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Presentation by Dr. Placide Poba-Nzaou based on: Poba-Nzaou, P. & Uwizeyemungu, S. "Barriers to Mission-Critical Open Source Software Adoption by Organizations: A Provider Perspective". 19th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Chicago, United States, August 15-17, 2013, 10 pages (forthcoming)
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Barriers to Mission-Critical OSS Adoption by Organizations: A Provider Perspective
Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou Professor School of Management (ESG) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) [email protected]
Open source Event Wednesday, June 5, 2013 from 1:00 PM to 7:00 PM (EDT)
Centre Pierre-Péladeau (Salon Orange) 300, boulevard De Maisonneuve Est, Montréal, Québec H2X 3X6 , Canada
Source
Poba-Nzaou, P. & Uwizeyemungu, S. "Barriers to Mission-Critical Open Source Software Adoption by Organizations: A Provider Perspective". 19th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Chicago, United States, August 15-17, 2013, 10 pages (forthcoming)
Outline
Introduction Research Context Method Findings and discussion Conclusion
ICT Industry
Software Industry
OSS Industry
Increasing role in the economy of dev. Countries:
10% of GDP > 50% of economic growth (UNU-MERIT, 2006)
Key element driving ICT sector Critical for almost every company’ performance
(McKinsey, 2013) Global trade in IP licences > 900 billions US $/year
= 5% of world trade (Hargreaves, 2011)
Potential to strongly affect: structure, competitiveness, and performance of ICT industry (Merrill Lynch, 2001) One of the most important IT trends in the 21st century
(Forrester, 2007) Contribution to Europe’s economy: 450 billion Euro /year
(Daffara, 2012) Multiple implications: cultural, economic, societal, technological, legal, ethical, moral, and political
Introduction
OSS (http://opensource.org/osd) Software that is licensed under an open source
license The source code is available to everybody and can
be used, modified and redistributed with or without condition Examples of OSS licenses
Apache License 2.0 BSD (Berkeley software distribution license) GNU General Public License (GPL) MIT license Mozilla Public License, etc.
Introduction
OSS phenomenon has grown beyond infrastructure software It has now reached the domain of mission-critical
software Definition of mission-critical software
“Business applications, excluding email, that would bring a company to a stop if they were not running” (IDC, 2009, p. 3)
Introduction
Examples of mission-critical OSS ERP (enterprise resource planning)
E.g.: OpenERP, ERP5, Compiere, OpenBravo, OfBiz CRM (customer relationship management)
E.g.: SugarCRM, VTiger, CiviCRM Electronic Medical or Health Record (EMR, EHR)
E.g.: OpenEMR, Oscar, Open Vista, OpenEHR, Cristal-Net
Introduction
A number of OSS characteristics make OSS particularly attractive to organizations The potential for reducing the total cost of
ownership (Bradbury, 2006) No vendor lock-ins (Nagy et al., 2010) Use of open standards (opensource.org)
Introduction
Several governments around the world Have set up initiatives or even legislate in favor of
OSS adoption (CSIS, 2010) Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Ghana,
Japan, South Africa, The UK, The US, Taiwan, etc.
A survey conducted in the United Sates, France, the UK and Germany Only 10% of the companies surveyed reported using
OSS for mission-critical applications (IDC, 2009)
Introduction
We maintain that The apparently slow movement of organizations
toward mission-critical OSS Has increased both the relevance and importance of
understanding the main barriers or constraints preventing organizations from adopting these software applications (Drawing on Paré, Wybo and Delannoy, (2009))
Introduction
We conducted a Delphi survey to answer the following research question : What are the barriers that prevent organization from adopting mission-critical open source software applications ?
