Minerals

macro Ca,P,Mg,Na,Cl,S,K

micro Fe,Cu,I,Mn,Zn, Co,Fl,Se,Cr,Vn, tin,Ar,Ni,Si,Mo

• Calcium Ca• Function :1. It occurs in bone at ratio of 2:1 with p in compound called

Hyroxyapatite2. Also,it is an essential constituent of living cells and tissue fluids 3. It is essential for activity of a number of enzyme system 4. Transmission of nerve impulse and muscle contraction5. Important for blood coagulation • Sources1. Milk2. green leafy crops 3. Animals by products4. Limestone and dicalcimphosphat5. Cereals and roots are poor sources

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• Phosphorus P :• Function :1. Closely associated with Ca in bone and teeth ( 80 % of P in bone )2. Present in bone as a part of Hydroxyapatite complex 3. Present in organic form in other soft body tissues 4. Also occur in phospholipids , phosphoproteins , and nucleic acids 5. Play important role in energy metabolism (AMP,ADP,and ATP)

• Sources 1. Milk 2. Cereals 3. Fish and meat products 4. Forages are poor sources

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• Magnesium Mg :• Functions :1. Associated with Ca and P ( 70% found in bone )2. Normal selection development 3. oxidative phosphorylation ( CHO and lipids metabolism )4. Muscle contraction 5. Protein , fat , and nucleic acid formation 6. Cellular respiration and reactions 7. Formation of cyclic AMP and other secondary messengers . Formation complexes

with AMP , ADP and ATP

• Sources 1. Protein concentrates are good sources 2. Yeast 3. Wheat barn 4. Clovers back

• Potassium K :• Function :1. Function as in cell cation 2. Na is the extracellular cation 3. Associated with Na and Cl in controlling acid-base balance 4. Associated with Na and Cl in controlling osmatic pressure . 5. Play an important role in nerve and muscle excitability .6. Important in CHO metabolism . 7. Important in protein synthesis• Sources plant are good sources

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• Sodium Na • Function :-1. Chief cation of extracellular fluids and blood plasma2. Concerned with acid-base balance 3. Concerned with osmatic regulation4. Transmission of nerve impulse 5. Absorption of sugars and AA

• Sources 1. Most of the ingested is in the form of salt NaCl2. Plants are poor sources while animal sources are good

sources

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• Chorine Cl1. Associated with Na + K 2. Acid base and osmatic regulations3. Important in gastric secretions• Sources Common source is salt Most feed sources (animal & plants ) are

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• Sulfur S • Function 1. Most of S is in S-AA (methionine ,cytine)2. Also present in hormone like insulin 3. Vitamins like biotin and thiamin 4. Constituent of acetyl Co A 5. Component of bone , cartilage , tendons , and walls of blood vessels6. Sulfur containing compound are important constituents of

respiratory compounds ( hemoglobin and cytochrome )7. S is limiting factor for rumen MO and S-AA production

• Sources Wool is rich in cysteine (4% of S )

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• Iron Fe • Function

1. Has a major role in e transport chain in the TC cycle 2. TC cycle enzymes are either containing Fe or activated by Fe – Catalase , perodase , phynylalanine hydrocylase – It is also a component of many enzymes

• Sources 1. Legumes and green leafy material 2. Seed coats 3. Animal sources as meat and blood 4. Milk is poor source

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• Cupper Cu• Function 1. Play vital role in enzyme system (cytochrome oxidase )2. Important in oxidative phosphorylation3. Required for activity of enzymes associated with (Fe metabolism,collagen and

elastin,Melanin formation, Central nervous system integrity ) 4. Necessary for red blood cells and Hb formation 5. Component of some plasma and blood proteins 6. Pigment of feather hair and wool ( Melanin formation )7. Production of crumble wool 8. Reduce susceptibility to infection

• Sources1. Widely distributed 2. Seed and seed by products are rich sources 3. Milk is low in Cu back

• Cobalt Co• Function :-1. Activation of some enzyme 2. Required as component of vit B12 activity 3. Required as rumen Mo to synthesize vit B124. It tacks long period to recognize Co deficiency I ruminants

because of body reserve of vit B12 in liver and kidney• Sources 1. Present almost in all feeds 2. Cobalt sulfate and cobalt oxide are the most used sources

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• Iodine I• Function :-1. AA tyrosine acts as a parent material for synthesis 2. Thyroxin is responsible for :o Accelerating metabolic reaction o Increasing growth rate o Controlling basal metabolic rate o Increasing oxygen consumption

• Sources 1. Marin foods 2. Inorganic iodine

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• Manganese Mn• Function 1. Important as enzyme activator of TC cycle • Hydrolases , arginase , pyruvate carboxylase • Sources 1. Most feed sources contain sufficient amounts 2. Seeds and seed products contain moderate

amount 3. Yeast and animal sources are poor sources

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• Zinc Zn• Function 1. Component of several enzymes 2. Co factor of many other enzymes 3. Involves in cell replication and differentiation (NA

metabolism)4. Production ,storage and secretion of hormones 5. Involves in the immune system 6. Electrolyte balance • Sources • Present in every tissue of animal body• Accumulate mostly in bones• High concentrations present in skin, wool, and hair

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• Molybdenum Mo• Play essential metabolic role in formation of

xanthine oxidase ( metalloenzyme ) • Important in purine metabolism• Also component of aldehyde oxidase and sulfite

oxidase • Participate in enzymatic reactions of cytochrome C

(aldehyde oxidase)

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• Selenium Se• Function 1. Forms a second defense line after vit E2. Component of enzyme glutathione oxidase 3. Catalyzes removal of hydro peroxides

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• Fluorine FL• Known for its effect to improve growth rate • Plants have limited amounts

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• Silicon SI• Function 1. Essential for ( normal growth rate . Skeleton

development )2. Synthesis and formation of cartilage 3. Growth and maintenance of arterial walls and skin 4. Required for maximum activity of enzyme prolyl

hydroxylase (involved in collagen synthesis • Sources 1. widely distributed in foods

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• Chromium Cr• Essential for normal glucose utilization • Formation of complex between insulin and its

receptors • Involves in protein metabolism • Play a role in lipid synthesis • Play a role in serum cholesterol homeostasis• Cr2O3 is used as a marker in digestibility trials

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• Vanadium Vn• Have a role in regulation the activity of several

enzymes 1. Na-K ATPase2. Phosphoryl transferase 3. Adenyl cyclase 4. Protein kinase• Acts as a CO factor for some other enzymes • Present in good amounts in marine foods

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• Nickel Ni• It may be a co factor or structural

component of metalloenzymes • Play a role in nucleic acid

metabolism

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• Tin • Important trace mineral in mammals • Has a significant growth effect • Contributes in the tertiary structure of

proteins and other macromolecules • Poorly absorbed from the digestive tract • Has low toxicity effect

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•Arsenic Ar•Widely distributed in body tissues

and fluids • Concentrated in skin , hair , and

nails • Needed to form methionine

metabolites Back