رسم بالحاسب الآلي

١٧٥١٧٥

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אא (AutoCAD)אא א א אא אאאא،אא א K א אאא א

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אאאאאאאאאאא א AutoCAD 2008 ، אא אא א א،

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א ١٧٢ אא א א

- ١ -

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،אאKאאאK

J אאאW

אW ١E FאEK ٢E FאEK ٣E אFאEK

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AutoCAD 2008אאW ١E אאאFWאKE ٢E אאFWאאאKE ٣E אאFWאאEK

١E אאFWKE ٢E אFWאאKE ٣E אFWאKE

J אאאW

אאאW ١ J אWאאאא

אאאאאK

- ٤ -

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٣ J אWאאאאאאאאאK

٤ J אWאK ٥ J W،א

אאאאאK ٦ J אWאאK ٧ J אWאK

JאאאW • אIBMIIאK • אאאK • אא(RAM)256 MB،K • Windows XPK • אK

٢K אAutoCAD 2008W אאא،אW

• אאא Pull down Menu • אא Tool Bars • אDrawing Area • אCommand Window • אStatus Bar

- ٥ -

אAutoCAD 2008 J אאW

אאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאdrawאModifyאאאK

אאא

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Help window Modify DimensionDrawTools Format Insert View Edit File

J אW אאא،אאKא

אא،W • FXאYE،אא

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א،אאאא،،אאא،W

١ J FE،אK ٢ J FE،אא

אK ٣ J FE،אאאK W

אאאאOptions Toolsאאdisplayאאא،אאColor،

אאcrosshair sizeFאא٥E٪K

- ٧ -

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،אאאא،אאK

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J אאW

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- ٨ -

א،אאToolbarsאאא،אאא،אאDoneאא،אOKK

אאאFאאWE

١E אאא Standard tool bar :

٢E אproperties tool barW

٣E אאDrawing tool bar W

٤E אאModify tool barW

- ٩ -

٥E אאLayers tool barW

JאW ،אאאאFא،אEאKאאאא

אאאאאאK אאאאא( X, Y, Z )א

٣K אאאW

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- ١٠ -

ESC אאK CTR - N K CTR - O K CTR - S אK CTR - Z אאK CTR - Y אK CTR - PאאאK ENTERאאאאאK

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אW ١ J אאW

אאאא(0,0,0)K ٢ J אאאW

אאאאK ٣ J אאW

אאאא،אK

- ١١ -

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αWאאK XWאXK YWאYK

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- ١٢ -

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א،אאאאאאאאא،אאא،אאאאK

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• אאאא ١ J אW

J אאאאא Format Drawing limitK J אא،אאאאאאא

F٠،٠E،א[ENTER] אK J אאאאאאא،

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٢ J אאW אאאא Units Format אאאW

- ١٣ -

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١ J אאFormat LayersK ٢ J אאLayer Tool Bar،אK ٣ J א،אאLAYER FLAE[ENTER]K

- ١٤ -

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• אאK • אאאאא،אאא

אא،K • אאאאאאK

- ١٥ -

• ،אאW ١ J אאFormat Line type ٢ J אאProperties Tool Barline typeOther ٣ J א،אאLine type FLTE[ENTER]

אאאאאאW

אאload،אאאאאאאאok

- ١٦ -

١W אאאW

- ١٧ -

אאW ١ J אK ٢ J אאUnits Format“ Decimal”K ٣ J אא Format Drawing limitsW ٢١٠٢٩٧K ٤ J אWView All ZoomK ٥ J WFormat LayersW CircleK

٦ J אWאאW J 40,50א[Enter]FE J 90,50 J 90,75 J 115,75 J 115,100 J 100,110 J 40,110 J 40,50 FCאE J W

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאFאא

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אא אcircle.

٨ J אאWאאW J 65,80 J 13 J

אאא0)EאאK ٩ J אW

- ١٨ -

אאאאאא (0)א -أ א א(0).

J אאא،אאLAYER ،אא(Circle)،אא،אאokK

J אאא،אא LAYER ،אא(Circle)،אא،אאokK

אאא،אאאK

אאאאאא

א ١٧٢ אא א אאא

- ١٨ -

אאW אאאא

אא،אאW • א،אא،אK • אאK

אאאW

אא٩٥٪K

אאאאW ٦K

אאאאW

אאW אאK

- ١٩ -

١ J אאW

אאאאKאאאאאW

1 SNAPאא F9 2 GRIDאא F7 3 ORTHO F8 4 OSNAPFאEאF3

J אאSnap, GridW

אW אאToolsDrafting Settings،אאאW

- ٢٠ -

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אאאאK

J אOrthoW

אW J א F8אCtrl+LK J אאOrthoאאK J אאOrtho[ENTER]K

J אObject SnapW

אW J אאObject SnapK J אOSnapאאK J אאF3K

אא،אOSnapא،אSettings،אאאאW

- ٢١ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאW

א insertion End point

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אא Nearest Node

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א parallel Intersection

א Select all Extensionא Clear all

- ٢٢ -

٢ J אאW

J א אאאאאאKאא

אאאK

אW אאWאא VIEW ZOOMK

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Zoom Window

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א Zoom Scale

אא Zoom Center

אאא Zoom In

אא Zoom Out

אא Zoom All

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א(Zoom Out)،אאאא(Zoom Extents)K

