DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & Handling

Copyright DogNostics 2012

DogNostics Career College

Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health and

Handling

2


Your DogNostics

Webinar Presenter today is

Niki Tudge

A little about me:

Business Degrees, Oxford University England.

Six Sigma Certified Black Belt

CPDT-KA

NADOI- Certified

AABP – Professional Dog Trainer

AABP – Professional Dog Behavior Consultant

AKC “Canine Good Citizen” Trainer and Evaluator

Dip, ABT. Diploma. Animal Behavior Technology

Dip, CBST. Diploma Canine Behavior Science and Technology

American Kennel Club “Canine Good Citizen”™ Evaluator

Pet Care Services Association CPCT CAPCT

The International Training Board, Certified People Trainer. TS1, TS2 &TS3


The Goals For Today's Webinar

Provide a basic understanding of common infectious diseases of dogs and cats

Outline Recommended vaccine protocols from the American Animal Hospital Association and American Association of Feline Practitioners

Provide an understanding of potential risks associated with unnecessary vaccination from Dr. Jean Dodds

Provide a basic understanding of external and internal parasites

Provide a basic understanding of Heartworm infection, disease, diagnosis, and treatment


What is included What is not included

Common canine diseases Recommended canine

vaccination protocols Heartworm testing, infection,

and disease Common feline diseases Recommended feline

vaccination protocols Potential vaccine risks Common Parasites Animal restraint Administering medications Zoonotic diseases

Emergency and First Aid Procedures

Infection Control Protocols

The Webinar Scope


Key Canine and Feline Diseases

Canine And Feline Diseases

Rabies Very serious, fatal virus Can affect any warm blooded animal Transmission:

Contact with an infected animals saliva Bite wounds Contact with mucus membranes

Neurotropic Invades and destroys the central nervous

system. Moves nerve by nerve to the brain

No treatment ZoonoticCopyright DogNostics 2012

Canine Diseases

CanineDistemper- Contagious, often fatal, multisystemic viral

disease. Secondary Mycoplasma

Clinical signs: Affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central

nervous systems Transmission:

Airborne Body secretions


Canine Diseases

Canine Distemper: Fatal to 75% of dogs infected

Especially juvenile and geriatric May suffer permanent damage to vision or nervous

system Puppies can have severely mottled teeth due to

abnormalities of the developing enamel Virus will shed for up to 3 months


Canine Diseases

Parvovirus Gastrointestinal viral disease in dogs Contributions to severity:

Age, vaccination status, and breed predisposition Most common in puppies less than 20 weeks of age with

inadequate or incomplete vaccination– a puppy is not fully protected until the full vaccination series is complete at 14-16 weeks of age.

Clinical signs: Bloody diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, depression, and

anorexia. Transmission:

EASILY transmitted via fomites! Environmental contamination with fecal material Food/water bowls, bedding, toys, shoes, clothing, hair

Direct contact Copyright DogNostics 2012

Canine Diseases

Parvo Virus The virus is shed in large quantities in the

feces for up to 14 days post infection. Disinfection:

Very stable in the environment Very resistant to most disinfectants Can persist in organic material in the environment

for over one year A 10 % bleach solution, Trifectant

New strain within last 5 years possibly more virulent and endemic


Canine Diseases

Coronavirus Virus of small intestine Puppies under six weeks of age Clinical Signs:

Affect surface (epithelial) cells of villi Mild to moderately severe diarrhea, lethargy, and

anorexia in infected puppies.

Treatment Supportive care with IV fluids for dehydration

Transmission: Shed in stool


Canine Diseases

Leptospirosis Gram negative spirochete bacteria Over 250 different serovars (subtypes) Increased prevalence since 1983

Increasing contact between dogs and wildlife Clinical Signs:

Kidney failure Inflammation:

liver, blood vessels causing hemorrhage, muscle tissue, eyes causing blindness, and Central nervous system

Transmission: Urine of wildlife or other infected animal Standing water

Zoonotic


Canine Diseases

Lyme Disease Borreliosis Tick-borne bacterial disease

lone star and brown dog ticks

Bacterium is transferred to the blood of the host animal during bite Clinical signs:

joint pain and lameness, lethargy, loss of appetite, depression, and fever. Treatment:

