지숙영

건강한 삶 = f(잘 먹고*적당히 운동하고*잘 자고)

A Sound BodyA Sound Mind

Opportunities for Computing Technologies to Support Healthy Sleep Behaviors

Eun Kyoung Choe, Sunny Consolvo, Nathaniel F. Watson, Julie A. Kientz(University of Washington + Intel Labs Seattle)

CHI 2011 • Session: Rehabilitation

sleephealth

health informaticspersuasive technology

qualitative studydesign

wellness

Chronic sleep deprivation is common in the developed world, with 28- 29% of all young adults reporting only 6.5 hours of sleep each night. Getting the appropriate amount of sleep has been correlated with numerous health benefits, including reduced fatigue and stress. Likewise, when people regularly get less than 6 or 7 or more than 9 hours of sleep per night, there is a correlation with an increase in a number of diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. In addition to one’s physical health, there are other important consequences of poor sleep habits. When people do not get enough sleep, their alertness is greatly reduced, and they often put themselves at a greater risk of a car accident, with estimates of as many as 36% of all fatal car accidents resulting from driver drowsiness. Finally, a poor night’s sleep can affect memory and cognitive functioning, which can result in poor work performance.

...the HCI community has placed considerably less attention on ways that technology can support sleep.

...we believe there is an interesting research agenda surrounding the exploration of technologies for

promoting healthy sleep habits.

# triangulated formative study

1) literature review: existing sleep-related technologies2) contextual interview: domain experts 3) survey & interview: potential users

# propose design framework

# explicate opportunities for HCI in the domain of sleep

1. literature review : existing sleep-related technologies

1) tracking sleep- frequency, duration, quality of sleep- automatic sensing, manual input, or both- wearable sensors: Actigraph, WatchPat, FitBit, SleepPhase, Zeo Personal Sleep Coach- built-in apps: Tylenol PM Sleeptracker, Sleep Cycle, YawnLog, Dream Recorder, Wellness Diary

2) waking and sleep inducing- waking: ��, ý'ã/ÕåÙ �9, BioBrite Sunrise, Ä- Ó'…: wake in the light sleep phase (SleepPhase, Zeo, Sleep Cycle)- sleep inducing: relaxing & reducing distractions: vHF ¨�; aSleep(white noise), SleepMate(soothing sounds): V¨� è1\ ¨�; StressEraser, emWave

3) social applications- HoÒ �X§ �çHÖ¨u- xN mØ ¡- BuddyClock, Network Alarm Clock- to� ð/ ¡ö; Aura , The Bed, Reverse Alarm Clock, Sleep Cycle

2. contextual interview : domain experts (N = 4)

- co-director + technicians @ sleep disorders center, UW medical school- ©Ùg + tÙ Ü� + ú �B(xN ª�)- [Â� ͳ(Ám/ÊZ/�@ �z 3)- ¨ü �ô r�� X�- co-director! 4© à� ðC/�S - Æé

3. survey & interview : potential users (N = 230 & 16)

1) Online Survey- Qä: technological requirements ¸§- ÅS: xN }�� �ó¤ TÒ! �/�z k� §k/xN ±� ô/õ² k�ë! Z_- äÆ: URL ÷c â|Ù U �c ��- ¦& Þs: �s/¶£Ñ/'¼¨m/T�

2) In-depth Interview- äÆ: �8© o`¨ É�í k9 ¿ �2: ©�Û�¸c/xN �z� 'í ��/xN ±� ô �> 16O¤ qY- Z_: X�ºø ©Ùg Äò(´ø ©Ùg âï), �¥ U �ÐB ®s- cm: $15ÇH �J» �æÝ Ô1- ÅS: xN }�, xN� �ó¤ TÒ! �©, xN �z� 'í Ø*, xN �@ ¨{2

3) Data Analyzing- ų )¨Ù: ©Ùg �ÐB/o`¨ ½�� ¦& 3 ų )¨Ù fp¤  ñ: �è#ß $¨��: ¨�: h~í n�¤ �×�! ©��F fC- �³ )¨Ù: rS� 'í �zÛ�

results

1) Current Practices- ª�s�! xN |Ö¾- Xd.! xN }�¨ �¥- 'ef ��í xN§ ¿�s� 'ñ ©Âë� ¬¥

2) Factors- xN� �ó¤ TÒ! �v: Commitments & Stressor; ñ/ì� �@ �e �©: Environmental Factors; i/v¥/�* 3: �W� Guilty Pleasure