The study was carried out in two different countries namely France and Canada To lessen socio-economic context bias (Pudelko,
2006)
Introduction
France Canada
General Context GDP\capita (US$) 42,377 50,345
International Telecommunication Union’s Digital Access Index (ITU-DAI) 0.72 0.78
ICT Development Index (IDI) 18 22
OSS Specific Context Open source Index Ranks (out of 75 countries)
Activity Rank 1 28
Government Activity Rank 1 34
Industry Activity Rank 25 17
Community Education Activity Rank 3 16
Environment Rank 15 10
Government Environment Rank 18 11
Industry Environment Rank 18 15
Research Context
Sources: UN (2012); ITU (2012); Open Source Index Ranks (2009); HDI (2011); Center for Strategic and International Studies (2010)
Method: Delphi Survey
Phase 1: Brainstorming (n=29)
• A brainstorming round was conducted to elicit as many barriers as possible from the two panels of experts. Panelists were asked to provide short descriptions of the barriers in order to aid the researchers consolidate the responses into a single list
Phase 2: Narrowing down (n=29)
• The initial list of barriers was validated by panelists • Each expert selected 10 barriers he/she considers most important • Only barriers considered by at least 25% of the experts were selected for the following phase
Phase 3: Ranking (round 1: n=26) (round 2: n=23)
• Each panelist rank ordered the final list of barriers • A mean rank was calculated for each item • Degree of consensus was assessed using Kendall’s W • Ideally, the process continued until an acceptable level of agreement was reached
France (n=18)
Canada (n=11)
Gender Male 16 (89%) 10 (91%)
Female 2 (11%) 1 (9%)
Age (years) 30-39 2 (11%) -
40-49 6 (33%) 6 (55%)
50-59 3 (17%) 2 (18%)
> 59 1 (5%) 3(27%)
OSS expertise ERP 7 (39%) 6 (55%) CRM 6 (33%) 8 (73%)
Database software 6 (33%) 5 (45%) Communication 6 (33%) 10 (91%)
Operating systems 5 (28%) 7 (63%) Software development 5 (28%) 5 (45%) Business intelligence 3 (17%) 4 (36%) Network management 2 (11%) 2 (18%)
Other 6 (33%) - Average (median) Average (median)
Experience in the IT industry (year) 13 (16) 15 (15)
Experience with OSS (year) 8 (12.5) 9 (9)
Method: Panel Demographics
Findings and discussion
BARRIERS TO MISSION-CRITICAL OSS ADOTION FR QC EN
VIRO
NM
ENTA
L External political pressure
Lack of guidelines from public authorities
Disadvantageous tender/procurement processes vis-à-vis OSS Mission-critical solution
Lack of reliable information about mission-critical OSS products
Lack of homologation by government bodies
ORG
AN
IZAT
ION
AL
Conservative nature of CIOs and CEOs attitudes and practices
Lack of internal IT resources and expertise
Internal political pressure
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS service providers reliability
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt (FUD) with regard to Mission-Critical OSS product reliability
Misunderstanding of OSS products and business models
OSS
SPE
CIFI
C
Mission-critical open source software product stereotype and prejudice
Lack of responsible third-party engagement
OSS industry and business model stereotype and prejudice
Insufficient market visibility and lack of marketing actions
Complexity of open source ecosystem
5
1
2
3
4
8
6
9
5
7 10
1
2 3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Conclusions
Our overall goal to contribute to the effort of identifying barriers that prevent
organization for adopting mission-critical OSS
In total, 7 out of the 16 most important barriers that we found were not reported in the literature
We complement the OSS literature by adding new insights to the existing body of knowledge dominated by client perspective alone
Conclusions
The present study provides managers, consultants and policy makers with an exhaustive, yet validated set of mission-critical OSS barriers Identifying the barriers is the first, necessary step to overcoming
them
It demonstrates the influence of socio-economic context and the maturity of the field on the relative importance of these barriers
To conclude, we must recognize the main limitations of our findings Additional Delphi studies must be conducted with OSS experts from
other parts of the world to allow more generalizability of the findings
THANK YOU ! THANK YOU !
Dr Placide Poba-Nzaou Professor
School of Management (ESG) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)