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#NHSTform
Helen Bevan@HelenBevan
Zoe Lord@ZoeLord1
How to create
change that sticks and spreads
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Scale up and spread: definitions
“deliberate efforts to increase the impact of innovations successfully tested in pilot or experimental projects so as to benefit more people and to foster policy and program
development on a lasting basis”Norton and colleagues 2012
“Going to scale’ [means] at least 60% of the target population that could potentially benefit from the
programme receives it”Rabin and colleagues (2012)
#NHSTform#NHSTform
How do we measure success?
“Unless a program can be replicated and sustained on a large scale, it will not be
transformational…..We can no longer evaluate programs simply based on how well they’ve performed in a given locality. Instead, we need to factor in
their potential to achieve scale”McKinsey on Society
#NHSTform#NHSTform
From 2001 to 2005, I was responsible for the Research into Practice team within the NHS Modernisation Agency
The team role was to promote the spread and sustainability of service improvement and helped to build a body of knowledge
We found that the factors of sustainability are also the factors for effective spread
Spread and sustainability
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We have more than 20 years experience of spreading large scale change
“It has been positivelyreviewed and reported in the nursing
& healthcare press and its implementation is proven to produce significant savings in
productivity & efficiency”White et al 2013
“Contributed
to a 51% reduction in
antipsychotic prescribing to
people with dementia”
Manchester Business
School
One of the most widely adopted and impactful improvement programmes in the history of the NHS; “releasing
time to care”, typically 10-20% of the time of clinical professionals. The changes were adopted by 78% of NHS hospital wards, 68% of mental health
wards, 54% of NHS operating theatres and 49% of community health teams across England (SHA statistics) as well as 44 territories
across the globe
New Zealand: 19% of time“released to care”
Oregon USA: multi-factorial improvements
Scotland: “20% of time
released to care”
A significant,positive impact on staff
engagement
Irish research: the effects were
sustained over time
Statistically significant positive effect on EVERY dimension of impact at both individual & organisational level
800,000 pledges;
engaged two thirds of all NHS
organisations
Our most successful ever
digital campaign
#NHSTform#NHSTform
But the reality is often different
With alarming regularity,
many promising pilots in the
health care improvement
and implementation field
have little overall impact
when applied more broadly”
Perla & colleagues,
Health Affairs blog,
April 2015
#NHSTform
Enthusiasts Visionaries Pragmatists Conservatives LaggardsSource: Geoffrey Moore, building on the work of Everett Rodgers
Beware the chasm
The typical effect sizes of spread activities are perhaps 10-20% at best (Grimshaw)
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#1Promising pilot programmes are rarely replicated successfully from pilot localities to others; the wider and more complex the change, (i.e., involving multiple organisations) the least likely that spread will happen
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Kaiser Permanente spread model
Just do it
Innovate
Test and replicate
CLEAR
COMPLEX
CHAOTIC
COMPLICATED
Source: Schall and Schilling
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Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#2Most of the early effort and energy is needed to make the pilot programme functional and issues of spread & scale often end up being an afterthought
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#3We typically focus on extrinsic motivators to change, rather than intrinsic & we don’t align the motivators; as a result, change is often experienced by people at the front line as “have to” (imposed) rather than “want to” (embraced)
#NHSTform
Intrinsic motivationPeople engage in the activity for the pleasure and satisfaction of doing it
Invokes many positive behaviours
Extrinsic motivationPeople engage in the activity for the rewards or avoiding punishmentAny external influence is referred to as extrinsic motivation
Images: pixgood.com
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The power of extrinsic drivers
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Three types of levers for large scale change
‘Prod mechanisms’ targets
performance management
price & payment incentives regulation
competition
‘Proactive support’
relies on building ‘intrinsic motivation’ in
staff to make the right changes to
improve
‘People focused’ education and training
national contractsprofessional regulation
clinical quality standards
Type one:
Type two: Type three:
Source: Health Foundation report Constructive comfort: accelerating change in the NHS 2015
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Three types of levers for large scale change
‘Prod mechanisms’ targets
performance management
price & payment incentives regulation
competition
‘Proactive support’
relies on building ‘intrinsic motivation’ in
staff to make the right changes to
improve
‘People focused’ education and training
national contractsprofessional regulation
clinical quality standards
Type one:
Type two: Type three:
Source: Health Foundation report Constructive comfort: accelerating change in the NHS 2015
Less than 10%of the potential
for improvement
at system level can be
delivered through type one change
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#4People outside of pilot locality don’t feel any ownership of, or emotional connection with, the pilot project. As a result, the change processes can end up being “pushed” onto other localities rather than “pulled” by them
#NHSTform
“In a world of mounting performance pressure, [organisations and change processes] need to evolve…the most successful will be those that
evolve into movements.
