TEORI-TEORI BELAJAR

Kuliah 9

Fokus pada nilai apa yang dipelajari dan proses ketika

situasi belajar terjadi

ide dan perilaku yang dapat dipelajari dan mendukung

terjadinya pelanggaran hukum

Asumsi dasar:

Belajar (learning) adalah kebiasaan dan pengetahuan yang berkembang sebagai hasil dari pengalaman individu saat memasuki dan menyesuaikan diri dalam lingkungan tertentu

Belajar melalui peng-asosiasi-an

Tiga cara individu dapat pelajari melalui asosiasi

• Classical conditioning / Pavlovian

• Operant conditioning / Skinnerian / reward & punishment principle

• Social learning / Bandurian / associationism plus expectations

Law of Imitation - Tarde

1. People imitate one another. Crime begins as a fashion and later becomes a custom

2. The inferior usually imitates the superior

3. The newer fashion displace the older ones

Differential Association Theory: Sutherland• Criminal behavior is learned• Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication• The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups• When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: (1) techniques of committing the

crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple, (2) the specific direction of the motives, drives, rationalization and attitudes

• The specific directions of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. In some societies an individual is surrounded by persons who invariably define the legal codes as rules to be observed, while in others he is surrounded by persons whose definitions are favorable to the violation of the legal codes

• A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association

• Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. This means that associations with criminal behavior and also associations with anti criminal behavior vary in those respects

• The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti criminal patterns involves all of the mechanism that are involved in any other learning

• While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Thieves generally steal in order to secure money, but likewise honest laborers work in order to secure money. The attempts by many scholars to explain criminal behavior by general drives and values, such as the happiness principle, striving for social status, the money motive, of frustration, have been, and must continue to be, futile, since they explain lawful behavior as completely as they explain criminal behavior. They are similar to respiration, which is necessary for any behavior, but which does not differentiate criminal from non criminal behavior

Cultural & Subcultural Theory – Walter B. Miller

Role of ideas in causing criminal behaviors among lower class. The lower class has a separate, identifiable culture distinct from the culture of the middle class. Lower class’ focal concerns are: ‘trouble’, ‘toughness’, ‘smartness’, ‘excitement’, ‘fate’, ‘autonomy’ – ‘generating milieu’ interacts with several social conditions typically found in poor areas.

Criminal Theory – Wolfgang & Ferracuti

Constant underlying conflicts of values as well as normative conflicts between the dominant culture and subculture of violence… People who do not follow the norms are criticized, ridiculed by other people or becoming a victim of the violence. Even if nether person approves of the violence, all people are expected to respond violently

Differential Reinforcement – Burgess & Akers

Criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial situations that are reinforcing or discriminative and through that social interaction in which the behavior of other persons is reinforcing or discriminative for criminal behavior. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs in those groups which comprise the individual’s major source of reinforcement