1. 2005 7

2. 3. Charles Tilly 1986-1991 1991-19961994-1997 1982 PRI AC PRI EZLN Charles Tillyi 4. Social Movements and Democratization in Mexico Abstract This thesis demonstrates that Mexican democratization is a result of confrontation of the social movements and the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) government rather than an outcome of merely rational interactions of ruling elites, as numerous researchers tend to suggest. It argues that although ruling elites and pressures from international actors have a lot to do with Mexican democratization, social movements play the most important role promoting democratization in Mexico. This study analyzes the relation between social movements and democratization. In this sense, it raises two important questions as followed. The first is, how do the Mexican social movements promote democratization? The second is, what kind of democratization do the Mexican social movements promote? Answers to these questions are provided through the examination of the electoral-democracy movement (1986~1991), the pro-democracy movement (1991~1996), and the Zapatista movement (1994~1997) through the lens of the society-centered approach and Charles Tillys democratization theory. In sum, the author hopes to describe a more complete picture of Mexican democratization process as well as shed some light on the democratization experience of Taiwan. Key words: Mexico; social movement; Zapatista Movement; democratization; political development; civil society; Charles Tillyii 5. 1999 Paro PUCE Amanda Salazar 2003 dollarization iii 6. UNAM Guillermo Salas Banuet ACEl Colegio de Mxico Sergio Aguayo AC Francisco Ricardo Santana Berrios R92 2005 07 14 iv 7. i iii v viii ix xii 11 4 5 6 6 8 11 11 12 12 1515 15 Charles Tilly 18 Charles Tilly 23 v 8. 25 25 28 30 32 37 37 37 39 41 44 49 49 51 53 1980~1990 56 61 1986~1991 61 61 1986 Chihuahua 63 1988 68 1991~1996 71 ( PRONASOL ) 71 73 75 vi 9. 1994~199782 82 84 91 101 101 101 102 110 110 111116 116 119 123 127 127Charles Tilly 131132 135 149vii 10. 2-1Charles Tilly 22 2-2 34 2-120 2-220 2-321 2-4 24 2-532 3-11982-199045 3-2 46 3-31980-1990 46 3-41991-199748 4-1 NAFTA 83 5-1Chihuahua % 105 5-2Chihuahua % 105 5-3% 106 5-4NP 1979~1991 107 5-51978-1998 108 5-6%108 5-71934-2000 109 5-8%111 5-9% 112 5-10 NP 1991~2003 112 6-1 130viii 11. ACAlianza Cvica Civic AllianceAcademia Mexicana de Mexican HumanAMDHDerechos Humanos Rights Academy ClandestineComit Clandestino Revolutionary CCRI-CG Revolucionario Indgena -IndigenousComandancia GeneralCommittee-General Command Committee of DefenseComit de Defensa y CDPand Preservation inPreservacin de Durango Durango Federal Electoral CEF Comit Electoral Federal CommitteeConfederacin Nacional Confederation of CNC CampesinaNational PeasantsComisin Nacional de los National Commission CNDH Derechos Humanos of Human Rights CNH Consejo Nacional de Huelga National Strike Council National IndigenousCNI Congreso Nacional Indgena Congress National ConfederationConfederacin Nacional de CNOP of PopularOrganizaciones Populares OrganizationsCoalicin de Obreros,Coalition of Labors,COCEI Campesinos, y Estudiante Farmers, and Studentsdel Istmoof the Isthmus National CommissionComisin de Concordia yCOCOPA of Concord andPacificacin Pacification NationalComisin Nacional de IntermediationCONAI Intermediacin Commission CONCAMINConfederacin de Cmaras Federation of Industrialix 12. Industriales de los Estados Chambers of the Unidos MexicanosMexican United States Confederation of Confederacin de Cmaras CONCANACO National Chambers of Nacionales de Comercio Trade National Confederation Confederacin Nacional de CONAMUP of Urban Popular Movimiento Urbano Popular Movement Convergence of Civil Convergencia de Organismos Covergencia Organizations for the Cviles por la Democracia Democracy Confederacin deMexican LaborsCTM Trabajadores de MxicoConfederation Coordinadora nica de Earthquake VictimsCUD DamnificadosCoordinating Body Ejrcito Zapatista para Zapatist National EZLN Liberacin Nacional Liberation Army National DemocraticFDNFrente Democrtica Nacional Front Frente Popular Tierra y Popular Front of Land FPTyL Libertadand Liberty Federacin de Sindicatos de Federation of Workers' FSTSETrabajadores al Servicio delUnions to the Service Estadoof the State Frente Zapatista para Zapatist National FZLN Liberacin Nacional Liberation Front Federal ElectoralIEF Institulo Electoral Federal Institute Movimiento Revolucionario People RevolutionaryMRP del PuebloMovement Organizacin de Izquierda Left RevolutionaryOIR-LM Revolucionaria-Lnea de Organization-Mass Masas LinePAN Partido Accin Nacional National Action Party Partido Autntico de la Authentic Party of the PARM Revolucin Mexicana Mexican Revolution Partido del Frente Cardenista Cardenist Front for PFCRN de Reconstruccin National x 13. Reconstruction Party PPS Partido Popular SocialistaPopular Socialist Party Partido Socialista Unido de United Socialist Party PSUM Mxicoof Mxico Partido de la RevolucinDemocratic Revolution PRD Democrtica Party Partido RevolucionarioInstitutional PRI Institucional Revolutionary Party Union of Popular UCP Unin de Colonias Populares Colonies xi 14. http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/mexico/mxstates.htm xii 15. John Stolle-McAllister2005: 23 Huntington1991 1974 1 Cheng, 2003; 2002Aldrich et al., 2001; Solinger, 2001; Haggard & Kaufman, 1995: 267-306 top-down1996 2002Morris, 1995; Magaloni, 2001; Prudhome, 1998 ruling elites PRI PRI civil society21 KMTPRIPRI 1980 1998 PRI1997 party-state systemmulti-party system 2 Gordon White1994: 379 intermediate associational realm 1 16. PRI 3 1960 UNAM 1968 10 1976 PRI debt-oriented development internationalization4 1982 PRI peso 3 ideologically 1917 materially 1940 peasant laborpopular patron-client network PRI Stolle-McAllister, 2005: 16 4 GDP Keohane and Milner, 1996: 3- 4 capital strike 2 17. 1985 8 Miguel de la Madrid 1986 Chihuahua PRI 1988 PRI 1991 Convergencia AMDHPCHR 300 8 18 San Luis Potos 1994 4 Alianza Cvica, AC 7 AC Sergio Aguayo 1995 Mexican a Milestone1994 1 1 NAFTA Chiapas Zapatista Movement MarcosSubcomandante Marcos EZLN 4 county seat 5 PRI transnational social movement PRI 1986 de la Madrid 1990 Carlos Salinas CFE 5 4 San Cristobal de las CasasLas MargaritasAltamiro Ocosingo 3 18. 