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af9Lsf] kL8f g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf cTolws /x]sf] eP klg gbLa]F;Lx¿n]klg o;sf] df/af6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kxf8L If]qaf6 dlnnf]df6f] aufP/ t/fO{nfO{ pa{/ agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ af9Ln] nfesf t'ngfdfIflt w]/} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ 7"nf] Iflt ub}{ cfPsf] af9Ln]gbLlsgf/df a9]sf] cltqmd0f;Fu} hgwgsf] Iflt klg cTolws g} ug]{u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf xfdL af9Lsf] gfnLa]nL;Fu}o;sf] /f]syfd / Joj:yfkgsf] ljifodf cWoog ug]{5f}F .

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;fdfGotof r'/] / dxfef/t If]qdf k|lt306f $) b]lv %) ldlnld6/ jiff{x'g' ;fdfGo dflgG5 . t/ Ps lbgd} $)) ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'g'nfO{ eg]c;fdfGo dflgG5 . To;}n] ljut jif{df s]xL ef}uf]lns If]qdf ePsf]jiff{sf] clen]v lgs} 8/nfUbf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] cu:t !@ dfafh'/fdf $#! ldlnld6/ jiff{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;g\ !(*! sf];]K6]Da/ @( df klZrdf~rn If]qsf] a]n'jfdf $$^ ldlnld6/, ;g\!(^* cu:t @% df dWodf~rnsf] 3'Dtfªdf %)) ldlnld6/, emfkfsf]cgf/dgLdf ;g\ !(%( sf] cS6f]a/df $&# ldlnld6/ jiff{ ePsf] lyof] .

jiff{sf] :j¿kdf ptf/r9fj x'g'df k|fs[lts 36sx¿aLr x'g] cGtlqm{ofg} k|d'v sf/s xf] . oBlk jfo'k|b"if0fsf sf/0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf a9]sf]tfkqmd / hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg jiff{sf] :j¿kdf ljrng Nofpg] sf/sb]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] k|d'v sf/0fhnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ klg dflgPsf] 5 .

af9Lsf] k|j[lQjiff{ x'g' / gbLdf kfgLsf] axfj a9]/ af9L cfpg' k|fs[lts lgod xf] .gbLdf af9L cfP klg Tof] cfˆgf] k|fs[lts axfj If]qd} aUbf hghLjgdfvf;} c;/ kb}{g . hgwgsf] Iflt gug]{ To:tf] af9LnfO{ k|sf]ksf ¿kdflng klg h¿/L 7flgFb}g . t/ gbLdf cfPsf] af9Ln] cfjf; If]q 8'afof],dflg; aufof], v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg tyf 8'afg u/]/ hgwgsf] Ifltu¥of] eg] To:tf] af9LnfO{ k|sf]k dflgG5 .

gbLsf] axfjsf] k|s[ltdf kl/jt{g cfP/ To;n] cfˆgf] axfjdfu{ kl/jt{gubf{ klg hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;f] ePdf af9Lsf]k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . hnfwf/ If]q cyjf axfj If]qdf hDdf x'g]afn'jf, 9'ª\uf, tyf u]u|ØfgL jf lyu|]gL tyf kfgLdf ldl;g] cGo kbfy{sfsf/0f klg af9Lsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 . ;ª\nf] jf ;fdfGowldnf] /x]sf] 7"nf] af9Lsf] t'ngfdf lyu|]gL ldl;Psf] af9Ln] lgs} w]/}Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . gbLsf] axfjdfu{ w]/} le/fnf] ePdf af9L;Fu} 9'ª\uf, df6f]/ cGo h}ljs kbfy{ w]/} aU5 . To:tf] af9L sd le/fnf] jf d}bfglt/ k'Ubfo;n] aufP/ NofPsf] lyu|]gL gbLsf] lkFwdf hDdf x'G5 jf lsgf/df hDdf


x'G5 . lyu|]gL gbLsf] axfj dfu{d} y'lk|Pdf gbL psf; eP/ kfgLsf] axfjaflx/ aUb5 / dfgja:tL tyf s[life"ldlt/ km}lnG5 . o;/L gbLsf]pTklQ:yn, jiff{sf] cj:yf, gbL aUg] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cWoogaf6af9Lsf] k|j[lQ s:tf] x'G5 eg]/ cWoog u/]kl5 dfq af9Lsf] hf]lvd /;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f u/]/ k"j{tof/L ug{ ;lsG5 .

af9Lsf] k|sf/af9LnfO{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf / k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs k|rng cg';f/ljleGg ¿kdf lrlgG5 eg] z}lIfs k|lti7fgn] af9LnfO{ k|fljlws ¿kdfjuL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k'l:tsfdf af9Lsf oL ;a} juL{s/0fsf]ljj]rgf ;Dej gePsf]n] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L dfq lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

gbLdf cfpg] af9Llgoldt ¿kdf Ps gf;n] kfgL aUg] 7"nf gbLdf jiff{sf ;dodf cfpg]af9LnfO{ gbLaf9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9Ln] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf v]tLof]Uoe"ld, ufpF3/df Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . 7"nf gbLdf cfpg] af9L ;fdfGoh:tf]nfu] klg kfgLsf] dfqf a9\b} hfFbf o;sf] Ifdtf lgs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .

cfsl:ds af9Lljz]ifu/L 3gf jiff{ x'Fbf jf PsfPs 7"nf jiff{ x'Fbf ;txdf Psf]xf]l/P/au]sf] kfgL vf]N;fvfN;L x'Fb} vx/]df k'u]/ ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .slxNo} kfgL gaUg] vf]nfdf PsfPs cfpg] o:tf] af9LnfO{ cfsl:dsaf9L elgG5 . To;}u/L dflyNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts tfn jf dfgjlgld{tafFw km'6]/ cfpg] af9LnfO{ klg cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 . PsfPs cfpg]t/ jiff{ /f]lsgf;fy jf km'6]sf] afFw jf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;lsgf;fy ;'Sg]ePsfn] o;af6 aRg t6Lo If]qsf dflg;n] k"j{tof/L ug{ gEofpg] x'Fbfo:tf] af9L lgSs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .

;lDdl>t af9Lafn'jf, 9'ª\uf–df6f], emf/kft, af]6la?jf, cflb ldl;Psf] n]bf] af9LnfO{u]u|ØfgL af9L elgG5 . cfsl:ds af9Lkl5 of] af9L Hofb} ljgfzsf/LdflgG5 . u]u|ØfgL af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ s]xL klg


hLljt /xg ;Sb}g . o:tf] af9L ljz]ifu/L klx/f] hfFbf, d?e"ldo'Qm hldgau]/ vf]nf–gbLdf ldl;Fbf pTklQ x'g] ub{5 .

