مردمی سازی علم: راهکارها و روندهای جهانی

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TAHER.SAHEB@GMAIL.COM

فناوری و علم مطالعات جهانی روندs1950-1980

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1980-s199د0

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ر و زمی

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1990-

onward :عل

م و جام

عه ) مدل تخص

ص مردم

ی، مد

ل مشارک

ت مردم

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مل و مذاکر

ه با مر

دم، عل

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ل شهروندان هوشمند(

فرایند علمی

طریق : از علمی سواد افزایش اول موجعلمی سواد افزایش و دانش ترویج

1990تا 1950دهه آنان علمی سواد ع�دم و مردم بر فعالیتها تمرکز

: به علمی های یافته و محصوالت ترویج اصلی فلسفهکشور علمی سواد افزایش منظور به مردم

عنوان به هدفمند مخاطبان مدل، از نوع این دردریافت به تنها ک�ه باشند می فعالی غیر پذیرندگان

. پردازند می اطالعات

This wave was introduced by Paul Hurd (1958) and Richard McCurdy (1958).

The first is the idea that public scepticism towards modern science and technology is caused primarily by a lack of adequate knowledge about science. Related to this is the idea that, by providing sufficient information about modern science and technology to overcome this lack of knowledge — or 'knowledge deficit' — the public will change its mind and decide that both science and the technology that emerges from it are 'good things'.

: اول موج اصلی هدف the main goal : “personal development and to help individuals adjust to life in modern society.”) DeBoer, 2000( No attention to the role of people on social-economic development

simply giving more information to people does not necessarily change their views

اول موج از انتقادات

people’s sense of risk extends beyond the purelyscientific considerations of conventional risk analysis

: افزایش علم سازی مردمی دوم موجعلم از مردم درک

دهه فع�الیتها 1990از از دسته این انتقاد به منتقدان ،بیشتر،. دانش که بود این بر اصلی استدالل پرداختند

و علم به مردم دیدگاه بهبود باعث گفتمان و شفافیت . شد خواهد علم از آنان حمایت نتیجه در

دانشمندان نقش بر خاصی توجه پیشین؛ مدل خالف بر. گردید علم ارتباطات در سیاستمداران و

the need for an openness to dialogue , and a willingness to come out from behind

closed walls

1950s-1980s : Scientific Literacy (Deficit model of knowledge)   

1980-1990s= Public

Understanding of Science (Deficit model of attitude,

Contextual model)

1990s-onward =Science& Society

(Lay Expertise Model, Public

Engagement Model, Public Deliberation and Engagement

Model)

More knowledge on scientific facts will increase public

support

More knowledge, more openness and more dialogue

will increase public support.

Contributing the knowledge of lay people, increasing public

participation in scientific knowledge and policy making

and public deliberation and engagement will increase public

support of science.

: گفتمان الگوی دوم موج ظهور The second wave introduced two models: Deficit model of attitude and second, the contextual model These theories were suggested in UK when the Royal Society of London published a report in 1985 expressing its concerns over public’s lack of science. ) The Royal Society Reports, 1985( UK House of Lords Committee claimed that to increase public understanding, more openness in decision-making and greater dialogue between all the actors involved are needed.

Deficit model of attitude This model made a correlation between knowledge and attitude: The more people have knowledge, the more is their love to science. Therefore, the research agenda changed from deficit of knowledge to deficit of attitudes. People were measured not based on literate or illiterate; indeed based on more or less knowledgeable.

Contextual Model According to Lewnstein) 2006( individuals do not respond as empty containers to information, rather they process information according to their social and psychological contexts which have shaped their previous experiences, cultural contexts and personal experiences.

: و علم علم سازی مردمی سوم موججامعه

1950s-1980s : Scientific Literacy (Deficit model of knowledge)   

1980-1990s= Public

Understanding of Science (Deficit model of attitude,

Contextual model)

1990s-onward =Science& Society

(Lay Expertise Model, Public

Engagement Model, Public Deliberation and Engagement

Model)

More knowledge on scientific facts will increase public support

More knowledge, more openness and more dialogue will

increase public support.

Contributing the knowledge of lay people, increasing public

participation in scientific knowledge and policy making

and public deliberation and engagement will increase public

support of science.