1993 1994 1996 Ernesto Zedillo COFIPE IFE 2000 Lipset, 1960 ODonnell, 1979Dahl, 1992 Ottaway & Carothers, 2000; Burnell & Calvert, 2004 Whitehead, 1996; 1999 Przeworski, 1991; 2003 ODonnell & Schmitter, 1986;4 19. Higley & Gunther, 1992 political process Morris1995 strategic choice model PRI Eisentadt2004Magaloni2001 Prudhome1998 PRI ISE PRI 1990 Shirk2004PAN Bruhn1996 PRDBruhn Cuauhtmoc Crdenas PRI 1988 5 20. Foweraker1990 Ramrez Saiz1990 Bailey1998 Rodrguez Ward1995 Cornelius 1999 Trejo Jones1998 Zedillo Stevenson Seligson1996 Schatz2000democracy delayed Riva Palacio1997 PRI 1980 neo-liberal globalization Haggard and Kaufman, 1995: 4 6 21. 1996, 1997 1970 1982 1994 NAFTA PRI 1997 Miguel de la Madrid Carlos Salinas 2002neo-institutionalism PRI KMTPhilip2002 de la Madrid Salinas Salinas 1982 7 22. Charles Tilly2000; 2003 1986 1991 1986 Chihuahua 1988 1991 1996 AC 1994 EZLN 1994 1997 PRI 1970 1980 8 23. revival of civil societyFoweraker, 1995: 6 1956 1968 reconstruction state-party apparatusArato1981 the state/civil society dichotomy White, 1994 relative autonomy Skocpol, 1979: 34-36 non-resistantinactivesubmissive Chandhoke, 1995: 54-59 Tavera-Fenollosa1998: 14 limitation control ligitimation9 24. 1981 8 Solidarnosc 1980 new social movements anti-organizational bias neo-pluralism6 Foweraker, 1990 precondition for negotiation with the state interlocutor Diamond, 1994a: 5; Evans, 1995 6 Neopluralism Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The Worlds Political Economic SystemsNew York: Basic Books, 1977 10 25. Robert Cox Cox, 1986: 207 7 Charles Tilly historical document analysis 7 11 26. 8means of gathering data Miller, 1983 IFEPRIPANPRDAC EZLN Charles Tilly Tilly 8 http://novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/evans/resources/document.html 12 27. PRI 1982 1985 1986~1991 1991~1996 1994~1997 Tilly 13 28. 14 29. 2003conceptualization methodologicaltheoreticalontological substantiveprocedural Tilly2000: 4 overlapping categories substantive criteria constitutional criteriapolitical-process criteria Tilly interactions among politically constituted actors Tilly procedural democracy 18 Dahl1971: 3 18Joseph Schumpeter1950 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and DemocracyNew York: Harper, 1950 15 30. Bollen1986 Huber 1997 formal democracy participation democracysocial democracy democratic political culture 19 Almond Verba civic culture a wide variety of political participation Almond & Verba, 1963 McClosky1964 toleranceDahl 1971: 4-6public contestation minority dissent Huntington1991: 4-7 19Almond Verba political cultureorientation cognitive orientation political systemaffective orientationevaluational orientation Almond & Verba, 1963 Almond Verba political life Diamond, 1994b: 7 16 31. Dahl1997: 38 Gunther 1995: 17-8 re-socialization Munck, 2001: 126-128 liberalization democratic transitiondemocratic consolidation Przeworski1986: 56 Schedler2001: 2institutional uncertainty Schedler 20 20liberalizing reformsSchedler2001: 13-14 external shocks 17 32. founding election Schedler, 2001: 6 21 Charles Tilly Tilly2000: 2 theoretical Tilly2000: 2 constitute explanationsTilly political processTilly struggles causally coherent Tilly, 2000: 4 22 Tilly agent of governmentquality 21Schedler2001; 16-17 a lasting precedent of democratic resilience 22Tilly 18 33. democratic regime regularcategoricalintermittent individualized broadequalcitizenship binding consultation of citizen at largeTilly, 2000: 4a bundle of variables protected consultation 01 0.8 net shift Tilly, 2000: 5-6 mechanism Tilly public politics networks of trustinequality interacting change 23 24 23Tilly2003: 26 exploitation opportunity hoarding rents 24Tilly 19 34. 25 Tilly, 2003: 26-30 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-1 1. 2. Tilly2003: 27 2-2 1. political coalitions 2. 3. Tilly2003: 28 25Tilly2003: 29 20 35. 2-3 1. external guarantees 2. 3. Tilly2003: 30 2-1 causal sequences 21 36. ShockConquest, Colonialization, Confrontation, RevolutionRegimeEnvironment Change Mechanisms Inequality Networks of Trust Public Politics Democratization 2-1 Charles Tilly Tilly2000: 3 22 37. conquest colonialization confrontation revolution Charles Tilly Tilly Tilly 26Tilly Tilly regime Tilly governments jurisdiction proportion 27 agents of governmentextent 26 Tilly2003: 30as a practical matter institution of citizenship 27Tilly 1917 23 38. shieldingTilly, 2000: 4-5 degree Tilly externalinternal perspective 28 Tilly perspective 2-4 2-4 ( breadth )( proportion ) ( equality ) ( extent ) ( protection ) ( shielding ) ( consultation ) ( degree ) 28Schedler2001: 2-3 outside observer external perspective internal perspectiveinternal participant Schedler2001: 5 research purposetheoretical frameaccess to dataSchedler, 2001: 524 39. Tilly numerical formation historical document analysis Tilly Tilly 18 19 extremism deprivationviolence the madding masssocial disorganization Tarrow, 1998: 4 Tarrow1998: 3-425 40. contentious collective action social solidaritysustained interaction della Porta informal interaction networks collective action focusing on conflicts della Porta & Diani, 1999: 14-16 29 Thomas 2001: 9-10 30 political efficacy apolitical stance Cohen Arato1992: 492-563 activeconstructive 29 30 McAdam1982 outsider status non-institutional tactics boycottsBurstein et al., 1995: disruptive 27826 41. 31 della Porta & Diani, 1999: 16-20 membersparticipants 31 27 42. emergence of social movements theory of collective behaviorresources mobilization model political process approachNew Social Movements Theory 32 by-product relative deprivation grievance 1960 Perrow, 1979 rational collective actions constant 32 Smelser1962 Gurr1970 Jenkins1983 McAdam1982 Offe1985 28 43. McAdam, 1996: 27 variables identity mobilization Dalton et al., 1990 McAdam 1996: 2-7 political opportunitiesmobilization structures framing processes social movement organization cultural dimension collective process of interpretation 29 44. McAdam et al., 1988 outcomes Gamson1990 success Gamson The Strategy of Social Protest use of violenceGamson Burstein 1995: 276Gamson bargaining exchange of compensation concessions are rewarded Burstein et al., 1995: 279 target 3333 strategic mobilizationresources 30 45. 