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Techniques involved in designing a questionnaire validation administration
Method of translation
Name of the scholar:D. KavithaPh.D scholarGuide: Dr Anjalakshi Chandrasekar
HOD (OG),Ph.DCo-Guide:Dr.Venkatraman ,Asst.Professor
SRM University
Definition
• A questionnaire is a means of eliciting the feelings, beliefs, experiences, perceptions, or attitudes of some sample of individuals.
• As a data collecting instrument, it could be structured or unstructured.
Factors affecting questionnaires
• Length of the questionnaire.• Reputation of the sponsoring agency.• Complexity of the questions asked.• Relative importance of the study as determined
by the potential respondent.• Extent to which the respondent believes that his
responses are important.• Quality and design of the questionnaire.• Time of year the questionnaires are sent out.
Types of questionnaires
• Open or unrestricted form - calls for free response from the respondent
• There is predetermined set of response• They provide true, insightful and unexpected
suggestions • Allows for greater depth of response; is difficult to
interpret, tabulate, and summarize.• An ideal questionnaire contains open ended questions
toward end of all questions
Closed or restricted form of questionnaire
Offers respondents a number of alternative replies, from which the subjects must choose the one that most likely matches the appropriate answer.
• Characteristic of questionnaireFacilitates easy statistical calculationProvides easy preliminary analysisCan be asked to different groups at different
intervalsFacilitates efficient tracking of opinion.
Types of closed form of questionnaire
• Dichotomous questions: respondent to make a choice between two responses such as yes/ no or male/ female
• Multiple choice question: respondents to make a choice between more than two response alternatives
• Cafeteria questions :respondents to select a response that most closely corresponds to their view.
• Rank order questions – Respondents to rank their responses from most favorable to least favorable
• Contingency questions: A question that is asked further only if the respondent gives a particular response to previous question.
• Rating questions: Respondent is asked to rate a particular issue on a scale that ranges from poor to good
• Likert questions: helps know how strongly the respondent agrees with a particular statement.
• Bipolar questions: These questions have two extreme answers his/ her response between two opposite ends of the scale.
• Matrix questions: it includes multiple questions and identical categories are assigned .questions are placed along the top and list of questions down the side
Characteristics of a good questionnaire
• Deals with a significant topic• Seeks only that information which cannot be obtained from
other sources such as census data• As short as possible, only long enough to get the essential data. • Attractive in appearance, neatly arranged, and clearly
duplicated or printed.• Directions are clear and complete. Questions are objective,
with no leading suggestions to the desired response• Questions are presented in good psychological order,
proceeding from general to more specific responses. • To easy tabulate and interpret.
Guidelines for preparing questionnaire
o Prepared according with study objectiveo Concise, precise and brief o Criticism from faculty and class memberso Trailing the questionnaire with friendso Respondents selected carefullyo As par as possible open ended questions should be avoidedo Controversial and ambiguous questions should be avoidedo Getting permission in organization before administering questionnaireo Try to get the aid of sponsorshipo Mailed questionnaire should have introduction, purpose and
directions to fill the questionso Abrupt ending of the questions and questionnaire should be avoided.
Sequence of questions
• Arranged in logical sequence• Answer to questions not influenced by
previous questions• Questions should flow from general to more
specific • Questions should flow least to more sensitive
Question construction
The sample -- who are you going to askThe method--- how are you going to ask themThe questionnaire– what are you going to ask
themThe result – what will you do with informationThe cost – how much do you want to pay for
answerThe time scale– By them do you need
information
Construction of questionnaireProblem definition
Search for relevant secondary data for problem
Exploratory interviews with subject expertise and review personal experience with colleques
Writing of specific research objectives
Listing of hypothesis to be tested
Development of questions for questionnaire
Method of administration of questionnaire
POSTALLowcost
Not in labour intensive
PHONEHigh speed
Rapport with respondent
High respondent
rate
ELECTRONIClow cost, high
speed, not labour intensive
PERSONALLY ADMINISTERED
detailed questions ,
high response rate
•Cost effective•Easy to analyse•Less time and energy need to administer•Reduce bias as interviewer is not present•Used for large sample size•Less instructive\ than face to face interview
Advantages of questionnaire
Disadvantages
of questionnaire
•Not suitable for all•Low response rate•Mailed questions may filled by some one•Provides superficial information•Chances of misinterpretation•People can lie and answer the questions vaguely.
Validity of Research tool
• Validity of an instrument refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring
• Types of validity • 1.Face validity: overlook of instrument regarding its
appropriateness to measure a particular attribute or phenomenon
• 2.Content validity: Scope of coverage of the content are to be measured
• 3.Criterion validity: Relationship between measurements of the instruments with some other external criteria
• Predictive validity: degree of fore casting judgment
• Concurrent validity: it is the degree of the measures at present.
• 4.construct validity: Gives more importance to testing relationship predicted on theoretical measurement.
Reliability of
the tool
•Degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures the attribute for which it is designed to measure
Test –Retest method• Administration of a research instrument to a sample of subjects on two different
occasions
• Scores of the tool administered at two different occasions is compared and calculated by using following formula of correlation coefficient
• The correlation coefficient reveals the magnitude and directions of relationships between scores generated by research instrument at two separate occasions.
• Interpretation of results– the results of the correlation coefficient ranges between -1.00 through 0.0 and +1.00, and the results are interrelated as follows
• +1,00 score---- perfect reliability• 0.00 score ---- no reliability• Above 7 indicates --- acceptable reliability
Split of method
• Divide items of a research instrument in two equal parts through grouping either in odd number question and even number question /first half and second half item groups
• Administer two subparts of the tool simultaneously, score them independently and compute the correlation co-effcient on the two separate scores
Method of Translation
• Team approaches generate more translation options and provide sounder and less idiosyncratic translation review and evaluation
• Team based approach based on the multi-stage translation frameworks
Steps in translation
• Translation• Review• Initial adjudication• Cognitive Interview pretesting• Final review and adjudication.
• References • Barbara H. Forsy et.al; Methods for Translating
Survey Questionnaires Paper presented to American Association for Public Opinion research, Montreal, Canada, May, 2006.
• Kothari C.K; Research Methodology Methods and ‐Techniques , New Age International, New Delhi;2004
THANK YOU