PREPOSITIONĐịnh nghĩa Giới từ là từ hoặc nhóm từ thường được dùng trước danh từ hoặc đại từ để chỉ sự liên hệ giữa danh từ hoặc đại từ này với các thành phần khác trong câu Ex: I left your book on the tablle. she has never spoken to me.Giới từ cũng có thể đứng trước động từ ở dạng –ing(preposition + -ing form) Ex: he is talking of emigrating.Đôi khi giới từ cũng có thể đứng cuối câu, nhất là trong câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng what/ where/ who/… và trong mệnh đề quan hệ Ex: Which drawer does he keep it in? [= In which drawer does he…?] They were the people I was traveling with?.[… the people with whom I was…]

Giới từ chỉ sự chuyển động ( Preposition of movement)

* TO: đến, tới (một nơi nào đó)

Ex: She walks to school every day.

He was taken to the hospital for treatment.

*FROM : từ (một nơi nào đó)Ex: A child fell from the seventh floor of a block.From…to: (từ…đến)Ex: We drove from London to Edinburgh.

*ACROSS: qua; ngang quaEx: The explorers walked across the desert.

*ALONG: dọc theoEx: We saw her running along the road

*ABOUT: quanh quẩn, đây đóEx: The children were playing about the yard.

*INTO: vào; vào trong (tòa nhà, căn phòng, xe hơi…)Ex: Don’t wait uotside. Come into the house. She got into the car and drove away.

*OUT OF: ra khỏi ( tòa nhà, căn phòng, xe hơi…)Ex: she got out of the car and went into the shop.

A bird flew out of the cage.*UP : lên ( một địa điểm hoặc một vị trí cao hơn)

Ex: He ran up the stairs hurriedly.*DOWN: xuống (một địa điểm hoặc một vị trí thấp hơn)

Ex: The stone rolled down the hill,*THROUGH: qua; xuyên qua

Ex: the burglar got in through the window. We walked thruogh the wood.

*TOWARD(S); về phíaEx: she sat silently looking out toward the sea.

The child came running toward me.*ROUND: quanh; vòng quanh

Ex: The earth moves round the sun.

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

at for a PRECISE TIME in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

on for DAYS and DATES

at in on

PRECISE TIME

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

I have a meeting at 9am. The shop closes at midnight.

Jane went home at lunchtime.

In England, it often snows in December.

Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?

There should be a lot of progress in the next century.

Do you work on Mondays?

Her birthday is on 20 November.

Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas*/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons

in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

I went to London last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)

I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)

We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Prepositions of place

1. AT: ở, tại         At the station / the aiport / the door / the crossroads / the seaside

At 60 Tran Khanh Du StreetAt the top of the hill:                                  ở trên đỉnh đồiAt the top / bottom of the page:                  ở đầu / cuối trangAt the end of the street:                             ở cuối đườngAt the back of the queue:                          ở cuối hàngAt/on the corner of the street:                     ở góc đườngAt the doctor’s / hairdresser’s                    ở phòng khám / ở tiệm cắt tócAt work / at school / at college / at university / at homeAt the party / at the meeting / at the concert / at the match / at the lecture 

2. ON: trên, ở trên- được dùng cho bề mặt của một vật, một nơi chốn hoặc tầng nhà

On the wall / on the ground floor /on the first floor / on the second floorOn a ceiling / on a table / on a door / on a mapOn the farm / island / river / road / beach / coast

- để chỉ đường phố (US), phương tiện đi lại công cộng hoặc cá nhânOn Wall Street, London RoadOn a bus / train / ship / planeOn a bicycle / motorbike / horseBy bus / by car / by bicycleOn the right / the left                                 phía tay mặt / tay tráiOn the way                                               trên đường 

3. IN: trong, ở trongIn the kitchen / bathroom / garden / pool / pub / cinema / restaurant / town / city /

country/ lesson / street / forest / mountains / villageIn the world / in the sky / in the air / in spaceIn a pocket / box / bottleIn a book / newspaper / magazine / photo / pictureIn a line / queue / rowIn a car / in a taxiIn Regent Street / in London RoadIn bed / hospital / prisonIn the south / east / west / northIn the middle of the room:                         ở giữa phòngIn the front / back of the car:                      ở trước / sau xeIn the corner of a room                               trong góc phòngAt / on the corner of a street                      ở góc đường

 * Một số giới từ chỉ nơi chốn khác:

Above                                                phía trên                       Against                                              tựa vàoNear                                                  gầnOpposite                                            đối diệnInside                                                 phía trongOutside                                              phía ngoàiBy / beside / next to                            bên cạnhOver                                                   ở trênPast                                                  ngang quaBehind                                               phía sauBetween                                             ở giữa (hai người, hai vật)Among                                               ở giữa (nhiều người, nhiều vật)Towards                                             về hướngUnder                                                 ở dướiAround / round                                    quanhOn top of                                            ngay phía trênIn the south / east / west / north           ở phía nam / đông / tây / bắcOn the coast                                      trên biểnOff the coast                                       ngoài bờ biển

Ex: She is sitting next to Peter.      The car is running past the house.      He put the ladder againstthe wall.      Ho Chi Minh City is inthe south of Vietnam.      Da Nang is on the coast.

4. Các loại giới từ khác ( Other types of preposition )a. Mục đích hoặc chức năng: for, to, in order to, so as to ( để ).

- FOR + verb-ing / nounEx: We stooed for e rest. This cloth is for cleaning the floor.

-TO/ IN ORDER TO/ SO AS TO +bare-infEx: I went out to/ in order to/ so as to post a letter.

b. Nguyên nhân: For ( vì ) ; because of, owing to (vì,bời vì).Ex: He was sent to prison fao stealing He didn’t go out because of the rain.

c. Tác nhân hay phương tiện: by (bằng, bởi), with (bằng)ex: He was arrested by the police. I go to school by bus. You can see it with a microscope.

d. Sự đo lường, sô lượng: by (theo khoảng)Ex: They sell eggs by the dozen, material by the yard, and coal by the con. Clare’s salary has increase by ten per cent.

e. Sự tương tự : like (giống)Ex: She look a bit like Queen Victoria. He wore a hat like mine.

f. Sự liên hệ hoặc đồng hành: with (cùng với)Ex: She lives with her uncle and aunt. Tom went on holiday with a friend.

g. Sự sở hữu: with(có), of (của)Ex: We need a computer with a huge memory. Please tell me the name of the street.

h.Cách thức: by(bằng cách), with(với,bằng),, without(không),in (bằng)…Ex: The thief got in by breaking a window. He welcomed her with open arms. She enter the room wihtout knocking. Marta speaks in a gentle voice.*Lưu ý:

a. Phân biệt một số giới từ*AMONG – BETWEEN : ở giữaa

Between: giữa hai người, vật hay nơi chốn. Among: giữa một nhóm gồm nhiều người hay nhiều vật

Ex: The little child sat between his mum and dad. He found it among a pile of old books.

*AT- IN : dùng để chỉ nơi chốn At: dúng để chỉ một điểm dừng trong một cuộc hành trình, một điểm hẹn,… In: dùng với thành phố, đô thị, miền, đất nước

Ex: What time do we arrive at Cardiff? When did you arrive in New Zealand?

*BESIDE -BESIDES Beside: bên cạnh Besides: ngoài ra, thêm vào đó

Ex: He was standing just beside me. No one writes to me besides you

*ABOVE-BELOW-OVER-UNDER Above: ở trên (một cách tổng quát) Below: ở dưới (một cách tổng quát)

Ex: The birds were flying high above the trees. Over: ngay trên (nói cụ thể) Under: ngay dưới (nói cụ thể)

Ex: A flat is flying over the palace.