34 Schumaker1975; 494-495 stages access responsivenessagenda responsiveness political agenda policy responsiveness output responsiveness 35 impact responsiveness Burstein 1995: 283 Schumaker grievance Kitschelt1986: 67 structural impacts 2-5 Burstein 1995: 280 characteristics 34Burstein 1995: 282 35output output responsivenessenforcementoutput responsiveness 31 46. 2-5 Burstein1995: 284 democracy from belowKitschelt1993: 15 grassroots democracy representative democracy della Porta & Diani, 1999: 242 Tilly2003: 37 internal dynamics activate political standing 32 47. Tilly 2-2 33 48. NAFTA 2-2 34 49. 2-1 36 2-2 37 conceptualization methodological theoretical Tilly ontological 36 2-1 2-2 2-1Tilly 37Tilly 2-1Tilly 2-2 dependent variable intervening variableindependent variable 35 50. 36 51. 300 Miguel Hidalgo 1821 1877 Porfilio Daz 34 1910 1917 58 1929 Plutarco Elas Calles PNR Philip, 1988: 99 83 89 2 96 97 59 Weldon, 1997: 237 PRI 58 Caudillismo 1821 Daz 72 12 Eric Wolf & Edward Hansen, Caudillo Politics: a structural analysis, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 9, No.3 1967, pp. 168-7937 52. dedazo 1929 2000 PRI PRI 1946 1954 59 60 60 PAN loyal opposition party 61Meyer1992: 122 1950 1920 camarilla Johnson, 1984: 83 62Camp1999: 116 Camp, 1999: 119-120 Cosio Villegas, 591946 30,000 1,000 1954 75,000 2,500 601939 9 UNAM Manuel Gmez Morn PAN Lzaro Crdenas PAN Christian Democratic Party 199577-78 61 PAN PRI 1947 PPS PARM 2002169 62 Crdenas Alemn Camp, 1999: 118 38 53. 1975: 144 Camp, 1999: 177Grayson 1998: 49 Handelman1996: 50 Lzaro Crdenas 1938 PNR PRM PRI sector militar campesinotrabajador 1940 63 popular CNC rural cooperatives CTM FSTSE CNOP 1946 Miguel Alemn PRM PRI institucionarPRI sector organization 64631940 Manuel vila Camacho CNOP PARM Grayson, 1998: 20 64 PRI PRI Rosenberg, 2001: 258 CONCANACO39 54. Peasant Union CNC Peasant Institute 65 Spalding, 1981 Gonzlez Campean & Lomel, 2000 PRI 1960 ISI 1958 Adolfo Lpez 1968 UNAM polarization Plaza de Tlatelolco CONCAMIN 1917 1918 PRIRosenberg, 2001: 258 PRI 65 corporatism Stevens, 1977; Grayson, 1999; Rosenberg, 2001; Wiarda, 1981 Schmitter1974: 93-5 singularcompulsory non-competitivehierarchically orderedfunctionally differentiated representational monopoly state corporatism societal corporatismcorporations Schmitter, 1974: 103-5 Spalding1981: 139-61corporatism cultures Rosenberg2001: 248 party corporatism political party organization interest group confederations 40 55. PRI carrot and stick 1980 PRI 1821 66 67 Daz 68 Daz 1929 66 Lucas Alaman Jos Maria Luis Mora Daniel Cosio Villegas, Compact History of MexicoSan Diego: Fondo de Cultura Economica USA, 2000, pp. 84-102. 67 5 1829 1836 Texas1838 Guerra de los Pasteles 1846~1848 1861~1867 68 enclave economy 41 56. 691934 Crdenas 70 Import Substitution Industrialization 40 71 1960 Bretton Woods System1965 1971 8 10%Nixon Shock Echeverra Desarrollo Compartido Echeverra 1976 9 22 60% 1970 1976 76%1977 109%721978 Jos Lpez Portillo 69 1932 1929 20% 50%( http://oxlad.qeh.ox.ac.uk/results.php ) 70 1917 1934 Crdenas 71 1940 1980 6.8%Olvera, 1997: 110 72( http://oxlad.qeh.ox.ac.uk/results.php ) 42 57. 1979 Paul Volcker 1981 petroleum boom 1980 351 1981 270 1982 216 73 1982 8 74 Monroe Doctrine1823 12 2 1917 1846 CaliforniaArizonaNevada 1848 2 Guadalupe Hidalgo Pact 1910 Daz Francisco Madero Victoriano Huertta 1914 Huerta Tampico Veracruz 73 74 Mazza2001 Pastor1993 43 58. PRI Meyer, 1991: 228 PRI PRI PRI 1982 8 Jess Silva-Herzog WB Heredia, 1990: 327 Portillo 9 12 de la Madrid IMF WB 75 GATT 76 IMF 3-1 1986 1987 75Markoff1996IMF WB IMF IMF IMF WB 76 NAFTA SECOFI 1991 NAFTA NAFTA PRI PRI COECE NAFTA Heredia, 1994: 1744 59. 3-1 1982-1990198219831984 198519861987198819891990 GDP % -0.7-4.1 3.72.7-3.9 1.9 1.3 3.5 4.3%GDP16.9 8.6 8.59.616.016.012.3 5.5 3.5%GDP28.932.932.2 31.230.430.529.928.930.0%GDP44.541.039.3 39.244.944.939.133.632.2%GDP49.062.654.2 52.476.373.659.148.541.9 % -11.6 -16.8 -6.8 -1.3-8.4-6.1-12.4 -6.1-9.2%98.980.859.2 63.7105.7 159.2 51.719.729.9%*134.6 143.8 124.3120.0 149.0 148.6 119.1 112.8 105.4 %0.7 0.5 0.40.5 1.5 3.2 2.6 3.0 2.6 % -1.5-48.2 -16.216.519.3 1.2-62.7 24.7 8.3* 1980 100 Pastor & Wise1997Kaufman et al.1994 1982 1994 3-2 1984 10% household income 1.19% 1989 1.14% 1994 1.01% 10% 1984 34.26%1989 38.97% 1994 41.24%Gini coefficient77 1984 0.46 1989 0.49 1994 0.51 0.4 1984 10% 10% 28.7 1989 34.1 1994 40.8 Pastor & Wise, 1997: 424 77Gini coefficientLawrence Curve 0~1 1 0 45 60. 3-2 * I II IIIIVV VIVII VIIIIX X 19841.19 2.66 3.86 5.016.267.66 9.68 12.42 17.00 34.26 100.00 19891.14 2.48 3.52 4.565.767.21 9.02 11.42 15.92 38.97 100.00 19941.01 2.27 3.27 4.265.356.67 8.43 11.19 16.30 41.24 100.00 *I~X I 10%II 10%~20%X 10% Pastor & Wise1997: 425 PRI informal sectorPRI conditionality 78 IMF real wage1980 GDP 3.02% 1985 2.87%1990 2.41% 1980 GDP 0.4% 1990 0.33% 1980 GDP 2.68% 1990 2.15% 3-3 PRI 3-31980-1990 %GDP %GDP %GDP%GDP 1980 3.02 0.40 2.68 6.10 1985 2.87 0.34 2.41 5.62 1990 2.41 0.33 2.15 4.89Pator & Wise1997: 44778IMF quantifiedqualified phasing performance criteriaIMF IMF IMF, The International Monetary Fund: Its Revolution, Organization and ArticlesWashington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 198446 61. 1984 1994 Trejo & Jones, 1998: 72 1982 1987 maquiladora 3 791991 10 30%Eisenstadt, 2004: 53 1993 Nuevo Len Monterrey 13.95% 34.63% GuerreroOaxaca Chiapas 10.89% 8.32% Nuevo Len Russell, 1995: 18-19 1988 1994 12 80 3.375 1 79 NAFTA maquiladora maquiladorizacin Kopinak, 1993: 153 801994 12 Tesobonos 1993 12 1994 178 1994 250 80 Cameron 47 62. 