Design for all. Lecture 4

Design for ALL 1

Design for AllLecture Four

Vladimir Tomberg, PhD

Lesson Agenda

• Basic Principles• Presenting results of the homework: – Finding the good HCI examples – Opportunities and Threats workshop (if ready)

• Filling in a closing survey• Finishing Design workshop based of the first

assignment

UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES

The Overview

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Source Book• Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal

and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.

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The hierarchical structure of the universal design principles

Transcending principles• Equitable Use

Process related principles• Flexibility• Error-management• Efficiency• Stability/predictability

Human factors principles• Ergonomic• Perception• Cognition

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Transcending principle

• Equitable Use Principle

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Equitable Use Principle

• Universally designed entities should be equitable;

• That is, the entities should provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible and equivalent when not possible;

• The products and processes should avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users, making the design appealing to all users

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Equitable Use

Source: livewellcollaborative.org

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Equitable Use Strategies

• Design entities that are age and context appropriate;

• Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing;• Design entities that are competitively priced;• Market the entity for as broad a demographic

and socioeconomic base as reasonable and possible;

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Equitable Use Strategies

Design entities that are age and context appropriate

Source: kohhranthianghlim.org Source: americanallergysupply.com

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Equitable Use Strategies

Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing(Examples from OXO design)

Source: fastcodesign.com Source: designapplause.com

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Equitable Use Strategies

Design entities that are competitively priced(Examples: Expensive and relatively cheap Optical Image Stabilization)

Source: amazon.com Source: nextpowerup.com

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Equitable Use Strategies

The products and processes should avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users, making the design appealing to all users

Source: designboom.com

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Process Related Principles

• Stable and Predictable Principle• Efficiency (Muda Elimination) Principle• Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle• Flexibility Principle

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Stable and Predictable Principle

• Design entities to reduce common cause variation. That is, design entities to be stable and predictable so that users can expect performance that supports the desired activity.

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Stable and Predictable Principle

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Stable and Predictable Design Strategies

• Work to establish national and international standards for products, processes, and services so as to reduce their common cause variability

• Reduce the common cause variability associated with the person’s interaction with the product or process

• Reduce common cause variability using quality control and reliability engineering techniques to ensure proper functioning of the product

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Stable and Predictable Principle

This scheme has the highest common cause variability

Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.

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Stable and Predictable Principle

This scheme has less common cause variability than Level 1, but stillleaves room for potential errors due to judgments about pointer positionErlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.

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Stable and Predictable Principle

The vertical orientation of the correct readings increase reliability andreduces common cause variability if speed is important (e.g., dashboard dials in a racing car).

Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.

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Efficiency (Muda Elimination) Principle

• Muda (無駄 ) is a Japanese word meaning:futility;

uselessness; idleness;

superfluity; waste;

wastage; wastefulness

Source: Gemba Kaizen

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Efficiency (muda elimination)

• Designed entities need to be efficient in that they have reduced as much of the non-value-added activities as possible and/or is reasonable

• Non-value-added activity (NVAA) is any activity that does not directly add to the successful and timely completion of the task or activity

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Efficiency (muda elimination)

• Muda elimination would include providing doors, walkways, elevators, and escalators so as to allow an efficient flow of people for normal operations.

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Efficiency Design Strategies

• Reduce or eliminate non-value-added activity (NVAA);

• Make the designed entity as simple and easy to use as possible;

• Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAA;• Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks

or activities that can be eliminated or redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate NVAA

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Efficiency Design Strategies

Reduce or eliminate non-value-added activity (NVAA)

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Efficiency Design Strategies

Make the designed entity as simple and easy to use as possibleImage: crave.cnet.co.uk

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Efficiency Design Strategies

Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAAImage: 2.bp.blogspot.com

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Efficiency Design Strategies

Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks or activities that can be eliminated or redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate NVAA

Image: infoq.com

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Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle

• Entities must be designed so that they support doing the right thing. It is important to create a design wherein errors can be managed

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Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle

My favorite example

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Error-Managed Design Strategies

• Use a three-staged approach to error-proofing:

1. Prevent errors at the source;2. Provide a warning that an error has or is

about to occur;3. Provide quick and easy recovery if an error

has occurred

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Error-Managed Design Strategies

Prevent errors at the sourceImage source: blog.crazyegg.com

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Error-Managed Design Strategies

Provide a warning that an error has or is about to occur

Image source: designmodo.com

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Error-Managed Design Strategies

Provide quick and easy recovery if an error has occurred

Image source: teamwindows8.com

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Error-Managed Design Strategies

Provide quick and easy recovery if an error has occurred

Image source: teamwindows8.com

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Flexibility Principle

• Design products, systems, and environments with enough flexibility so that they can be used and experienced by people of all abilities, to the greatest extent possible, without adaptations

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Flexibility Principle

Image: indiandrives.comImage: ergonomicsolutionsaustralia.com.au

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Flexibility Design Strategies

• Provide the user with choices;• Provide adjustability and mobility• Build flexibility into service delivery systems

and work processes

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Provide the user with a choice of language (English, French, etc.)