;d'b| t6Lo af9L;d'b|df p7]sf] cfFwL, ;'gfdL cflbsf sf/0f ;d'b|sf] 5fn t6Lo e"lddfaf9Lsf ¿kdf k|j]z u5{ . o:tf] af9Ln] vf;u/L ;d'b| t6 / cf;kf;sfufpF / ;x/df Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .

g]kfndf af9Lsf] Oltxf;

g]kndf af9Lsf] klxnf] clen]v ;g\ !()@÷# df jfudtL gbLdf cfPsf]af9LnfO{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 ;g\ !(^$ tyf ;g\ !(*$ df ;'gsf];LgbLdf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9Lsf] clen]v /flvPsf] kfOG5 . gVv' vf]nfdf ;g\!(*! sf] ;]K6]Da/df uPsf] u]u|ØfgLo'Qm af9L sf7df8f}F pkTosfdfuPsf] ;aeGbf vt/gfs af9L dflgPsf] 5, h;df sl/a &@ dflg;sf]Hofg uPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;g\ !(%! df eLdkm]bLdfcfPsf] ;f]xL k|sf/sf] af9Ln] #) hgfsf] Hofg lnPsf] lyof] -O;Ldf]8,!((#_ . g]kfndf o;afx]s klg lgs} 7"nf af9L uPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*#b]lv ;g\ @))# ;Dddf af9L / klx/f]df k/L ̂ xhf/ & ;o !$ hgfsf]Hofg uO;s]sf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfno, @))%_ . g]kfnsf]Oltxf;df ;g\ !((# sf] af9L g} xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ljgfzsf/L af9LdflgG5 . ;f] jif{ af9Lklx/f]df k/L ! xhf/ # ;o #^ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]lyof] eg] c/af}F ¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] cfly{s Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

af9L cfpg'sf sf/0fgbLdf af9L cfpg' eg]sf] dg;'gsf] ;dodf x'g] Ps k|sf/sf] lgoldtk|lqmof xf] . To;}n] af9L cfpgaf6 /f]Sg' c;Dej x'G5 . jiff{, af9L,v08j[li6, v8]/L k|s[ltsf ;fdfGo lgod x'g\ . k|s[ltsf] o;k|sf/sf]lgoldt k|lqmofnfO{ dflg;n] k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ klgaf9Lsf] k|efj tyf o;af6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt eg] sd ug{;lsG5 . o;sf nflu af9L s] sf/0fn] / s;/L cfpF5 eGg] hfgsf/L


lng' k5{ . af9Laf6 aRg k"j{tof/L ug{{ jf p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg,k'gMlgdf{0fh:tf sfo{ ug{sf nflu klg af9L cfpg] sf/0f / To;sf]k|j[lQsf] cWoog x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

af9L k|fs[lts k|lqmof eP klg dfgjLo ultljlwn] o;sf] k|j[lQnfO{ljgfzsf/L agfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo pkdxfåLk / g]kfnnufotsf d'n'sdfh]7sf] dWob]lv c;f]hsf] dWo;Dd dg;'g ;lqmo eP/ Jofks jiff{x'G5 . o; qmddf 7fpF–7fpFdf jiff{sf] r/d bafa pTkGg eO{ 5f]6f];dodf c;fdfGo jiff{ x'G5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ef/L dg;'gL em/L kbf{ 7"nfgbLdf dfq geP/ ;fgf vf]nf / vx/]df ljzfn af9L cfpF5 . obfsbflxdtfn jf lxds'08sf] lj:kmf]6g x'Fbf klg af9L cfpF5 . klx/f] uP/ s'g}gbL y'lgP/ Tof] afFw k'm6\bf klg ljgfzsf/L af9Lsf] pTklQ x'G5 .xfnsf] cj:yfdf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 eO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo Ifltaf6 af9Lsf]k|sf]kdf ;d]t j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

klx/f]lgld{t af"w km'6]/ cfPsf af9L

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klx/f]af6 ;g\ !(*% df lqz'nLgbL w'Gr]glhs} !@ 3G6f;Dd y'lgPsf] lyof] . o;/LgbL y'lgFbf ;fdfGotof #%) 3gld6/ k|lt;]s]G8 kfgLaUg] o; gbLdf cu:t #, !(*% sf] lbg kfgL axfjPsfPs (# 3gld6/ k|lt;]s]G8df el/of] . nueu !@3G6fkl5 kfgLsf] axfj @ 3G6f;Dd @,)!) 3gld6/k|lt;]s]G8sf] eLdsfo :j¿k lnP/ pln{of] / kfFr3G6fkl5 aNn km]l/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfOk'Uof]-vgfn !((*_ . t/ o; af9Laf6 ePsf] hgwgsf]Iflt Hofb} Go"g lyof] . To:t}, ;g\ !(*@ df #ju{lsnf]ld6/sf] eofgs klx/f] uP/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf]j]NkL vf]nfnfO{ y'g]sf] lyof] . klx/f]n] agfPsf] Tof] afFwkm'6\bf kmnfd];fF3' cf;kf;af6 (& dflg;nfO{ !% j6f3/;lxt aufP/ nu]sf] lyof]] .


k|fs[lts sf/0f

3gf jiff{ jf cltj[li6jiff{ af9Lsf] k|d'v k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] . gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]qdf 5f]6f];dodf 7"nf] jiff{ ePdf klg ljgf;sf/L af9L cfpF5 .

e"Ifo tyf klx/f]g]kfnsf] kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf klx/f]n] agfPsf] afFw km'6]/ cfpg]af9Ln] ;fdfGotof k|sf]k bf]xf]¥ofO/xG5 . kj{tLo If]qsf] le/fnf] hldg/ 9'ª\ufsf] 7"nf] kl/df0f tnlt/ emb{5 . o;/L em/]sf] hldg / 9'ª\ufn]gbL y'G5 / dflyNnf] If]qdf 7"nf] kf]v/L aG5 . klx/f]n] agfPsf o:tfafFwx¿ s]xL ld6/ cUnf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf c:YffoL afFw km'6]/ gbLdf7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL PsfPs aUbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf ljzfn af9LcfpF5 .

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf y'k|} lxdtfn 5g\ . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eO/x]sf]hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f 7"nf–7"nf lxd If]qx¿ b|"tt/ ultdf klUnP/lxdtfnx¿ cem} w]/} ;ª\Vofdf ylkO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf lxdtfnsf] lj:kmf]6gx'Fbf To;df hDdf ePsf] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL PsfPs aflx/ lg:sFbfaf9L pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g eP/ tLj| j]udf pln{Psf]7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL / To;df ;dflxt ePsf] 9'ª\ufdf6f]sf] ld>0fn]tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf k'n, hnljB't\h:tf ;+/rgf, s[lif / hgwgdf ;d]t7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . Ol;df]8 / o"PgO{kLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof/ kf/]sf]ljj/0f cg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf # xhf/ @ ;o %@ j6f lxdIf]qn]-lxdgbL_s'n % xhf/ # ;o @# ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L,oxfF /x]sf @ xhf/ # ;o !% lxdtfndWo] @^ j6f lj:kmf]6 x'g] vt/fdf5g\ (ICIMOD & UNEP 2000) .R5f]/f]Nkf lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g x'Fbf cfpg ;Sg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd 36fpgPp6f s'n];f] sf6]/ lxdtfnsf] ;tx # ld6/ 36fOPsf] 5 . ;fOkmgh:tfhf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo ckgfpg] k|of; klg ToxfF ul/Psf] 5 .


lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 eP/ af9L cfOxfn]df tTsfn ;ts{ u/fpg tNnf]t6Lo If]qdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'g glbg k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ljut s]xL bzsb]lv lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9Lsf y'k}|36gf bf]xf]l/O/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*! sf] h'nfO{ !! df ltAatsf] emfªhfª\jf]lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf cfPsf] af9Ln] g]kfn–rLg l;dfgfsf] k'n dfqaufPsf] lyPg, %) lsnf]ld6/ tn;Dd Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L$ cu:t !(*% df l8u T;f] lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 eP/ cfPsf] af9Ln]gfDr]l:yt hnljB't\sf] ;+/rgf aufP/ sl/a !% nfv cd]l/sL8n/a/fa/sf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

dfgjLo sf/0f

jgljgfzkxf8L If]qdf lg/Gt/ x'g] jg ljgfzn] e"Ifo a9\g] / hldgsf] df6f]sf]kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] x'Fbf af9Lsf] dfqf a9\5 . ljz]ifu/Lg]kfnsf] dxfef/t / r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfdf a9]sf] hg3gTjn] jgljgfznfO{ljs/fn agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . To;}n] kxf8L If]qdf ;fg} jiff{ eP klg af9Lcfpg] qmd a9\b5 .

cJojl:yt e"pkof]uk/Dk/fut e"pkof]u k|j[lQ tyf v]tLk|0ffnL / j:t'efpsf] clt r/Lr/gsf

sf/0f klg e"Ifo / klx/f] w]/} eP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

gbLsf] cltqmd0fgbLsf] axfjdfu{ / au/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljsf;sf ;+/rgf, dfgjLoa;f]af;df j[l4 cflbn] kfgLsf] lgsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbfaf9Lsf] hf]lvd lgs} a9]sf]] 5 .


af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt / k|efj

hgwgsf] Ifltaf9Laf6 jif]{gL xhf/fF} la3f pa{/ v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg / 8'afg eP/s/f}8f}F ¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] Iflt x'G5 . af9Ln] l;FrfO gx/, ;8s, k'n,hnljB't\ of]hgfnufotsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . af9Ln]3/kfn'jf hgfj/df klg Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . g]kfndf jif]{gL t/fO{sf] clwsf+zpa{/ / v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg / 8'afgaf6 Ifltu|:t x'g] ;d:ofbf]xf]l/O/x]sf] 5 . w]/} 7fpFsf afl;Gbf k|sf]ksf] o; ;d:ofsf sf/0flj:yflkt ePsf y'k|} pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]qdf af9Ln]k'¥ofpg] Ifltsf sf/0f s[lif If]qsf] nufgL ;d]t k|efljt ag]sf] 5 .af9Lsf sf/0f ;d'bfodf a9\g] dgf]j}1flgs kL8faf6 klg ;fdflhs tyfcfly{s Ifltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

af9Laf6 v]tLof]Uo e"ld, afnLgfnL, j:t'efp / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf]Iflt eP/ ;d:t cy{tGq k|efljt x'G5 . g]kfndf jif]{gL cfpg] af9Ln]k'¥ofPsf] Ifltn] cfly{s ljsf;sf]ultnfO{ lgs} kl5 ws]ln/x]sf] 5 .af9Laf6 x'g] o; k|sf/sf] Ifltn]ljsf;nfO{ slt k|ltzt kl5 ws]n]sf]5 eGg] ljZn]if0f eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .kl/0ffd:j¿k d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdflg/Gt/ gsf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .

af9Lsf] hf]lvd /x]sf If]qdf lg/k]Iful/ax¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . of] ju{g} ;|f]t / ;fwgljxLg ePsfn] k|sf]ksf]hf]lvddf klg ltgLx¿ g} a9L k/]sfx'G5g\ . af9Låf/f lj:yflkt ;d'bfosf];'/lIft a;f]af; / cfocfh{gsfj}slNks ;|f]tsf] cefjsf sf/0fpgLx¿ k'gM hf]lvdo'Qm If]qd} a;f]af;ug{ afWo x'G5g\ / yk ul/aLsf] kL8fdf

cf“s8fdfaf9Lklx/f]af6 Iflt

g]kfndf af9Lklx/f]sf]k|sf]ksf] clen]v cg';f/;g\ !((# nfO{ ;jf{lwsljgfzsf/L jif{ dflgG5 .

;fpgsf] clGtd /ebf}sf] k|f/Delt/ ePsf]af9Lklx/fdf k/L ;f] jif{

! xhf/ # ;o #^hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof]

eg] $ ca{ ()s/]f8eGbf a9Lsf] cfly{s

Iflt ePsf] lyof] .


hLjg afFRg ljjz x'G5g\ . o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] ;x>fAbL nIos}pkxf; u/]sf] 5 eGg] cj:yf xfdLsxfF /x]sf] 5 .

k|fs[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo Iflthg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] rfkaf6 k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf w]/} bafa k5{ . jghª\unsf]ljgfz Pj+ ;LdfGt v]tLsf sf/0f le/fnf] If]qdf klx/f] tyf e"Ifosf];d:of a9\b5 . jgljgfz eO{ xl/of 8fF8fx¿ p/f7 ag]/ klx/f] hfg]tyf jiff{sf] kfgL ;f]:g] e"ldsf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/ klg e"Ifo x'G5 .kmn:j¿k af9Ldf kfgL / df6f], afn'jf / u]u|ØofgLsf] ef/ a9]/axfjdfu{ k'l/G5 . o;/L axfjdfu{ k'l/Fbf 8'afg / s6fgsf] ;d:ofdfj[l4 x'G5 . jgljgfzsf sf/0f jiff{sf] :j¿kdf klg kl/jt{g eP/ st}kfgLsf ;|f]t ;'s]/ d¿e"dLs/0fsf] ;d:of al9/x]sf] 5 eg] st} cltj[li6eP/ af9L cem Jofks aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

;fdflhs k|efjd'n'ssf lg/k]If ul/a ;d'bfo g} af9Lsf] hf]lvd ePsf] If]qdf a;f]af;ug{ afWo 5g\ . ToxL ul/a ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; /x]sf] If]qdf af9Lnufotsfk|sf]k bf]xf]l/O/xG5g\ / ul/aLsf] :t/ emg\ a9\b} hfG5 . clzIff /hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] 1fgsf] cefjn] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug]{ pkfoul/Psf] x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs ul/aLdf j[l4 ePkl5 ;dfhdf ljrng k}bfeP/ åGåsf] pTklQ x'G5 . o;af6 n'6kf6, rf]/L–8s}tL h:tf ;fdflhsck/fwdf j[l4 eP/ ;fdflhs ljrng k}bf x'g] ;Defjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

hg:jf:Yodf k|efjgbLdf af9L cfpFbf 6f9f–6f9faf6 kmf]xf]/ kfgL ldl;P/ cfPsf] x'G5 .To:tf] kfgL ufpFa:tLdf k:of] eg] htf;'s} kmf]x/ kfgL hDb5 . o;n]gbL, s'jf, Ogf/, 6\o'aj]n, kf]v/L, h¿jfh:tf vfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tnfO{kmf]xf]/ jf b"lift agfOlbG5 . vfg]kfgLsf] csf]{ ;kmf ;|f]t gePsf]cj:yfdf ufpFa:tLsf dflg;n] ToxL kfgL k|of]u ug'{kg]{ afWotf x'G5 .o:tf] k|b"lift kfgLsf sf/0f sdnlkQ, emf8fkvfnf / 6fOkmfO8sf]dxfdf/L km}ng] ;Defjgf lgSs} /xG5 .