- ٢٣ -

J אאPAN W אאאא،א

FאאEאאאאאK

W אאאאאאא،א

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אW J אאWVIEW PAN K

J אאא Standard Tool Bar ،אK J אאאאWאPAN: FPEאא

[ENTER]K J אאאPanK

J אREDRAWW

،אאאא،אא

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אW J אאWVIEW REDRAW K J אאאWא: REDRAW FREאא

[ENTER]K

- ٢٤ -

٢W אאאאאא

אאWאאdrafting settings אobject snapא center Midpoint Quadrant

אאobject snap on אאonאאdrafting settings

אאWאאא

J אאW J 50,50 J 5 J J J 100,50 J 5 J J

- ٢٥ -

J 100,80 J 5 J J J 50,80 J 5 J J

אאWאאאאאא

J א J אא،אאFאא

אEK J 10 J J אא،אאFאא

אEK J 10 J J א،אאאFאא

אאEK J 10

אאאWאאא

J אאW J 75,65 J 12

- ٢٦ -

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אאאאאאאK J א،אאquadrantא

אאאאאאאאK J אאאאאאאאK

אאWאאאא

אאאאאאא

אאWאאא אאאאאאmidpoint.

אאאא

א ١٧٢ אא א אא

- ٢٧ -

אאW אאאK

אאאאאאK

אאאW ١٠٠٪Kאא

אאאאW

אאאאW אאאאאאK

- ٢٨ -

١ J W אא،א،אא(X)א

א(Y)،אאא،אאאאאאאא،אאאא،

אאאאW J אאmodifyאאאK J אאאאאאmodify toolbarsK J אאאאאא،אenterK

W א،אאא،אאאK

٢ J אאDrawW

• אאWLINE

אאאאאאK אW J אאW DrawLINEK

J אאTool Bar Drawing،אK J אאאWא: LINE FLEא

אENTERK אאאאW • אא Specify first point:• אא Specify next point or [Undo]:• אאFאE • א אENTER

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:

- ٢٩ -

CloseWא UndoWאא،אאLINE

אאאאא

אא א

אאWאאאW Command : line From point : 40,50 ([ Enter] א )

To point : 60,50 ([ Enter] א )

To point : [ ENTER] ( א F

- ٣٠ -

אאWאאאאW Command : line From point : 40,50 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @20,0 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @0,30 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @-20,0 ([ Enter] א )

אאWאאאW

Command : line From point : 40,50 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @20<0 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @30<90 ([ Enter] א )

To point : @ 0<180 ([ Enter] א )

אאאW

אORTHOאW Command : line From point : 40,50 ([ Enter] א )

To point : אאאF٢٠E

To point : אאאF٣٠E

To point : אאאF٢٠E

• אW POINT

אאאK

- ٣١ -

אW J אאW POINT DrawK

J אאTool Bar DrawingאK J אאאWא: POINTFPOEא

אאW אאאאPoint styleK

אאW J אאWאא Format Point StyleK J אאאWא DDPTYPEאאK

אאאאאאאOkK

• אW RECTANGLE

אאא،K

- ٣٢ -

אW J אאW Rectangle Draw K J אאTool Bar DrawingאK J אאאWא: RECTANGLEFRECEא

אאאאW • אאFאE Specify first corner point or

[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]• אא Specify Second corner point

• אאWCIRCLE

אאא،אאKאאאW

“ center and radius “

אW J אאWאאCIRCLE DrawK J אאTool Bar Drawingאא K J אאאWא: CIRCLEFCEא

אאאאW • אאK Specify Center point • אאK Specify Radius

- ٣٣ -

אאW אא Center and Radius

אא Center and Diameter

FאE 2 points

٣FאאE 3 points

א،אTangent, Tangent, and Radius

א٣٣א Tangent, Tangent, Tangent

• אWARC

אאאא،אאא"٣

א?،אאאאאא،אא

אאאאK

אW J אאW DrawARK

J אאTool Bar DrawingאאK J אאאWא: ARCFAEאאK

א3 Points אאא Start/CenterאאאאאW

- ٣٤ -

א End : end point ( E ) אא Angle: included angle ( A ) א Length: length of chord ( L )

אאאStart/End/אאאאאW אא Angle: included angle ( A ) Direction: starting direction ( D )אא א Radius: arc radius ( R ) אאאCenter/ Start /: אאאאW א End: end point ( E ) אא Angle: included angle ( A ) א Length: length of chord ( L )

