Presented By :

1. Vivek Mitra (10801610023)

2. Pintu Khan (10801610028)

ASANSOL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEMOCRACY

O The term Democracy comes from the Greek word “dēmokratía” meaning, "rule by the people" which was coined from “demos” meaning "people" and “Kratos” meaning “power“. Thus democracy is a form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.

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Why we prefer democracy

We felt that democracy is better because it

Promotes equality among citizens;

Enhances the dignity of the individual;

Improves the quality of decision making;

Provides a method to resolve conflicts; and

Allow room to correct mistakes.

Varieties of democracy1. Representative

2. Parliamentary

3. Presidential

4. Semi-Presidential

5. Liberal

6. Constitutional

7. Direct

8. Inclusive democracy

9. Socialist

10. Non governmental

PROTO – DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES

Mesopotamia

India Sparta

In order to present before you the Mesopotamian model of democracy Thorkild Jacobson have studied the pre-Babylonian mesopotamia using sumerian myth, epic and historical records. Critics said that mesopotamian democracy has a limited meaning having power struggle between the primitive monarchs and the nobles. The common people had the status of pawn in the hands of armed personnel.

Mesopotamia

IndiaFor our country INDIA historian dates back to 6th century BC as evidence of democratic rulers. They have shown co-existence of monarchs, rajas as well as varnas or ganas in the so said democratic patern. Scholar again differed over this aforesaid view . Some facts are revealed by going through Kautilyas, Arthasastra which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders, yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens – a surprising omission if democratic bodies, not the aristocratic families, actively controlled the republican governments.

SpartaIn Spartan government, the political power was divided between four bodies: two Spartan Kings (monarchy), gerousia (Counsil of Gerontes (Elders), including the two kings), the ephors (representatives who oversaw the Kings) and the apella (assembly of Spartans).The two kings served as the head of the government. They ruled simultaneously but came from two separate lines. Apella, the most democratic element, was the assembly where Spartans above the age of 30 elected the members of the gerousia and the ephors, and accepted or rejected gerousia's proposals.

RISE OF DEMOCRACY IN MODERN NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

Rise of democratic parliaments in England and Scotland The idea of the political party with factions took form in

Britain around the time of the English Civil Wars of the 1640s and 1650s.

Simon de Montfort in 1265 introduced the idea that powerholders are responsible to an electorate

Renaissance humanism was a cultural movement in Europe beginning in central Italy (particularly Florence) in the last decades of the 14th century.

The humanist philosophers looked for secular principles on which society could be organized, as opposed to the concentration of political power in the hands of the Church

Norman Davies notes that Golden Liberty, the Nobles' Democracy (Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka) arose in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Pre-eighteenth century milestones

RECENT DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENTS

Nepal

As far as democratic moment in nepal is concern, the emergence of which was in 1990 as JANA ANDALAN against the royal family of the country. A political shape in the form of democratic moment agitating against the king Gyanendra flourished in 2006 called JANA ANDALAN 2. Result of which the world has seen live telicast by the king up calling upon 7 party alliance to enshoulder multy party democracy on 24th April 2006.

LibyaWhile we talk about democratic moment in Libya

we can go back up to the year 1969 where Colonel Gaddafy and his 12 fellow army officer steered, combined the completely overhauled Libyen political system and economy from then to early 2011 the politics of libya has been determined by Gaddafy who had been in power scince his coup against the king. Today the country is in the phase of assassination of Gaddafi on 20th oct,2011 at SIRTE Libya.

AnException

InDemocracy

CHINA

The Chinese democracy movement refers to a series of loosely organized political movements in China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party. One such movement began during the Beijing Spring in 1978 and was taken up again in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. In response to the growing corruption, the economic dislocation, and the sense that reforms in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were leaving China behind, the Tiananmen Square protests erupted in 1989.In the 1990s, Chinese democracy movements underwent a decline both within the People's Republic of China and overseas, and are fragmented and not considered by most analysts to be a serious threat to power to the government till date.

CONCLUSION

The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn. the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number, not worth, and if this is the principle of justice prevailing, the multitude must of necessity be sovereign and the decision of the majority must be final and must constitute justice.Each of the citizens ought to have an equal share. Hence, Democracy contributes to an equalitarian liberty.

THANK YOU