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Slides for HCI curriculum course Design for All, Lecture 4
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Design for ALL 1
Design for AllLecture Four
Vladimir Tomberg, PhD
Lesson Agenda
• Basic Principles• Presenting results of the homework: – Finding the good HCI examples – Opportunities and Threats workshop (if ready)
• Filling in a closing survey• Finishing Design workshop based of the first
assignment
UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
The Overview
Design for ALL 4
Source Book• Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal
and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.
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The hierarchical structure of the universal design principles
Transcending principles• Equitable Use
Process related principles• Flexibility• Error-management• Efficiency• Stability/predictability
Human factors principles• Ergonomic• Perception• Cognition
Hig
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More general More encompa-ssing
More detailed More narrowly defined More specific
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Transcending principle
• Equitable Use Principle
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Equitable Use Principle
• Universally designed entities should be equitable;
• That is, the entities should provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible and equivalent when not possible;
• The products and processes should avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users, making the design appealing to all users
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Equitable Use
Source: livewellcollaborative.org
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Equitable Use Strategies
• Design entities that are age and context appropriate;
• Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing;• Design entities that are competitively priced;• Market the entity for as broad a demographic
and socioeconomic base as reasonable and possible;
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Equitable Use Strategies
Design entities that are age and context appropriate
Source: kohhranthianghlim.org Source: americanallergysupply.com
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Equitable Use Strategies
Design entities that are aesthetically pleasing(Examples from OXO design)
Source: fastcodesign.com Source: designapplause.com
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Equitable Use Strategies
Design entities that are competitively priced(Examples: Expensive and relatively cheap Optical Image Stabilization)
Source: amazon.com Source: nextpowerup.com
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Equitable Use Strategies
The products and processes should avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users, making the design appealing to all users
Source: designboom.com
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Process Related Principles
• Stable and Predictable Principle• Efficiency (Muda Elimination) Principle• Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle• Flexibility Principle
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Stable and Predictable Principle
• Design entities to reduce common cause variation. That is, design entities to be stable and predictable so that users can expect performance that supports the desired activity.
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Stable and Predictable Principle
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Stable and Predictable Design Strategies
• Work to establish national and international standards for products, processes, and services so as to reduce their common cause variability
• Reduce the common cause variability associated with the person’s interaction with the product or process
• Reduce common cause variability using quality control and reliability engineering techniques to ensure proper functioning of the product
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Stable and Predictable Principle
This scheme has the highest common cause variability
Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.
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Stable and Predictable Principle
This scheme has less common cause variability than Level 1, but stillleaves room for potential errors due to judgments about pointer positionErlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.
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Stable and Predictable Principle
The vertical orientation of the correct readings increase reliability andreduces common cause variability if speed is important (e.g., dashboard dials in a racing car).
Erlandson, R. F. (2010). Universal and accessible design for products, services, and processes. CRC Press.
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Efficiency (Muda Elimination) Principle
• Muda (無駄 ) is a Japanese word meaning:futility;
uselessness; idleness;
superfluity; waste;
wastage; wastefulness
Source: Gemba Kaizen
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Efficiency (muda elimination)
• Designed entities need to be efficient in that they have reduced as much of the non-value-added activities as possible and/or is reasonable
• Non-value-added activity (NVAA) is any activity that does not directly add to the successful and timely completion of the task or activity
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Efficiency (muda elimination)
• Muda elimination would include providing doors, walkways, elevators, and escalators so as to allow an efficient flow of people for normal operations.
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Efficiency Design Strategies
• Reduce or eliminate non-value-added activity (NVAA);
• Make the designed entity as simple and easy to use as possible;
• Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAA;• Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks
or activities that can be eliminated or redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate NVAA
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Efficiency Design Strategies
Reduce or eliminate non-value-added activity (NVAA)
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Efficiency Design Strategies
Make the designed entity as simple and easy to use as possibleImage: crave.cnet.co.uk
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Efficiency Design Strategies
Avoid complexity in that it leads to NVAAImage: 2.bp.blogspot.com
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Efficiency Design Strategies
Use task analysis techniques to identify tasks or activities that can be eliminated or redesigned so as to reduce or eliminate NVAA
Image: infoq.com
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Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle
• Entities must be designed so that they support doing the right thing. It is important to create a design wherein errors can be managed
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Error-Managed (Proofed) Principle
My favorite example
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Error-Managed Design Strategies
• Use a three-staged approach to error-proofing:
1. Prevent errors at the source;2. Provide a warning that an error has or is
about to occur;3. Provide quick and easy recovery if an error
has occurred
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Error-Managed Design Strategies
Prevent errors at the sourceImage source: blog.crazyegg.com
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Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide a warning that an error has or is about to occur
Image source: designmodo.com
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Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide quick and easy recovery if an error has occurred
Image source: teamwindows8.com
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Error-Managed Design Strategies
Provide quick and easy recovery if an error has occurred
Image source: teamwindows8.com
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Flexibility Principle
• Design products, systems, and environments with enough flexibility so that they can be used and experienced by people of all abilities, to the greatest extent possible, without adaptations
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Flexibility Principle
Image: indiandrives.comImage: ergonomicsolutionsaustralia.com.au
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Flexibility Design Strategies
• Provide the user with choices;• Provide adjustability and mobility• Build flexibility into service delivery systems
and work processes
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide the user with a choice of language (English, French, etc.)