Long term antibiotics and supportive care


Canine Diseases

Canine upper respiratory Complex Kennel Cough

Infection of the cells lining the interior of the trachea and bronchi

Symptoms: A harsh, dry cough often followed by gagging white foam Develop within one week of exposure Basic form not accompanied by fever

Transmission: Highly contagious Airborn, Nose-nose contact High concentration, stress


http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=canine+respiratory+diagram&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=0Wyy8Kc05l4j9M&tbnid=DO3MzdXHKhs-_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://thepetauthority.wordpress.com/category/infectious-diseases/&ei=UCE0UaiqBYbU9QSekYDIBg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNGRZhLRPOApBToZhAanFRcmmSfJRA&ust=1362457261001737

Canine Diseases

Kennel Cough Bacterial and Viral Component

Bordetella bronchiseptica- Bacterial component Small Gram-negative rod shaped bacterium

Adenovirus type 2 – viral component Related to Hepatitis virus Causes Respiratory and Enteric diseases Fever

Parinfluenza- Viral component One of the most common pathogens

Influenza- Viral Component Relatively new



Key Feline Diseases


Feline Distemper or Panleukopenia “All white blood cells are abnormally low” Severely depresses all white blood cell production Parvo

Clinical Signs: Bloody, liquid stool, high fever, depression, anorexia, and

vomiting Secondary bacteria can greatly alter symptoms

Virus can live up to one year outside of host

Feline Diseases

Upper Respiratory Complex Rhinotracheitis

Also known as feline herpes virus Clinical Signs:

Inflammation of the conjunctiva Discharge from the eyes and nose.

Highly contagious

Calicivirus Clinical Signs:

ulcers and blisters in the mouth and tongue Widespread and highly contagious


Feline Diseases

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cat-health-guide.org/images/Feline_Herpes_Conjunctivitis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cat-health-guide.org/cateyeinfection.html&usg=__5mklexreK-YkQWr-hwXxqxwuORg=&h=236&w=340&sz=59&hl=en&start=83&um=1&tbnid=6i4mUjvYdgOApM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=feline+with+FIP&start=80&ndsp=20&um=1&hl=en&sa=N


Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Retrovirus Cannot live more than a few

hours outside the body Clinal Signs:

Often upper-respiratory Varies with systemic Infection

Transmission: Saliva and respiratory

secretions Repeated Contact Moist environment Saliva Blood contact

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

Similar to human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Cannot be passed to humans Clinical Signs:

Chronic nonresponding infections, respiratory problems, anorexia, persistent diarrhea, and severe oral infections

Transmission Saliva Blood contact

Feline Diseases


Vaccines and Antibodies: The Goal

The Myth of the Booster ShotThis is not what happens….

Level Of

Immunity

Many people believe that a booster vaccine will heighten the level of protectiveantibodies - Untrue

Antibodies from the previous vaccine will block efficacy of the next vaccine if given prematurely.



Maternal Antibodies: Fact



RECOMMENDED BY:

THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION (AAHA)

THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AVMA)

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FELINE PRACTITIONERS (AAFP)

Recommended Vaccination Protocols


Recommended Vaccination Protocols


Core Vaccines Non- Core Vaccines

RabiesDistemperParvoAdenovirus Type 2

BordetellaLeptospirosisCanine InfluenzaCoronaLymeGiardia

No longer available

Canine Core Vaccines

Canine Vaccine Protocol

Rabies Killed vaccine First administered at 12-16 weeks old. First annual booster required There is a 3 year vaccine, but each county has

different regulations.. Check first! Administered Sub Q in Right Rear leg to

monitor for reactions.



DA2PP or similar Protects against canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, parinfluenza,

and parvovirus. Multvalient combination Monovalient Series First vaccine recommended at 6-8 weeks of age and readministered

every 14-21 days until 16 weeks old for puppies. First Annual Booster required Booster every 3 years Administered SQ in Right Front leg to monitor reactionso Distemper will immediately provide protectiono Parvo does not protect for 48-72 hrs post vaccination but shed in the stool 3-14 days post vaccination



Bordatella or Kennel Cough 2 types:

Live version Given intranasally No booster necessary Also includes interferon

Impaires growth of other viral infections Provides cross protection for Adenovirus type 2 ,

parinfluenza, Canine Influenza Killed version Injectable Booster required 14-21 days after first administration General recommendation is annually, however some kennels

require vaccination every six months.