af9LhGo k|sf]ksf]Joj:yfkg

kl/roaf9Ln] ljz]ifu/L gbL lsgf/sf ufpF, a:tL, v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf cnfjf3/kfn'jf kz' / dfgjlgld{t cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ aufP/ jf 8'afP/Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] Ps JolQm tyf kl/jf/af6 dfq af9Lsf] k|efjsf]/f]syfd ug'{ ;Dej x'Fb}g .

em§ x]bf{ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 af9L cfpg] cfef; x'G5 . clws jiff{ eP/af9L cfpg] x'Fbf af9LnfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]ks} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ ul/Psf]5 . t/ cTolws jiff{ / af9LhGo k|sf]ksf] j[l4 x'g'df dfgjLo sf/0fklg w]/} xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 .

af9Laf6 aRg cfˆgf] 3/af/, v]tLkftL, hUufhldg ;a} 5f]8]/ a;fO ;g'{klg ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] af9LhGo k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgdf ;fd'bflos¿kaf6} sfd ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;/f]sf/jfnf cGo;ª\3;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ k"j{tof/L / p4f/tyf /fxtsf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|efljt ;d'bfosf] efjL ;'/Iff /hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t af9L Joj:yfkgaf9L lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] k|s[lthGo k|sf]ksf] 36gf xf] . t/ klg xfd|f]c1fgtf / cJoj:yfn] ubf{ af9Ln] ljgfznLnf b]vfpF5 . af9L cfpg]lglZrt ;do yfxf geP klg dg;'gL ofddf af9L cfpF5 eGg]] ;a}nfO{yfxf x'G5 . g]kfndf h]7sf] cGTob]lv ebf};Dd dg;'gL jiff{ x'g] ePsfn]of] cjlwnfO{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] ;do dflgG5 . o; ;dodf cfpg]af9Lk|lt ;ts{ x'g] / To;sf] k|efjsf] /f]syfd ug{ tof/ /xg] xf] eg]af9Ln] ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg] hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{{ ;lsG5 .


g]kfnsf clwsf+z hgtfdf ul/aLsf] kL8f 5 . pgLx¿ af9Lsf] vt/fePsf :yfgdf a:g afWo t 5g\ g}, ;DalGwt If]q tyf lgsfoaf6 af9LJoj:yfkgsf] kof{Kt 1fg pgLx¿df k'¥ofpg klg ;lsPsf] kfOFb}g .af9Lsf] hf]lvd ePsf t/fO{sf s}of}F a:tLdf x/]s jif{ ;of}F dflg;sf]d[To' x'g] u5{ eg] xhf/f}F kl/jf/ k|efljt x'G5g\ . af9Laf6 lj:yflktx'g]sf] jf:tljs tYofª\s pknAw geP klg jif]{gL sl/a Ps xhf/3/kl/jf/ af9Lsf sf/0f lj:yflkt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf];dodf p4f/ tyf /fxtsf clwsf+z sfo{ kLl8t :jo+n] JolQmuttj/af6 ug'{kg]{ afWotf /x]sfn] klg ck]Iffcg'¿k hgwgsf] Iflt sdx'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf sfo{ ;/sf/sf :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf];+o'Qm k|of;af6 ug]{ xf] eg] hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{;lsG5 .

u|fdL0f tyf gu/f]Gd'v ufpFx¿sf sltko :yfgdf clxn] klg Ps JolQmkl/jf/sf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd JolQmut tj/af6} af9Lsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ul/Psf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L ;d'bfosf ;DkGg / ;Ifd JolQmn]g} af9Laf6 aRg ljleGg k|sf/sf k"j{tof/L u5{g\ . ul/a kl/jf/dfaf9Lsf] k|ltsf/ ug]{ 1fg, ;|f]t / ;fwg kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;}sf/0fpgLx¿ g} af9Laf6 a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ . Go"g kx'Fr, ;fdflhs ;+/rgftyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cefjsf sf/0f km]l/ klg log} ul/a ;d'bfoaf9Lsf] hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf a;f]af; ug{ afWo x'G5g\ . t}klg ;d'bfon];fª\u7lgs ¿kdf af9Lsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug{ z'¿ ug{yfn]kl5 eg] o; cj:yfdf Go"g eP/ ;'wf/sf] ;ª\s]t b]vf k/]sf] 5 .;d'bfon] ;ª\ul7t ¿kdf af9L Joj:yfkgsf] vfFrf] dx;'; ug{ yfn]sf/ sltko :yfgdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfkgn] o; k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ljleGg r/0fdf sfd ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rqms}cg';/0f u/]/ af9Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k"j{tof/Laf9L cfOxfn]df s'g} Ps JolQm tyf kl/jf/n] dfq ;d'bfonfO{ arfpg;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f af9L cfpg'klxn] g} ;d'bfosf ;a} ldn]/ ;'/lIft/xg] pkfox¿sf] klxrfg eof] eg] af9Laf6 x'g;Sg] ;Defljt IfltnfO{w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:oPs;fy ldn]/ ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{ k5{ .


o:tf] ;ldlt u7g ubf{ ;d'bfon] lgDg nfe k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ M

af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ pko'Qm k"j{tof/L ug{ ;lsG5 .af9L cfOxfn]df ;d'bfosf clwsf+z dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu afXo ;xof]u h'6fpg ;lsG5 .;d'bfosf] cfjfh afXo hut;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .;/sf/L ;xof]usf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu kxn ug{ ;lsG5 .

hgr]tgf tyf Ifdtf clej[l4;d'bfodf cfwfl/t af9L Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gug{ / af9Lsf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ hgr]tgf / Ifdtfj[l4nfO{ klxnf]k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ . ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lhNnfl:yt;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;d]t ;lDdlntcfkTsfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 . ;ldltn] plNnlvtlgsfo;Fu Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg cfu|xklg ug'{ k5{ . ;d'bfon] af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ k"j{tof/L, af9Lsf];dodf ug'{kg]{ cfkTsfnLg sfd, af9Laf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'gMlgdf{0ftyf k'gM:yfkgh:tf ljifodf tflnd lng' k5{ .

hf]lvdsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f

af9Ln] slt Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg ug'{ k5{ . o;sf nfluljutsf] af9Lsf] 36gf, jt{dfg ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;d'bfosf]Ifdtfh:tf ljleGg ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{ . ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] 1fg, ;Lk/ k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 af9Lsf] hf]lvd klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf] Go"gLs/0fsfsfo{ ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 .

ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;+:s[lts cfly{s / k|fljlws x}l;otn]km/s ;d'bfodf hf]lvd klg km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 . gbL5]p / To;eGbfk/ x'g] Iflt Ps} k|sf/sf] x'g ;Sb}g . Ps}7fpFdf klg 3/sf] agfj6sf]cfwf/df af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] :t/ km/s x'g ;S5 . kSsL 3/df sd /sRrL 3/df a9L Iflt k'Ug ;S5 . o;}n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]af9L cfpg] If]qsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] gS;ftof/ ug'{ k5{ . o;k|sf/sf] gS;fdf ;fj{hlgs hUuf, cUnf] hldg /af6f];d]t b]vfpg' k5{ . ;Dej eP ljleGg If]qdf af9L cfpFbfsf]kfgLsf] ulx/fO tyf af9Lsf] kfgL hDg] cjlw;d]t o:tf] gS;fdf


b]vfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

hf]lvdsf] gS;fª\sg u/]/ agfOPsf] gS;faf6 af9Ln] s'g–s'g 3/8'afgdf kg{ ;S5g\ / s'g–s'g If]qsf] v]tLafnL Iflt x'g ;S5 yfxfkfpg ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/sf] gS;f tof/ ug{ ;Dej 5}g eg] ;ldltn];d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn u/L ljutdf cfPsf af9Lsf] cg'ejaf6} hf]lvdsf]klxrfg ug{ ;S5 . hf]lvd gS;fª\sgkl5 yfxf ePsf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsfsfo{ ug'{ k5{ .

gbLsf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0fljZjJofkL ¿kdf hg;ª\Vof j[l4df cfPsf] tLj|tf;Fu} dflg;sf] cfjf;If]q klg km}lnFb} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k dflg;sf] a;f]af; gbLlsgf/dfa9L s]lGb|t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf gbLlsgf/df dflg;sf]af;f]af; lg/Gt/ a9]sf] sf/0f kfgLsf] axfjdfu{ ;fF3'l/b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf/0fn] klg af9Lsf] ;dodf kfgL axfjdfu{ aflx/ uP/ ufpFa:tL /v]tL aufpg] qmd a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f ug]{klxnf] tl/sf eg]s} gbLlsgf/dfly eO/x]sf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug'{xf] . gbLlsgf/nfO{ cltqmd0faf6 arfpg gbLsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / To;dfaUg] kfgLsf] dfqfcg';f/ ! ;ob]lv # ;o ld6/;Dd gbLlsgf/nfO{k|fs[lts¿kdf 5f]8\g] /fli6«o gLlt g} aGg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

t6aGw lgdf{0fgbLsf] tLj| axfjaf6 x'g] s6fg / 8'afg lgoGq0f ug{ ;Defljt Ifltsf]cj:yfcg'¿k t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ . gbLdf t6aGw nufpFbf ljleGgk|ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf t6aGw :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]uaf6}nufpg ;lsG5 eg] 7"nf t6aGwsf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]uug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

af9Låf/f Iflt x'g;Sg] ;–;fgf afFwsf nflu afn'jfsf] af]/f,afF;sf ef6fsf] af/ / h}ljs j:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .7"nf afFwsf nflu tf/hfnLdf 9'ª\uf e/]/ t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .e"Ifo eO/xg] gbL cf;kf;sf 8fF8f–kfvfdf j[If/f]k0f u/L le/fnf]kfvf]df ux|f agfP/ df6f] aUgaf6 arfpg] .klxn] af9Ln] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 7fpFsf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L eljiodfx'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwcg'¿k sfd ug]{ .


af9Låf/f Ifltu|:t e"ld jf au/sf] pkof]u ug{ ;DalGwt k|fljlwstyf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;xof]u lng] .Ifltu|:t e"ldsf] pkof]u ;d'bflos ;xeflutfdf ug]{ .gbL lgoGq0fsf s'g} klg ljlw ckgfpFbf t6aGw;Fu} j[Iff/f]k0fug]{ / ;s];Dd afF; /f]k]/ x'sf{pg] .

af9Laf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;d'bfosf]Ifdtf, k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ug'{ k5{ . o:tfsfo{ s] x'g\ eGg] klxrfg ;fd'bflos 5nkmnaf6 ug'{ k5{ .

;'/lIft a;f]af;af9Lsf] kL8f jf:tjd} Hofb} eofjx x'G5 . ljzfn jiff{ / ;j{q hndUgePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf+z ul/a ;d'bfo 8'Ab} jf aUb} u/]sf] cfˆgf]3/leq} a:g ljjz x'G5g\ . ;dod} p4f/sdL{ gk'u]df pgLx¿ aluPnfeGg] 8/n] aflx/ hfg] ;fx; h'6fpg ;Sb}gg\ . t/fO{df af9Laf6 aRgaflx/ lg:sFbf aUg] dfq xf]Og, ;k{sf] 6f]sfOdf kg]{ ;Defjgf klg/xG5 . To;}u/L aflx/ hfg;s] klg efUg] ;'/lIft af6f] / a:gsf nflu;'/lIft 7fpFsf] cefj x'g] x'Fbf ul/a kl/jf/ qf;k"0f{ cj:yfdf klg;Dk"0f{ hf]lvd af]s]/ 3/leq} a:g afWo x'G5g\ .

o; cj:yfdf klg sltko 3/x¿ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 w]/} xb;Dd;'/lIft x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu lgDg Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 M

3/sf] ;tx af9Lsf] kfgL hDg] txeGbf cUnf] agfpg' k5{ .

3/kfn'jf kz'sf nflu agfpg] uf]7 8'afgaf6 ;'/lIft x'g]u/LcUnf] kf/]/ agfpg' k5{ .

zf}rfno af9L tyf 8'afgn] ge]6\g]u/L cUnf] agfpg' k5{ .

kfgL hDg ;Sg] xf]rf] e"If]qdf a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ agfOPsf] 5eg] ufpFsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] 7fpFdf kfgL hDg] vfN8f] vGg' k5{ .

;/;kmfO, kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ .

vfBfGg e08f/0fk|sf]ksf ;dodf rflxg] cTofjZos vfBkbfy{sf] aGbf]a:t klxn] g} ug'{k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k|sf]k vfBe08f/sf] :yfkg ug'{ k5{ .


u'7Lsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;d'bfosf ;b:oåf/f d'7L bfg u/]/ rfdn, bfn,kL7f] / cGo cfjZos vfBkbfy{sf] e08f/0f ug{ ;lsPdf af9Laf6ePsf] Ifltsf ;dodf tTsfnsf nflu vfBfGg pknAw x'G5 .

z'4 kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f6Ø'aj]nsf] kfgL ;'/lIft eP af9Lsf] ;dodf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .af9Ln] clwsf+z kfgLsf ;|f]t b"lift kfg]{ x'Fbf 6\o'aj]n g8'Ag] u/L cUnf]kf/]/ uf8\g' k5{ . To;}u/L lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|f]t Ogf/ 5 eg] To;sf] l8ncUnf] kf/]/ af9Lsf] kfgL k:g g;Sg] agfpg' k5{ .

cf}iflw / :jf:Yos]Gb|sf] Joj:yfd'n'ssf clwsf+z ufpFdf :jf:Yorf}sLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/tL pkrf/s]Gb|df cfkTsfnLg cf}iflwsf] cefj ;b}j /xg] cj:yf ljBdfg5 . To;}n] :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{sf] ;d]t ;Nnfx / ;xof]u lnP/ cfkTsfnLg;dodf rflxg] k|fylds pkrf/sf cf}iflwsf] Joj:yf ;fd'bflos ¿kd}ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] aGbf]a:taf9LkLl8tsf] p4f/sf nflu 8'ª\uf, nfOkm Hofs]6, 6fo/, 6\o'a, 8f]/Lcflb ;lhn} e]6\g ;lsg] :yfgdf /fVg] . To;}u/L ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodfcfjZos kg]{ vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu cf}iflw,dnxdk§L cflb af9L cfPsf] ;dodf lnP/ efUg ;Sg] u/L /fVg] .

