Regd No:-1001343091Dept.Of Mechanical

Engineering

Name of the Scholar:-RUDRA ASHISH BEHERA,B.Tech(Mechanical

Engineering)

Key Author:-Bibhu Santosh Behera,Ph.D (Extension Education),OUAT

Vijayanjali Institute Of

Technology,Balasore,Odisha2013

Jute, the “Golden fibre” has been an important cash crop for the

cultivators of the eastern zone of India, and is also a valuable exchange

earner for the country. Jute stick, agro-waste and jute caddies, mill waste

are potential raw materials for generation of biomass energy.

Jute stick is a pale coloured, highly porous hence very light and

voluminous, woody structure of the jute plant around which the fibres

form skin or the bark. The estimated amount of jute stick available in

India per annum is about 4 million tones. Most of it is used for domestic

purposes as fuel; temporary fencing, etc., whereas, a small fraction of it is

used industrially. Chemically jute stick is a lingo-cellulosic raw material,

the composition analysis of which is given below [1, 2].

The jute industry generates about 40,000 tonnes of processing waste asby-products, commonly known as jute caddies. The major constituent ofthis waste is un-spinnable jute fibre. The other constituents are batchingoil, machine oil and grease, barks of jute plant and in-organic dirt’s.Traditionally the jute industry uses this waste along with coal as fuel forthe boiler to generate steam which is required to run the sizing andcalendaring machines. Use of caddies as a fuel is problematic, mainly dueto its poor fuel value and thermal efficiency [3, 4]. The chemicalcomposition of jute caddies is given below

Holocellulose 72.70

Alpha Cellulose 40.80

Pentosans 22.10

Lignin 23.50

Extractives 1.90

Ash 1.00

. Constituent Average Value Percent (%)

Range Percent (%)

Fibre (3 mm – 100 mm) 85 (85-86)

Oil and grease 5.00 (3.5-6.5)

Bark & remnants 5.00

(4-6)

Clay and Dirt 4.50 (4-6)

Foreign matter 1.00 (1-1.5)

1. Charring of Jute stick

• The carbonization of jute stick is done in a cylindrical shaped

stainless steel drum of size 1100 mm x 800 mm, designed and

fabricated at NIRJAFT, Kolkata (Figure 1). The drum is having an

out let door with cloth/felt gasket and also provided with a tray for

collection of charcoal. Jute stick is fed into the charring drum and

ignited, after which the lid of the drum is closed. Charcoal is produced

in a period of 1.5 hr.

2. Briquetting of jute stick charcoal

• Briquettes from jute stick charcoal is prepared in a machine with the

specifications viz. feed capacity 25 Kg/hr, screw diameter – 160 mm,

screw length – 600 mm, orifice diameter – 30 mm, cutting length –

120 mm and power supply – 440 Volts after mixing it with different

binders. (Figure 2).

The whole process of making jute stick briquettes is shown in the

flow cahrt

Carbonization

Mixing with binders

Briquetting

JUTE STICK

JUTE CHARCOAL

CHARCOAL MIXTURE

BARIQUETTES

Thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) of jute stick briquettes is done from

40°C to 1500°C @ 10°C/ min. Measuring instrument used is NETZSCH

make STA 449C. Surface area of samples is measured by BET method.

Measuring instrument is Quantachrome make NOVA 4000e. BET

analysis of the sample at five relative pressure points is obtained. For

measuring carbon content the instrument used is LECO C 600 Carbon

analyzer. The infra-red spectra is recorded in a Jasco 4200 FTIR

Spectrophotometer.

The analysis involves determination of moisture content, volatile matter,

fixed carbon and ash. Initially 5 gm of caddies sample is taken and is

heated in the absence of oxygen at 110°C. The weight loss is recorded as

0.455 gm, which is the moisture content calculated as 9.10 %. After

evaluation of moisture content, the remaining mass i.e. 4.545 gm (5.00 –

0.455) is taken as 100 % and volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content

is calculated at each step of heating. As the temperature increased further

to about 250 - 300°C, the material decomposed and gases and liquids in

the form of volatiles get released. The process completes at 700°C.