Hình thức giới từ theo sau danh từ

Nouns + prep ( danhtừ+giớitừ)

-achequefor (a sum of money): mộttấmséctrịgiá

-a demand for/ a need for something: nhucầuvềsth

- a reason forsth: lý do vềsth

an advantage/ a disadvantage ofsth: điềuthuậnlợi / bấtlợicủasth

there is an advantage/ a disadvantage+ indoingsth: cósựthuậnlợi/ bấtlợitrongviệclàmgì

a cause of sth: nguyênnhâncủath

a photo/a picture/a map/aplan/a drawing+ of sth: bứcvẽ/ tranh/ bảngđồ/ kếhoạch/bảngvẽcủasth

an increase/a rise/a decrease/ a reduction/a fall +insth: sựtăng/ sútvềsth

damageto sth:sựthiệthạivề/chosth

an invitation to:mộtlờimờichosth

a solutionto: mộtgiảiphápchovấnđề

a key to: mộtchìakhóa

an answer to:câutrảlời

a reply to:thưtrảlời

a reaction tophảnứngvớiđiềugì

an attitude to/ towardssth/sb: tháiđộvới

a relationship/ a connection/ a contact+ with sth/sb: móiquanhệ/ liênquan/ tiếpxúcvớisb/sth

a relationship/ a contact/  a connection/ a difference + beween ( two things)

Giới từ theo sau tính từ (prepostions following adjectives)

1.OF

Ashamed of: xấu hổ về… Aheah of : trước Capable of: có khả năng Doubtful of: ngh ngờ Full of: đầy Independent of: độc lập Jealous of: ghen tỵ với Sick of: chán nản về Quick of: mau, nhanh chóng về

Afraid of: sợ, e ngại …. Aware of: nhận thức Confident of: tin tưởng Fond of: thích Hopeful of: hy vọng Proud of: tự hào Guilty of: phạm tội (về), có tội Joyful of: vui mừng về

2. TO

Acceptable to: có thể chấp nhận Agreeable to: có thể đồng ý Delightful to sb: thú vị đối với ai Clear to: rõ ràng Equal to: tương đương với, bằng Grateful to sb: biết ơn ai Important to:quan trọng Lucky to: may mắn Open to: mở Preferable to:đáng thích hơn Rude to: thô lỗ Useful to sb: có ích cho ai Available to sb: sẵn cho ai Accustomed to: quen với

Addicted to: đam mê Familiar to sb: quen thuộc đối với ai Contrary to: trái lại, đối lập Favourable to: tán thành ủng hộ Harmful to sb ( for sth): có hại cho

ai (cho cái gì) Likely to: có thể Next to: kế bên Pleasant to: hài lòng Profitable to: có lợi Similar to: giống, tương tự Necessary to sth/sb: cần thiết cho

việc gì, cho ai Responsible to sb: có trách nhiệm

với ai

3. FOR

Available for sth: có sẵn (cái gì)

Late for: trễ… Famous for: nổi tiếng… Necessary for: cần thiết Suitable for: thích hợp Qualified for: có phẩm chất Good for: tốt cho …. Convenient for: thuận lợi cho Difficult for: khó…

Dangerous for: nguy hiểm… Greedy for: tham lam… Perfect for: hoàn hảo Sorry for: xin lỗi Helpful/useful for: có lợi, có

ích Grateful for sth: biết ơn về

việc… Ready for sth: sẵn sàng cho

việc gì…

Responsible for sth: chịu trách nhiệm về việc gì

4. AT

Good at: giỏi (về…) Clever at: khéo léo Quick at: nhanh Excellent at: xuất sắc về … Bad at: dở (về…) Skilful at: khéo léo, có kỹ năng

về….

Amazed at: vui về…. Present at: hiện diện Surprised at: ngạc nhiên Clumsy at: vụng về Angry at sth: giận về điều gì Annoy at sth: khó chịu về điều

gì

5. WITH

Delighted with: vui mừng với Crowded with: đông đúc… Friendly with: thân mật… Fed up with: chán… Familiar with: quen thuộc… Pleased with: hài lòng… Satisfied with: thỏa mãn với…

Acquainted with : làm quen(với ai)

Angry with: giận dữ… Bored with: chán… Busy with: bận… Furious with: phẫn nộ…. Popular with: phổ biến

6. ABOUT

Confused about: bối rối( về…) Happy about: hạnh phúc, vui Serious about: nghiêm túc Worried about: lo lắng Disappointed about sth: lo lắng

về việc gì

Excited about: hào hứng … Sad about: buồn… Upset about: thất vọng Anxious about: lo lắng

7. IN

Interested in: thích, quan tâm( về…)

Successful in: thành công(về…)

Rich in: giàu (về …) Confident in sb: tin cậy vào ai

8. FROMIsolated from: bị cô lập

Different from: khác Safe from: an toàn Absent from: vắng mặt( khỏ…) Far from: xa Divorced from: ly dị, làm xa rời

9. ON

Keen on: hăng hái về…Lưu ý: sau giới từ ta thường dùng danh động từ (V-ing) hoặc danh từ (Noun)

10. Một số trường hợp cần lưu ý

Be tired of: chánBe tired from: mệt vì

Ex: I’m tired of doing the same work every day

I’m tired from walking for along time

Be grateful to sb for sth: biết ơn ai về vấn đề gì.

Ex: I’m grateful to you for your help.

Be responsible to sb for sth: chịu trách nhiệm với ai về việc gì

Ex: You have to be responsible to me for your actions.

Good/ bad for: tốt/ xấu cho…Good/ bad at: giỏi/ dở về…

Ex: Milk is good for health

He is good at English

Be kind/ nice to: tốt với aiIt’s kind/ nice of sb:… thật tốt

Ex: Mary is kind to me

It’s very kind of you to help me

GIỚI TỪ THEO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ( prepositions following verbs/ two-word verbs) thường gặp

Apologize sb for sth: xin lỗi ai về việc gì Admire sb of sth: khâm phục ai về việc gì Belong to sb: thuộc về ai… Accuse sb of sth: tố cáo a về việc gì Blame sb for sth: đổ lỗi cho ai về một việc gì đó Congratuble sb on sth: chúc mừng ai về việc gì Differ from: khác với Introduce to sb: giới thệu với ai Give up: từ bỏ Look at: nhìn vào Look after: chăm sóc Look for: tìm kiếm Look up: tra từ Look forward to: mong đợi Put on: mang vào Put off: hoãn lại

Stand for: tượng trưng Call off: hủy bỏ Object to sb/ V-ing: phản đối ai/ việc gì Infer from: suy ra từ… Approve of sth to sb: đồng ý về việc gì với ai Participate in: tham gia Succeed in: thành công về Prevent sb from: ngăn cản ai Provide with: cung cấp Agree with: đồng ý với ai Beg for sth: xn, van nài cho Borrow sth from sb: mượn cái gì của ai Depen on/ rely on: dựa vào/ phụ thuộc vào Die of ( a disease): chết vì( một căn bệnh) Join in: tham gia vào Escape from: thoát khỏi Insist on: khăng khăng Change into, turn into: hóa ra Wait for sb: chờ ai

Using In for Time

The preposition in is often used in time phrases.When in is used in this way, it is followed by nounphrases that show a general period of time.The meaning of in + noun phrase is "at some pointduring _____ (the period of time)."

Examples:

I'll see you in the morning.

I'm not going to be here in the afternoon.

He lived there in 1996.

U.S. Independence Day is celebrated in July.

The Winter Solstice is in December.

____________________________________

Special Notes:

1. Do not use in with specific clock orcalendar times:

wrong: *I'll see you in 10 o'clocktomorrow morning.

wrong: *U.S. Independence Day isin July 4th.

2. The fixed expression in time means"not too late."

Examples:

The meeting began at 9:05. He arrivedat 9:03. He was in time for the meeting.

The plane was scheduled to leave at 12:10.He arrived at 12:15, but the plane hadn'tleft. He was late, but he was still in timefor his flight.

Using On for Time

The preposition on is often used in time phrases.When on is used in this way, it is followed by nounphrases that show a specific calendar time.

Examples:

I'll see you on Tuesday.

I'm not going to be here on February 23rd.

He went there on the 15th of January.

U.S. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4th.

The Winter Solstice is on December 21st.

She always has a party on her birthday.

____________________________________

Special Notes:

1. Do not use on with general clock orcalendar times:

wrong: *I'll see you on 10 o'clocktomorrow morning.

wrong: *U.S. Independence Day ison July.

2. The fixed expression on time means"at the scheduled time."

Examples:

The meeting was scheduled to beginat 9:00 AM. It began at 9:00 AM.The meeting began on time.

The plane was scheduled to leave at12:10 PM. It left at 12:15, not at 12:10.The plane didn't leave on time.

Using At for Time

The preposition at is also common in time phrases.When at is used in this way, it is followed by nounphrases that show a specific clock time.

Examples:

I'll see you at 9:30.

I'm going to leave at noon.

His flight is at 3:20 PM.

He stopped studying at midnight.

The class ends at half past three.

She arrived at ten minutes before eleven.

____________________________________Special Notes:

1. Do not use at with calendar times:

wrong: *U.S. Independence Dayis at July.

wrong: *U.S. Independence Dayis at July 4th.

wrong: *She always has a partyat her birthday.

2. Do not use at with most* non-specificclock times.

wrong: *My appointment is atthe morning.

wrong: *I'll see you at the evening.

3.* Use at in the fixed expression at night:

He works during the day and he attendsclasses at night.