c:yfoL lzlj/sf] aGbf]a:taf9Ln]] 3/–uf]7 aufpg] jf 8'afg x'g] x'Fbf dflg;nufot 3/kfn'jfkz'sf nflu c:yfoL cf>o lng] ;fd'bflos cf>o:ynx¿sf] Joj:yfug'{ k5{ . af9Lsf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf kl/jf/sf] klxrfg u/]/To:tf] cf>o:ynsf] cfsf/–k|sf/ s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] lgSof]{n ug'{ k5{ .cf>o:ynsf] lgdf{0f hf]lvd sd ePsf] cUnf] 7fpFdf ug'{ k5{ .

af9Lsf] ;dodf hf]lvddf g/x]sf l5d]sL, ljBfno tyf ;fj{hlgsejg, d7dlGb/, dl:hb, rr{ cflb 7fpFdf klg cf>o lng' kg]{ x'G5 .To;}n] ;d'bfo ldn]/ o:tf ejgsf] dd{t;Def/ ;dod} ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .c:yfoL lzlj/sf] cfjZostf kg{;Sg] 3/ tyf uf]7sf] ljj/0f klgklxNo} tof/ u/]/ /fVg' k5{ .


cfkTsfnLg of]hgfaf9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg, af9L cfOxfn]df ug'{ kg]{cfkTsfnLg sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo clwsf/L, lhlj;, uflj;, ;fd'bfodfcfwfl/t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;d"x / :jo+;]jsx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/LcfkTsfnLg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .

k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfaf9L ljz]ifu/L dg;'gL ofddf cfpg] x'Fbf To; ;dodf af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL/ k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfgLo Joj:yf ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ;d'bfo ldn]/:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . gbLsf] d'xfg tyf dflylt/ jiff{ ePsf]va/ lng] Joj:yf dflyNnf] If]qsf] ;d'bfo;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]/ ug{;lsG5 . To;}u/L gbLglhs} cUnf] :yfgdf s'¿jf 3/ agfP/ ¿Fufnf]/fVg] aGbf]a:t klg ug{ ;lsG5 . dflyNnf] If]qdf jiff{ ePdf / af9Lcfpg nfu]df s'¿jfn] l;6\7L, dfbn, bdfxf, zª\v cflb ahfP/ tNnf]If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg] k|aGw ldnfpg' :yfgLo ;d'bfon]cfkm}F ug{ ;Sg] sfo{ xf] . g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgdf o:tf] aGbf]a:t ug{yflnPsf] 5 .

lrtjg lhNnfl:yt gf/fo0fL gbLdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf klg ePsf] 5 . dflyNnf] If]qaf6 cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;txa9\g yfn]kl5 :jrflnt ¿kdf ;fO/g aHg] d]l;g k|flS6sn PS;ggfds cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf h8fg ePsf] 5 . t/g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s cj:yf tyf k|fljlws 1fgn] o:tf] ;"rgfk|0ffnLnfO{lbuf] ¿k lbg ;S5 of ;Sb}g eGg]tkm{ klg cWoog x'g' h¿/L 5 . olb;d'bfon] o;sf] nfut lgoldt ¿kdf axg ug{ / ;~rfng ug]{ bIftfk|fKt u¥of] eg] /fd|f] sfdsf] k|f/De ePsf] dfGg' k5{ / cGoq klgla:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .

;d'bfosf] cfly{s / k|fljlws cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfo :jo+n] cfkm";FuePsf] ;|f]t tyf cg'ejnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ cfˆg} lsl;dsf] k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sof] eg] To;n] lbuf] ¿k lng ;S5 . ;d'bfonfO{;|f]t / ;fwgn] :jLsfo{ x'g] af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyf k"j{r]tfjgLk|0ffnLsfs]xL pkfo lgDgcg';f/ x'g ;S5g\ M


/]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/ k|zf/0fsf] cGTodf b]zsf ljleGgefusf] df};dL ljj/0fsf] k|zf/0f x'g] u5{ . o:tf ;"rgf af9Lsf]cg'dfg nufpg ;xfos x'G5g\ . t;y{ jiff{sf] df};ddf o:tf;dfrf/ lgoldt x]g]{ jf ;'Gg] ug'{ k5{ .gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txsf] lgu/fgL ug{ ;d'bfosf] s'g} JolQmnfO{lhDdf lbg ;lsG5 . gbLsf] dflyNnf] hnfwf/ If]qdf jiff{ x'g;Sg]l:yltsf] cjnf]sg u/]/ klg af9Lsf] k"j{cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txdf j[l4 x'g', lxnf] df6f] ldl;P/ cfpg', kftau]/ cfpg', df5fsf] ;ª\Vof PSsfl; a9\g'h:tf kl/jt{g x]/]/af9Lsf] ;DaGwdf ;d'bfonfO{ ;ts{ u/fpg ;lsG5 .gbLdf u8u8fx6sf] cfjfh jf gbLsf] kfgLdf uGw cfpg'h:tfc;fdfGo cj:yf b]lvPdf af9L cfpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .jiff{ofddf rf}aL;} 3G6f vf]nf jf gbLsf] lgu/fgL ug{' k5{ .cjnf]sg ul/Psf ;"rsfª\s, ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t ul/Psf] ljj/0ftyf jf:tljs cg'ej ul/Psf] 36gfsf] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .af9L;DaGwL 36gfsf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng u/L cBfjlws ugf{n]eljiodf ;d'bfosf nflu pkof]uL x'g] af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyfTo;af6 ;r]t u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyf ;r]ttf ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg]rfFhf] ldnfpg' k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfsf] rfFhf]ldnfpg cg's"n x'g]u/L If]qut ¿kdf cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf ljefhg u/L;"rgf k'¥ofpg] lhDdf ;ldltsf ;b:on] lng' k5{ . ;"rgf k|jfxsfnflu kl/lrt ;ª\s]t, jf af9L cfpFb}5– 3/ jf a:tL vfnL u/, ;'/lIft:yfgtkm{ efu, eg]/ ;Gb]z lbg' k5{ . To;}u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{dfOsaf6 ;"rgf lbP/ jf 9f]ns, l;6\7L, dfbn, bdfxf, zª\vh:tf 7"nf]cfjfh cfpg] afhf ahfP/ ;"rgfk|jfx ug'{ k5{ .

:yfg vfnL ug]{ of]hgf agfpg]xf]rf] hldgdf /x]sf] a:tLnfO{ af9L / 8'afgn] a9L Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 .gbLn] s6fg u/]/ klg 3/a:tL aufpg ;S5 . af9L cfpFbf hgwgsf]Iflt sd x'g] cj:yf agfpg o:tf] If]qnfO{ af9L cfpg' cufj} vfnL ug'{k5{ . ;d'bfosf cu'jf / :jo+;]jsn] ufpFn];Fu 5nkmn u/L af9LcfPsf] r]tfjgL k|fKt x'gf;fy hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf] a:tL tTsfn} vfnL ug]{


k"j{tof/L ug'{ k5{ . o;/L 3/af/ g} 5f]8]/ cGoq hfg] sfo{ To;;d'bfosf ;r]ttfsf] :t/df lge{/ x'G5 .

af9L cfOxfn]df kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ k"j{klxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft af6f]af6cf>o:yn;Dd k'¥ofpg' k5{ . ;ª\s6sf] ;Defljt If]q vfnL u/fpFbfafnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / dlxnfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .o;/L hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fpFbf s'g If]qsf ;d'bfo s'g If]qsf]cf>o:yn jf lzlj/df hfg] xf] To;sf] klxn] g} lgSof]{n ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ lgoldt / e/kbf]{ agfpg :jo+;]jsn]cfjZostfcg';f/ k|aGw ldnfpg' k5{ .