6.419 1 7.05% 51.97% 3.7% 6.2%GDP 4.4%-6.2% 3-4 11 125 45 Cameron & Aggarwal, 1996: 977-978 IMF 81 3-4 1991-199719911992199319941995 1996 1997 GDP % 4.203.602.004.40-6.20 5.207.00% 19.30 15.60 15.00 14.10 48.4431.3919.80 3.013.093.113.37 6.41 7.608.50% 18.80 11.90 8.017.0551.9727.7015.72%109.30 119.00 127.60 132.30114.40 101.70 - % 2.702.803.403.70 6.20 5.403.70 %GDP 18.80 18.60 19.80 20.80 18.4018.7019.50%GDP21.90 18.70 17.00 18.10 29.0025.9019.30Buenda Laredo2001: 137 PRI & Aggarwal, 1996: 976-9781994 1 Chiapas 3 PRI Luis Donaldo Colosio 9 PRI Ruiz Massieu 81 1995 1 6 100 IMF 178 Cameron & Aggarwal, 1996: 980 48 63. PRI Catholic Church 1950 1960 revolving credit fund Centro Operacional de Vivienda Promocin del Desarollo Popular Frente Autnico del Trabajo Centro de Comunicacin Olvera, 2000: 51970 MorelosVeracruzJalisco community-basedSomuano, 2003: 9-10 1962 Vatican Council II 1968 CELAM Medellin 49 64. consciousness-raising liberation theology 82 politicized Levine, 1987 Comunidades Eclesiales de Base, CEBs CEBs CEBs CEBs Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 56 CEBs Gmez Hermosillo1986: 59CEBs Movimientos Urbanos Populares, MUPsCEBs MUPs CEBs MUPs CEBs CEBs CEBs MUPs MUPs 82 Daniel Levine, Religion and Politics in Latin America: Liberation Theology and Christian DemocracyNew York: Praeger, 1991 Jeffrey L. Klaiber, The Church, Dictatorships, and Democracy in Latin America New York: Orbis Books, 1998 50 65. 31 2,378 municipality 1917 Oaxaca Baja California 570 4 PRI PRI Agrarian Code Manuel vila Camacho 1942 1946 Harvey, 1990: 10 1943 Rubn Jaramillo Morelos 1944 Jaramillo PRI 1945 1952 PRI 1962 Jaramillo land invasionJaramillo Cadena-Roa, 2003: 115 caciques 1950 Salvador Nava San Luis Potos Civic Union of San Luis Potos Gonzalo Santos 1960 Guerrero Civic Union of Guerrero Cabellero Aburto Fox & Hernndez, 1992: 195anarcho-syndicalism 51 66. municipal democracy movements1958 PRI union bosses1958 Ministry of Labor1959 16 1960 PRI PRI 83antipopular bias anti-cooptation Cadena-Roa, 2003: 113 1961 MLN Lzaro Crdenas PCMPPS constitutional rights MLN 1964 PRI Cadena-Roa, 2003: 1161960 83 Jaime E. Rodrguez ed. The Revolutionary Process in Mexico: Essays on Political and Social Change, 1880-1940.Los Angels: UCLA Latin American Center, 1997 52 67. 1968 UNAM CNH syndicalist autonomy PRI Shapira, 1977: 561-562 1968 9 social dissolution law 10 2 Masacre de Tlatelolco PRI 1958 1959 PRI crisis of control 1968 PRI crisis of legitimacy Shapira, 1977: 559PRI 84 1930 1980 1930 1980 84 1968 1970 Echeverra Apertura Democrtica 21 18 PRI 53 68. 1940 1970 4 Monterrey Guadalajara 5 urban planning Bennett, 1992: 243 PRI 1960 CTM CONCANACO CONCAMIN Davis, 1990: 347-348 CNOP CNOP Movimientos Urbanos Populares, MUPs Durango CDP Nuevo Len Monterrey MUPs FPTyL 1976 85 Bennett, 1992: 245 Oaxaca MUPs 1973 Juchitn COCEI COCEI 861976 1978 MUPs 1976 Echeverra Portillo MUPs 85 31 16 86 COCEI Jeffery W. Rubin. Decentering the Regime: Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitn, MexicoDurham: Duke University Press, 1997 54 69. squatter settlements MUPs MUPs MUPs Ramrez Saz, 1986: 57-59MUPs 1979 petroleum boom MUPs 1980 PRI Guerrero Acapulco 125,000 Acapulco Acapulco CGCPA CGCPA Acapulco Guerrero Chilpancingo 1979 MUPs coordinadoras Union of Popular Colonies, UCP 87 Valley of Mexico 88 mass organizations 89PCM 1981 UCP political wingMRP UCP-MRP MUPs OIR-LMACNR CS Saucedo, 1986 ORPC MPPCSBennett, 1992: 2501968 1980 87UCP 1973 FPI 1975 colonias coloniesBUCP 88 89UCP Fox & Hernndez, 1992: 179 55 70. neighborhoods Fox & Hernndez, 1992: 172 1970 confrontational opposition construction of positive policy alternatives sense of citizenshipFox & Hernndez, 1992: 168 1980 19801990 1980 MUPs MUPs 3 UCP-MRP Monterrey MUPs UCP-MRPFPTyLCDP FPZ 15 700 MUPs 4 14 60 MUPs 2,000 Durango MUPs CONAMUPCONAMUP 35 Monterrey DurangoZacatecasLenMazatlnChiapas Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 60 CONAMUP MUPs MUPs MUPs CONAMUP CONAMUP 56 71. Ramrez Saz, 1986: 172-195CONAMUP 90 CONAMUP 1979 MUPs Coordinadora Nacional Plan de Ayala, CNPACoordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educacin, CNTE Cook, 1996: 84 MUPs 1981 5 12 CNPA CNTE Primera Gran Marcha Nacional 20,000 MUPs6 Nuevo Len Monterrey 8,000 7 2 40,000 Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 81 production consumptionterruo Carr, 1986: 16 1982 120 FNDSCAC 1983 6 CNDEP ANOCP Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 81-821983 10 1984 6 ANOCP 91 MUPs PRI 1984 MUPs 1985 9 19 8.1 1,800 1 5 65%90 CDP 1986 1988 FPTyL 1988 91 27 150 160 57 72. 3 6 25 Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 85 209 IMF 9 9 5 1984 Tavera-Fenollosa, 1998: 77 MUPs CUD Earthquake Victim Movement rebirth of civil societyTavera-Fenollosa, 1998 1986 UPNT1987 FMBennett, 1992: 259 UPREZ PRI CEBs 1930 1950 1968 MUPsPRI 1970 1982 PRI MUPs PRI PRI 1985 58 73. 1980 MUPs PRI 1986-19911991-1996 1980 1994-1997 59 74. 60 75. 1980 1986~1991 1991~1996 1994~1997 1986~19911970 MUPs MUPs MUPs MUPs 1976 PAN PRI PRI 1976 Lpez Portillo 1961 68.3% 62%Middlebrook, 1986: 129 Portillo PRI 1977 12 31 Portillo LEOPPE 65,000 61 76. 3,000 300 conditional registration 1.5% 400 100 300 60 1.5% associaciones polticas nacionales PRI MUPs COCEI 1970 PRI 1977 COCEI PRI Bennett, 1992: 2451974 1977 PRI COCEI 20 Bennett, 1992: 252 LEOPPE COCEI PCM 1980 Juchitn 1981 COCEI Juchitn PRI COCEI COCEI Juchitn MUPs 1985 2 20 CNR 2 26 PSUMPMT PRT CNR Tamayo, 1990: 126-1271986 Durango CDP PRT 1 2 CDP 62 77. MUPs Hernndez, 1988: 29 MUPs LEOPPE PRI PRI 1986 1986 Chihuahua Chihuahua 1261271832 1880 Apache Indians Chihuahua PRI Chihuahua Chihuahua 1880126 Chihuahua Benito Jurez Francisco Villa 127 Lus Terrazas Enrique C. Creel 1934 Eloy Vallina Mexico Commercial Bank Chihuahua Group 1965 Chihuahua Border Industrialization Programmaquiladora 1980 Ford Chihuahua 50 90%Shaiken, 1990: 38 63 78. Jurez Chihuahua Chand, 2001: 28 1981 Jurez Chihuahua 35% 29% 20%Chand, 2001: 29 Chihuahua COPARMEX DHIAC ANCIFEMCOPARMEX 1929 COPARMEX COPARMEX modernization 128 DHIAC 1976 1982 DHIAC Chihuahua 1983 ANCIFEM 1972 ANCIFEM 1976 1983 Chihuahua Jurez JurezANCIFEM PAN Francisco Barrio Chand, 2001: 209-210 1988 PAN Manuel Clouthier COPARMEX 1281986 COPARMEX 5 51 Entrepreneurs Centers 6 delegation 18,000 Lus Felipe Bravo Mena, COPARMEX and Mexican Politics, in Sylvia Maxfield and Ricardo Anzalda eds. Government and Private Sector in Contemporary MexicoSan Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, 1987,p. 92. 