4.* Also use at in the fixed expressionsat once ("immediately") and at times("sometimes" / "occasionally"):

Come here at once!

At times, I don't want to get up andgo to work.

Using In for Places

The preposition in is often used in place phrases.When in is used in this way, it is followed by nounphrases that showthe meaning "inside" or "within"a place. The place can be a small, specific one ora general geographic area.

Examples:

What do you have in your hand?

He doesn't have much money in his savings account.

Julia is working in the kitchen.

There are many beautiful flowers in their garden.

Dave lives in the San Fernando Valley.

There are over 200 computers in that office.

Arizona is in the southwestern U.S.

Much of México is in North America.

How many stars can you see in the sky?

Billy! Don't talk with food in your mouth!________________________________

Special Note:

Do not use in with exact addresses(addresses with house or building numbers):

wrong: *He lives in 4732 Marshall Drive.

wrong: *Alice's office is in 26515 Main Street

Using On for Places

The preposition on is often used in place phrases.In general, on means "on the top of" or "on thesurface of" the place. For streets, on refers toa location that is alongside the street.

Examples--surface / topside:

What's the cat doing on the table?

Please write your name on this paper.

Be careful! There's ice on the sidewalk!

Many large passenger boats used to travelon the Mississippi River.

Oh, no! There's a coffee stain on my tie!

His classes are not on the university campus.

Walk on the sidewalk, not on the grass.

He's always dreamed of having a houseon the beach.

There are two rocking chairs on Mr. Weems'front porch.

Examples--on for streets:

He lives on 79th Avenue, doesn't he?

There are many expensive shops on Rodeo Drive.

It's less dangerous to walk on the street thanin the street.

To get to Mischa's house, turn left on the firststreet after the traffic light and go two blocks.

___________________________________

Special Notes:

1. Do not use in with exact addresses(addresses that have house numbers orbuilding numbers):

wrong: *He lives on 4732 Marshall Drive.

wrong: *Alice's office is on 26515Main Street.

2. Do not use on for general locationsthat have boundaries:

wrong: *Dave lives on California.

wrong: *The zoo is on the city park.

3. For streets, in the street is where peopledrive, but on the street is alongsidethe street on either side:

People ride bicycles on the street,not in it.

He parked his car on Mill Avenue.

Children shouldn't play in the street,even when there isn't much traffic.

4. When it is clear that a street's surface,not its sides, is being referred to, use on:

Traffic was very heavy on the freewaythis morning.

Did you hear about the accident onRiverside Boulevard?

5. The fixed expression on the roadmeans "traveling":

I need to be on the road by 7:00 AM.

I know Mr. White is making a tourof the company's West Coast offices.

How long will he be on the road?

6. The fixed expression on the way(to ___) and on one's way (to ___)means "en route (to ___)" or "whiletraveling (to ___ "):

I saw Leila while I was on the wayto work. (I was traveling to workwhen I saw her.)

I'll be happy to pick you up. Yourhouse is on my way to the office.(I pass or go near your house asI travel to the office.)

7. The fixed expression be on one'sway means "leave":

I'll be on my way in about tenminutes. I should arrive at yourhouse around 4:15.

Oh, no! Look at the time!We need to be on our way!

Using At for Places

The preposition at is also frequently used in place phrases. One use is for exact addresses (addresseswith a house or building number). Another use is for general locations--places (such as a school, office building, hotel) that are collections of more specific locations (particular rooms, offices, etc.)

Examples

Her favorite flower shop is at 1423 Main Street

He lives at 2447 85th Avenue, doesn't he?

Our office is located at the southwest corner of23rd Street and Metropolitan Boulevard.

She's studying at Oregon State University.

The conference will be at the Hyatt Hotel.

Joey isn't here. He's at the mall playing video games.

Special Notes:

1. Do not use at for addresses withouthouse or building numbers:

wrong: *He lives at Marshall Drive.

wrong: *Alice's office is at Main Street.

2. Do not use at for general locations thathave boundaries (cities, countries,regions, states, etc.):

wrong: *Dave lives at California.

wrong: *Arizona State University isat Tempe, Arizona.

wrong: *Boston is at the part of theU.S. that's called "New England."

3. There are also several common fixedexpressions with at:

at homeat workat schoolat church

at the* ___ (office, store, supermarket,mall, movies, doctor's office, dentist'soffice, library, university, etc.)

* The is used because someone is at only one place and because thelistener / reader probably knowswhich place it is.

Using To and Toward for Places

The preposition to is another common prepositionof place. It is normally used with a verb showingmovement and shows the result of the movement--the place or person that the movement was toward or in the direction of. The preposition towardhas a similar meaning, but it's not exactly the same:with toward, the direction of the movement isshown, but not the result.

A <====== to ====== B(B arrived at A)

A <==== toward ==== B(B is on the way to A)

A ====== to ======> B(A arrived at B)

A ==== toward ====> B(A is on the way to B)

Examples

Jamil walks to work every day.

When I saw Jamil, he was walking toward his office.

They'll drive to San Francisco during the weekend.

They started driving toward San Francisco Fridayafternoon, but they didn't arrive there until Saturday.

Yesterday Billy rode his bicycle to the park.

When Billy was riding his bicycle toward the park,he stopped at Joey's house.

_____________________________________

Special Note:

To is actually more general than toward and canbe used instead of toward. Toward cannot beused instead of to, however:

same:

When I saw Jamil, he was walking towardhis office. / When I saw Jamil he was walkingto his office

different:

Jamil walks to work every day. / Jamil walks toward work every day.

same:

When Billy was riding his bicycle toward the park,he stopped at Joey's house. / When Billy was ridinghis bicycle to the park, he stopped at Joey's house.

different:

Yesterday Bilyl rode his bicycle to the park. /Yesterday Billy rode his bicycle toward the park.

Using In and Into , On and Onto

An earlier Hint showed that to and toward aregenerally used with verbs showing movementand that to often shows the result of the movementwhile toward shows the direction of the movement.In addition, the earlier Hint noted that to can be usedfor toward, but toward cannot be used for to.

The prepositions in and into and on and onto havesomewhat similar "behavior."

Into and onto are used with verbs showing movement.They show both the direction and the result ofthe movement.

In and on may be used both with verbs that showmovement and with verbs that do not show movement.With verbs showing movement, in and on may beused instead of into and onto (though into and ontoare clearer). In this case, they show both directionand result. With verbs that do not show movement,in and on show location: in = inside or withinand on = topside or touching the surface of.

Examples

Fouad dived into / in the lake.

Fouad says that the water that's in (not into)the lake is cold.

Chang-Ho threw his keys onto / on the table.

Chang-Ho left his keys on (not onto) the table.

Nadia put the cake into / in the oven.

Nadia will leave the cake in (not into) the ovenuntil it has finished baking.

The cat jumped onto / on the sofa.

The cat lay on (not onto) the sofa all afternoon.

"From", "Away" (Places),

The common preposition from can be used with verbsthat show movement and with verbs that do not. Whenit is used with "movement verbs," it shows the placethat someone / something left--or, to say this in anotherway, it shows the starting point of the movement(while to shows the destination or result):

B(destination)

<==========

A(starting point)

Joe walked / ran / drove / flew / walked (etc.)from A to B.

B(starting point) ==========>

A(destination)

Joe walked / ran / drove / flew / walked (etc.)from B to A.

The two-word preposition away from is basically the same as from, but puts a stronger emphasis onleaving the starting point.

______________________________

From is also used with certain "non-movement verbs"in two very common phrases--be from and comefrom. These two phrases are generally used to show someone's origin. If be from or come from arefollowed by a country, it is understood to be someone'snative country / country of citizenship. If be from orcome from are followed by a city, it is understood tobe someone's home town.

Nadia is from / comes from Tunisia.(Nadia is a native of / a citizen of Tunisia.)

Ricardo is from / comes fromRecife, Brazil. (Ricardo is a native of /a citizen of Brazil; his home town is Recife.)

Where is Przemyslaw from?(What is Przemyslaw's native country /country of citizenship?)

Where does Przemyslaw come from?(What is Przemyslaw's native country /country of citizenship?)

When native speakers of English use be from orcome from to refer to someone who was born in theirown country, the place after be from or come fromis normally someone's home city, state, province, etc.:

Mr. Ferguson is from / comes fromChicago. (Mr. Ferguson's home townis Chicago.)

I'm from / I come from Illinois, butI live in Arizona now. (Illinois is myhome state, but I live in Arizona now.)

Jean-Luc is from / comes fromQuebec. (Jean-Luc's home provinceis Quebec.)