:yfg vfnL ug]{ qmddf af9Ldf k/]sf ;b:osf] p4f/sf nflu cfjZoskg]{ p4f/ ;fdu|L klg ;Fu} lnP/ hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . klxn] g} ;'/lIft/flvPsf 8'ª\uf, 6\o'a, 6fo/, 8f]/Lh:tf ;fdu|L;d]t af]Sg' pQd x'G5 .o;sf ;fy} cfk"m;Fu ePsf ax'd"No u/uxgf, gub, xn'sf vfgf /cf}iflw /flvPsf] emf]nf cflb ;s];Dd ;Fu} lnP/ :yfg vfnL ug'{ k5{ .

;"rgf k|jfx;Defljt af9Laf6 ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t u/fO;s]kl5 ;ldltn] cfjZos;xof]u tyf p4f/sfo{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fu ;~rf/;Dks{ sfodug'{ k5{ . ;ldltn] ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:onfO{ cfjZos sfo{sf nflu;ts{ /xg cfu|x ug'{ k5{ .

af9Lsf] ;dodf ul/g] sfo{af9L cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ klg ljleGg r/0fdf /flvPsf]x'G5 . af9Ldf k/]sf ;d'bfosf s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ arfpg' o; r/0fsf]klxnf] sfo{ xf] . af9L cfO/x]sf] / To;sf] nuQ} lg/Gt/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{af9Lsf] ;dodf ul/g] sfo{sf ¿kdf lng' k5{, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

p4f/, vf]h / pkrf/af9Ldf k/]sf ;b:osf] p4f/ ug'{ :jo+;]js / ;'/lIft /x]sf ;a};b:osf] bfloTj x'G5 . 3/sf] 5fgf jf hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf /x]sfafnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, dlxnf tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ pknAw ;|f]tsf]pkof]u u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf jf lzlj/df n}hfg' k5{ . af9Ldf k/]/ 3fOt]ePsf ;b:onfO{ tTsfn} k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfjZos


k/]df c:ktfn k7fpg] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ .

af9L cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ aufPsf] 5 ls eg]/ rgfvf] /xg' k5{ .olb ;d'bfosf] s'g} ;b:o x/fPsf] kfOPdf t'¿Gt} vf]hL ug'{ k5{ . o;cj:yfdf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L p4f/ 6f]nLgcfP;Dd cfˆgf ;b:osf] p4f/df :yfgLo :jo+;]jsx¿sf] e"ldsfdxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf ltgLx¿sf] kl/rfngsf] k|efjsf/L k|aGw ul//fv]sf]x'g' k5{ .

cfkTsfnLg cfjf; Joj:yfkg / /fxt ljt/0faf9L cfPsf] ;dodf clwsf+z :jo+;]js af9Ldf k/]sfsf] p4f/ /x/fPsfsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf x'G5g\ . s]xL :jo+;]js 3fOt]sf] pkrf/df;+nUg eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To; cj:yfdf afFsL /x]sf :jo+;]js tyf;d'bfosf ;Ifd ;b:on] p4f/ ul/Psf kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIftcf>o:yndf nu]/ a;fpg' k5{ . o:tf] sfo{df nfUg' kLl8tdWo]s} klg;r]t / lzlIft gful/ssf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj xf] . k|sf]kklxn]af9Laf6 ;'/lIft /xg] jf Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd lnPsf ;d'bfosf;b:on] kLl8tnfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] / ltgnfO{ cfjZos kg]{/fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ ug'{ k5{ . ;/sf/L /fxt ;fdu|Lk|fKt geP;Dd tTsfnsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;fd'bflos cGge08f/af6;fdu|L lgsfNg' k5{ . k"j{tof/Lsf qmddf ;'/lIft /flvPsf sDan,n'ufkmf6f], vfBfGg, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|L cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .o:tf sfo{sf nflu k|sf]kklxn] ag]sf] cfkTsfnLg of]hgf / sfdsf]afF8kmfF8 ePcg';f/ ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ . af9Laf6lj:yflkt ePsf ;d'bfonfO{ /fxt k|bfg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljleGgljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

lzlj/ Joj:yfkgaf9Låf/f k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ ltgsf] cfjZostfcg¿k cf>opknAw u/fpg] .af9Ldf km;]sf dflg;nfO{ af9LkLl8t lzlj/df :yfgfGt/0f ug'{k5{ . :yfgfGt/0fsf] qmddf afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4 / czQmnfO{k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .3fOt] / af9Lkl5 x'g;Sg] dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{lzlj/d} c:yfoL c:ktfn agfpg] .


lzlj/df zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug]{ / lzlj/ cf;kf;sf] ;/;kmfOdfWofg lbg] .dlxnf la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug{, aRrfnfO{ cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg /dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff tyf uf]kgLotfsf] /Iffsf nflu Joj:yf ug]{ .vfBfGg, OGwg / kl/jf/sf ax'd"No ;fdfgsf] e08f/0fsf nflu;'/lIft Joj:yf ldnfpg] .;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ljt/0f x'g] /fxt ;fdu|Lsf]e]befj/lxt ljt/0fsf nflu kLl8tx¿df cfk;L ;dGjo / ;dembf/La9fP/ Ps–csf{sf] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'g]tkm{ ;r]t u/fpg] .lzlj/df k|fKt ePsf] ;xof]u / ljt/0fsf] ljj/0f :ki6;Fu /fVg] .kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ af9Lsf] kL8f sd u/L ;fGTjgf lbg r]tgfd"nssyf, sljtf / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmd rnfpg] .

:jf:Yo;]jfue{jtL dlxnf, la/fdL, afnaflnsf / a"9fa"9Lx¿sf] lgoldt:jf:YohfFrsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

l;ls:t la/fdLsf nflu 5'§} kfn jf sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/LcfkTsfnLg pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ .

/fxt ;fdu|L aflx/af6 cfPsf] / kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf]clen]v b'¿:t kf/L /fVg] .

kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] k"lt{af9LkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ :km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08cg'¿k vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

;s];Dd :yfgLo ahf/df pknAw t/sf/L / ;fukft / cGovfBkbfy{sf] pkof]u ug'{ k5{ .

vfBfGgsf] kf]if0f:t/df Wofg lbg' k5{ . af9Laf6 kLl8t s]6fs]6L,j[4, czQm tyf dlxnf, To;df klg ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfsfnflu kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] aGbf]j:t ug'{ k5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOaf9Lkl5 dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]k klg ylkg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n]kmf]xf]/ kfgL glkpg] / ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ .


af9Laf6 x'g] kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf k|b"if0fsf] c;/ afnaflnsfdf ;a}eGbfa9L kg]{ ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{df ljz]if Wofgk'¥ofpg' k5{ .

emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|fylds pkrf/n] gEofPdf tTsfn}glhs}sf] :jf:Yorf}sL jf c:ktfndf k'¥ofpg' k5{ .af9Lsf] kfgLdf lb;flk;fa ug{' xF'b}g .;/;kmfOsf nflu ;fd'bflos ¿kd} eP klg rkL{ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .af9L;Fu} laR5L / ;k{sf] k|sf]k klg a9\g] ;Defjgf x'g] x'Fbfzts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ . sy+sbflrt ;k{ jf laR5Ln] 8;]df8;]sf] 7fpFdf a/kmsf 6'qmf /fvL tTsfn} c:ktfn n}hfg' k5{ .