During heating in the range of 250-700°C the weight loss recorded is

3.577 gm which is 78.71 % of 4.545 gm and it is the volatile matter. At

this stage the solid residue left back is the mixture of carbon as coke and

ash contents of the sample. The temperature is increased further to 900°C

and weight loss is recorded as 0.554 gm which is 12.19 % of 4.545 gm

and termed as carbon content. The amount left out i.e. 0.414 gm (4.545 –

3.577 – 0.554) which is 9.10 % of 4.545 is termed as ash content of the

sample

Figure 3, shows the caddies from the jute mill. It contains lots of foreign

particles, dust particles, jute stick chips and other unwanted material that

accumulates during the course of jute fibre processing. Before subjecting

the caddies into the hammer mill, it is cleaned manually for smooth

functioning of the size reduction process. Due to the fibrous nature of

caddies, it is not easily flow able in the briquetting plant. Hence, it is

mixed with rice husk and saw dust in the proportion of 40:60 for

increasing its flow ability (Figure 4.). The briquettes prepared from

mixture of jute caddies with saw dust & jute caddies with rice husk are

shown in Figure 5. The whole process of making jute stick briquettes is

shown in the flow cahrt

Removal of foreign material

Mixing with rice husk and saw dust

Briquetting

JUTE CADDIES RECEIVED FROM

MILL

CLEANED JUTE CADDIES

JUTE CADDIES: SAW DUST/RICE

HUSK MIXTURE

BARIQETTES

The time of carbonization for jute stick is 1.5hr with charcoal yield of

40.0%. The FTIR spectra of jute stick and jute stick charcoal are studied

and the spectral signature of different functional group has been evaluated

(Table1 and Table 2). The difference observed between jute stick and jute

stick charcoal has been enumerated below

•The characteristic IR peak of jute stick at 1593, 1455,1190 and 1030 cm-

1 is absent in jute stick charcoal

•The shoulder peak on 1736 cm-1 C-O stretching in carboxyl and un-

conjugated beta ketone is present in jute stick, where as, shoulder peak for

charcoal at 2093 due to Alkyne mono-substituted

•In jute stick charcoal three prominent peaks at 852, 652 and 600 is

prevalent which are due to presence of aromatic C-H out of plane

deformation, O-H out of plane bending and O-H out of plane bending at

the charcoal component.

The jute stick briquettes record exothermic peaks at 455.5°C and 547.2°C

and endothermic peak at 1404°C. Corresponding mass loss is 77.70%

(Figure 6). Specific surface area is measured through Multi-Point BET

plot and was found to be 1.428 m2/g. The pore size distribution is shown

in Figure 7. The calorific value and carbon content of jute stick briquettes

is found to be 18.59 MJ/Kg and 58.80% respectively.

The proximate analysis of jute caddies shows that, it contains volatile

matter of 78.71%, fixed carbon of 12.19 % and ash content of 9.10 %.

The results indicate that the ash content of caddies is higher than that of

jute stick (1-2%) due to the presence of high amount of dust particles, soil

etc. Based on the ash content, caddies can be classified as medium ash (5-

10%) material and be useful as a potential raw material for energy

conversion processes.

The high ash content containing alkali metal oxides like Na, K and Ca

tends to lower the fusion temperature of ash. This low ash sintering

temperatures tend to form clinkers during combustion/gasification and is

detrimental to the smooth operation of these high temperature working

appliances [5, 6, 7].

For the process parameters, the optimum moisture content of jute caddies

for grinding in hammer mill and feeding into briquetting plant (in mixing

with saw dust and rice husk) is found to be 10 – 15 % (w.b.) [8, 9, 10].

For production of briquettes of stable configuration, a ratio of 40:60 for

both the mixture (caddies and rice husk, 40:60) and (caddies and saw

dust, 40:60) was found optimum for briquetting machine. The briquettes

thus produced is having calorific value of 17.33MJ/Kg.

Table 1.

FTIR Spectra of Jute stick

Peak No. Position of Bands (cm-1) Functional groups Intensity

1 3355 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S

2 2900 C-H stretching in methyl and methylene S

3 1736 C-O stretching in carboxyl and un

conjugated beta ketoneSh

4 1630-1635 H2O molecules in non-crystalline

celluloseW

5 1593 Aromatic skeleton ring vibration S

6 1455 C-H deformation and CH2bending S

7 1190-1200 Phenolic H-O deformation Sh

8 1030 Aromatic C-H plane of deformation W

Table 2

FTIR Spectra of Jute stick charcoal

Peak No. Position of Bands (cm-1) Functional groups Intensity

1 3577 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S

2 3308 O-H stretching (H-bonded) S

3 2093 Alkyne mono-substituted Hydrogen

bonded O-H stretching

Sh

4 852 Aromatic C-H out of plane

deformation

Sh

5 652 O-H out of plane bending S

6 600 O-H out of plane bending S

Figure 1 Figure 4.

(Carbonization of jute stick in charring drum) (Jute caddies mixed with saw dust and rice husk)

Figure 2. Figure.5

( Briquetting of jute stick charcoal) ( Briquettes from jute caddies mixed with saw dust and rice)

Figure 3. Figure 7.

(Jute caddies received from mill) Pore size distribution (volume vs. diameter) of Jute stick pellet

figure2

Both jute stick and jute caddies are found to be potential raw materials for

producing briquettes of high calorific values. Jute stick can be briquetted

without mixing with other raw materials; where as caddies needs mixing

with saw dust and rice husk for increasing its flow ability in the

briquetting machine.

1. Mathew, M.D, Gopal, M., Day, A. and Banerjee, S.K., 1984,

“Production of furfural from jute sticks”, Indian pulp paper, 39(3):

17-18.

2.Dasgupta, P.C. and Mazumder, A.K. 1968, “Jute stick cellulose as raw

material for industrial nitro-cellulose”, Reserach & Industry, 13(2):

152-153

3. Grover, P.D. 2004, “Characterization of biomass for energy generation”

Proceedings of National seminar on Biomass Management for Energy

Purposes – Issues and strategies held at Anand, Gujrat during 11-12,

December, 2004.

4. Jain A.K., 1997, “Availability and characteristics of paddy husk as

renewable sources of energy”, Journal of Agricultural Engg. 34(1): 10-14.

5. Srivastava, P.K. and Tomar, S.S., 1993, Advances in Biomass

utilization, Agricultural Engineering Today, 17(5-6): 1-19.

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