______________________________

Special Note:

Both be from and come from are in simple presenttense when they show someone's origin. If come fromis used in a past tense to refer to someone who is alive,it shows the starting point for a trip, not someone'scountry (etc.) of origin or home city, state, etc.:

Mr. Ferguson comes from Chicago.(Chicago is Mr. Ferguson's home city.)

Mr. Ferguson came from Chicago.(Chicago was Mr. Ferguson's starting pointfor a trip.)

Using By

The preposition by is used in many different ways.One common use is in place phrases. In showingplaces, the meaning of by is the same as beside orat the side of.

Examples:

Were you sitting by (beside) the door?

Joe parked his car by (beside) mine.

The police station is by the court house, isn't it?

___________________________________

When by is used with a verb showing motion,it usually shows movement past a place:

We walked by your house this morning.

Who was that man who just ran by us?

We drove by many motels before we found onethat had a "vacancy" sign.

___________________________________

With a personal pronoun (me, him, her), by alsomeans "in an easy-to-reach place" or "handy":

Hilda always has a calculator by her when shebalances her checkbook.

Norio keeps a map by him when he drives toa new place.

Do you have a dictionary by you when you writeessays in English?___________________________________

When by is used for time, however, the meaningis not later than:

The meeting will start at 9:00. Please be hereby (not later than) 8:55.

My flight leaves at 1:30, so I need to be atthe airport by (not later than) noon.

I expect to finish my report by (not laterthan) Friday._____________________________________

Special Note:

When by is used with a "normal" personal pronoun,it means "in an easy-to-reach place" or "handy," butwhen by is used with a reflexive ("self") pronoun,the meaning is alone or without help:

Did Simone fix her car by herself? (Did shefix her car without any help?)

No, thank you. I can do this by myself. (No,thank you. I can do this alone. I don't need help.)

Youssuf is paying his college costs by himself.(Youssuf isn't receiving a scholarship or otherfinancial help to pay his college costs.)

Hyo-Jin and her husband didn't paint their houseby themselves. They hired someone to help them.

We have seen that the many uses of the prepositionby include the place meanings of "beside" or "at theside of," "past," and (with a personal pronoun)"handy" or "in an easy-to-reach place." We havealso seen that by can show the time meaning "notlater than" and, with a reflexive ("self") pronoun,the special meaning "alone" or "without help."

There are also other meanings / uses for by.

By is also common when someone is talking orwriting about transportation. In this situation,by + a singular countable noun (or, in a fewcases, by + a noncountable noun) shows themanner of transportation--how someone orsomething moves from one place to another:

Ghassan goes to school by car.

Eleni plans to travel to Canada by train.

Carlo doesn't like to go anywhere by bus.

Nowadays, you can reach almost any locationby air.

You cannot travel to Hawai'i by land.

Travel by sea was much more common inthe past than it is today._____________________________________

By is also used to show the method ofdoing something:

He paid for dinner by credit card.

Do you normally pay your bills by check?

Admission to the reception is by invitation only.

Today, more and more people keep in touchby fax or e-mail, but for formal, importantsituations, communication by letter is usuallyconsidered more appropriate._____________________________________Special Notes:

1. For transportation, the idiom on footis commonly used:

No, I didn't go there by taxi.I went on foot.

2. For manner or method of payment,the idiom in cash is also common:

No, I didn't pay by check or credit card.I paid in cash.

(In may also be omitted: I paid cash.)

3. By + a gerund (-ing verb) is anothercommon way to show method:

He paid for dinner by using his credit card.

She learned English by watching TV.

Sara keeps in touch with her family

by sending e-mail.

Dmitri showed that he was jokingby winking.

Basic Uses of Prepositions

A preposition shows a relationship between its object and other words in a sentence. The preposition may be in the form of one word (at, by, in, on, etc.) or in the form of a phrase that functions as a unit (in front of, by way of, etc.)

Some of the relationships that prepositions express are place or position, time, manner, direction, and agent.

The book is on the desk.(place or position)

The boy ran toward the house. (direction)

The man arrived at ten o'clock. (time)

He travels by train. (manner)

The book was written by him. (agent)

A preposition + an object forms a phrase. This kind of phrase usually functions as a modifier (adjective or adverb).

The report of the meeting was read. (adjective)

We go to class at ten o'clock. (adverb)

PREPOSITIONS of PLACE or POSITION

The following sentences show some of the relationship of place or position expressed by various prepositions:

| on |

| in |

| by |

The paper is | beside | the desk.

| near |

| against |

| under |

| behind |

| in back of |

| in front of |

He is sitting | beside | her.

| near |

| by |

| in |

| inside |

| outside |

| in front of |

Jack is | in back of | the car.

| behind |

| underneath |

| on top of |

| across the park. |

| around the park. |

| under the bridge. |

| down the street. |

They walked | up the street. |

| over the hill. |

| through the park. |

| on the sidewalk. |

Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of place or position:

1. at Elizabeth is at the store.

Is Mary at home?

2. to Elizabeth went to the store.

from Mr. MacDonald is from Scotland.

3. in Mr. Brown is sitting in the leather

chair in the lobby.

on Put a stamp on the envelope.

Please sit on the sofa.

4. by The matches are over there by the

cigarettes.

beside The napkin is placed beside the plate.

near They are sitting near the window.

against Don't lean against the stove.

5. over Our apartment is directly over yours.

A plane flew over our house at noon.

under The box is under the table.

beneath The closet is beneath the stairs.

underneath Put a pad underneath the rug.

on top of The carpenter is on top of the house.

6. behind The chair is behind the desk.

in back of John is standing in back of Harry.

in front of There is a car parked in front of the house.

7. up I saw Mr. Jones walking up the street.

down There is a service station about two

miles down the road.

8. across They live across the street from us.

around Let's take a walk around the block.

through I took a walk through the park

yesterday.

9. between Martha is sitting between George and Jim.

among The letter is somewhere among these papers.

10. inside These plants should be kept inside the house.

outside The chairs were left outside the house all night.

11. after Put a question mark after each question.

before In giving dates, we usually place the month before the day.

12. above This city is three thousand feet above sea level.

below This land is below sea level.

Your grade is below averagae.

13. at the top of Your name is at the top of the waiting list.

at the bottom His mane is at the bottom of the list.

at the head of He is now at the head of his class.

Compare in--on, on--at, at--in in the situations described below:

IN--ONIn general, in means beneath the surface; on means touching the surface.

o There is a grease spot on my coat and a moth hole in my sweater.

o We had to drive a large nail in the ceiling in order to hang the picture on this wall.

ON--ATIn an address, on is used with the name of the street; at, with the house number and the name of the street.

o He lives on Green Street.

o He lives at 1236 Green Street.

AT--INIn referring to location, at ordinarily indicates a specified location; in, a location within a house, building, city, and so forth.

o I'll meet you at the library.

o I'll meet you at the information desk in the lobby of the hotel.

o She is in the kitchen preparing dinner.

4. In is also used in referring to a location within a country.

o They own a house in Sweden.o He is in Peru, South America, now.

5. In is ordinarily used in referring to cities.

o He lives in Hartford, Connecticut.o They will arrive in Bangkok next month.

6. At is sometimes used in referring to the arrival of a train, and so forth.The train will arrive at Philadelphia at 8:10 p.m.

PREPOSITIONS of DIRECTION

The prepositions listed in this section are those usually thought of as indicating direction. However, there is some overlapping of place and direction in such prepositions as from, to, through, up, down, over, under, etc.

The following sentence shows some of the relationships of direction expressed by various prepositions:

| into |

The dog ran | out of | the building.

| toward |

Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of direction:

1. intoI walked into the room and sat down by the fireplace.

2. out of They ran out of the burning building.

3. toward He walked toward the City Hall.

4. by way of You can go by way of the Panama Canal.

Compare in--into in the following situations:

In ordinarily refers to place or position.

He is in his office now.

Into ordinarily refers to motion or action, although in is often used interchangeably with into in situations of this kind.

I saw him go into (in) the director's office a few minutes ago. They went into (in) the building an hour ago.

PREPOSITIONS of TIME

The following sentence shows some of the relationships of time expressed by various prepositions:

| at |

| by |

Please arrive | before | 10 o'clock.

| after |

Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of time:

Note: At 2:30 p.m. = at exactly or precisely 2:30 p.m.

By 2 o'clock = not later than 2 o'clock.

The definite article is used as the expression in the morning, (afternoon, evening, but not in at noon,

(night, midnight).(Also see Section 75b.)

1. at The baseball game will start at 2:30 p.m.

This gate opens at noon and closes at midnignt.

by Try to be there by 2 o'clock.

2. in The train will arrive in an hour.