علم، • در مردمی دانش نقش افزایش بر تالشهاگیریهایی تصمیم فرایند در مردم نقش افزایش

مشکالت ) ماند است دخیل آن در علم که ) مشارکت و تعامل افزایش و محیطی زیست

گردید متمرکز مردم

مشارکتی تعامالت الگوی The new model emphasized on an interactive deliberative interaction between scientists and lay people which through these interactions, they co- produce knowledge with an ultimate goal of influencing policy makings.) Irwine, 2006(

سوم موج The deliberative interactions were introduced since the dialogue model was not a healthy situation and also not a productive one ) Dickson, 2000(.

In a dialogue, “ the two sides in what is intended to be a dialogue appears to have different agendas, focus on different long-term goals, speak in different languages, and play the game according to different rules. In such a situation, dialogue as such is inadequate” ) ibid(.

In this period, two models of lay expertise model and public engagement model were introduced.

مردمی مشارکت و مردمی تخصص مدلعلم در

/ مردمی محلی تخصص مدل

The lay expertise model begins with local knowledge, sometimes called "lay knowledge.“

This is knowledge based in the lives and histories of real communities, such as detailed local farming or agricultural practices, or historical legacies.

: مردمی مشارکت مدل Because of the importance of social trust as an issue in policy disputes about

scientific and technical issues, a "public participation" or "public engagement" model has emerged, focusing on a series of activities intended to enhance public participation and hence trust in science policy.

سال از موج .2012این گردید آغازاسمک نوین های فناوری از استفاده

بیگ) موبایل، اجتماعی، های فناوری ) سوم موج ارتقای در ابری و دیتا

علم سازی مردمی

هوشمند شهروندان مدل

افزایش استفاده از دانش مردمی در تحقیقات علمی با استفاده از فناوری های نوین

تعریف شهروند هوشمند: زمانی که شهروندان با استفاده از فناوری های

موبایل، اجتماعی و سنسورها و اتصال به اینترنت تصمیمات هوشمندانه و

انتخابات آگاهانه تری در خصوص علم، فناوری و زندگی خود و تع�امل با محیط

زندگی و منابع آن اتخاذ می نمایند.

مالزی در شهری معضالت حل جهت تالشی و موبایل حلی راه هوشمند، شهروندان مشارکت

CitiAct enables citizens to report issues such as unattended garbage, illegal parking, potholes, water leakage, crime etc. to their local municipality.

Users are required to1- snap a photo of existing city complains and 2- classify them under different categories of the complain system. 3- the report is submitted to relevant municipalities. 4- Once complain is submitted to the complaint system, it will be marked as acknowledged, resolved or false by the public services departments.

باشید خود محله !قهرمان زدن حرف نه و اقدام برای اپی !موبایل

/.https://smartcitizen.meنمونه:

هدف کلیدی: افزایش فرایندهای مشارکتی شهروندان در توسعه یک شهر هوشمند

شهروندان می توانند آگاهی در خصوص میزان آلودگی در منزل، آلودگی صوتی و رطوبت در محله خود داشته باشند و این اطالعات را

بالفاصله با افراد دیگر به اشتراک بگذارند.هدف: بهبود کیفیت محیط زیست از طریق داده های تولید شده و

علم شهروندیتوسعه زمینه های الزم جهت گسترش

Citizen Science

Sensors that measure air composition (CO and NO2), temperature, humidity, light intensity and sound levels. Once it’s set up, the device will stream data measured by the sensors over Wi-Fi using the FCC-certified, wireless module on the data-processing board. The device’s low power consumption allows for placing it on balconies and windowsills.

The Amsterdam Smart Citizens Lab: انجام در شهروندان مشارکت افزایش جهت فرصتی

محیطی زیست تحقیقاتBy giving individuals the tools to conduct research for themselves, an increased involvement in the immediate environment based on real data is expected.

:هدف پروژهتولید فرصتهای جدید جهت نوآوری توسط

شهرونداناندازه گیری مسایل زیست محیطی به صورت جمعی به منظور ارتقای سطح زندگی مردمی و اتخاذ رفتارهایی که باعث توسعه پایدار و اقدام

.جمعی می گردد

The Amsterdam Smart Citizens Lab

Santander City Brain: A social platform for encouraging smart citizens

Forcing the city to react more quickly, citizens can use the app to report accidents, potholes or broken street lights directly to city hall .