Source: europa.eu
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide the user with a choice of mode for communication
Source: redorbit.com
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide adjustability and mobilitySource: toyota.com.au
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Mobility example:Wheelchair Accessible BathroomSource: beyondthescreendoor.com
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Provide adjustable response times
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Flexibility Design Strategies
Build flexibility into service delivery systems and work processes
Flexibility dimensionsTime Times for starting and finishing a service
Times for submitting transactions and interacting with the service providerTempo/pace of conducting transactions
Content Content, type, and quality of service providedSequence of transactions and services providedOrientation of the service (sales, information)
Instructional material, users manuals, guidelines, and proceduresRequirements Conditions for participation
Delivery and logistics Time and place where contact with service provider occurs
Methods and technology for obtaining support and making contact
Types of help, communication available, and technology requiredLocation and technology for participating in various aspects of service delivery
Delivery channels for information, content, and communication
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Human Factors Principles
• Cognition Principle• Perception Principle• Ergonomic Principle
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Cognition Principle
• The cognitive demands of designed entities must be within acceptable limits for a wide range of users
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Cognition Principle
Example: Color coding in Wal-Mart
Image: zocalopublicsquare.org Source: google.com
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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
• Build knowledge into the designed entity or environment;
• Use universally or globally understood icons, symbols, or pictures for communications;
• Reduce the operational complexity of the entity
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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
• Build knowledge into the designed entity or environment strategy:
• Four design elements are generally associated with good cognitive design:
AffordanceMappingConstraints Feedback
• Each of these design elements can support human capabilities and hence support universal and accessible design strategies.
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Affordance
Affordance refers to the actual and perceived attributes of a product or process that suggest its uses
Source: raftfurniture.co.uk Source: blackrocktools.com
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Mapping
Use mappings to help users form clear conceptual models of the entity’s operations and simplify operations
Source: usabilitypost.com
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Constraints
Use constraints so as to control the course of actions and prevent or reduce the possibility of the users doing the wrong thing
Source: globalsources.com Source: eco-drive.co.uk
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Feedback
Use feedback to keep the user informed as to the status of the entity’s operations and the entity’s response to user inputs
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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
Use universally or globally understood icons, symbols, or pictures for communications
Source: tema.ru/travel Source: coachhiremanchester.com
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Cognitively Sound Design Strategies
Reduce the operational complexity of the entity
Source: darkroastedblend.com
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Perception Principle
• Designed entities must effectively communicate necessary information to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities
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Perceptible Design Strategies
Example: Emergency warning systems are prime examples of systems that must be perceptible by as many people as possible
Source: fox6now.com
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Perceptible Design Strategies
• Provide multisensory options for communications between a person and the process or product;
• Design signals so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio;
• Provide the ability for a person to increase or decrease the signal strength so as to increase the signal-to-noise ratio
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Perceptible Design Strategies
Provide multisensory options for communications between a person and the process or product
Source: gaates.org Source: slashgear.com
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Perceptible Design Strategies
Design signals so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio
Source: zyalt.livejournal.com
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Perceptible Design Strategies
Provide the ability for a person to increase or decrease the signal strength so as to increase the signal-to-noise ratio
Source: www4.gira.com Source: cdrinfo.com
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Ergonomic Principle
• The physical demands associated with the use of an entity must be within acceptable limits for a wide range of users.
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Question: Whom this ramp is for?
The source is unknown
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I guess this is the only one possible answer
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Ergonomic Design Strategies
• Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors; • Design for a wide range of body sizes and
shapes;
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Ergonomic Design Strategies
Design to avoid ergonomic risk factors
Image: Goldsmith , C., UNIVERSAL DESIGN
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Ergonomic Design Strategies
Design for a wide range of body sizes and shapes
Image source: openplay.co.uk
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Ergonomic Design Strategies
Example: Boing 747 economy class interior mockup. Circa 1965
Image source: reddit.com
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Ergonomic Design Strategies
Example: Economy class today
Image source: dialaflight.com
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PRESENTING RESULTS OF HOMEWORK
1. Finding the good HCI examples2. Opportunities and Threats workshop
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HTTP://GOO.GL/FULNT9
Please complete a survey!(15 minutes)
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HTTP://GOO.GL/4MD8FQ(OR FIND IT IN YOUR GOOGLE DRIVE)
Continuation of Workshop on TLU Building Accessibility Report
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End of the Course