I must leave in a few minutes.

He goes to work early in the morning.

on Ray's birthday is on November 18.

3. for They stayed for three weeks.

during We saw them often during the summer.

since We have been here since 1955.

4. after Call me again after 10 o'clock.

before He always gets home before 6 o'clock

5. until Why don't you stay until (till) Sunday?

(till) I'll be here till (until) 5 o'clock.

6.at the beginning of

I'll call you at the beginning of the week.

at the end of You will receive your check at the end of the month.

in the middle of Let's have lunch sometime in the middle of the week.

Compare on--in and for--during--since in the situations described below.

7 . ON--INIn giving dates, on is used before days of the week or before months and day of the month; in, before months not followed by the day and before numbers indicating the year.

o On Saturday they left for Europe. They took a trip in June.o The store opened on May 23, 1950. They moved to Boston in July, 1955.

o On May 10th they left for Europe. They took a trip to Japan in 1954.

8. FOR--DURING--SINCE- In expressions of time, for refers to a period of time, frequently stated in terms of the number of hours, days, weeks, and so forth, and in such expressions as for a long (short) time, for several (a few) minutes, for a little while, and so forth.

|

|We waited for |

|

fifteen minutes.

two hours.

several hours.

a long time.

- During also refers to a period of time, frequently stated as a block of time (during the summer, during the year, during the semester, during my vacation, etc.).

|

|

It rained a great deal during |

the winter.

the year.

the spring semester.

|

|

April.

1955.

In many cases for refers to something more or less continuous: during, to something intermittent. For is followed by the indefinite article: during, by the definite article. Compare:

It rained for a day or so.

(It rained almost continuously for a day or so.)

It rained during the day.

(It rained sometime during the day or perhaps off and on during the day.)

- Since refers to a period of time that extends from a point of time in the past to the present or to another point of time in the past. The verb tense is usually the present perfect or past perfect.

|

I have been here since |

five o'clock.

May 10th.

|

We have been here since |

June, 1952.

noon.

Compare: We haven't seen him for two or three years.

We saw him several times during our trip South.

We haven't seen him since 1954.

They have lived in London for two years.

They have met many people during the two years

(two year period) they have been in London.

They have lived in London since 1950.

In addition, note the following expressions:

1 ON TIME--IN TIMEOn time means "on schedule"; in time usually means before an appointed time (often with time left over to do something).

o Were you late for your appointment?

No, I was there on time. (I was there at the appointed time.)

No, I reached the office in time to have a cup of coffee before my appointment.

2. FROM . . . TO--FROM . . . UNTILThese expressions have approximately the same meanings and are usually interchangeable in expression of time. However, only from ... to is used in referring to place or position.

o He works from 8:00 to 5:00. He works from 8:00 until 5:00.o We drove from Boston to New York in four hours.

3. AROUND--ABOUTAround and about (sometimes preceded with by and are used indicate approximate time.)

o I'll pick you up around 7 o'clock.o It is now about 5 o'clock.

PREPOSITIONS of MANNER

1. by You can go by bus (car, train, ship. plane, foot).

2. on He went on foot (horseback).

I like to travel on train (ship, plane).

3.in We came here in a car (taxi).

Please write in ink (pencil).

He speaks in a low voice.

He left in a hurry.

4. with I accept your invitation with pleasure.

She greeted him with a smile.

The car started with a jerk.

5. like He walks like an old man.

You speak like an authority on the subject.

SOME OTHER TYPES of PREPOSITIONS

1. AGENT (or INSTRUMENT)--by and with

o This poem was written by Walt Whitman.o The door is opened by a mechanical device.

o Try opening the door with this key.

o I can write better with my own pen.

2. ACCOMPANIMENT--with

o He went with her to the store. II, 1--9o Try some of this sauce with your meat.

3. PURPOSE--for

o This door is for emergency exits only.

o I need to go to the store for a loaf of bread.

4. ASSOCIATION--of

o The new wing of the building is almost completed.o We heard the news of your promotion from Bill.

5. MEASURE--of and by

o I want three quarts of milk and a pound of cheese.o One-third of the students are from South America.

o Coffee is sold by the pound, but ribbon is sold by the yard.

6. SIMILARITY--like

o You look like your brother.o This material feels like silk.

o It looks like rain.

7. IN THE CAPACITY OF--as

o He got a job as an elevator operator.o Mr. Kingsley will serve as chairman of the committee.

o She appeared as Desdemona in Othello.

Lưu ý:

- Cũng có thể sử dụng at the river/sea… khi muốn đề cập đến river/sea như một địa điểm. Ví dụ như “We met at the river and headed North” (chúng tôi gặp nhau tại bờ sông và tiến về hướng Bắc) hay “Breakfast at the sea” (bữa sáng bên bờ biển)…

- Có thể sử dụng on đối với những hòn đảo nhỏ.

- Chúng ta nói “in the corner of the room”(1) nhưng lại nói “at the corner of the street” (2) vì (1) muốn đề cập đến một vị trí tương đối (góc phòng, giữa phòng…) còn (2) muốn đề cập đến một địa điểm.

- Tương tự chúng ta như trên đối với:

o in the front/back of a car (vị trí)

o at the front/back of buildings (địa điểm)

PHÂN BIÊT ACROSS VA THROUGH

* Across chỉ hành động:- Qua một mặt phẳng như qua đường (across the street), qua sông (across the river), qua cầu (across the bridge), qua mặt nước đóng băng (across the ice), qua sa mạc (across the desert), hay nhảy qua (the deer jumped across the stream=con hươu nhảy qua dòng suối);- Qua bên kia: the village is just across the border=ngôi làng nằm ngay qua bên kia biên giới.

* Through chỉ nghĩa qua một thể tích, một khối, một đám nhiều cây cối, như qua rừng (walk through the wood), qua đám đông (through the crowd), qua nhiều tỉnh lỵ (we drove through several towns).

* Across vừa là giới từ (preposition) vừa là trạng từ (adverb)- Would you like me to help you across the street?=Bác muốn cháu dẫn bác qua đường không? (Trong câu này across là preposition).- She came in the room, walked across, and opened the window=Cô ấy vào phòng, bước qua phòng và tới mở của sổ. (Trong câu này across là adverb).* Through cũng có thể làm preposition và adverb- The dog got out through a hole in the fence=Con chó chạy lọt khỏi hàng rào qua một lỗ hổng (through là preposition).- Make sure the food is heated through=Nhớ phải hâm kỹ thực phẩm (through là adverb).

Phân biệt Across và OverDùng Across hoặc Over để nói đến một vị trí ở phía bên kia, hoặc đi đến được. Dùng Over hơn là Across khi nói về việc đến được phía bên kia của vật gì cao, hoặc vật có chiều cao lớn hơn bề ngang. Khi nói đến vật mà ta nghĩ là một mặt phẳng, hoặc một vùng thì ta hay dùng across hơn. Có thể nói All Over (khắp) nhưng thường không nói All Across.

- Ta có thể dùng across hoặc over để nói về vị trí ở phía bên kia, hoặc đi đến được như bên kia cầu, đường, bên giới, sông…

Ví dụ:

Mike lives in the house across/over the road form ours.

Once she was across/over the border, she knew she would be safe.

- Ta dùng over hơn là across khi nói về việc đến được phía bên kia của vật gì cao, hoặc vật gì có chiều cao lớn hơn bề ngang.

He hurt his leg as he jumped over the wall

- Khi nói đến vật gì mà ta nghĩ đã là một mặt phẳng, hoặc một vùng như đất nước hoặc biển thì ta hay dùng across hơn.

He suddenly saw Sue across the room.

the program was broadcast across Australia.

Lưu ý:

Ta có thể nói all over (khắp) nhưng thường không nói all across. Thay vào đó ta dùngright across.

Ví dụ:

The disease has now spread all over/right across the world.

PHÂN BIÊT IN VA INTO

- In thường dùng để chỉ vị trí.- Into chỉ sự chuyển động, đi vào:

Ví dụ:They climbed into the lorryHọ đã leo vào xe tải.

I poured the beer into a tankard.Tôi đổ bia vào trong vại.

Thieves broke into my house.Bọn trộm lẻn vào nhà tôi.

- Cả in và into đều có thể đi với động từ put. Và khi đó, nghĩa của chúng là như nhau.Ví dụ:He put his hands in/into his pocket.

- In cũng có thể là một trạng từ:Ví dụ:Come in = enter (vào)Get in : vào trong một cái xe.