They can also use Santander City Brain to share, vote, and comment on ideas contributed by other citizens,

with their input being rewarded with incentives and prizes. For example, the current contest offers €3000 for submitting an idea.

These ‘city gadgets of the future’ have helped the city to save 25% on electricity bills.

Some other Apps That Turn Citizens into Scientists

mPing The mPing app asks citizen scientists to report on precipitation. The goal is

to aid meteorologists at the National Severe Storms Laboratory in developing and refining algorithms that use the newly upgraded dual-polarization NEXRAD radars.

Price: Free Platforms supported: iPhone, Android

How it works: Using mPing, participants select the precipitation type observed. The app focuses on winter precipitation, including rain, freezing rain, drizzle, freezing drizzle, snow, ice pellets and mixed rain.

It also asks users to make observations of “none,” at times when precipitation has stopped.

Users are encouraged to measure their findings, such as the depth of hail from thunderstorms with a ruler, and record data in the app.

By telling NSSL what hits the ground, scientists can compare reports from the field with radar detections, and use the data to develop new technologies to determine precipitation patterns and types.

http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/ping/

What's Invasive: Invasive species often threaten native plants and animals, and experts need to know where to find them. That’s the main idea behind the What’s Invasive app, developed by the University of Georgia.

Price: Free Platforms supported: iPhone, Android How it works: The app displays local lists of invasive plants or animals that have been identified by the National Park Service and other management authorities. Users can help experts pinpoint invasive species by locating them and providing experts with GPS coordinates, accompanied by a photo and notes about the observation. The geotagged observations and photos are used to alert experts about the spread of habitat-destroying species. Users can also go online to whatsinvasive.com and set up their own site for invasive species data collection.

Funded in 2004, the labOnLaptop is a the virtual world of scientific multimedia. A software solutions for practical scientific education, Medical (Surgical) simulation and industrial simulation. We are developing highly interactive and thoroughly user friendly software related with Science, Medical & Industries.

Medical Simulator

American Association for the Advancement of Science

AAAS ". انجام " برای است مردم همه نفع به جهان سراسر در نوآوری و مهندسی، علوم، پیش�برد دنبال بههیئت ماموریت، :AAASاین گیرد می نظر در را زیر اهداف

مردم؛ عموم و مهندسان، دانشمندان، میان ارتباطات بهبود •آن؛ از استفاده و علم تمامیت از دفاع و ترویج •بنگاه؛ یک عنوان به آوری فن و علم از حمایت تقویت •اجتماعی؛ مسائل در علم برای صدا یک ارائه •عمومی؛ های سیاست در علم از مس�ئوالنه استفاده ارتقاء •؛ آوری فن و علم در کار نیروی تنوع و تقویت •همه؛ برای آوری فن و علم آموزش افزایش •و فناوری؛ و علم در عمومی مش�ارکت افزایش • . علم در المللی بین های همکاری پیشبرد •

سال AAASتشکیل متحده 1848در ایاالت در را ملی علمی جامعه یک ظهور . زد سازی AAASرقم مردمی منظور به که است دائمی سازمان اولین

گردید تشکیل ملی سطح در مهندسی و علم توسعه

http://meetings.aaas.org/family-science-days/

What is The Flame Challenge?The Flame Challenge is an international competition in which scientists answer a technical question in a clear and entertaining way, specifically geared toward an audience of 11-year-olds. Launched in 2012, The Flame Challenge began with Alan Alda’s own childhood query, "What is a flame?"

RPI Sustainability Conference for Elementary Kids

دانش توسط زمین هفته موسیقی اجرایرنسلیر دانشگاه در دبستانی آموزان

گیری نتیجهروند جهانی نشان دهنده استفاده روزافزون

فناوری ها و راهکارهای نوین به منظور افزایش نقش محققان دانشگاهی در ارتقای مشارکت تعاملی مردم در فرایند انتخاب، تولید و توزیع

موضوعات علم و فناوری می باشد.هدف افزایش مشارکتهای تعاملی مردمی در

فرایند تصمیم گیری ها و ارتقای اقتصادی پایدار با مشکالت زیست محیطی و اجتماعی کمتر می

باشد.