64 79. PAN Chihuahua 1982 Portillo Chihuahua PRI 1983 Chihuahua DHIAC DHIAC Chihuahua PAN PRI PAN Jurez 70% 1983 1985 Chihuahua 10 5 1291983 1985 PAN PRI 1985 12 PRI CEE10 8 auxiliary personnel caciques Chihuahua PRI 1983 PRI 1986 Chihuahua 130 7 5 PRI 400 PSUM 129 1946 1979 11 4 130DHIAC ANCIFEM PRI 65 80. PAN PRI Fernando Baeza PAN 920 95-B 131 PRI PSUM Chihuahua Colegio Electoral, 888 8 8 Fernando Baeza Chihuahua PRI Preston & Dillon, 2004:legitimate 135patrioticCadena-Roa, 2003: 129 132 Chihuahua Chihuahua lvarez 41 PAN Francisco Barrio Jurez El Paso COPARMEX Chihuahua Entrepreneurs Center Chand, 2001: 212 Chihuahua Almeida 7 20 133 Camp, 1999: 183-4 PANPSUMPMTDHIACANCIFEMMDC131 PAN Lourdes Cerecero 95-B PRI 45 Preston & Dillon2004: 133-135 132 PRI Cadena- Roa, 2003: 129 133 1926 66 81. MDMCEBs MDE 7 9 20 PRI Chihuahua Chand, 2001: 219 1347 23 Octavio Paz Enrique Krauze 21 PRI 1986 8 9 PAN COLUDE MDE Jurez PAN Guadarajara Jalisco Moterrey Nuevo Len MDN National Forum for Effective Suffrage Chihuahua lvarez 41 MDN MDN MDN Chand, 2001: 120 9 PAN OASIAHRC 1985 1986 135 American Convention on Human Rights Chihuahua 1987 3 Juan Molinar1986 Chihuahua 67 53 1,128 2,112 53 PRI 134 7 MDE popular jury 8 9 8 PRI PAN Chihuahua Chand, 2001: 220 PRI PAN PRI 135 1985 Chihuahua 7 1986 Chihuahua 1986 Durango Durango 67 82. 1983 1986 0.92% Chihuahua 7.3%PRI 1983 PRI Chihuahua 1986 PRI PRI 1988 1988 1985 Michoacn Cuauhtmoc Crdenas de la Madrid Crdenas PRI Lzaro Crdenas 1987 Crdenas PRI Porfirio Muoz Ledo CD 1987 3 Crdenas PRI PRI democratic and nationalistPreston & Dillon, 2004: 151 de la Madrid Crdenas PRI Crdenas de la Madrid Crdenas Lzaro Crdenas PRI PAN Aguayo, 1993: 1211987 10 4 de la Madrid dedazo Carlos Salinas de Cortari Crdenas PRI 1987 12 Crdenas 68 83. 1988 6 8 FDN FDN 136 1988 5 Salinas 45% Crdenas 26%PAN Manuel Clouthier 10%6 Salinas 44%Crdenas 29%Clouthier 17% Crdenas 38% Salinas 35% PRI PRI FDN Salinas Ral Salinas Crdenas Crdenas PRI Preston & Dillon, 2004: 158 7 6 PRI PRI Preston & Dillon, 2004: 161 CrdenasClouthiers PRT Rosario Ibarra de Piedra Call to Legality Manuel Bartlett 7 7 136 PRI FDN authentic PRICollier, 1992: 124 MUPsPARM PPS PMSPFCRNCadena-Roa, 2003: 131-132Crdenas FDN FDN PARM Camp, 1999: 184 69 84. PRI Salinas 1376 CEFSalinas 51%Crdenas 31%Clouthier 17%Camp, 1999: 185 138 PRI Salinas Se cay el sistema Preston & Dillon, 2004: 164 7 9 Crdenas 7 16 CEF Crdenas 200,000 El Zcalo 139PRI Preston & Dillon, 2004: 179 PAN 1986 EDSA revolution Ferdinand Marcos NAMFREI Clouthier lvarez 1987 PAN PRI 1988 PAN Crdenas Chand, 2001: 134-13511 6 PAN PRI 140 PAN PRI 137 1988 Salinas Manuel Bartlett de la Madrid PRI Jorge de la Vega 7 7 Preston & Dillon, 2004: 169 138 Colegio Electoral 24,647 54,646 1,762 100% PRI Chand, 2001:48-49 139 Plaza de la Constitucin 140 Lus H. Alvarez & Abel Vicencio Tovar, Compromiso nacional por la legitimidad70 85. Crdenas FDN 1989 6 Crdenas FDN PRD PRIPRI 1986 1988 civil disobedience 1991 Guanajuato San Luis Potos 1992 Michoacn Chand, 2001: 59-60; 237 1986 1988 1991~1996PRONASOLSalinas PRONASOL PRONASOL comits de solidaridad Fox1994: 169 convenios de concertacin modernization of clientelistic control PRI PRONASOL Dresser, 1992; Baer, 1993 PRD Piester, 1997:141 481; Bruhn, 1997: 153y la democracia. Palabra 2, 7Jan-Mar, 1989, pp. 62-70. Chand2001: 318 141 PRONAOL PRONASOL Bruhn, 1996: 160 Molinar Weldon1994PRONASOL 71 86. MUPs CDP 1989 2 142 CDP Crdenas CDP Salinas 143 CNPACOCEI PRI PRONASOL Hellman, 1994: 130 1989 12 Salinas miscellaneous tax NPO Fox & Hernndez, 1992: 185 1990 6 144 75 Convergencia de Organismos Cviles por la Democracia, Convergencia Fox & Hernndez, 1992: 186 1991 Convergencia 120 1988 FDN 1992 PRD Michoacn PRONASOL 12% Fox, 1994: 166 1990 CNOP Durango 75% PRONASOL Oaxaca CNC 60%Fox, 1994: 168 142 CDP 30 100 Moguel1995: 221-222 143 1988 Crdenas Bruhn1997 144 PRONASOL 1991 anti-poverty spending PRONASOL 40%Fox, 1994: 16872 87. Anteproyecto de Ley de Fomento a las Actividades de Bienestar y Desarrollo Social Bailey, 1998: 7 PRONASOL 1991 PRI 1989 election-monitoring 1989 1990 peace-building 1989 1993 1994 1990 6 Americas WatchHuman Rights in Mexico: A Policy of Impunity145 NAFTA Salinas 6 6 CNDH Olvera, 2000: 9 146 145 End of Impunity NGOTrial Watch http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/home/en 146 CNDH 1991 75 Aguayo, 1993: 12173 88. 1991 Convergencia electoral democracy abstentionismConvergencia 19 500 Aguayo, 1993: 122 Convergencia AMDH8 Potosino Human Rights Center 300 San Lus Potos election-monitoring Foundacin Arturo Rosenblueth, FARConsejo para la Democracia Federal District election of Mexico Cityquick count AMDH International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic DevelopmentNational Democratic Institute Aguayo, 1995: 159 NGO San Lus Potos 1991 1993 15 4 1 citizen plebiscite 1993 11 28 Frente Cvica Familiar de Yucatn, FCF Yucatn 1994 Aguayo, 1995: 159 1993 7 YucatnSan Luis PotosNuevo Len Tobasco Cocoyoc74 89. Consensus PRI 1994 8 Heredia, 1994: 31 12 ConvergenciaAMDHFARConsejo para la Democracia ISCDMCD147 ACUDE 148 ISCD Convergencia ACUDE FAR comprehensive Aguayo, 1995: 160 4 Alianza Cvica, AC 450 Chand, 2001: 224 AC asociacin cvil149AC election-monitoring public consultation147 MCD 1991 Salvador Nava 1991 San Luis Potos PAN PRD PRI 148 ACUDE 1991 Jorge CastaedaMiguel Basez Adolfo Aguilar Chand, 2001:224 149 AC Aguayo2001 75 90. adopt a government official1994 5 24 AMDH AC PRI6 29 FAR AC AC PRI 1994 United Nations Electoral Assistance Program, UNEAP 8 good democratic conductAguayo, 1995: 162UNEAP UNEAP PRI UNEAP PRI AC PRD AC PRI PRI PRI UNEAP 150 AC150 220 PRI Movimiento para la Certidumbre, MOCESNTE Chand, 1997: 552-553 UNEAP AC National Endowment for Democracy, NED 15 National Democratic Institute, NDI 5 151 UNEAP NED 150 UNEAP AC 8 AC UNEAP PRI UNEAP PRI AC UNEAP AC UNEAP UNEAP AC UNEAP Chand, 2001: 227; Aguayo, 1995: 162 151 AC NGO NOVIB International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development MacArthur FoundationCarter Center 76 91. AC Democracy Award 1995 NED AC Sergio Aguayo152 AC NDI AC San Luis PotosGuadalajaraVeracruz AC Chand, 2001: 228 AC AC Aguayo, 1995: 162 1994 7 23 AC FAR 5 Ponte Vivo 4,500 8 19 AC PRI 1990 1991 1993 1994 PRI IFE PRI IFE AC 20 70 PRIPRI 7 18 8 18 AC 398 Alianza Cvica, 1994a 8 21 89,000 AC 18,280 450 153 10,100 152 2002 NED Democracy Service Medal www.ned.org 153 1994 943 283 68% 7.6% 3%NDI International Republican Institute 32 80 Global Exchange 105 IFE, 199477 92. 