BIN@Sheffield 2014 Tzameret rubin: universities role in leading the knowledge sector

Universities Role in Leadingthe Knowledge Sector:

Evidence from IsraelDr. Tzameret H. Rubin

@ All rights reserved

Samuel Neaman Institute - Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

Prof. Benny Bental●Prof. Dan Peled●

November 2014

Samuel Neaman Institute - Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel 1

The bigger picture


We (nations) want to stimulate innovation to create sustainable economic growth, improve citizens wellbeing.

How we do it?Gov. bridges market failures and support long term innovation investments - one of the mechanism doing so is promoting public R&D. This creates knowledge to ‘show the way’ and ‘educate’ the private market by creating outputs such as graduates and knowledge in general (measured in patents, publications etc.)

So??A flourishing R&D in the private sector is it ‘that bad’??

Looks like Israel innovation indicators are leading among OECD countries, so why to question what is going right?

2

A Global Challenge


Israel is not the only country that asks these questions.The National Academy of Science (NAS) conducted a comprehensive review of how the U.S. research universities should face the growing competition, losing its advantage it had enjoyed since World War II. The reduction in gov. support, and technological changes that allows fast growing countries to ‘catch up’ .

3

The Research Scope


The Israeli National Council for Civilian R&D - a consulting gov. body - have assigned the Technion SNI to examine ‘The Israeli research Universities’ role in the national R&D system’.

• Looking at other innovation systems in the world

• Inputs• Outputs• recommendations

4


INPUTS

5

Civilian GERD


6

GERD/GDP


7

Civilian GERD by Performing Sector

Israel


8

GERD by Performing Sector, International comparison, 2011


9

43%

51%

52%

52%

54%

61%

63%

67%

67%

68%

68%

68%

68%

69%

70%

75%

77%

80%

11%

10%

17%

11%

14%

9%

14%

15%

9%

2%

5%

5%

12%

4%

9%

13%

9%

4%

46%

38%

32%

37%

29%

27%

21%

18%

23%

30%

28%

26%

15%

26%

20%

11%

13%

13%

0%

0%

0%

0%

4%

2%

0%

0%

0%

0%

4%

0%

1%

2%

2%

3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Turkey (9,713)

Canada (24,258)

Norway (4,970)

Netherlands (14,581)

Italy (24,812)

United Kingdom (39,627)

France (51,891)

Germany (91,737)

Belgium (8,719)

Denmark (7,052)

Ireland (3,277)

Austria (9,762)

United States (415,193)

Sweden (13,216)

Finland (7,635)

Korea (53,243)

Japan (140,959)

Israel (9,487)

Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit


Share of GERD Performed by Business Sector

IL vs. other countries

10


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GERD by Funding Sector, 2009

62%

71%

75%

41%

66%

44%

38%

43%

27%

54%

68%

68%

52%

48%

44%

60%

44%

45%

59%

45%

46%

59%

51%

45%

47%

36%

31%

27%

18%

34%

30%

45%

46%

47%

60%

38%

23%

24%

39%

34%

47%

28%

42%

44%

27%

41%

42%

25%

31%

33%

35%

14%

4%

4%

5%

5%

5%

6%

6%

7%

7%

7%

8%

9%

9%

10%

10%

11%

11%

12%

16%

17%

17%

46%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

United States

Korea

Japan

Turkey

Germany

Portugal

New Zealand

Spain

Poland

Singapore

Switzerland

Finland

France

Canada

Norway

Denmark

Italy

Czech Republic

Sweden

Netherlands

Hungary

Belgium

Ireland

United Kingdom

Austria

Israel

Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad


Universities’ OUTPUTS

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High Education Systemperformances


• All 7 research Uni. In Israel are in top 500 (ARWU 2013)

• The quality of academic research –ranking among the 40 OECD countries, (top 25% article cited, normalized by the country's GDP), Israel is ranked fourth among the 40 developed countries

• The number of triadic patents per Billion $ GDP: Israel 1.68, OECD average 0.42

13

Methodology I


We wanted to understand if the outputs in the Israeli industries is different than the universities outputs, measured in PCT Patents Applications.

The problem – matching Industry Classification codes ISIC with PCT fields codes.

Solution – using a Lybbert and Zolas concordance - they map the probability of each PCT code to match a specific industry.

We took the universities patents convert them to industry codes, and did the same for private companies patents.

14

Methodology II


Data: we use PATSTAT data looking at European Patent Office (EPO) in the years 1990-2010.

First , we present universities patent data relative to the total patents granted in each of these countries in order to understand the significance of universities activity within its country.

Second, we examine the areas of universities patents in relation to the segments of the business sector in Israel and each of its benchmarked countries

15

16

EPO Patents Applications

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

N

u

m

b

e

r

EPO Patent Applications - CH

Switzerland University patent applications

Switzerland Total applications

Switzerland University sector share

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

600019

90

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

N

u

m

b

e

r

EPO Patent Applications - NL

University patent applications Total applications University sector share

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

EPO Patent Applications - IL

University patent applications Total applications

University sector share

We attributed the Israeli significant role of universities in patenting due to the declining government funding of research that 'pushed' the universities to look for other research funding, where patents are used to secure any commercial process.


17

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2010

R^2

Val

ue

Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Israel

Correlation Along the YearsBetween a Few Comparable Countries,

by using the Concordance

Uni. and Private Sector Patents, Correlations by Field


18

Patents Applications Counts

19

With a dominant private sector in R&D expenditure, if businesses are not aligned with universities fields of research, such gap of knowledge and resources might cause a future problem in the national R&D system in terms of

Graduates The ability to leverage universities knowledge.

The End


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