Source: europa.eu

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Provide the user with a choice of mode for communication

Source: redorbit.com

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Provide adjustability and mobilitySource: toyota.com.au

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Mobility example:Wheelchair Accessible BathroomSource: beyondthescreendoor.com

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Provide adjustable response times

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Flexibility Design Strategies

Build flexibility into service delivery systems and work processes

Flexibility dimensionsTime Times for starting and finishing a service

Times for submitting transactions and interacting with the service providerTempo/pace of conducting transactions

Content Content, type, and quality of service providedSequence of transactions and services providedOrientation of the service (sales, information)

Instructional material, users manuals, guidelines, and proceduresRequirements Conditions for participation

Delivery and logistics Time and place where contact with service provider occurs

Methods and technology for obtaining support and making contact

Types of help, communication available, and technology requiredLocation and technology for participating in various aspects of service delivery

Delivery channels for information, content, and communication

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Human Factors Principles

• Cognition Principle• Perception Principle• Ergonomic Principle

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Cognition Principle

• The cognitive demands of designed entities must be within acceptable limits for a wide range of users

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Cognition Principle

Example: Color coding in Wal-Mart

Image: zocalopublicsquare.org Source: google.com

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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies

• Build knowledge into the designed entity or environment;

• Use universally or globally understood icons, symbols, or pictures for communications;

• Reduce the operational complexity of the entity

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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies

• Build knowledge into the designed entity or environment strategy:

• Four design elements are generally associated with good cognitive design:

AffordanceMappingConstraints Feedback

• Each of these design elements can support human capabilities and hence support universal and accessible design strategies.

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Affordance

Affordance refers to the actual and perceived attributes of a product or process that suggest its uses

Source: raftfurniture.co.uk Source: blackrocktools.com

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Mapping

Use mappings to help users form clear conceptual models of the entity’s operations and simplify operations

Source: usabilitypost.com

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Constraints

Use constraints so as to control the course of actions and prevent or reduce the possibility of the users doing the wrong thing

Source: globalsources.com Source: eco-drive.co.uk

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Feedback

Use feedback to keep the user informed as to the status of the entity’s operations and the entity’s response to user inputs

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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies

Use universally or globally understood icons, symbols, or pictures for communications

Source: tema.ru/travel Source: coachhiremanchester.com

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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies

Reduce the operational complexity of the entity

Source: darkroastedblend.com

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Perception Principle

• Designed entities must effectively communicate necessary information to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities

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Perceptible Design Strategies

Example: Emergency warning systems are prime examples of systems that must be perceptible by as many people as possible

Source: fox6now.com

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Perceptible Design Strategies

• Provide multisensory options for communications between a person and the process or product;

• Design signals so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio;

• Provide the ability for a person to increase or decrease the signal strength so as to increase the signal-to-noise ratio

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Perceptible Design Strategies

Provide multisensory options for communications between a person and the process or product

Source: gaates.org Source: slashgear.com

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Perceptible Design Strategies

Design signals so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio

Source: zyalt.livejournal.com

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Perceptible Design Strategies

Provide the ability for a person to increase or decrease the signal strength so as to increase the signal-to-noise ratio

Source: www4.gira.com Source: cdrinfo.com

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Ergonomic Principle

• The physical demands associated with the use of an entity must be within acceptable limits for a wide range of users.

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Question: Whom this ramp is for?

The source is unknown

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I guess this is the only one possible answer

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Ergonomic Design Strategies

• Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors; • Design for a wide range of body sizes and

shapes;

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Ergonomic Design Strategies

Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors

Image: Goldsmith , C., UNIVERSAL DESIGN

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Ergonomic Design Strategies

Design for a wide range of body sizes and shapes

Image source: openplay.co.uk

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Ergonomic Design Strategies

Example: Boing 747 economy class interior mockup. Circa 1965

Image source: reddit.com

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Ergonomic Design Strategies

Example: Economy class today

Image source: dialaflight.com

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PRESENTING RESULTS OF HOMEWORK

1. Finding the good HCI examples2. Opportunities and Threats workshop

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HTTP://GOO.GL/FULNT9

Please complete a survey!(15 minutes)

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HTTP://GOO.GL/4MD8FQ(OR FIND IT IN YOUR GOOGLE DRIVE)

Continuation of Workshop on TLU Building Accessibility Report

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End of the Course