154 Olvera, 2000: 12 AC AC 8 22 155Ernesto Zedillo 50%PRI PAN Diego Fernndez de Cavallos 26%PRD Crdenas 17%Camp, 1999: 187-188 AC 1,810 polling-station reports legal legitimate PRI PRI Chiapas PRI Alianza Cvica, 1994b 1994 PRI 61% 24% 15%Chand, 1997: 557 Aguayo 154 10,100 FAR Aguayo, 1995: 165 155Aguayo PRI PRI Preston & Dillon, 2004: 23778 93. Mexican model of electoral observation 156 AC Zedillo PRD AC PRIAC PRD AC AC 9 30 AC Alianza Cvica Nacional, 1994 AC PRI 1994 12 12 AC Sistema de Consultacin Nacional, SCN 1995 2 EZLN Chiapas AC 1995 2 26 AC 16,000 3,491 consultation tables 626,525 Salinas 1561995 AC 12 Yucatn FCF Tabasco 200 Alianza Cvica, 1995a PAN JaliscoGuanajuato Baja California Norte PRD VeracruzMichoacan Oaxaca 79 94. Chiapas Alianza Cvica, 1995b 1995 6 CNOC ANIT RMAFLC Barzn El UORCA Referendum of Freedom Alianza Cvica, 1995c 1995 Alternaive Economic Strategy for National Development 428,345 Alianza Cvica, 1995d1996 9 First National Campaign of Denoouncement on the Governments Economic Policy 20 1,950 182,366 1997 6 AC National Consultation in Support of the Civil Proposals AC EZLN 11,300 32 2,061 15,600 Olvera, 2000: 25 AC adopt a governmental official 1994 AMDH Zedillo 80 95. 157 1995 25%secret fund Alianza Cvica, 1995d Zedillo AC 1997 6 AC Olvera, 2000: 27 1996 6 AC Guanajuato Celaya Leopoldo Almanza The Fifth District Celaya 10 Alianza Cvica, 1997 AC7 Tabasco Roberto Madrazo 1995 Madrazo AC AC amparo AC Salinas PRONASOL PRI AC 157 http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/81 96. 1994~1997 1940 PRI ISI Levy & Bruhn, 2001: 79 1965 GDP 27% 1982 38% GDP 14% 7%Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 92 1982 1982 1989 76% 1950 1990 GDP 20% 5%De Janvry et al., 19951990 Salinas NAFTA 27 ejido NAFTA NAFTA Salinas 1994 57% 10 94% 6% 15 Hufbauer, 1993: 126 4-1 NAFTA 64% 9.6% 1993 1994 6 NAFTA 82 97. 4-1 NAFTA GDP %1993 7.4% 1.4% %199324.0%2.4% 1993 556 30,766 %199212.0% 52.0% 82.0%8.8% %1992 64.0%9.6% %1992 % 4.0%24.0% 1993-1994 Barry & Browne1995: 73 Salinas 1992 ejido Ejido 7,000 300 27 ejido Crdenas 1934 158Ejido Stephen, 2002: xxvi-xxviii Salinas 1992 2 27 ejido ejidatarios ejido ejido ejidatarios 158 Billie R. De Walt, Modernization in a Mexican Ejido: A Study in Economic AdaptationCambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979 83 98. 27 Harvey, 1998: 187 27 ejido Burbach, 2001: Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: Harvey, 1998Samuel Ruiz 27 ejido EZLN Marcos Subcomandante Marcos 27 Stephen, 2002: 137 ejido 1994 9,000 13% 1,200 Chiapas 4% 30% Chiapas GuererroOaxaca 15 minimum real incomeRussell, 1995: 17; 128Chiapas 1934 1940 Crdenas Chiapas ejido Russell, 1995: 4-5 ejido Chiapas PRI 1990 84 99. Burabach, 2001: Harvey, 1998 Salinas 1989 INMECAFE 159 Chiapas Stahler-Sholk, 1995: 507 160NAFTA 1994 250 14 3%Barry & Browne, 1995: 69 Chiapas ejido Chiapas ejido 7 Las Margaritas Ocosingo Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 46-47 161 1970 1976 1982 1,298 Chiapas 139 Carmona Lara, 1994: 47-48199556 1981 12 1982 2 Chiapas Juan Sabines CIOAC 1982 10 Simojevel 1982 Chiapas Castellos 153 327 Russell, 1995: 159 International Coffee Organization 50%Chiapas 70%Russell, 1995: 14 160 INMECAFE PRONASOL INI INI Collier & Quaratiello, 1994: 141-143 161 Chiapas 20 7 Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 46-47 85 100. 10-11 Patrocinio Gonzlez Blanco Garrido 1989 Pijijiapan 12 Paso AchioteEmiliano ZapataUnin y Progreso Russell, 1995: 111992 CDHPN 3,387 2,160 Chiapas 63% Bravo, 1994: 49-50 INMECAFE Chiapas PRI Chiapas highland area 1994 1 1 Chiapas 1950 1960 Chiapas Mayansdebt peonage Lacandn Selva Lacandona1960 Lacandn Nations, 19941970 Chiapas Tabasco Veracruz 86 101. Chiapas sharecropperlean-to Russell, 1995: 12 1976 guardias blancas Nigh, 1994 Russell, 1995: 7 Lacandn 1972 Lacandn 64.1 66 Yucatec 400 Lacandn Tribe Nations, 1994 37 Chol Tzeltal Womack, 1999: 19 1621978 Lacandn 100 Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve Lacandn COFOLASA Chiapas 1980 1990 Chiapas 4.5% Las Margaritas 6.5% 2.04 Whitmeyer & Hopcroft, 1996: 534Chol Lacandn 1965 162 37 4,000 Tzeltal 5,000 Palestina Nuevo Centro de Poblacin Velasco Surez Chol Corozal Nuevo Centro de Poblacin EcheverraNations, 1994 mestizo, 87 102. 5,000 1994 300,000 1980 Chiapas 80,000 Russell, 1995: 8 de la Madrid 1982-1988 certificates of non-expropriationHarvey, 1990: 191Absaln Castellanos Domnguez Chiapas 1982-1988 120 Chiapas 744 Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 50-51 1974 Chiapas San Cristobal the First Indigenous Congress Chiapas Samuel Ruiz 327 Russell, 1995: 33 EZLN 1980 Chiapas OCEZ CIOAC UUOCEZ 1982 CNPA CNC CIOAC 1975 1980 9 180 ejido UU ejido Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 69-75 88 103. PRI CIOAC OCEZ 1980 Chiapas Chiapas Las Magaritas Ocosingo EZLN Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 76-79 1982 Lacandn Flor de CacaoCintalapa Nuevo Progreso Las Margaritas Tojolobal CNC Harvey, 1998: 164-165 Castellanos Domnguez Womack, 1999: 20 1983 Fuerzas de Liberacin Nacional, FLN Chiapas FLN Marcos FLN Womack, 1999: 36 1983 11 17 EZLN 6 3 Marcos 3 Harvey, 1998: 164 EZLN Marcos palabra poltica la Harvey, 1998: 1651986 EZLN 12 Marcos 11 89 104. EZLN Marcos EZLN EZLN 1988 1990 EZLN 80 1,300 PRI ARIC163 EZLN CCRI 1989 1992 EZLN OcosingoAltamirano Las Margaritas San Andrs LarrinzarOxchuc Chanal 1991 12 28 CDLI Chiapas Palenque rezago agrario 27 Penal Code 164 1992 1 ANCIEZ165 4,000 Ocosingo 27 las Caadas166 NAFTA 3 7 400 XiNich Palenque Tabasco VeracruzPuebla Chol XiNich 163 ARIC LPUU Salinas 1988 3 164 Chiapas 1989 13 120 135 Collier & Quaratiello, 1999: 131-133 165 1989 FLN ACIEZ 1992 ACIEZ ANCIEZ 166 Chiapas OcosingoAltamirano Las Magaritas 90 105. PRI 1991 Palenque Harvey, 1998: 259 1992 10 2 500 ANCIEZ UU CIOAC OCEZ CDLI 10,000 Chiapas San Cristbal Da de Desgracia 500 Real Diego de Mazariegos Womack, 1999: 22 1991~1992 EZLN 1993 EZLN 12,000 1671 23 Marcos EZLNFLN Ocosingo Marcos Womack, 1999: 40 Marcos CCRI-CG 1682 CCRI-CG CholTzotzilTzeltal Tojolabal 3 25 Marcos EZLN EZLN EZLN 1993 12 28 1994 1 1 La Primera Declarzcin de la Selva167 EZLN EZLN EZLN 1993 Revolutionary Law of Women 1995 EZLN Stephen2002: 176-215 168 CCRI-CG EZLN Marcos EZLN politico-military EZLN EZLNLe Bot, 1997: 202 EZLN Stephen2002: 142-14391 106. Lacadona Ya BastaEZLN 500 39 169 PRI EZLN PRI EZLN EZLN EZLN, 1994a EZLN Chiapas San CristbalLas MargaritasAltamirano Ocosingo 1 6 EZLN 170 Salinas 8 8 EZLN intermediary national commission EZLN, 1994b 13 38 70 EZLN Womack, 1999: 43-44 1 12 Salinas Castellanos 171 Manuel Camacho Sols Salinas 169 39 170 PRI Stahler-Sholk, 2001: 500 171 Castellanos Chiapas Salinas 92 107. EZLN Chiapas Ruiz EZLN CCRI-CG Marcos Womack, 1999: 44 EZLN EZLN Veltmeyer & Petras, 2000: 139 21 2 Meeting of Peace and Reconciliation San Cristbal 3 1 EZLN 34 32 tentative agreementsWomack, 1999: 269-277EZLN Chiapas 1,000 CCRI Russell, 1995: 70 3 12 PRI Luis Donaldo Colosio Tijuana EZLN PRI Harvey, 1998: 204PRI Comitn Altamirano Chiapas Russell, 1995: 71 10 Emiliano Zapata 75 50,000 4 Zcalo 27 Marcos Salinas Zapata Stephen, 2002: 167 28 CCRI 6 EZLN 32 EZLN PRD 8 21 PRI Chiapas PRD Chiapas93 108. 