilitate daily commuting, infrastructures, intermodal transport or initiatives to promote bike as a mode of transport

The coordination of these innovations and measures, between public and private sectors, can determine when and how Portugal will make the shift to soft mobility aligned with European policy orientations.


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Thank you!

Photo: Artur Lourenço, Uma Lisboa Ciclista

“A bicycle friendly city is a city with more space, less noise, cleaner air, healthier citizens and a better economy. It’s a city that is a nicer place to be in and where individuals have a higher quality of life”(The City of Copenhagen, 2011, p.6)


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