Leptospirosis At risk dogs only–

Standing water Wildlife

Some combination vaccines have lepto included.

Vaccine should be boostered 14-21 days after first administration, then annually thereafter.



Recommended Feline Vaccination Protocols


Core Non-Core

RabiesPanleukopeniaRhinotracheitis

(herpes)Calicivirus

Feline LeukemiaFIV

False + TestFeline BordetellaChlamydophila felis

(chlamydia)

Feline Core Vaccines


Feline Vaccine Protocol

Rabies Increased sensitivity to adjuvant

Three year rabies not available specifically for cats

Purvax First vaccine administered at

12-16 weeks of age, Annually after Administered SQ as low as

possible in right rear leg in case of Fibro sarcoma or other reaction

FVRCP or similar Protects against Feline Viral

Rhinotracheitis, (RVF), Calicivirus (C), Panleukemia (P), and sometimes feline chlamydia (-C).

Multvalient combo Monovalient series

In kittens vaccine should be given 6-8 weeks of age

Boosters required every 14-21 days until 16 weeks old

Annual booster or 3 yrs thereafter

Feline Vaccine Protocol

Feline Leukemia Testing is recommended before

administering vaccine. First administration no sooner

than 12 weeks of age Booster required 14-21 days

later Recommended annually for at

risk cats who may come in contact with any other cat

Recommended for ALL kittens


COURTESY OFDR. JEAN DODDS, DVM


Vaccines: Viewpoints may be Changing


Autoimmune Diseases Develops in genetically susceptible individuals

% of population can be genetically predisposed 3-5 genes involved

Sum of genetic and environmental factors that override normal mechanics of self tolerance Essentially body attacks itself

Can impact any major body system

Potential Vaccination Risks


What triggers predisposed animals to have an immune mediated response: Virus (vaccine) Change in Sex Hormones in Intact animals Thyroid hormone Adrenal Hormone Stress Poor Nutrition



Vaccinosis Adverse reaction to vaccine May be serious, chronically debilitating, or fatal Combination Vaccines:

Adenovirus combined with Parvo and Distemper Immunosuppressant in young puppies up to 10 days

Modified Live Distemper Post vaccine encephalitis in young puppies Can cause blindness, death Will affect 1:500,000 puppies



Factors contributing to vaccinosis

Dogs: Repeated exposure Young age Small breed size Neutering Multiple vaccines/visit

Cats Small breed size Neutering Multiple vaccines/visit



Non- Responders Animal can never develop immunity

Modified Live Parvo 1:1000 dogs will never develop immunity Black Labs, Akitas

Distemper virus 1:5000 will be non-responder

Adenovirus None

Cats Unknown

Special Considerations


Measure Benefit : Risk ratio Never vaccinate 30 days before estrus, in estrus, during

pregnancy, or lactation Never vaccinate an animal who is febrile or ADR Vaccinate the geriatric with caution Avoid unnecessary vaccination

Check with local health department to assess which non-core vaccines are absolutely necessary

Many vaccines have been approved for 3 year booster Give puppy boosters 3-4 weeks apart for max. effect If adult dog will be less than 12lbs puppies can safely be

vaccinated with half dose Do Not revaccinate if history of previous adverse reaction

Special Considerations


Check Titers Blood test that checks for total antibody production

from vaccination and natural exposure Determines if animal is protected Determines if animal is non-responder Determine if vaccine is effective in immunizing

animals Recommended every 3 years

Alternatives to Vaccination


Available Titers:

Dogs: Distemper (routine) Parvo (routine) Adenovirus 2 (hepatitis) Leptospirosis Lyme Disease Corona (not

recommended) Rabies Virus (at request

ony- non-export)

Cats: Panleukopenia Virus

(common) Herpies Virus (Rhino) Calicivirus Rabies (non-export)

Alternatives to Vaccination


Parasites

Intestinal Parasites

Hookworms: Commonly found in dogs and cats Clinical Signs:

Coughing Anemia Blood in stool Vomiting

Transmission: Ingest eggs from contaminated environment Skin penetration- most common

Larvae penetrate the skin, make their way to the circulatory system going ultimately to the lungs where they are coughed up, ingested, and enter the small intestine to mature

Mature worm attaches to intestinal wall and thrives on host blood.