• אאPOLYLINE

אאאאאאאK

אW J אאW DrawPOLYLINE J אאTool Bar Drawingאא K J אאאWא: PLINEFPLEא

אאאאW • אא • אאFאE

Specify first pointSpecify second point

or]ِArc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width[

- ٣٥ -

אאWאאא • ArcWאא • CloseWאאאPolyline • : HalfwidthPolylineאFאאE • LengthWאאאKאא

אK • UndoWאFE • WidthWא

אאWא

• Halfwidth, Width, Undoאאאא • Angleאאאא • CenterWא • CloseWאאאPolyline • DirectionWאאאFPLINEאאE • LineWאאא • RadiusWאK • Second pointW

אאאAאא،אאא LאאK

- ٣٦ -

• אWPolygon

אאאאK

אW J אאW DrawPolygonK

J אאTool Bar Drawingאא KK J אאאWא: PolygonFPolEא

אאאאW • א polygon Enter number of sides

• א Specify center of polygon or [Edge]

• אאא(I)،אא(C)

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]

• אאא Specify radius of circle

• אWMTEXT

אאאאאK

אW J אאW DrawTEXTMULTILINE TEXT

J אאTool Bar Drawingאא K

- ٣٧ -

J אאאWא: MTEXTFMT TEאאK

אאאאאאאאאW

١K אאאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אאאMultilane Text EditorK ٤K אאOkK

• אWText STYLE

אאאאK

אW J אאWאא Format TEXT STYLE J אאאWא: STYLE FSTEא

אאאאאאאאא

- ٣٨ -

J Style nameWאאאאNEWאאאK J : Font Name אאK J Font StyleWאאאאאFitalic, romance,…EK J HeightWאאK J Width factorWאאK J Oblique angleWאאK J BackwardsWאK J Upside-downWK J VerticalWאK

• אאEllipse

אאאאKאאאW

אאאאאאK

אW J אאWDrawELLIPSEK

J אאTool Bar Drawingאא K J אאאWאELLIPSE: FELEא

אאא W אאWאCenter

- ٣٩ -

אא Specify center of ellipse א Specify end point of axis אא Specify distance to other axis

אאWאאאאAxis, End אא Specify axis end point of ellipse אא Specify other end point of axis אא Specify distance to other axis

אאWאArc

אא Specify axis end point of elliptical arc אא Specify other end point of axis אא Specify distance to other axis אאא Specify start angle or אא Specify end angle or

- ٤٠ -

אאאאאW אאWאא

אאlinearc אאPolylineFאאE

אאאאlinearc

אאWא

אאW J 50,50 J 80,50 J 80,60 J 95,60 J 95,50 J 115,50 J 115,80 J 70,80 J C

אאא

- ٤١ -

אאWאא DrawARCאStart, End, Radius J 115,50 J 115,80 J 15

אאאאאFאE

אאאאPolyline

J אאW J 50,50 J 80,50 J 80,60 J 95,60 J 95,50 J 115,50 J a J r J 15 J 115,80 J L J 70,80 J C

אאWאא

J אאW J 115,65 J r

- ٤٢ -

אאאאK

א א אא

- ٤٣ -

٢W אאאאW

- ٤٤ -

א ١٧٢ אאא א א

- ٤٥ -

אאW אאא

אאאאאאאאאK

J א،אK J א،א،אK J ،אK J ،א،א،א،א J א،،א،אא،א

אאאW

אא١٠٠٪K

אאאאW ٢٠K

אאאאW

אאאא،K

אאW אאK

- ٤٦ -

١K ،אאאאא

אKאאאא،،،אאאא

אאאאW J אאmodifyאאאK J אאאאאאmodify toolbarsK J אאאאאא،אenterK

٢K אאModify

• אWERASE

אאאאאאאK

אW J אאW Modify ERASEK

J אא Modify Tool Bar،אK J אאאWא: ERASEFEEא

אK א،אאאא،א[Enter]K

אאאא،אא(Del)אK

- ٤٧ -

• אאWUNDO

אאאאאאאאאK

אW J אאW Edit UndoK

J אאאTool Bar StandardאאK J אאאWא UNDO אאK J א(Ctrl + Z)אK

אאא،אאFKE • אאא :REDO

אא UNDO אאאKאאאUNDO،אK

אW J אאW Edit RedoK

J אאאTool Bar StandardאאK J אאאWא REDO אאK

• א :MOVE

אאאK

- ٤٨ -

אW J אאW Modify MOVEK J אא Modify Tool Bar אא K J אאאWא: MOVEFMEא

אאאW • אאא Select objects:

• אFP1E Specify Base point or displacement: ٍ

• אFP2E Specify Second point of displacement:

• א :COPY אאאאאK

אW J אאW Modify COPYK

J אא Modify Tool Bar אא K J אאאWא: COPYFCOEא

אאW J א

אאW • אאא Select objects:

• אFP1E > Specify Base point or displacement, or [Multiple]:

• אFP2E Specify Second point of displacement:

- ٤٩ -

J א אאW • אאא Select objects:

• א M > Specify Base point or displacement, or [Multiple]:

• א > Specify Base point or displacement, or [Multiple]:

• אא Specify Second point of displacement: • א Specify Second point of displacement: • אא Specify Second point of displacement:

• א :ROTATE

אW J אאW Modify ROTATEK

J אא Modify Tool Bar אאK J אאאWא: ROTATEFROEא

אאאאאW

• אאא Select objects: • אFP1E Base point: Specify a point (1)

• אאF٣٠E Specify Rotation angle or Reference :

- ٥٠ -

• א :MIRROR

אאאאFEאאK

אW J אאW Modify MIRRORK

J אא Modify Tool Bar אא K J אאאWא: MIRRORFMIEא

אאאאW

• אאא Select objects:

• א Specify First point of mirror line:

• אאא Specify second point of mirror line:

• אאאאYאK Delete source object?[yes/no]

• FאE :ARRAY

אאאK

אW J אאW Modify ARRAYK

J אא Modify Tool Bar אאK

- ٥١ -

J אאאWא: ARRAYFAREאאK

אאאאאא

J אאWאא אאאאW

١ J Rectangular ArrayK

٢ J אאRowsF٤EK

٣ J אאColumnsF٢EK ٤ J אאאאSelect objectsK ٥ J אאאRows OffsetK

٦ J אאאRows OffsetK

٧ J אאOkK

W אא،אאאאאK

- ٥٢ -

F٤٢E

J אאWאאאFאE

אאאאאאאW ١K polar ArrayK

- ٥٣ -

٢K אא،אTotal number of itemsF٦EK ٣K אאאאSelect objectsK ٤K אאX،Y،Center pointK ٥K אאא،Angle to fillF٣٦٠KE ٦K אאOkK

אF٦E

א،Rotate items as copiedK

- ٥٤ -

אF٦E

• אWBREAK

אאאאאKאאאK

אW J אאW Modify BREAKK J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWא: BREAKFBREא

- ٥٥ -

• אאא Select object:

• אF Specify second break point or[first point):

• אאFP1E Specify first break point :

• אאFP2E Specify second break point :

אאאאאאK

• אאWFILLET

אאאאאא،א،

אW J אאW Modify FILLETK

J אא،אא Modify Tool Bar K J אאאWא: FILLETFFEא

- ٥٦ -

• אאFאESelect first object [Polyline / Radius / Trim]: אאW

• PolylineWאא • RadiusWא • : Trimאאאא

J אאאRK אאא،W

• אR

• אאאאא

Specify Fillet radius :

- ٥٧ -

• אאFP1 E Select first object:

• אאFP2 E Select second object:

• אWCHAMFER

אאאאאKאאאFILLET،אK

אW J אאW Modify CHAMFERK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWאCHAMFER: FCHEא

- ٥٨ -

אאאא • אאW

Select first line [Polyline / Distance/Angle / Trim/Method]:

J PolylineWאאK J DistanceWאK J AngleWאאאאאאK J TrimWאאאא

אK J : MethodאאK

J אאאDK

• אD

• אאF٣٠E Specify first chamfer distance :

• אאF٤٠E Specify Second chamfer distance :

• א Select second object:

• אאFא P1E Select second object:

• אאFאP2E Select second object:

W אאK

• אWTRIM

אאאאFEאא،א،א،א،K

- ٥٩ -

אW J אאW Modify TRIMK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWאTRIM: FTREא

אאאאאW

• אאאאאFP1,

P2, P3E Select Cutting edges:

• אאא Select objects to trim :

• אאא Select object to trim > / Project / Edge / Undo :

- ٦٠ -

• אWEXTEND

אאאא،،K

אW J אאW Modify EXTENDK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWא: EXTENDFEXEא

אאאאאW

• אאאא • FP4,P5,P6E

Select Boundary edges:

• אאאFP1,P2, P3E Select objects:

- ٦١ -

• אאא

>Select object to extend > / Project / Edge / Undo :

• אאWOFFSET

אאאאK

אW J אאWאא Modify OFFSETK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWא: OFFSETFOEא

- ٦٢ -

אאאאאW

• אאSpecify Offset distance or Through

• אאאFP1E Select object to offset:

• אאאאאא

Through point: ٍٍSpecify

• אא Select object to offset:

• אWSCALE

אאאאKאאאאK

אW J אאW Modify SCALEK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWא: SCALEFSCEא

- ٦٣ -

אאאאאW • אאא Select objects:

• א Specify base point :

• אאFE Specify Scale factor:

W אFא<١Eא،אFא>١EאK

• אWSTRETCH

אאאאK

אW J אאW Modify STRETCHK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאK J אאאWא: STRETCHFSEא

אאאאאW • אאא Select objects:

• א Specify base point or displacement:

• אא א

Specify second point of displacement:

• אWExplode

אאאאאאK

- ٦٤ -

אW J אאW Modify ExplodeK

J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאKK J אאאWא: Explod،אאK

א،אאאא،א

• אWDIVIDE

אאאא،אא،K

אW J אאW Draw PointDivideK J אאאWא: DIVIDEFDIVEא

אאאאאW • אאא Select object to divide:

• א Enter number of segments or [block]