Success will be determined by their ability to mobilise, inspire and support an
ever-expanding array of participants extending far beyond their own four walls”
John Hagel, SXSW 2015http://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/center-for-the-edge/articles/john-hagel-at-sxsw.html
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Closed innovation Open innovation
As a pilot test site , we want to be left alone for a period of
time so we can work it out for ourselves
As a pilot test site, we seek to continuously get ideas and
guidance from leading thinkers and practitioners outside our local area
We will test our new ways of working internally “to
destruction”. When we are confident they will work, we will offer to share our “best practice innovations” with
others
A wider group has contributed to the innovation process, beyond our
host organisation; people from other localities already feel that
they own it. Spread is more likely to be “done with” not “done to” and to
be “pulled” not “pushed”
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The power of co-creation
#NHSTform
Open innovation is a mindset, not just a process
Pioneer Locality
We would love to share with
others but there don’t
seem to be any takers
#NHSTform#NHSTform
#5Even where we are able to create replicable change concepts from the pioneering localities, if we don’t have an implementation approach for spread that engages different local contexts, it doesn’t work
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Innovations won’t put down roots if the ground isn’t fertile
Source: David Fillingam
• National and regionally led improvement initiatives have their place• But “ sheep dipping” managers and clinical
leaders in programmes external to their local communities is unlikely to have lasting benefit
• What’s more the learning won’t spread to other communities (or even be sustained in its place of origin) unless each community has its own locally developed and owned culture and system of improvement
#NHSTform#NHSTform
There is a tendency towards “cargo cult” improvement
Attempts are made to spread/replicate new models from
pilot projects without a proper understanding of how they work.
They end up reproducing the superficial outer appearance but not the mechanisms that produced the
outcomes in the first instance (Dixon-Woods & colleagues 2011)
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What is the best way to spread new knowledge?
Source of data: Nick Milton http://
www.nickmilton.com/2014/10/why-knowledge-transfer-through.html
Social connection/discussion is 14 times more effective
than written word/best practice
databases/toolkits etc.
Source of image: www.happiness-one-quote-time.blogspot.com
#NHSTform#NHSTform
#6The pioneer localities have limited bandwidth to coach others & spread best practices
Nine repeating patterns from “pioneer-type” programmes in health and care in England
over the last 18 years
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#7Local leaders are understandably much more concerned with local change than they are with spreadLeaders of the macro level system must act as catalysts for spread
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#NHSTform#NHSTform
“Choreographers of complexity”
Scale up efforts should be overseen by a “choreographer of complexity”:
“An analogy can be made to the role a choreographer takes in a dance company. Their job is to produce a
finished work that integrates many different performance elements; music, dance, and storytelling. This must be done by making trade offs and finding synergies within the available resources of the [organisation or system],
and all the while driving toward an ultimate vision.”McClure and Gray (2015b)
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#8The commitment, characteristics & skills of local clinical leaders is often the crux issue for change in specific settings
Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#NHSTform#NHSTform
“Perhaps the single most important influence on programme response by individual units—either in promoting or resisting change—was the extent of consensus and coalition among the senior medical and nursing staff….Transforming or boosting of efforts was most likely to occur when those
locally charged with implementation were sincere in their beliefs about the value of the programme, were able to create transdisciplinary alliances, had local credibility among peers, were prepared to tolerate debate but
exercise firmness, and used multiple tactics including role modelling, persuasion, sanctioning, reminders, and constant feedback….