- Into còn có nghĩa:+ Về phía:

Ví dụ: speak into the microphone

+ Đụng phải:Ví dụ:Run into a busDrive into a line parked cars

+ Tới một thời điểmVí dụ:work long into the night : làm việc mãi đến đêmShe didn't get married until she was well into middle age.Mãi đến lúc đứng tuổi bà ấy mới lấy chồng.+ Chỉ một kết quả thay đổiVí dụ:change the room into a study : biến căn phòng thành nơi làm việccut the paper into strips :Cắt giấy thành những mảnh dài

PHÂN BIÊT ON VA ONTO

On (trên) có thể được dùng cho cả vị trí lẫn sự chuyển động. On cũng có thể là một trạng từ. Onto (lên) có thể được dùng (chủ yếu cho người và con vật) khi có sự thay đổi chuyển động.

- On (trên) có thể được dùng cho cả vị trí lẫn sự chuyển động. Ví dụ:He was sitting on his case.His name is on the door.Snow fell on the hills.He went on board ship.

- On cũng có thể là một trạng từ.Ví dụ:Go on, come on.

- Onto (lên) có thể được dùng (chủ yếu cho người và con vật) khi có sự thay đổi chuyển động.

Ví dụ:

People climbed onto their roofs.We lifted him onto the table.The cat jumped onto the mantelpiece.

Phân biệt By và With

By + danh từ V –ing: để nói về hành động ta làm để thực hiện điều gì. With + danh từ: khi nói đến phương tiện, dụng cụ ta dùng để làm gì.

Ta có thể dùng by và with để nói việc gì được thực hiện như thế nào. Ta dùng by (theo sau có danh từ hoặc -ing) để nói về hành động ta làm để thực hiện điều gì. Ta dùng with (theo sau có danh từ) khi nói đến phương tiện, dụng cụ ta dùng để làm gì.

Ví dụ:

He only avoided the children by braking hard and swerving to the right.

Ông ta chỉ tránh được bọn trẻ bằng cách thắng gấp và chuyển hướng về bên phải.

She succeeded by sheer willpower.

Cô ấy đã thành công nhờ sức mạnh ý chí tuyệt vời.

I didn't have a bottle opener, so I had to opening with a screwdriver.

Tôi không có cái mở nút chai, vì vậy tôi đã phải mở bằng một cái tua-vít.

I told him that he couldn't hope to catch a big fish with a small rod like that.

Tôi nói với ông ấy rằng ông không thể hy vọng để bắt được một con cá lớn bằng một cái que nhỏ như vậy.

- Ta dùng by trong một số cụm từ thông dụng.

Ví dụ:

I turned the computer off by mistake and lost all my work.

Do sơ suất mà tôi đã tắt máy tính và mất tất cả dữ liệu công việc của mình.

Những cụm từ khác tương tự gồm: by accident (bất ngờ), by phone (qua điện thoại),by bus/car (bằng xe buýt/ô tô), by air/road/rail/land/sea (bằng máy bay/đường bộ/tàu hỏa, trên bộ, đường biển); by cheque/credit card (bằng séc/thẻ tín dụng); by degrees/stages (theo mức độ/giai đoạn); by heart (thuộc lòng), by

force (bằng sức);by hand (bằng tay); by post/fax/e-mail (bằng đường bưu điện/fax/thư điện tử)

Tuy nhiên, nếu có một từ hạn định trước danh từ chẳng hạn như a(n), the, this, that, my, her hoặc nếu danh từ ở số nhiều, ta dùng giới từ hơn là by.

Ví dụ:

I ordered it on the phone.

Tôi đặt hàng nó qua điện thoại.

I learnt about it in an email from my boss.

Tôi đã học được về nó trong một thư điện tử do ông chủ của tôi gửi.

I never travel in buses.

Tôi chưa bao giờ du lịch bằng xe buýt.

PHÂN BIÊT Above và over

Giống nhau: Cả above và over đều có thể dùng để diễn tả vị trí cao hơn một vật gì khác.

- They built a new room above/ over the garage.

Cả above và over đều có nghĩa là nhiều hơn.

- Inflation is above 6%.

- Children of 14 and over can be seen this film.

Khác nhau: Tuy nhiên giữa over và above có một vài sự khác biệt trong cách sử dụng.

Above được sử dụng khi ta so sánh với một mốc cố định, một tiêu chuẩn nào đó.

- The mountain is 2000 feet above sea level.

- Temperature will not rise above zero tonight.

Trong khi đó over chỉ được sử dụng với số, tuổi, tiền và thời gian mà thôi.

- He is over 50.

(Ông ấy đã hơn 50 tuổi rồi đấy).

- It cost over $100.

(Giá của nó trên $100).

- We waited over 2 hours.

(Chúng tôi đã chờ hơn 2 tiếng đồng hồ rồi).

Khi nói về sự chuyển động từ chỗ này sang chỗ khác thì bạn chỉ có thể sử dụng over .

- They jumped over the stream.

(Họ đã nhảy qua dòng suối).

Thêm vào đó over còn có nghĩa là phủ lên.

- He put a blanket over the sleeping child.

PHÂN BIÊT UNDER, BELOW, beneath, underneath

Under và below đều có nghĩa là bên dưới, thấp hơn và trong một số câu có thể dùng thay thế cho nhau:

You could see some fish swim under/below the surface of the water.

Kim’s apartment is two floors under/below mine.

Căn hộ của Kim ở dưới căn hộ của tôi hai tầng.

Tuy nhiên, người ta chuộng dùng under, khi vật trực tiếp ở bên dưới, nhất là có dính liền hoặc bị phủ lên:

On a winter night, it’s cozy to huddle under the blanket.

Thật là ấm cúng khi cuốn mình dưới chăn trong đêm lạnh.

Under the table there were some wine bottles

Có vài chai rượu dưới gầm bàn.

Underneath có cùng nghĩa và cách xử dụng như under (cho những vật nhìn và sờ thấy được):

'I eventually found the letter under(neath) a pile of old newspapers.

Rốt cục tôi kiếm được lá thư nằm dưới chồng báo cũ.

She sat under(neath) the tree out of the sun.

Cô ấy ngồi tránh nắng dưới gốc cây.

Beneath cũng đồng nghĩa với under và underneath, nhưng người ta dùng nó trong văn chương, các loại văn có tính trang trọng:

Far beneath the waters of the North Atlantic lies the wreck of the great liner, the Atlantic.

Nằm sâu dưới làn nước ở Bắc Đại Tây Dương là xác chiếc du thuyền Titanic vĩ đại.

Recent discoveries have revealed a remarkable diversity and abundance of microbial life beneath the surface of theearth.

Những khám phá gấn đây cho chúng ta thấy sự phong phú và đa dạng của vi sinh vật sống dưới lòng đất.

Người ta hay dùng below hơn khi nói về vị trí cũng như một chỗ nào đó một cách chung chung.

In boxing, hitting your opponent below his belt is against the rules.

Trong môn quyền Anh, đánh đối phương từ vòng hông trở xuống là chơi bẩn (phạm luật). (Nói chung chung từ vòng hông xuống tới dưới bàn chân)

The skin under his belt was raw from abrasion.

Vùng da dưới vòng hông nó sưng vì bị trầy. (chỉ vùng da sát vòng hông)

Below được dùng khi trong câu mang nghĩa thấp hơn trong đo đạc về nhiệt độ, chiều cao hoặc bất cứ thứ đo đạc nào khi bạn nghĩ đến mà có thang điểm hay cấp bậc.

It was three degrees below zero/freezing last night.

Trời lạnh xuống ba độ trừ tối qua.

This year, the rainfall was slightly below average.

Năm nay, lượng mưa thấp hơn mức trung bình.

Nhưng bạn dùng under với nghĩa ‘ít hơn’ (cho số người, tuổi tác, tiền bạc, thời gian… )

There were under 40 people at the meeting.

Chưa tới 40 người có mặt trong buổi họp.

You can’t buy alcohol drinks if you are under 19 in New Ỷork.

Ở New York, bạn không thể mua được rượu bia nếu bạn dưới 19 tuổi.

I am allowed to spend just under one hour online each day.

Tôi chỉ được phép lên mạng không tới một tiếng đồng hồ mỗi ngày.

Each food item here cost under three dollars.

Mỗi món đồ ăn ở đây giá đều thấp hơn (chưa đến) ba đô la.

đối nghĩa với under là over; đối nghĩa với below là above

Phân biệt cách dùng out of, outside, out

- We ran out of the burning building and into the courtyard.

Chúng tôi chạy ra khỏi tòa nhà đang bốc cháy và vào trong sân.