Canine version has also developed modes of transplacental and transmammary infection.Copyright DogNostics 2012


Roundworms: Commonly found in dogs and cats Clinical Signs:

Distended abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea Transmission: Eggs ingested directly from contaminated

environment and hatch in small intestine Larva penetrate mucosa, migrate through

liver and heart to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed to mature in small intestine.

Some mature larvae return to the lumen to thrive on the hosts nutrients, but most leave the circulation and are stored in somatic organs until pregnancy.

At 42-56 days of gestation larva cross the placenta, migrate to fetal lungs and remain there until birth to repeat the cycle



Tapeworm:



Whipworm: Uncommon in cats Infective larvae develop within the

egg Once ingested the larvae are

released into the intestine migrate to cecum and attach

Female worms lay about 2,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs are very resistant to harsh conditions and can persist in the environment for several years.



Coccidia: Protozoan parasite very

common in shelter puppies

Causes severe intestinal infection in dogs and cats

Can result in death due to dehydration and protein loss


Giardia Protozoan Parasite Consists of 2 forms

Trophozoite Cyst (infective stage)

Attach to small intestine epithelium



Mites


Demodex Hereditary, not

infectious Naturally lives in hair

follicle Immunosupression

Sarcoptic Infectious Zoonotic

External Parasites


External Parasites

Fleas

Attaches to skin and feeds on host blood

Can cause anemia

If you do not see the flea you will see the flea dirt (excrement)


External Parasites

Ticks

external parasites that feed on the blood of the host

Can Transmit disease including Lyme, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Babesiosis

Neurotoxin in saliva can cause temporary paralysis


Ear Mites Infests the ear canal of small animals Clinical signs:

Extreme pruritis (itchy) Black exudate (discharge) Inflammation, redness, and swelling of ear canal

Transmission: Easily transmitted through passive contact with other

animals

External Parasites


Heartworms: Disease, Testing and

Treatment

Heartworms: Life Cycle

Canine: Mosquito bites

heartworm positive dog with circulating microfilaria.

Larva advance in life stage INSIDE mosquito.

Larva are then injected into another dog where they migrate through the tissues to the pulmonary artery in the heart.

Cats are “Dead End” hosts

Heartworms: Development

Heartworm positive does not mean HW Disease!

Progressed StageHeart cannot circulate

fluids efficiently due to arterial congestion.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/heartworms.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/Heartworm.htm&usg=__p1NgZeIKaZV85KXLh7X0HFaFP7Y=&h=200&w=280&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=HnMDryFuKrgXCM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=114&prev=/images?q=dog+with+caval+syndrome&gbv=2&hl=en

Heartworms: Testing

Snap Tests Antigen test Only the female heartworm

has the antigen. Positive is positive!

Strong or Weak is irrelevantBlood Smear

Circulating microfilaria

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3158/2777439175_6a1a54ae33.jpg

Heartworms: Treatment

Two options: 1) Adulticidal Ivermectin therapy.

Administer heartgard once weekly or every two weeks

Could require up to 36 months Lower risk of complications Dissolves protective coating and destroys

tissue Down side: heart damage2) Immiticide• Arsenic based compound• Series of scheduled injections to

completely eradicate adult heartworms in a short period of time.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.parrishcreekvet.com/images/Heartgard_Plus.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.parrishcreekvet.com/heartworm.htm&usg=__OyHLq-KaYLkSBTjo4XJtxnedOAc=&h=420&w=547&sz=45&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=QxumSE_8PDyXkM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=133&prev=/images?q=Heartgard&hl=en&um=1

http://infovet.chonnam.ac.kr/vetparasitology/vetpar/images/Drug_images/immiticide1.jpg

Treatment Complications: Immiticide

PTE or Pulmonary Thromboembolism A clot may be thrown to one or both

lungs Elevated blood pressure due to

exercise Dyspnea or shortness of breath

due to severe inflammationMuscle soreness at injection site.