אאאאK

- ٦٥ -

٤W אאאW

אW אאאאאאW

אאWאאאאlineW

אאW J 50,50 J 200,50 J 200,200 J 50,200 J C

אאWא

אאW J D

- ٦٦ -

J 20 J 50 J אא J אא

אאWא אאא

אאאאTRIM אאWאא

אאW J 200,200 J R J 15

אאWאאאא

אאW J אFאאאE J אאFאאאE J אא J אFאאאE

אאאWאאFאאE J אאW J 90,80 J r J 12.5

אאWאאא J אאW J 65,65 J 95 115,

- ٦٧ -

אאW אאאאFILLET

אאW J R J 7 J J א

אאWאאKא

אאW J אאW J 116,174 J 186 150,

אאWאאאאfillet

J אאW J אאאאאא J אאאאאא

J אאW J א J אא J 17

אאWאאאא אאWאא

J אאW J 130,90 J r

- ٦٨ -

אאW J אא J M J אא J 14 FאorthoאאE J 27 FאאE J 39 FאאE

אאWאאאK

אאWאא אאW

J 112.5,130 J r J 3

אאWא

אאאאאW J polar Array J א٦total number of items J ١٣٠אx١٣٠ycenter point J אא select object J אאא

- ٦٩ -

٣W אאאW

אאאW

- ٧٠ -

٥W אאאW

אאאW

- ٧١ -

٧W אאאW

אאאא

א ١٧٥ אא א אא

- ٧٢ -

אאW אאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

אאאW אא١٠٠٪K

אאאאW

אאאאW אאאאK

- ٧٣ -

١K אWDIMENSION Kאאאאאא

א،אא،אאאK

א،אאאאאאאK

א،אא،אא،אאK

אאאStyleK

אאא،א،א،KKKאK

- ٧٤ -

אW J אאWDimension StyleDimensionK J אא Modify Tool Bar ،אאKK J אאאWא DIMSTYL،אאK

אאאאאאאW

אאאאModify،א

אאאW

- ٧٥ -

אאאW

J Lines and Arrows :،אאא،אא

J TextWאא J FitWאאאא J Primary UnitsWאא J TolerancesWא

אאאאאאאאאא،W

- ٧٦ -

٢K אWHATCHING

אאאאאK

אW J אאW DrawHATCHK

J אא Draw Tool Bar ،אאKK J אאאWא Hatch،אאK

אאאאאW

- ٧٧ -

• Hatch אאאא

J Pattern :אא J Angle :אא J Scale :א J pick point :אאא J Select object :אאא

אאFFאאEE

א ١٧٥ אא א אFאE

- ٧٨ -

אאW אאK

אאאאאאאאא،אאאK

אאאW אא١٠٠٪K

אאאאW

אאאאW אאאא،K

- ٧٩ -

١K אאW

J א BlockFאEאאF،א،א،KEKאא،،אא

אK J אאאאאא

אאK J אאא

٢K אאW

١K א FKE ٢K אFאEK ٣K אאK

אאא،אK

אW J אאW DrawBlockDefine AttributesK

א،אאאאW

- ٨٠ -

J אאTagK J אאאאאאאPromptK J אאאאאDefaultFאאאKE J אאText heightK J אאOk،אK

אאאK

אא،אK

אW J אאW DrawBlockMakeK

- ٨١ -

J אא Draw Tool Bar ،אאKK J אאאWא Block(B)،אאK

א،אאאאW

אW J אאNameK J אFאאEא

Select ObjectsאObjects،אאאK

J אאPick PointאBase PointאאאK

J אDeleteאObjects،אאא،אאOkK

- ٨٢ -

WאאW

אW J אאW InsertBlockK

J אא Draw Tool Bar ،אאKK

א،אאאאW

אW J אאאNameK J אSpecify On-screenאRotationאא

אאאK J אאOkK

- ٨٣ -

אאאאW

אאאאאאאW אאWאא

J אאW J 0,0 J 20,0 J 20,4 J 6,4 J 6,6 J 20,6 J 20,10 J 0,10 J C

אאWא

J אאW

- ٨٤ -

J 4 Specify Offset distance or Through

J אא Select object to offset:

J אאאThrough point: Specify

J אאW J 2 Specify Offset distance or Through

J אא Select object to offset:

J אא Through point: Specify

אאWאא

J אאW J 1,0 J 2,2 J 2,0 J

אאאWאא

J אא F8 אORTHO

J אאW J אא Select objects:

J 1,0 > Specify Base point or displacement, or

[Multiple]:

J 16 Specify Second point of displacement:

אאWא J אLENGTHENאW

DE Select an object or [Delta/Percent/Total/Dynamic:

- ٨٥ -

2Enter delta length

אא Select object to change

Select object to change

אאWאאאא

J אWBLOCK J אאWrite BlockSourceאאblock J אאbock אCylinderKא

J אאאא J ok

- ٨٦ -

אאאאאאאאאא.