(Không dùng *out the building*, *out from the building*; có thể thay out the building, đặc biệt trong tiếng Mỹ, nhưng không phổ biến)

(nghĩa là chúng ta ở trong nó và chúng tar a khỏi nó; out of trái nghĩa với into và chúng ta sử dụng chúng với các động từ chuyển động như go và walk)

- Mr Kayne is out of the office at the moment. He is out.

Ông Rayne lúc này không ở trong văn phòng, Ông ta đi vắng rồi.

(Không dùng *out the office*)

(nghĩa là ông ta không có ở đây; từ trái nghĩa là in; out of là tính từ và out là trạng từ.)

- Wait outside my office. Wait outside.

Hãy đợi tôi ngoài văn phòng. Hãy đợi bên ngàoi.

(Không dùng *out of office*, *outside of my office*)

(nghĩa là ngây bên ngoài; outside có thể là giớ itừ hay trạng từ; khi là giới từ, nó chỉ vị trí, không chỉ hướng)

- When are we going to paint the outside of the house/paint the outside?

Bao giờ chúng ta định quét vôi phía ngoài ngôi nhà?

(outside có thể la danh từ)

PHÂN BIÊT Around , ROUND, ABOUT

- Around/round chỉ việc di chuyển hoặc vị trí trong một vòng tròn hoặc đường cong They sat around/round the fire. (Họ ngồi quanh đống lửa.)She walked around/round the house. (Cô ấy đi vòng quanh trong nhà.)

- Người Anh thường dùng around để nói về việc đi lại (di chuyển) quanh nơi nào đó, hoặc việc đưa/phân phát đồ cho tất cả mọi người trong nhóm We walked around the town. (Chúng tôi đi vòng quanh thị trấn.)Could you pass the cups around, please? (Vui lòng chuyển những cái tách này đến mọi người hộ tôi.)

Around và about dùng khi chỉ việc di chuyển hay vị trí chung chung quanh nơi nào chứ không nói về sự di chuyển hay một vị trí cụ thể nàoThe prince went riding about/around the country. (Hoàng tử đạp xe lòng vòng ở miền quê.)"Where is Peter?" "He must be somewhere around/about." ("Peter đâu rồi?" "Chắc cậu ấy chỉ ở đâu đó quanh đây thôi.")

- Around / about cũng có nghĩa tương đương với approximately (xấp xỉ ) She earns around/about $300 a month. (Cô ấy kiếm được khoảng 300 đô la một tháng.)Around/about fifty people were present at the meeting. (Khoảng 50 người tham dự buổi họp.)

PHÂN BIÊT NEAR VA NEXT TO

Next to:bên canh, sát bên the National Museum locates next to the National Institute of Archaeology Viện bảo tàng quốc gia nằm sát bên Viện khảo cổ quốc gia Peter sat next to Paul on the sofa Peter ngôi ngay cạnh Paul trên ghế xô pha ơ vi tri sau ai/cái gi, tiêp theo

next to skiing her favourite sport was ice-hockey sau môn trượt tuyết, môn thể thao cô ấy thích nhất là " hốccây" trên băng Birmingham is the largest city in Britain next to London Birmingham là thành phố lớn nhất ở Anh sau Luân Đôn gân như papering the ceiling proves next to impossible without a ladder dán giấy trên trần mà không có thang leo lên thì hầu như chẳng làm gì được I got it for next to nothing in a jumble sale tôi kiếm được nó hầu như với giá cho không trong một cuộc bán đồ tầm tầm my horse came next to last in the race ngựa của tôi về áp chót trong cuộc đua

Near to:chi co môt khoảng cách ngăn hoăc môt khoảng thơi gian ngăn ơ giưa; gân Bradford is near Leeds Bradford ở gần Leeds to stand near the fire đứng gần lò sưởi my birthday is very near Christmas sinh nhật của tôi rất gần ngày lễ Nôen is there a cinema near here? có rạp chiếu bóng gần đây không? gân giống, theo kip who comes near him in self-denial? ai theo kịp được anh ấy về tinh thần hy sinh? to be/come near to sth/doing sth gân đat tơi điêu gi I came near to screaming tôi gần như kêu lên

PHÂN BIÊT IN VA INSIDE

However, with regard to language, there is a slight difference.

In just means a direction, a place and is more generally used.

When you use inside you usually want to contrast it to outside and you focus on the inner part of something (a house, a box, a person).

In seems to be more neutral. It doesn't convey the idea of walls closing in on you (or parts of the box, or your body).

Perhaps these example sentences will help you:

For a long time, we didn't know what life was like inside China.=> This gives you the idea of China surrounded by high walls

For a long time, we didn't know what life was like in China.=> Sounds more neutral, doesn't have the idea of being a "closed place".

Another difference is grammatical.You can use inside in a phrase "it's inside" whereas you shouldn't say "it's in"Example: You are sitting in the garden with some friends and they ask for some drinks. You would answer: "Oh, they're inside. I'll get them."By inside you mean the house. You cannot use in in this case because in cannot stand alone.

At/in/on thường được không dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ thời gian khi có mặt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all

On + thứ trong tuần/ ngày trong thángOn + a/the + phương tiện giao thông = trên chuyến/ đã lên chuyến...On + phố = địa chỉ... (như B.E : in + phố)On the + STT + floor = ở tầng thứ...On time = vừa đúng giờ (bất chấp điều kiện bên ngoài, nghĩa mạnh hơn in time)On the corner of = ở góc phố (giữa hai phố)

At + số nhàAt + thời gian cụ thểAt + địa điểm : at the center of the buildingAt + những địa điểm lớn (khi xem nó như một nơi trung chuyển hoặc gặp gỡ): The plane stopped 1hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta.At + tên các toà nhà lớn (khi xem như 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở đó chứ không đề cập đến toà nhà) :There is a good movie at the Center Theater.At + tên riêng các tổ chức: She works at Legal & General Insurence.At + tên riêng nơi các trường sở hoặc khu vực đại học: She is studying at the London school ofEconomics.At + tên các hoạt động qui tụ thành nhóm: at a party/ lecture...

• By:Động từ chỉ chuyển động + by = đi ngang qua (walk by the library)Động từ tĩnh + by = ở gần (your books are by the window)by + thời gian cụ thể = trước lúc, cho đến lúc (hành động cho đến lúc đó phải xảy ra)by + phương tiện giao thông = đi bằngby then = cho đến lúc đó (dùng cho cả QK và TL)by way of= theo đường... = viaby the way = một cách tình cờ, ngẫu nhiênby the way = by the by = nhân đây, nhân tiệnby far + so sánh (thường là so sánh bậc nhất)=>dùng để nhấn mạnhby accident = by mistake = tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên >< on purose

FORMS OF PREPOSITIONS

Simple PrepositionsSimple prepositions are nothing but prepositions that consist of one word and are very simple to understand. These prepositions are the most basic prepositions and are used frequently. Here is a list of such prepositions with examples.About – I will tell you a story about a lion.Above – The plane flies above the clouds.Absent – Emma was absent yesterday.Across – They walked across the field.After – After lunch, I shall complete the remaining task.Against – She joined the fight against poverty.Along – All along the way, she did not speak a word.Among – The profit was shared among the shareholders.Around – Due to the snow, we turned around to return home.As – Nobody can be as witty as Sheldon Cooper.At – The land is at war with its neighbor.Before – She had decided to quit before Christmas, but changed her plan.Behind – The church is located behind the supermarket.Below – The temperatures have dipped below freezing point.Beneath – The water level is beneath the average level.Beside – When we were in school, I used to sit beside her in class.Besides – Besides maths, I am very fond of history.Between – The profit was shared between the three of them.Beyond – The play was beyond my expectations.But – Everyone but her agreed with the arrangement.By – A house by the sea is where you will find me after retirement.Despite – Despite the snowfall, she decided to carry on with her journey.Down – Jimmy lives down the street.Except – Except her no one has any objections to the plan.For – I jog for 10 miles every day.From – She comes from Argentina.Given – Given her affluence, she made the perfect candidate for the speech.In – When in Rome, do as the Romans do.Like – She looks like her father.Minus – Ten minus eight equals two.Near – They have bought a new home near the school.Of – A friend of mine recommended the beautician to me.Off – To regain her lost health, it is important, she stays off her fad diet programs.On – There is an apple on the table.Opposite – Her desk is located diagonally opposite my desk.Out – Do not throw rubbish out of the window.Over – Put the scarf over your head.Past – She walked past me, but refused to acknowledge my presence.Per – What was the per person cost incurred?Plus – Eight plus six equals fourteen.Sans – It was just like a movie, sans all the drama.Since – She was waiting for him since ten in the morning.