This treatment must be injected in the muscle along the spine because it is the largest muscle in the body.

If injected too close to the spinal cord inflammation could cause a temporary state of paralysis

Heartworms: Wolbachia

Dirofilarial Wolbachia Rickettsial bacteria that lives within

heartworms. Released upon death of the adult

heartworm Spreads to the lungs resulting in severe

inflammation and coughing or dyspneaDoxycycline

Prevents the spread of the bacteria and resulting inflammation.

Heartworms: Prevention

The best treatment is prevention Administer year round

in warmer climates Because different

preventatives kill at different points of the heartworm lifecycle, not all are safe without prior testing

http://www.sspah.com/sentinel.jpg


CANINE AND FELINE HEALTH AND HANDLING

Module # 202Part Two


Potential health concerns while caring for someone

else’s pet


Dentistry - What to watch out for

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive

Lesions

(FORL)

Feline Stomatitis


Potential problems: Large Breeds:

Joint dysplasia Elbow or hip Long bone does not fully

enter joint socket Pre-mature arthritis

Small Breeds Luxating Patella

Trochlear groove is too shallow

Allows patella to “pop out” Over time tendon becomes

strained

Skeletal - What to watch out for


Skeletal- What to watch out for


Skeletal - What to watch out for

Arthritis


Obesity


Obesity




Dermatology - What to watch out for


Hypersensitivity disorders Abnormally severe inflammatory responses mediated

by the immune system Caused by Antigens Some reactions can happen within minutes of exposure Can be exposed via

direct contact inhalation ingestion insect bites/stings Injection

Flea and food allergy most common

Dermatology


Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) Most common skin disease of dogs and cats Antigen (allergen)

Specific proteins found in saliva of flea Clinical signs

Self inflicted trauma Secondary bacterial infection

Food Allergy Dermatitis Repeated exposure to food or food additive Non-seasonal itchiness Self trauma Secondary bacterial infection

Dermatology


Bacterial Skin infections Overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria Potential causes:

Poor nutrition Lack of immunocompetence Hypersensitivity Self Trauma

Pyoderma Pus in the skin May involve the follicle

Dermatology


Bacterial Skin infections Skin Fold dermatitis

Dogs with excessive skin folds Areas are dark/ chronically moist Make perfect medium for growing bacteria Facial folds of brachycephalic breeds Corkscrew tail folds Large lip flaps Other body folds

Dermatology


Yeast Skin infections (Malasseziasis) Yeast normally found in low numbers around the

mouth, anus, and skin folds Disease occurs:

Hypersensitivity Continuous overgrowth

Dermatology


Fungal Skin diseases (ringworm)

Dermatology


Dermatology

1. Acral Lick Granuloma, Also called acral lick dermatitis, this is a frustrating skin condition caused by compulsive, relentless licking of a single area - most often on the front of the lower leg.


The Skin – What to watch for

1. Hot Spots, also called Focal traumatic pyoderma, are small areas that appear red, irritated, and inflamed. They are most commonly found on the tail head



Alopecia- Hair loss


Seborrhea- Dull dry and lusterless with excessive scaling and oily/greasy patches occompanied by a foul odor.



Nodules- masses caused by inflammation or neoplasia(cancer)




1. Dry Flaky Skin can be an indication of many things, allergies, mange and other disorders


The Skin - Things to watch for

1. Changes in skin color can indicate chronicity or other problem



1. Immune Disorders - in rare cases, skin lesions or infections that won’t heal can indicate an immune disorder


Reservoir for secretions produced by anal glands

“If it’s not broke, don’t fix it”

Impaction Scooting, licking or biting

around the rear end. See a Vet!

Manual expression is risky

Anal Sacs – What to watch for



Refer You Clients to a Veterinarian if you notice any skin problems or suspect the anal glands need cleaning


THERE ARE MANY DISEASES AND

PARASITES THAT CAN BE SPREAD

FROM THE FAMILY PET TO HUMANS.

Zoonotic Diseases

Zoonotic diseases

Rabies can be transmitted in saliva either by direct contact or residue left on surface

Leptospirosis can be transmitted by any contact with urine from an infected animal.

Lyme disease can be transmitted to humans from ticks.