א ١٧٥ אא א א

- ٨٧ -

אאW אא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אא١٠٠٪K

אאאאW K

אאאאW

אאאאK

אאW אאK

- ٨٨ -

١ J W ،אאאאאW

J אאK J אאK J אאאאF،אאא،אEK J אאאאאK J אK

٢ J אאW אאאאאKא

אFאEאאאאK

אאאאא،א،א،אאא،אK

א،،אK

٣ J אW אאאאK

א،אאW

J אאWFilePlotK J אאאStandard Tool BarאאK

- ٨٩ -

J אאאWאPLOTFPRINTEאאK

J א(Ctrl + P)אK אאאאW

אאW J אאאאPrinter/PlotterK J אאPaper SizeK J אPlot AreaאאאW

J WindowWאK J LimitsWאאLimitsK J ExtentsWאאאאאK J DisplayWאאאK J אPlot ScaleK J א،א،אאאאא

אאאא

- ٩٠ -

אאW אאאאK

אאאא،א،אאK

אאאW

אא٩٠٪K

אאאאW ٢٤K

אאאאW

אאאא،’K

אאW אאK

- ٩١ -

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אאW J אאאאאא J אאאאא، J אא

٢ J אאW • א

א،אאK

א،אאW

J אאWאא VIEWVIEWPORTSNew view portK

J אאאTool Bar View portK J אאWאVportsאאK

אאאא،אאאאW

- ٩٢ -

• אא אאאאאאK

א،אאW J אאWאא VIEW3D VIEWSאאK

J אאTool Bar ViewK J אאאWVpointWאאK

אאW אאאאאאאאאW

- ٩٣ -

٣ J אאא אאאאאX,Y,ZK

• אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאW

- ٩٤ -

• אאWCS אאאworld

coordinate system FWCSEאאאאK

• אאUCS

א،א،אאאאKאאאא

coordinate systemuserFUCSEK ،אא

אאאK

٤ J אא אאאW

J Wire frame אאK J Surface אאK J SolidאאK

אאSolids ،אאאאא

K אאאW

J אאWאא DrawModelingK

J אאTool Bar Modeling J אאאאאאK

- ٩٥ -

אאאאאאאBoolean operationsK

WאאאSolids

• Box

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingBoxK

J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא BOXאאENTERK

J אאא،אאK J אא،אאK J אא،אאK

- ٩٦ -

• Sphere

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingSphereK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא SphereאאENTERK

אW J א،אאK J אא،אאK J א،אאK

• אאCylinder

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingCylinderK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא CylinderCly،אאENTERK

- ٩٧ -

אW J אא،אאK J אא،אאK J אאא،אאK

Wא،אZK

• Cone

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingConeK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Cone،אאENTERK

J א،אאK J א،אאK J אא،אאK

Wא،אZK

- ٩٨ -

• אPyramid

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingPyramidK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Pyramid،אאENTERK

א،אא،א،אK

אאאאא

אW J א،אאK J אאאאא،א

אK J אא،אאK

Wא،אZK

- ٩٩ -

• Wedge

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingWedgeK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Wedge،אאENTERK

J אאא،אאK J אא،אאK J אא،אאK

Wא،אZK

• Tours

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingToursK

J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Tours،אאENTERK

- ١٠٠ -

Wא J א،אאK J א،אאK J א،אאK

WאאאSolids Editing

• אEXTRUDE

אאאאFא،א،אאאאאא،אEאK

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingExtrudeK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Extrude،אאENTERK

- ١٠١ -

אW J אאאא،אאK J אא،אאK J אא،אאK

Wא،אZK

• א

،אאאאאאK

אאאאUnionא، SubtractאIntersectionK

١K אUnion אאK

אW J אאWאא ModifySolid EditingUnionK

J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Union،אאENTERK

- ١٠٢ -

אW J אאאא،אאK

٢K אSubtract

אאאאאאK

אW J אאWאא ModifySolid EditingSubtractK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Subtract،אאENTERK

אW J אאאא،אאK J אאאאא،אאK

- ١٠٣ -

٣K אIntersect

אאאאאK

אW J אאWאא ModifySolid EditingIntersectK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא Intersect،אאENTERK

אW J אאאא،אאK

- ١٠٤ -

• אREVOLVE

REVOLVEאאKאאאXYא

،אאKREVOLVEא،אא،א،אאא،א،אאא

REVOLVEאאאא

Kאאאאאא אאREVOLVEאאא

א،Kאאא،אא، XYאא،אK

אא،אKאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאKאאאאREVOLVEK

אאREVOLVE،אאKא،א

Kאא،אK

אא،אאREVOLVEK

تحذير

- ١٠٥ -

אא٢٧٠

אY אא٢٧٠אX

אW J אאWאא DrawModelingRevolveK J אאTool Bar ModelingאאK J אאWא RevolveRev،אאENTERK

J אאאא،אאK J אאא،אאK J אא،אאK J אא،אאK

W אאRevolveאאאא،א

אאK،אאאאDELOBJKא،אאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא

- ١٠٦ -

٦W אאאאW

אאאאK אאאא

אאK אאאאאאW

J אאאPLINE

J אאEXTRUDEא

J אBOX

J אWEDGE

J אאUNION

J אאאCYLINDRE

J אאאאSUBSTRUCT

- ١٠٧ -

אאW אאאPLINE

W אאאW Polyline

0,0 40,0

12.5 52,10.5

L 50,10.5 50,15.5 52,15.5

A 40,25

L 0,25

Command: Specify first point:

Specify second point: Specify second point: Specify second point: Specify second point: Specify second point: Specify second point:

אאWאאVIEW3D VIEWSSEא

- ١٠٨ -

אאWאאEXTRUDEא W אאאW

Extrude Command: א Command:

Select Object: 10 Specify high of extrusion or [path]:

Specify angle of taper for extrusion : אאW

אאאWאאBOX

W אאאW

- ١٠٩ -

BOX Command: 0,0,10 Specify corner of box or [center]:

15,25,10 Specify corner of box or [center]: 20 Specify height of extrusion or [path]:

אאWאאWEDGE

אאא WEDGE Command:

15,7.5,10 Specify first corner of box or [center]: L Specify corner or [cube/length]:

17.5 Specify length of extrusion or [path]: 10 Specify width: 20 Specify height: 10 Specify width:

- ١١٠ -

אאWאאUNIONא

W אאאW UNION Command:

א Select object: Select object:

אאWאאCYLINDERא

W אאאW CYLINDER Command:

40,12.5,0 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [elliptical]: 2.5 Specify radius for base of cylinder or [diameter]:

7 Specify height of cylinder or [center]:

- ١١١ -

CYLINDER Command: 40,12.5,7 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [elliptical]:

5 Specify radius for base of cylinder or [diameter]: 3 Specify height of cylinder or [center]:

אאWאאCYLINDERאאא אאאW

CYLINDER Command: 7.5,0,20 Specify center point for base of cylinder or [elliptical]:

2.5 Specify radius for base of cylinder or [diameter]: c Specify height of cylinder or [center]:

7.5,25,20 Specify center of other end of cylinder or [center]:

- ١١٢ -

אאWאאSUBSTRUCTאאאא

W אאאW SUBSTRUCT Command:

Select solids and regions to subtract from… אא select object:

select object: KKKKSelect solids and regions to subtract

אאא select object: select object:

- ١١٣ -

אאWאאhideאא W אאאW

HIDE Command:

אאאW

- ١١٤ -

٧W אאאאW

١ JאD2D3 1) View 3Dview SW Isometric

- ١١٥ -

٢ Jאאא 2) View shade 3D wire frame

א Box Command: box

אאF٠}٠E Specify corner of box or [center]<0,0,0>:0,0

אF٥٠}٨٠E Specify corner of box or [cube/Length]:80,50

אF٤٠E Specify height:40

א UCS א

Tool Move USC אcommand

Specify new original point or [Zdepth] <0, 0, 0> אאF0,25,0E

אא Command: cylinder

אאF٠}٠،٠E Specify center point for base of cylinder or[Elliptical]<0,0,0>

- ١١٦ -

א٢٥ Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: 25

אא٤٠ Specify height of cylinder or[center of other end]: 40

אאאFUnionEא

Unionאאcommand Select objects

אאאFEא אא

אאF٠}٠،٠E Specify center point for base of cylinder or[Elliptical] <0,0,0>

א١٠ Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: 10

אא٤٠ Specify height of cylinder or[center of other end]: 40

- ١١٧ -

אאא ١ J subtract ٢ J אٱ ٣ J command: Select objects ٤ J אא ٥ J אEnter ٦ J אאאאEnter ٧ J אאא ٨ J א ٩ J View Shade Gouraud Shaded

אאאאא

אאאW

אאא ١ J UCSאא

Tools move UCS א(-25, -25, 10)

- ١١٨ -

א Command: box

אאF٠}٠،٠E Specify corner of box or [center]:<0,0,0>0,0,0

אא٤٥}٥٠ Specify Corner or [cube/length]:45,50

א٢٠ Specify height:20 Enter

אאאאא ١ J Subtract ٢ J א ٣ J אאאאאEnter ٤ J אאאEnter ٥ J אאא

אאUCSאW

אאW Modify Rotate

א אא א א

- ١١٩ -

EnterK Specify base point אOsnap

Specify rotation angle or[Reference]

אא אאאF-180E

אאא

אFUCSE

3pointNew UCS Tool

אאאא

אאאאX אאאאY Kאאא

- ١٢٠ -

אUCSאאF0,20,0E

- ١٢١ -

٢٠א Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]:20

אא٥٠ Specify height of cylinder or[center of other end]:50

אאFUNIONEא

١٠א Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]:10

- ١٢٢ -

אא٥٠ Specify height of cylinder or[center of other end]:50

אאא ١ Jsubtract ٢ Jאٱ ٣ JSelect objects ٤ Jאא ٥ JאEnter ٦ J אٱאאאEnter ٧ J אאא ٨- א