[Consultant says] ‘I think it’s been successful because it’s a unifying program, it’s one of the few things that we’ve done that hasn’t been just a doctor thing, or just a nurse thing, it’s involved the doctors and the nurses
together.’” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704826/
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Nine repeating patterns from pioneer/pilot type programmes
#9Sustainability of change is as much of a challenge as spread of change. The same receptive local contexts create the conditions for both spread and sustainability (See Buchanan and colleagues)
#NHSTform
Few evaluative studies look beyond the pioneers to the issues of scale &
spread so empirical evidence is limited
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Although studies in small samples provide useful insights regarding local barriers and facilitators to adoption, the relevance of these findings for efforts to achieve large-scale adoption (i.e., scale up or spread) in hundreds or thousands of institutions or communities is limited. Numerous practice-based efforts to scale-up and spread evidence-based health programs have been documented (although primarily in developing countries), but this work only rarely employs scientific methods for understanding and evaluating scale-up processes and strategies, and thus offers limited evidence and guidance for improving future scale-up efforts. Norton and colleagues
#NHSTform
What does the NHS workforce think? 14,000 contributors recently identified 10 barriers to change:
Confusing strategies
Over controlling leadership
Perverse incentivesStifling innovation
Poor workforce planning
One way communication
Inhibiting environment
Undervaluing staff
Poor project management
Playing it safe
Source: Health Service Journal, Nursing Times, NHS Improving Quality, “Change Challenge” March 2015
#NHSTform
What does the NHS workforce think? 14,000 contributors recently identified 11 building blocks for change:
Inspiring & supportive leadershipCollaborative working
Thought diversityAutonomy & trust
Smart use of resources
Flexibility & adaptability
Long term thinking
Nurturing our people
Fostering an open culture
A call to action
Source: Health Service Journal, Nursing Times, NHS Improving Quality, “Change Challenge” March 2015
Challenging the status quo
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The Change Model
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How does it work and aid spread?
Zoe Lord - Improvement Manager @ZoeLord1 #NHSTform
Start with the Our Shared Purpose
No order after Our Shared Purpose = better chances of
success, sustainability & spread…
Use all parts in equal measure
#NHSTform#NHSTformhttp://www.institute.nhs.uk/index.php?option=com_spread_and_adoption
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Actions supported by history#1:Build in considerations of spread and adoption right from the start of a major change strategy (not as an afterthought)
Make spread a whole system collaboration;
bottom up with top down support
Use adoption partners,
“sprints” for action & Challenge Prizes to build & sustain momentum &
interest in the wider community
Use social media & other
virtual channels to keep the wider
community connecting & learning from
each other
Encourage social interaction
& discussion to spread new knowledge,
rather than guidelines, best practice databases or
toolkits
Makethe “pioneers” part of a wider
learning community from the start & make
it easy for them to interact with
others
#NHSTform#NHSTform
Use all our levers for change, both intrinsic and extrinsic, to enable change to happen at scale
Actions supported by history#2:
Work on the deeper environmental/cultural
factors that create a receptive local context for change at least as hard as
we work on the new delivery processes
Create a spread strategy which aligns multiple drivers for
change & balances space for innovation with
mechanisms for managing complexity at
scale
Flip as many levers as possible from
acting as extrinsic drivers (“prods”) to acting as intrinsic motivators (“proactive support”) so
people want to not have to
Align regulatory and inspection functions to
incentivise rapid adoption of the new models of
delivery
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Actions supported by history#3:Create systems of support and encouragement for local leaders to
adopt the new models
Provide targeted development
in the system leadership, analytical & change
leadership skills needed to implement the new models
(these are surprisingly scarce) Don’t declare
victory too early; expect setbacks; cherish failures as opportunities to learn;
thank & praise those who are working hard &
risking much
Assess & grow the capability of the
improvement & leadership development resources and
support leaders to lead change from the
bottom up
Reinforce & role model transformational
behaviours
Create the opportunities and
support for teams to come together
(physically & virtually) to test, learn, develop and
improve
#NHSTform#NHSTform
What do the leaders who get the best spread results do? They:
Source: McCannon
• Attempt remarkable things (provocation and optimism)• Talk about justice• Have a shared story• Apply many levers• Play jazz (adaptive, creative) • Keep it simple (e.g., interventions, measurement systems)• Model trust • Seek affection and give recognition• Break rules (avoid consensus, condense timescales)• Go broad and deep• Respect/revere logistics
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The conclusions of the very first national spread programme in the NHS (National Booked Admissions programme from
1998) are still highly relevant
This evaluation has shown that thereare no magic bullet solutions….The main source of
change and service improvement has to come from within each and every NHS organisation. Renewed effort now needs to be put into developing the staff and organisations that can
embrace the kind of cultural change foreshadowed by the NHS Plan. No amount of guidance, support, hectoring or
cajoling can substitute for the lack of capability and understanding among the staff delivering care to patients of
the need to reshape the provision of services.Chris Ham & colleagues, 2002