Zoonotic diseases

Parasites Hookworms

Creeping eruptions

Roundworms Ocular migrans

You cannot get parasites from your dog’s saliva—strictly from feces or contaminated soil.


Zoonotic Diseases

Giardia Giardia lamblia is the

most commonly diagnosed intestinal parasite in public health laboratories in the United States, and is diagnosed by finding cysts or trophozoites in the feces of humans or animals.


Zoonotic Diseases

Coccidia Transmitted similar to

Giardia via contaminated food or water


Zoonotic Diseases

Pasteurella Carried in dog/cat mouths Results in cellulitis progression to septicemia

possible Septic Arthritis may develop if

bitten on a knuckle of the hand

50% of infections of the hand result in permanent damage

Get to a Dr. ASAP!


Zoonotic Diseases

Bartonella or “Cat Scratch Fever” May result from a scratch Results in “flu” like symptoms

with enlarged lymph nodes Usually self-limiting


Animal Handling


Handling & Dog and Cat for Medical Aid

Much of animal restraint is choosing the appropriate method based upon the different behaviors and anatomies of different animals.

Restraint may be as simple as holding the animal while you give it some medications.

You may also need to restrain an animal while you muzzle it or administer first aid in an emergency.

There are two kinds of animal restraint, manual restraint and chemical restraint.


Animal Handling

One of the safest ways to pick up a grown cat or a kitten, is to approach the animal from the side. Take one hand and isolate the scapula (see video). Then place your other hand palm down, along the back around the neck and shoulder area.

This way you can quickly scruff if necessary.

Hold the whole cat close to your body. This gives the cat support and provides security.

To carry, place hindquarters under arm and isolate the scapula while Placing other hand on back of neck.

Video 1


Removing a Cat From Cage

If in an enclosed area: Open the door and allow the cat

a few minutes to walk out on their own

If not in an enclosed space or if the cat will not come out: It is best to take the crate apart

and slowly remove the top while gently grabbing the scruff. Move Slow!

Restraining a Cat using Gloves


Catching A Cat

An escaped cat can be a formidable opponent. Cats can squeeze into small spaces and may attack when approached.

You’ll usually need a net or blanket to retrieve a cat from its hiding place.

Live traps can also be used to catch catsNEVER put a slip leash on a cat!


Animal Handling

To pick up a dog, put one arm in front of the of the animals chest and the other either behind the rear legs, at the level of the stifles or under the abdomen and lift in a "scooping" motion. May require more than one person if it’s a large dog.

To restrain place arms in “forklift” position with one arm under the neck and along abdomen in front of rear legs.


Removing A Dog From A Cage

Partially open the cage door and put a slip leash around the dog’s neck. The leash prevents the dog from escaping once the cage door is fully opened and it also permits some control should the dog become aggressive.

To slide a slip leash over the dog’s neck without fully opening the cage door, wait at the front of the cage and let the dog approach you.

Slowly place the slip leash around the neck while the dog is waiting to be let out. If the dog is small but aggressive, place a blanket or towel around it before lifting.


The Muzzle

A muzzle is a form of restraint, some dogs will need to wear a muzzle if they are having their nails trimmed, for safety during some behavior change programs, or in an emergency situation.



Administering Medications

Administering Medications- Cats

Tablets Many cats respond better to minimal

restraint . hold the cat's head in the palm of your

hand and gently tilt the cat's head back. Most cats reflexively relax their jaw and the mouth will open slightly.

In the opposite hand hold the pill between the thumb and index finger.

With your middle or ring finger, gentle lever the jaw open and then place the tablet onto the back of the tongue. Push the tablet over the back of the tongue with a finger.

Quickly close the mouth. Blowing on the nose may induce swallowing.


Administering Medications- Cats

LIQUIDS Hold the cat's head this time holding

both top and bottom jaw. Using an eye dropper or syringe

slowly place the medication into your cat's mouth. The tip of the dropper can be inserted just behind the canine (fang or eye) tooth where the jaw does not completely close.

Unless the dose is small give the medication slowly allowing your cat to swallow and to lick the medication from its mouth before giving more.


Administering Medications- Dogs

Liquids If a large dog, put them into a sit. You

may need to stand behind them to prohibit backing up.