“Right now my life is chaotic! I use [sic] to have very regular patterns of sleep & wake but due to personal issues (divorce, relocation) I do not have a regular routine any more and typically use Tylenol PM to get to sleep.” - Survey Respondent (F, 31-40)

results

2) Factors- xN cº ´;: �* aø/�Ì û- vs ¯R/ ´;, �ñ: í � ¨m§ ´; k�: �@ �z ¿ �± K¨ k�ë! �£ �9��

“I try and turn off the alarm before it goes off. That noise will just ruin my whole day.” - Interview Participant (F, 51-60)

: e1=� ª��� �¥ vs ¹5 ù�þ ��¾ ( ��<� �9� 'í #À

results

3) Goals- morning person: establishing consistent and healthy sleep patterns - breaking bad habits: xN¹ §», ª/y¹/+o/TV�Ë/©Ù� oê 3

“I’d definitely like to go to sleep earlier. (...) My sleeping schedule is horrible and I need to fix it....I might go to bed at 2 in the morning but I usually don’t fall asleep until maybe 3 or 4... it’s not that I’m lazy, it’s just how my sleep cycle is. I’d like to be able to change that so it’s a little more in sync with most of the people around me.” - Interview Participant (F, 31-40)

“I make my lunch, I pick out my uniform for the next day, I get everything ready by the door, I do my toiletries, I get my bed ready, it’s quite a ritual, then I watch TV for awhile and do Sudoku.” - Interview Participant (F, 51-60)/pre-sleep rituals

4) Attitudes- xN¤ ,! �z k�� ��¨ ¬!�? rS¦& ¿ 62.6% Yes/Maybe- xN ±� ô� �z� 'í Ø* k¨ m��� ¬¥- �"b ��§ ¸*

>> jH °2�/�ŧ xN/ª��¤ 5 ��>> simplicity & unobtrusiveness

“Minimal effort on my part. I wouldn’t do something that takes a significant amount of time or thought, especially in the morning (I am not a morning person).” - Survey Respondent (F, 31-40)

- rS¦& ¿ 38.5% (n = 89)! ��¨ �$! ·�* ½Q- ¨¡: õ² xN }�¤ V�� � �¥/�z¨ �6� *�¨ 0 PD�¥/7$E �z¨ nû� "Ó^"ë! �¤ �Ò �¥ >> xN áÚ¤ ||A Û¹ë� ¬¥

results

�� '7 *� ����& /% 9�

1,& �� ;� -��� '7� �� 8�6/9�

�' *� ��& 4�' 0�daylight simulation ��

�3,( �� �� :�/$. .#

'7 ��)��� 8"5 � '7 �$

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design framework

- preliminary design framework- 6 dimensions (each includes several elements)

dimension elements

goal diagnosis / treatment / monitoring / waking / sleep inducing

feature tracking sleep information / persuasion / education on aspects of healthy sleep habits / awareness / relaxation / social applications / entertainment applications

source sleep medicine community / peer-reviewed literature / other literature / popular media / folk wisdom / none

technology platform wearable technologies / stand-alone appliances / mobile applications / web applications / software running on a PC or laptop / ubiquitous computing

stakeholders people with sleep disorders / without sleep disorders / indirect stakeholders (e.g., bedmate) / sleep clinicians / sleep researchers

input mechanism manual input / automatic entry / none

design framework

automatic

in-home diagnosis and treatment

persuasive and education ubiquitous

considerations & opportunities

1) Tracking Sleep Trends over Time- P#ÙI U Ä%� ¡�- 'ef È� to� x-«?� §» c$ unobtrusiveí Z_¤ ³�ñ� >> remote sleep sensing tool- xN ú� 'í P#ÙI U ºµ* �> >> smart home control system� ð0 x- æ8¨]� S¹* �>

2) Persuasive Technology for Healthy Sleep Behavior- persuasive techniques¤ Ûñ Âw³© -�e�- �: )¨Ù h½�8¨¹¨u¤ Ûñ sleep goals¤ ��ø, Mª LÏö �9 3

3) Tensions between Technology and Sleep- Ó��o§ �z/�� k� Ì� xN¤ Zñë! �ª x ¬¥- ¨<í 4V¨|2¨ k�2§ Ó�/l¤ Ó^ë� ¬$� � �*B ñ�- �¢A ( ��ñ� î ½¹

4) Cultural Differences in Sleep- Sø� $DN "¸mnormal" xN� 'í ñp¨ $G- ¨ ��! T� ¿�§ �·- �: ��|×� ¬! Sø��o! M� $E 4© �¨4�� *Î0 x ¬¥

conclusions

focused on general sleep health for adultsseveral sleep disorder and different age groups did not explore fully