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DRUG: Chemical substances of lower
molecular mass (about 100-500u). Interact with macromolecular target and
produce a biological response. Are called medicine if biological response,
produce by the interaction with macromolecular targets, turns out to be therapeutic and useful.
MEDICINES: Used in diagnosis, prevention and curing
treatment of diseases. Can prove to be poisonous, if it is consumed in
higher doses than those recommended. Or chemicals used for therapeutic effect is said
to be chemotherapy.
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Pharmacological Effect: Drugs which are classified on the basis of
pharmacological effect are very useful for doctors.This is because these provide whole range
of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem.
Examples:Analgesics have pain killing effect.Antiseptics are used to kill or arrest the
growth of microorganisms.Antacids neutralize the excess acid in the
stomach.Tranquilizers help in reducing anxiety.Antibiotics are used to treat infections.Antiseptics kill the microorganisms but do
not harm the living tissues.
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ANTIBIOTICS:
Antibiotics being less toxic for humans and animals are used as drugs to treat infections.
Initially, antibiotics were defined as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth or even destroy microorganisms.
Now, antibiotics refer to a substance produced wholly or to a certain extent by chemical synthesis which inhibit the growth or destroys the microorganism.
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DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS:
Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, investigated a medicine arsphenamine (arsenic based structure) known as salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis.
Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings.
PENICILLIN: FIRST EVER ANTIBIOTICS Discovery of penicillin brought a revolute the field of
antibacterial therapy.
In 1929, Alexander Fleming identified antibacterial properties of penicillin fungus.
Isolation and purification of active compound from penicillin fungus to accumulate sufficient material for clinical trials took thirteen years.
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ANTISEPTICS:
Chemicals which prevent the growth or kill the microorganisms but do not harm the living tissues.
Can be applied to the wounds, cuts and infected skin surfaces, etc.
Also used in deodorants, face powders and mouth washes and mouth fresheners to reduce odors caused by bacterial decomposition on the body or in the mouth.
STRUCTURE: Bithionol is added to soaps for antiseptic properties.
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Dettol is a mixture of Chloroxylenol and Terpinzeol in a suitable solvent.
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Bithional
Chloroxylenol Terpeneol
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ANTACIDS:
The chemical substances which neutralize the excess acids present in the stomach as gastric juices and give relief from acidity problems.
Examples:Metal hydroxides such as Mg (OH)2 and Al(OH)3.
NaHCO3
Antacids only control the symptoms not the root cause of secretion of excessive acids in stomach.
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STRUCTURE:
Structure of sodium bicarbonate
Structure of calcium carbonate
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ANTIPYRETICS:
An antipyretic is a type of medication that will reduce fever by lowering temperature from a raised state.
They are available in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, and syrups and parental.
Examples:Aspirin
Paracetamol/Acetaminophen
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STRUCTURE: Paracetamol
Aspirin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
To prepare the project the help was taken from the following sites and books:
Nootan ISC Chemistry Book for class XII. http://www.slideshare.net/?ss https://www.wikipedia.org/ http://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antacids.html
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