Place on hand along the upper muzzle to limit movement of the head and lift the upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear of the teeth.

Place the syringe just behind the canines and slowly administer the medication.

Be sure that the dog is swallowing as you administer to prevent accidental aspiration or waste of the medication.

Administering Medications- Dogs

Tablets Use easiest methods first! Try

inserting the tablet into pill pockets, peanut butter or cream cheese.

If necessary to manually administer: Place on hand along the upper

muzzle to limit movement of the head and lift the upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear of the teeth.

Have the pill between your thumb and forefinger of the other hand and use the middle finger against the incisors to open the bottom jaw.

Toss the pill in the back of the throat and quickly close the mouth and blow into the nose to induce swallowing- DO NOT place your hand into the dog’s mouth.

When the dog licks it’s nose you know the pill has been swallowed.

Administering Medications- Aural

The ear canal: Very different in dogs than

humans Travels down the head (vertical

canal) and then in to the ear drum (horizontal canal)

Medication: Apply a few drops into the ear and

massage the ear canal to distribute

Administering Medications- Aural

Ears may need to be flushed prior to medicating While holding up on the pinna or ear flap, apply

the flush solution into the ear canal One of the best solutions is actually homemade-

50% white vinegar, 50% water, and one cap full of alcohol

Gently massage the ear canal to break up and flush out any debris You should hear a “squishing” sound

Using a cotton ball, remove debris from the pinna DO NOT USE Q-TIPS!!!

Administering medications: Ocular

With the dog in a sitting position, stand behind them

With one hand, hold the eye open while holding the head against you to restrict movement

Apply either sterile saline eye flush or medication

Use cotton ball to swab excess discharge

Be careful not to touch the surface of the eye with applicator

Administering medications: Sub Q injections/fluids

ONLY if directed by a Veterinarian!May be required to administer Insulin

to a diabetic animal or Sub Q fluidsSee video for single injectionsTo administer SQ fluids:

Needle will be attached to a line The bag has measurements marked- each number

represents 100 mls- note the amount in the bag before you start

Insert needle under the skin in the same method as injection

Open the valve and check the drip chamber to be sure the fluids are running

Watch the level in the bag to administer the proper amount

Turn off the valve and remove the needle May need to hold pressure on the site for a few

seconds as the fluid may seep back out.

Fluid bag with measurements

Drip Chamber

Fluid Valve

Needle

Valves


Administering Sub Q Injections

Video 2


The Nail Anatomy


The Correct Tools

Cut at a right angle to the nailYou will need scissor type cutters for long nails

that curve


Trimming Nails & Nail Safety

Light colored nails are easier to trim as you can see the nail quick

Cut the nail to within 2 mm of the quick


Nail Trimming – Dark Nails

Cut dark colored nails a little amount at a time. You cannot see the quick – TAKE CARE

As you cut off small pieces of the nail, look at the cut edge of the nail. The light tissue (1) is the curved bottom part of the nail. The mottled light and dark tissue (2) is the top part of the nail.


Nail Trimming – Dark Nails

As you cut the nail deeper, you will see a homogeneous gray to pink oval (3) starting to appear at the top of the cut surface of the nail. Stop cutting the nail at this point as additional cutting will cut into the quick


Nail Trimming – Long Nails

Trim a little bit at a timeOn the first cut you cannot cut

too short as the quick is longAs you trim nails, over a period

of time the quick recedesThis allows you each time to

cut the nails a little bit shorterYou will need to communicate

this to clients who’s dogs have very long nails as they may expect a shorter result when finished

Metric Abbreviations


Conversion chart

1 cup= 8 fl. ounces= 237ml1 tablespoon= 15ml= 3 teaspoons1 teaspoon= 5ml1 ounce= 30mlNote: 1cc is the same as 1ml



DogNostics Career College

Experts in Providing Education for Pet Industry Professionals

Affordable, Effective, Professional & Fun Education

Achieving pet industry professional certificates and diplomas inform your clients and the professional community that you have enrolled in and passed a formal educational program. Pet industry credentials are the sign of a serious professional. Ongoing learning and teaching are integral to the growth and development of our industry.

DogNostics Career College ensures our students receive leading-edge academic and technical training as well as skill-building programs and practical experiences


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DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & Handling