Than – She likes tea more than coffee.Through – I slept all through the day.Till – She spent her birthday with him till the end.Times – I was fooled into paying three times the original price.To – I am going to Atlanta, before I head back home.Towards – It started raining towards the evening.Under – The road is under repair.Underneath – She found her earring underneath the carpet.Unlike – John is unlike his father.Until – I did not get the documents until 5 pm.Up – Walk straight up the tiny lane and you will see the church.Up – I walked up the stairs to see the problem.Versus – The last game was England versus France.Via – I will go via Sydney.With – She walked in with her new boyfriend.

Double PrepositionsDouble prepositions are words, such as into, onto, within, etc., which are used as prepositions. They are two prepositions, but are joined to make a whole new one. These examples will make it easier for you.Amid – The kids were lost amid the jungle.Atop – The owl sat atop a banyan tree.Inside – Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul.Into – As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin-drop silence.Onto – He always climbs onto the table.Outside – Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.Throughout – Throughout winter, she has been sick.Upon – Once upon a time, there lived a king.Up to – It is up to us to find a way out.Within – She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles.Without – I never leave my house without an umbrella due to the uncertain weather.

Compound PrepositionsCompound prepositions are nothing but the use of two prepositions together to do the work of one. However, unlike double prepositions, compound prepositions are not joined and turned into one word. They remain two different words. Their use is mainly in idiomatic forms. Read through the examples below to understand them better.According to – According to the rule book, peeping is allowed in this game.Ahead of – He was always two steps ahead of his competitors.Apart from – Apart from the dresses, Sara shopped for some shoes, too.As for – As for the record, she did not sign in late.As of – He cannot stay here as of now.As per – As per her mother, she is a silent child.Aside from – The mother pulled her child aside from the dirty dustbin.Because of – He could not leave home because of the heavy rain.Close to – She was never close to her parents.Due to – I seldom step out due to the uncertain weather.Except for – I love her attire, except for the chunky neckpiece.Far from – Her behavior is far from normal.Inside of – The inside of the auditorium is beautiful.Instead of – Instead of standing by my side, he ran away.Left of – All that is left of the meal is some salad.Near to – There are beautiful weekend getaways near to New York.Next to – Phoebe was sitting next to Joey.Out from – She had been singled out from the event.Out of – They persuade us to think out of the box.Outside of – Nobody outside of this room should know about this plan.Owing to – Owing to the bad weather, the trip was canceled.Prior to – I never felt this way about anybody prior to you.Rather than – I prefer leaving rather than waiting for an hour.Regardless of – Regardless of her sentiments, he went on accusing her.Right of - The cat was lying on the rug right of Charlie.Subsequent to – Subsequent to their arrival in France, they bought a new home.Thanks to – She had a job now, all thanks to her brother.

That of – The surprise plan was that of her own.Where as – Cats like to sleep, where as dogs like to play.

Phrasal PrepositionsPhrasal prepositions are a group of verbs, adverbs, and other words that function as a preposition. There can be many phrasal verbs. However, the ones that function as prepositions in grammar are called phrasal prepositions. These are some examples of phrasal prepositions.As far as – He walked as far as he could.As long as – As long as you do not change the meaning, you can rephrase the sentence.As opposed to – Christina came out stronger as opposed to the others.As soon as – As soon as they reached the house, the children jumped out of the car.As well as – Abraham took his children as well as the neighboring kids to the circus.In addition to – In addition to all the hurt, he sent her a terrifying hate mail, too.In front of – We clicked a hundred pictures in front of the Statue of Liberty.In reference to – This is in reference to the article in yesterday’s paper about child abuse.In regard to – In regard to everything that has happened, I want my questions answered.In spite of – They stood there in spite of the bitter cold.On account of – On account of the processions, the mayor declared a holiday.On top of – He believed in staying on top of things.With regard to – Opinions have changed with regard to the idea of live-in relationships.With the exception of – With the exception of Rachel, everybody had come to school.

Participial PrepositionsParticipial prepositions are basically participles used as prepositions. A participle is a verb ending with ‘ed’ or ‘ing’. Thus, participles are words, such as concerning, observing, regarding, etc. The ones that are used as prepositions are called participial prepositions.Concerning – He is always curious about anything concerning her.Considering – Considering the circumstance, he did not punish the kids.During – She works during the day and studies at night.Excluding – Excluding her from the plan would just hurt her even more.Following – Everywhere he went, the dog kept following him.Including – The entire class was in a party mood including the teacher.Regarding – The police were asking questions regarding Joseph’s behaviour.

PREPOSITIONS

• in addition: ngoài ra, thêm vào.• in advance: trước

• in accordance with sth : Phù hợp với cái gì• in the balance:ở thế cân bằng• in all likelihood:có khả năng• in common:có điểm chung• in charge of: chịu trách nhiệm• in dispute with sb/st: trong tình trạng tranh chấp với• in ink: bằng mực• in the end: cuối cùng• in favor of: ủng hộ• in fear of doing st: lo sợ điều gì

• in the event of : nếu mà

• in the place of : thay vì

• in (good/ bad) condition: trong điều kiện tốt or xấu• in a hurry: đang vội• in a moment: một lát nữa• in pain: đang bị đau• in the past: trước đây• in practice: đang tiến hành• in public: trước công chúng• in short: tóm lại• in trouble with: gặp rắc rối về• in time:vừa kịp giờ• in turn:lần lượt• in silence: trong sự yên tĩnh• in recognition of: được công nhận• in love : đang yêu• in fact : thực vậy• in need : đang cần• in trouble : đang gặp rắc rối

ON

• On account of : Do cái gì/ vì lý do gì

• On behalf of sb : Đại diện cho ai

• On second thoughts : nghĩ lại

• On the contrary : trái lại

• On the average : trung bình

• On one’s own : một mình

• On foot : đi bộ

• On purpose : có mục đích

• On time : đúng giờ

• On the whole : nhìn chung

• On fire : đang cháy

• On and off : thỉnh thoảng

• On the spot : ngay tại chỗ

• On sale : bán giảm giá

• On duty : trực nhật

• Off and on: dai dẳng, tái hồi

• in general : nhìn chung• in the end : cuối cùng• in danger : đang gặp nguy hiểm• in debt : đang mắc nợ• in other words : nói cách khác• in short : nói tóm lại• in brief : nói tóm lại

• in particular : nói riêng • in turn : lần lượt

UNDER• under age: chưa đến tuổi• under no circumstance: trong bất kì trường hợp nào cũng không• under control: bị kiểm soát• under the impression: có cảm tưởng rằng• under cover of: đọi lốp, giả danh• under guarantee: đc bảo hành• under pressure: chịu áp lực• under discussion: đang đc thảo luận• under an (no) obligation to do : có (không có) bổn phận làm gì• under repair: đang được sửa chữa• under suspicion:đang nghi ngờ• under stress:bị điều khiển bởi ai• under one's thumb:• under the influence of: dưới ảnh hưởng của• under the law : theo pháp luật

AT

• At home/ school/ work

• At night/noon

• At times : thỉnh thoảng

• At hand : có thể với tới

• At heart : tận đáy lòng

• At once : ngay lập tức

• At length : chi tiết

• At a profit : có lợi

• At a moment’s notice : trong thời gian ngắn

• At present : bây giờ

• At all cost : bằng mọi giá

• At war : thời chiến

• At a pinch : vào lúc bức thiết

• At ease : nhàn hạ

• At rest : thoải mái

• At least : ít nhất

• At most : nhiều nhất

FROM• from now then on: kể từ ngày bây giờ trở đi• from time to time: thỉnh thoảng• from memory: theo trí nhớ• from bad to worse: ngày càng tồi tệ• from what I can gather: theo những gì tôi biết

WITH• with the exception of: ngoại trừ• with intent to : cố tình• with regard to: đề cập tới• with a view to + Ving : với mục đích làm gì

• With reference to : về vấn đề, liên quan tới

OUT OF• Out of work : thất nghiệp• Out of date : lỗi thời• Out of reach : ngoài tầm với• Out of money : hết tiền• Out of danger : hết nguy hiểm• Out of use : hết sài• Out of the question : không bàn cãi• Out of order : hư• Out of sight, out of mind: xa mặt cách lòng.

BY

• By sight : biết mặt

• By change : tình cờ

• By mistake : nhầm lẫn

• By heart : thuộc lòng

• By oneself : một mình

• By all means : chắc chắn

• By degrees : từ từ

• By land : bằng đường bộ

• By no means : không chắc rằng không

• By means of : do, bằng cách

• For the most part: chính là, chủ yếu là = mainly.• For good = forever: vĩnh viễn, mãi mãi.