172EZLN Eduardo Robledo Rincn 12 19 Robledo PRI Chiapas EZLN 173 Chiapas 38 5 autonomous multi-ethnic regions PRI EZLN 24 Zedillo EZLN 1994 12 PRI Ruiz EZLN CONAI 1995 2 ZedilloMarcos 174 2 9 Chiapas 10,000 20,000 ChiapasHarvey, 1998: 208 Zedillo Chiapas PRI CIA EZLN NAFTA Stahler-Sholk, 2001: 5061994 12 PRI IMF 1995 1 15 Chase Manhattan Emerging Markets Group Riodan Roett 175172 1995 4 1,000 370,000 Womack, 1999: 47 173 40%Global Exchange, 2005 1994 4% Chiapas Stahler-Sholk, 2001: 500 174 PRI Marcos UNAMPadgett, 1995: 38 175 Riordan Roett Johns Hopkins 94 109. [Salinas ][ 1995 ]176 Roett, 1995 Zedillo PRI PRI 2 12 17714 Chiapas Robledo2 15 Salinas EZLN EZLN Wager & Schulz, 1995 3 Ruiz CONAI EZLN COCOPA 4 EZLNCONAI Ocosingo mesas de dilogo 10 San Adrs Larrinzar Indigenous Rights and Cultures Democracy and Justice Welfare and Development Womens Rights 10 EZLN 1996 2 16 EZLN San Andrs Accord 7 178 EZLN 8 paramilitary PRI EZLN 15 176 1995 JaliscoGuanajuatoYucatn 177 2 13 Riodan Roett Campos, 1995 178 PRI 95 110. 20 8 29 Marcos EZLN Chiapas COSOVER20031131996 10 EZLN COCOPA 1997 2 COSOVER Zedillo Zedillo COCOPA balkanization Stephen, 2002: 330-331 Zedillo EZLN 1997 1 12 Chenalh Acteal theRed Mask PRI 45 EZLN 1998 3 25 Zedillo 6 7 Ruiz diocese EZLN CONAI EZLN EZLN PRI EZLN 1994 1 3 400 11 100 Chiapas Chiapas Coordinacin de Organismos No Gubernamentales de San Cristbal, CONPAZ Espacio Civil por la Paz, ESPAZ PRI EZLN 96 111. Aguayo & Paula, 1997: 36 12 1 100,000 Chand, 2001: 226 1994 6 10 EZLN 179EZLN EZLN CND 7 60 Chiapas 8 CND AEDPCH 8 6 6,000 San Cristbal CND PRI illegitimacy 11 Stephen, 1995: 92 PRI Stephen, 1995: 95 1995 1 1 EZLN Movimiento para 179 It is in CIVIL SOCIETY that our sovereignty resides. 97 112. la Liberacin Nacional, MLN 180 EZLN, 1995a 2 MLN EZLN1995b 6 20 resolving the conflict winning the conflict EZLN political resolution 6 EZLN AC grand national poll EZLN 8 17 AC 10,000 40,000 Aguayo & Paula, 1997: 38 1,100,000 97.7% EZLN 92.9% broad opposition front a90% 57% EZLN EZLN Womack, 1999: 49 EZLN 1995 8 1996 1 Frente Zapatista de Liberacin Nacional, FZLN FZLN govern by obeying 181FZLN 180 EZLN PRD Crdenas CND EZLN, 1995a Movimiento para la Liberacin Nacional 1961 Lzaro Crdenas Movimiento de Liberacin Nacional 181 mandar obedeciendo, command by obeying, lead by obeying govern by obeying 98 113. EZLN, 19961996 2 EZLN Zedillo EZLN EZLN accompaniers PRI Marcos Le Bot, 1997: 260 EZLN PRI EZLN 1996 7 The International Encounter for Humanity and against Neo-LiberalismEZLN, 1996a Lacandn La Realidad 42 3,500 Marcos FZLN 9 EZLN March to Mexico City 9 15 FZLN Womack, 1999: 53 1994 1 1 500 1986 1994 Womack, 1999: 18-19 99 114. 100 115. 21 Federico Reyes Eisenstadt, 2004: 130 Never again a Mexico without usSubcomandante RamonaCNI, 1999 1986 Chihuahua 1988 1982 PRI IMF WB PRI 1977 clean elections Colegio Electoral IAHRC 101 116. 238 PRI 1977 239 Klesner, 1997: 9-10 1986 7 8 Chihuahua de la Madrid 1977 400 500 PRI Clusula de Gobernabilidad 51% 251 251 PRI 200 240 1977 conditional registration 1.5% de la Madrid 238 Camp 1999 Chand 2001 Craig & Cornelius 1995 Eisenstadt2004Klesner1997 239 PRI 1946 1946 1949 1951 1954 1963 1972 1973 PRI Middlebrook, 1986: 129-130 240 1977 102 117. Salinas PRI 1988 Salinas PAN PAN PRI Chand, 2001: 261; Klesner, 1997: 16; Cadena-Roa, 2003: 133 1990 1990 5 17 IAHRC 1986 PAN 8 COFIPE COFIPE CFE IFE 6 independent magistrate councilors 1 TFE 4 1986 PRI 2 1 national observers IFE COFIPE 1986 COFIPE PRI IFE TFESecretara de Gobernacin6 103 118. IFE Consejo General PRI COFIPE 35% PRI PRI 1986 1988 1988 PRI Chihuahua PRI 20% PAN Chand, 2001: 411991 Guanajuato San Luis Potos 1992 Michoacn Chand, 2001: 59-60; 237 Chihuahua 1989 PRI PAN 1992 5-1 Chihuahua Delicia PAN PRIChand, 2001: PAN 1992 241 42-43 1998 PRI Chihuahua PAN PRI Chihuahua 2411992 Chihuahua Chihuahua PAN PAN Chand, 2001: 43 104 119. 5-2 5-1 Chihuahua % PRIPAN PRIPAN1974913 3 881977855 4 80198077 15 8 62198348 45 63198658 35 4 23198960 33 1 27199246 46 50199548 41 57199843 41102 Chand200146 5-2 Chihuahua % PRIPAN PRIPAN197496 0*196198070 14756198659 35424199245 514-6199849 415 8 *1974 PAN Chand2001 46 5-3 1986 PRI 68.2% 50.4% PAN Crdenas PFCRN PPS PRI PPS 1985 2.1% 1988 9.2%PARM 1.7% 6.1% 105 120. 5-3 %* PRI PANPRD PPS PARM PDMPSUM PFCRN 1979 74.211.42.71.92.24.9 1982 69.317.51.91.32.34.4 1985 68.216.32.11.72.93.2 1988 50.418.09.26.11.33.610.5 1991 61.417.78.31.82.11.1 4.4 *PRI=PAN=PRD=PPS= PARM=PDM=PSUM= PFCRN= Klesner2005: 107 Juan Molinar Horacita NP Molinar, 1991; Pancheco, 1997 300 NP 1.0~1.5 one party hegemonic NP 1.5~2.0 pure bipartism NP 2.0~2.5 plural bipartism NP 2.5 tripartite PRI PRI PRI PAN PRI PRD PRIPAN PRD 5-4 1986 Chihuahua 1985 199 1988 130 1985 27 1988 38 3 89 1986 PRI 1988 106 121. PRI 1989 PRONASOL 1991 1985 242 5-4NP 1979~1991NP 1979 19821985 19881991>2.501 389 1 2.0~2.552427 3820 1.5~2.053 7071 4392 1.0~1.5 242205 199130187 300300 300300300 Klesner2005: 108 PRI PRI PRI PRI 1988 PRI 1989 PRI PAN Baja California 1929 PRI 1992 PAN Chihuahua 5-5 5-6 PRI 1986 PAN 1990 PRONASOL PRI 242 Stalher-Sholk2001: 508PRONASOL PRI M. Delal Baer 1993: 58 PRI 1991 PRD 107 122. PRI 5-5 1978-19981978-19801981-1983 1984-19861987-1989 1990-1992 1992-1995 1996-1998PAN16 2817 3086 235 256 35 47263 164 211 * PRI 14 10935212531 ** PDM 15 40 0 0 1 * PMTPCMPRTPSUM 1989 PRD ** PRI PSTPFCRNPPSPARMPTPVEM Eisenstadt2004: 118 5-6 %1978-19801981-1983 1984-19861987-1989 1990-1992 1992-1995 1996-1998 PRI99.1 93.998.191.3 86.967.252.7PAN0.25.2 1.24.511.127.027.3 0.00.0 0.02.6 1.1 4.519.2 * PRI 0.70.6 0.51.