/fHoåf/f k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] bfaLaf9LkLl8tsf nflu ;/sf/n] w]/yf]/ /fxt / cfkTsfnLg ;xof]u k|bfgug]{ Joj:yf x'G5 . ;/sf/n] kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ lgwf{l/t ;xof]u u5{eg] af9Lsf] :j¿k, cj:yf / Ifltsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ cGo k|sf/n] klg;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 . ;/sf/n] s]–s:tf] ;xof]u lbg] 3f]if0ff u5{To;k|lt ;d'bfon] ;r]t x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ;d'bfodf p4f/ tyf/fxtsf nflu vl6Psf :jo+;]jsn] ;/sf/åf/f 3f]lift ;xof]u ;d'bfon]kfpg] Joj:yfsf nflu cfjZos kxn u/L ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ .

clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltk|sf]kdf kg'{ s'g} efUosf] v]n jf k"j{hGdsf] kfksf] kl/0ffd xf]Og .To;}n] k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ lbOg] /fxtnfO{ s'g} bfg–bftJo jfbofk"j{s eLv lbOPsf] dfGg' x'Fb}g . kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug'{ tyf /fxt;xof]u ug'{ dfgjLo sd{ xf] eg]/ a'‰g' k5{ . lsgls k|sf]kkLl8t;Fuklg ;fdfGo gful/s;/x ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 .

af9L g]kfndf x/]s jif{ cfO/xg] hnpTkGg k|sf]k xf] . clwsf+z ul/atyf ;LdfGt kl/jf/ g} o;sf] cTolws hf]lvddf k5{g\ . o:tf ;d'bfonfO{kL8fsf] ;dodf lbOg] ;xof]u ;Ddfghgs x'g' h¿/L x'G5 . o;sfcltl/Qm /fHo / p;sf :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu kLl8tsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf]nflu kxn ug'{ x/]s gful/ssf] st{Jo g} x'g cfpF5 . /fxt :j¿k lbOg]cGg, vfBfGg :j:ys/ / tfhf x'g' k5{ eg] n'ufkmf6f] klg cfk"mn] k|of]uu/]/ kmflnPsf] lbg' x'Fb}g . h] hlt ;lsG5 pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg / :jfledfgdfcfFr gcfpg] u/L lbg' k5{ .


af9LkLl8t kl/jf/sf] cj:yf ;fdfGo / cfocfh{gsf] lgoldt Joj:yfgeP;Dd /fHo, 5/l5d]s jf cGo bftfaf6 x'g] ;xof]un] lg/Gt/tfkfpg] k|Tofe"lt lbg' k5{ . kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] dfkb08 cg'¿k ;xof]u / ;'ljwf lbg] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ . To;sf;fy} ltgLx¿sf afnaRrfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] g} lgwf{/0fu/]sf] dfkb08 cg'¿k g} lbg] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

af9Lkl5sf] sfo{

af9Lkl5 ;dfhdf l:ylt ;fdfGo x'Fb} hfG5 . obfsbf jiff{ nfdf] ;do;DdeP/ af9L klg nfd} ;do cfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . h] eP klg af9LdTy/ x'Fb} uPkl5 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfˆgf] 3/af/;DxfNg ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ eg] lj:yflkt kl/jf/nfO{ a;f]af;sf] k|aGwug'{ k5{ . af9Laf6 eTs]sf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfsf] /]vb]v,dd{t;Def/ tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

Ifltsf] d"Nofª\sgaf9Laf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gMlgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu s]–s:tf] /slt d"Nosf] Iflt ePsf] 5 eg]/ ;j]{If0f ug'{ k5{ . k'gM:yfkg tyfk'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu /fHon] ah]6 Joj:yf ug{ klg o:tf] d"Nofª\sg u5{eg] ;d'bfon] klg af9Lkl5sf] ;'/lIft lgdf{0fsf nflu Ifltsf] ljZn]if0fug'{ k5{ . cfˆgf] lghL ;DklQ / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] Ifltsf] cj:yfsf]ljZn]if0f klg k|efljt ;d'bfo, 5/l5d]s, :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo,u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfn ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ug'{pko'Qm x'G5 . To;f] ePdf k'gMlgdf{0f / k'gM:yfkgfsf sfo{df klg ;a}ju{sf] ;xeflutf /xg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

k'g:yf{kg sfo{sf] k|fyldsLs/0faf9Ln] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] k"lt{ t'¿Gt} x'g ;Sb}g . Ifltsf] k"lt{, dd{t;Def// k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu tTsfnLg cfjZostf klxrfg ug'{ k5{ . k'g:yfkgsfnflu sfo{ k|f/De ug'{cl3 lgDg ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ M

:jR5 lkpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfOsf] k'gM:yfkg,


vfBfGg / cfjf;sf] aGbfa:t,

dfgjclwsf/sf] lgoldt cg'udg

;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf] k|aGw,

;~rf/ Joj:yfsf] k'gM:yfkg tyf ;Dks{,

cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfdsf] klxrfg / sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L,

k'gM:yfkg tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo .

k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0faf9Lsf] k|efj dTy/ x'Fb} uPkl5 ;d'bfonfO{ k"jf{j:yfdf Nofpg lgs}nfdf] ;do nfU5 . ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] k|yfldsLs/0fsf cfwf/dftTsfn / lj:tf/} ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] klxrfg ul/g' k5{ . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf];fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts hLjgk4lt / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsfcfwf/df sfo{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ k5{ . :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf /afXo ;xof]usf] cfjZostfsf] klg klxrfg u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ k5{ .o;/L ul/Psf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgDf sfo{ ug'{ k5{ M

tTsfnLg k'gM:yfkgaf9L dTy/ x'gf;fy ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / tTsfnLg /fxtsf nflu lgDgsfo{ ug'{ k5{ M

z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf / lgoldt cg'udg,

afnaRrf, dlxnf, a"9fa"9L, czQmsf] pkrf/,

vfBkbfy{sf] cfk"lt{, d"No lgoGq0f / pknAwtfsf] k|Tofe"lt,

;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo / ;xof]u kl/rfng,

zflGt;'/Iff, kLl8tsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt,

:km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog tyf

cf+lzs Ifltu|:t 3/sf] dd{t;Def/ / k'gM:yfkg .

bL3{sfnLg k'gM:yfkg

af9Ll5 ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / k'gM:yfkgsf nflu lgDg sfo{ug'{ k5{ M

af9Ln] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] cfFsng,


k'gM:yfkg of]hgfsf] tof/L,

;Defljt bftf JolQm, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;+:yfh:tf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf];Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf / ;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfgsf] Joj:yf,

afXo ;+:yfåf/f k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]usf] ;dGjo,

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7. flood and its manage dks 7