View Shade Gouraud Shaded אאאאא

Tools Move UCS

- ١٢٣ -

אF-20, -20, 0EאEnter

א Command: box

אאF٠}٠،٠E Specify corner of box or [center]:<0,0,0>0,0,0

אא٠٦}٤٠Specify Corner or [cube/length]:40,60

א١٥ Specify height:15 Enter

אאאאא ١ J Subtract ٢ J א ٣ J אאאאאEnter ٤ J אאא ٥ J אKאא

:الخطوة التاسعة

Tools Move UCS

- ١٢٤ -

אF0, 0, 40EאEnter

א Command: box

אאF٠}٠E Specify corner of box or [centerl]:<0,0,0>0,0,0

אא٦٠}٤٠ Specify Corner or [cube/length]:40,60

אF J١٥E Specify height: (-15)Enter

אאאאאW ١ J Subtract ٢ J א ٣ J אאאאאEnter ٤ J אאא ٥ J אKאא

אאאאFאE

- ١٢٥ -

٩W ١ JאאF١E ٢ JאK ٣ JאאK

- ١٢٦ -

١٠W אאF٢KE

אא אאא١٢٠

אK אאא

Top View J Left View J

Front View J

- ١٢٧ -

١١W ١ JאאF٣E ٢ JאK ٣ JאאK

- ١٢٨ -

١٣W ١ J אאF٥E ٢ J אאאאK ٣ J ٢١٥אK ٤ J אאאאאאMultilane TextK

- ١٢٩ -

١٤W ١ J אאF٦E ٢ J ٢٠אG١٥G٢٠אאK ٣ J ٢٢٠K ٤ J אWedgeK ٥ J אאK

א ١٧٥ א

- ١٣١ -

א UCS)EUser Coordinate System

Drawing cursorToolsOptionsdisplayStandard tool bar Object properties tool barLayersDrawing tool barModify tool barSNAPORTHOGRIDOsnaporiginwizardtemplateUnitsDecimalEngineeringArchitecturalFractionalScientificinsertionPerpendicularTangentEnd pointMidpointCenterQuadrantparallelIntersectionSelect allPAN

אא א

א א א

אאא א

א אא

אא א

א אא

א ١٧٥ א

- ١٣٢ -

REDRAWLINEPOINTRECTANGLECIRCLERadiusDiameterARCPOLYLINEMTEXT STYLEEllipseERASEMOVECOPYROTATEMIRRORARRAYBREAKFILLETCHAMFERTRIMEXTENDLENGTHEN OFFSET SCALESTRETCHDIVIDEPROPERTIESDIMENSIONlinearAlignedContinue BaselineHATCHING Block

אא א

אא אא

א אא

א א א

א אא

א א א

א ١٧٥ א

- ١٣٣ -

Wireframe Surface Solid Boolean operationsSphereCylinder ConeWedgeExtrudeUnionSubtractIntersection

אא אא אא אא

א א א

א ١٧٥ אא

١JAutoCAD 2008 Help (User's Guide)

٢JAutoCAD 2002 Companions, J. A. Leach, Mc Graw HillK

٣JAutoCAD 2004 Tutorial, R.H. Shih, SDC PublicationK

٤JAutoCAD For Engineering Graphics, G. R. Bertoline, MacmillanK

٥J٢٠٠٢،،אאK

٦J٢٠٠٤אא،א،אאאK

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٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٥ אאWאא

١K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٠ ٢K אאDrawKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٠

• אאLineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٠ • אPointKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٢ • אRectangleKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٣ • אאCircleKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٤ • אArcKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٥

א ١٧٥ א

א א• אאPolylineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣٦ • אPolygonKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٨ • אTextKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٨ • אText StyleKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٩ • אאEllipseKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٠

٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٤

אאאWא ١K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩ ٢K אאModifyKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩ • אEraseKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩ • אאUndoKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٠ • אאאRedoKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٠ • אMoveKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٠ • אCopyKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥١ • אRotateKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٢ • אMirrorKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٣ • FאEArrayKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٣ • אBreakKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٧ • אאFilletKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٨ • אChamferKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٠ • אTrimKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦١ • אExtendKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٣ • אאOffsetKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٤ • אScaleKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٥ • אStretchKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٦

א ١٧٥ א

א א• אExplodeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٦ • אDivideKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٧

٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٢

אאWאא ١K אDimensionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧٧ ٢K אHatchingKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٠

אאWאFאE ١K אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٤ ٢K אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٤

WאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٤ WאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٥ WאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٧

٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩١

אאWא ١K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٤ ٢K אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٤ ٣K אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٤

אאWאא ١K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٨ ٢K אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩٨ ٣K אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٠

١K אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٠ ٢K אאWCSKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠١

א ١٧٥ א

א א٣K אאUCSKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١٠١ ٤K אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠١

WאאאSolidsKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٢ • BoxKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٢ • SphereKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٣ • אאCylinderKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٣ • ConeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٤ • PyramidKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٥ • WedgeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٦ • ToursKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٦

WאאאSolids EditingKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٧ • אExtrudeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٧ • אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٨

١K אUnionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٨ ٢K אSubtractKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٠٩ ٣K אIntersectKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١١٠

• אRevolveKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١١١ ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١١٣ ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٢١

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٣٢ אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٣٧

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٤٠ אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٤١

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