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 **PDM0.00.3 0.20.0 0.0 0.1 0.0Eisenstadt2004: 118 PRI 1991 Guanajuato PRI Ramn Aguirre PAN Salinas Aguirre PAN Len San Luis Potos PRD-PAN PRI Salinas PRD PRI Michoacn Salinas PRD 108 123. PRI 5-7 PRI 1934 1952 PRI 1952 1.5 Salinas 2.83 243 selective democracyChand, 2001: 60; Cadena-Roa, 2003: 135 Salinas NAFTA 5-7 1934-2000 Lzaro Crdenas 1934-1940193.17 Manuel Avila Camacho1940-1946 11 1.83 Miguel Alemn 1946-1952 16 2.67 Adolfo Ruz Cortines1952-1958 91.50 Adolfo Lpez Mateos 1958-1964 30.50 Gustavo Daz Ordaz1964-1970 20.33 Luis Echeverra 1970-1976 91.50 Jos Lpez Portillo 1976-1982 61.00 Miguel de la Madrid 1982-1988 61.00 Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1988-1994 17 2.83 Ernesto Zedillo 1994-2000 40.67 Eisenstadt2004: 96PRI Chihuahua PRI 1986 1990 243 Eisenstadt2004: 93-129109 124. Tilly 1986 1986 1991 1996 PRIPRONASOL 1994 8 AC PRD election monitoring 1990 COFIPE 1991 Convergencia AMDHPotosino Human Rights Center1994 AC AC PRI 110 125. AC 1994 8 20,000 AC 1994 8 AC Preston & Dillon, 2004: 238 5-8 PRI 1988 1988 55% 1994 77.7%244 PRI 50% 48.8% PAN PRD 5-8 %* 1976 87.9PRI3.7PPS3.1PARM64.51982 68.4PRI15.7PAN 3.566.11988 50.7PRI29.9FDN 16.2PAN50.01994 48.8PRI25.9PAN 16.6PRD77.72000 42.5PAN36.1PRI 16.6PRD64.0 *PRI=PAN=PRD=PPS= PARM=FDN= Chand2001: 56; Eisenstadt2004: 40 5-9 1990 PRI 1991 PAN PRD 244 1988 Fox, 1996 111 126. 1997 PRI 5-10 NP AC 1991 187 1994 73 1997 25 1991 20 1994 105 1991 1 33 5-9 % PRI PANPRD PPS PARM PDMPSUM PFCRN 1991 61.417.78.31.82.11.1 4.4 1994 50.326.8 16.70.70.90.4 1.1 1997 38.025.8 25.00.3 0.7 2000 37.839.1 19.1 0.8 2003 38.131.8 18.2 *PRI=PAN=PRD=PPS= PARM=PDM=PSUM= PFCRN= Klesner2005: 107 5-10 NP 1991~2003*NP 199119941997 2000 2003>2.5 13356 70 66 2.0~2.520 105 112101114 1.5~2.09289 107100100 1.0~1.5 1877325 29 23 300 300 300300300 *2000 2 PAN PRD 2003 23 PAN PRD Klesner, 2005: 110 Klesner2005: 108 112 127. 1993 1994 1996 1993 1994 PRI NAFTA Eisenstadt, 2004: 47-49; Chand, 2001: 237-238; Klesner, 1997: 17 1993 9 64 2 128 4 3 4 63% 245 1994 3 1 6 citizen councilors Electoral Prosecutors Office IFE PRD McKinsey 1994 8 PRI Jos F. R. Massieu 9 Ral Salinas 245666,667 660 330 Chand, 2001: 239 PRI 113 128. Massieu 12 1995 2 PRI Chiapas PRI 1996 11 246 2% 1.5% 300 1997 247 9 8 citizen electoral councilors 3 TFE public financing 248 30% 70% 10%IFE IFE 246 Zedillo 18 16 Eisentadt: 2004: 50 PRI 247 1997 7 PRD Crdenas 248 PRI 114 129. 15 9 2 PRI 1997 PRI 1.115 PAN 6,600 PRD 4,900 Chand, 2001: 243 1993 1994 1996 1993 1994 codified Convergencia AMDH AC 1994 6 30 30% 35% 17% PRI 8 AC 1994 9 30 1996 Zedillo IFE adopt a governmental officialAC 115 130. 1994 1996 public financing Tilly 1991 1996 PRI 1993 1994 1996 1994 2000 AC PRI 1983 1990 1992 27 ejido 1994 NAFTA EZLN, 1994b EZLN, 1996a1995 8 EZLN AC grand national poll EZLN EZLN 116 131. Veltmeyer & Petras, 2000: 139 radical flank effects 249 internet technology EZLN neo-liberal globalization Cleaver, 1995 Global Zapatista Movement 2501996 7 3,500 Lacandn La Realidad The International Encounter for Humanity and against Neo-Liberalism EZLN localglobal alternative global networks of resistance to neo-liberalism Jeffries, 2001 PRI EZLN UT-Austin Chiapas short wave251 Muoz, 2002: 17 Emiliano Zapata Zapata 249 radical wing Hubert Haines, Black Radicals and the Civil Rights MainstreamKnoxville : University of Tennessee Press, 1988 250 Hellman1999 EZLN Cleaver1995; 2000 251 EZLN Chiapas Radio Insurgente: La voz de los sin la vozhttp://www.radioinsurgente. org/ 117 132. 1910 Porfilio Daz 1970 1980 Zapata Tierra y Libertad EZLN Zapatista 252 Zapata Zapata 1993 12 EZLN El DespertadorRevolutionary Agrarian Law Mexicano Zapata Womack, 1999: 253 27 Zapata EZLN Emiliano Zapata Votn Zapata Marcos 1984 Viejo Antonio Marcos el Tzeltal Ikal Votn Emiliano Zapata Ikal Votn EZLN, 1994c Marcos Votn Zapata Votn ZapataVotn Zapata Zapata Votn Zapata EZLN Votn Zapata 1994 4 10 Emiliano Zapata 75 50,000 El Zcalo 1988 252 ZapatistaZapatist 118 133. Marcos Votn Zapata guardian and heart of the people1995 4 10 EZLN Votn Zapata Votn Zapata Votn Zapata Stephen, 2002: 167-168 self-determination identity indigenous pueblos Stephen, 2002: 328-329 1960 Chiapas 16 assembly accord Womack, 1999: 18 order119 134. Womack, 1999: 19EZLN govern by obeying EZLN 253 1996 1 3 8 EZLN San Cristbal National Indigenous Forum multiethnic autonomous region usos y costumbres, uses and customsStephen, 2002: 333 EZLN PRI 254 EZLN 2005: 271 Chiapas Tierra y Libertad Ricardo Flores Magn 1994 8 CND Aguascalientes 1914 Aguascalientes Stahler-Sholk, 2001: 515 255253 Marcos Harvey, 1998: 6-7 [ ] 254 255 Emiliano ZapataVenustiano CarranzaFrancisco Villa Victoriano Huerta Aguascalientes 120 135. EZLN multi-layer identities 1960 Chiapas the outside Caxlanes256 the inside Chiapas Womack, 1999: 17 PRI colonial settlements communityEarle, 19941994 EZLN Lacandn Tojolabal Tzotzil Tzeltal Tojtzotze Stahler-Shock, 2001: 512-513 EZLN 1996 10 12 39 600CNI 257 256 Caxlanes Tzeltal mestizo 257 PRI 1970 1989 Salinas ILO 169 Convention No. 169 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169 2000169 1990 PRI 4 121 136. CNI internal flexible citizenship sovereignty Ong, 1999 tripartite cultural-political model Mexican nation indigenous Mexican nationalism assimilation self-defined cultural entities Zapateco Zapateco Oaxaca Oaxaca EZLN CNI Ramona Chiapas Subcomandante Ramona [] EZLN Stephen, 2002: 353 CNI 1917pluri-cultural 2005: 16 Stephen, 2002: 332-333; Harvey, 1998: 202-203122 137. 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EZLN Chiapas 1985 2 CNR 7 PAN PRI9 PRI CUD12 PRI Chihuahua 1986 19867 Chihuahua Chihuahua 8 MDN National Forum for Effective Suffrage 9 PAN OAS IAHRC 1985 1986 12 de la Madrid 19872 Cuauhtmoc Crdenas PRI CD 10 Crdenas 12 Crdenas FDN 19886 Crdenas FDN 1988 7 PRI 7 16 Crdenas El Zcalo 20 11 PAN Salinas 12 Salinas 19891 PRI PRONASOL 2 CDPCNPACOCEI PRI PRONASOL 1988 Crdenas 6 Crdenas PRD PRI PAN Baja California 7 PRI 12 PRI miscellaneous taxNPO 19906 Salinas CNDH 8 Convergencia 8 COFIPE CFEIFE 19918 ConvergenciaAMDH San Luis Potos election monitor