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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
m e r m i s i
s t u d e n t T a s a m e c n i e r o S r o m e b i
Tbilisi
2017
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis
daregulirebisaTvis
humanitaruli da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
mimarTulebis proeqti
VIII studenturi regionTaSorisi konferencia
masalebi
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redkolegia:
Tamar paiWaZe (mTavari redaqtori)
konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli
kaxaber loria (redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori
nino mindiaSvili (koordinatori) profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti
profesorebi: revaz jorbenaZe, irma xarSilaZe, nani gelovani, ia xubaSvili,
irine Jvania, eTer Rvineria, laSa loria, inesa gagniZe, qeTevan xuciSvili,
qeTevan sixaruliZe, Tamar SarabiZe, inga sanikiZe, nana gonjilaSvili,
nino WalaganiZe, marine lomiZe (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti)
avtorTa stili daculia
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2017
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s a r C e v i mariam xabuliani yarsis xelSekruleba da misi Sedegebi .............................................................................................................. 8 nani manveliSvili „sizmrebi „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ da maTi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba“ .............. 13 rezo marnaZe daba suramis istoriidan (antikuri xana) ....................................................................................................... 19 maia axalkaciSvili saqarTvelodan deportirebuli „Turqi mesxebis“ repatriaciis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi ............. 23 ilona buiSvili teroristuli aqtebi qarTuli arxebis obieqtivSi .................................................................................... 28 ana zabaxiZe, eTiko SayuliSvili regionuli mauwyeblobis gaSuqebis specifika Tanamedrove qarTul samauwyeblo mediaSi ......... 32
(telekompania „marneuli TV“-is magaliTze) ................................................................................................. 32 lia zambaxiZe mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi
mauwyeblis pirveli arxi .......................................................................................................................... 36 daviT ToTaZe socialuri mewarmeoba da saqarTvelo ........................................................................................................... 45 xaTuna Tabagari saqarTvelo-iranis energosatransporto derefnis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi .... 52 mariam axvlediani
ISNEY'S ACQUISITION OF PIXAR ........................................................................................................................... 62 qeTevan arabuli xevsuruli zepirsityviereba warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis mijnaze ............................................... 65 nino lomiZe muhajirobis asaxva kavkasiis xalxTa literaturaSi ................................................................................. 69 gul muqerrem ozTurqi qarTuli literaturis Turqi mTargmnelebi da mkvlevrebi .................................................................. 73 ciala oCxikiZe ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi macxovris simboloTa
saxismetyvelebisaTvis .............................................................................................................................. 77 qeTevan samadaSvili miTologiuri aluziebi lia sturuas SegrZnebebis romanSi „ram SeWama venaxi?“ ............................. 81 mari totikaSvili siyvaruli realobasa da SemoqmedebaSi (nikoloz baraTaSvili) ........................................................... 84 nino buWuxiSvili danaSauli da sasjeli (giorgi wereTlis „pirveli nabiji“) .................................................................... 89 mindia cecxlaZe gamouTqmadobasTan dakavSirebuli konceptebi Salva bakuraZis poeziaSi ........................................ 93 mariam gobianiZe Savi feris paradigma galaktion tabiZis poetur enaSi ............................................................................. 99 ciuri mezvriSvili funqcionaluri datvirTva da misi transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi (i. gogoebaSvili „iavnanam ra hqmna?“) ............................................................................................................ 102 cotne cicxvaia, sofiko qsovreli antimonarqisti jariskacis gza SvedeTis mefobamde — karl XIV iuhani ............................................ 106 mariam mania fritiof nanseni da tur heirdali — maTi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb .............................. 110 nino soselia, mari xoWolava „norvegiis mosaxleobis struqtura da Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“ .................................................... 113
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w i n a s i t y v a o b a
winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia studentTa VIII regionTaSorisi konferenciis
(2016 weli) farglebSi warmodgenil moxsenebaTa Soris SerCeuli masalebi.
200-ze meti Semosuli ganacxadidan konferenciaze warsadgenad SeirCa 16 sxvadasxva
umaRles saswavlebelSi momzadebuli 83 moxseneba. Sesabamisad, warmodgenili masalebis
mravalferovnebis, mravalmimarTulebrivi problematikis kvalobaze muSaobda 9 sxvada-
sxva saswavlo-samecniero Tematikis seqcia. warmodgenil masalaTa Soris naSromebis kvle-
visa da analizis komponentebis, individualizmisa da TavisTavadobis, mecnieruli, mora-
luri poziciisa da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT, jer kidev konferenciaze, seqciuri muSao-
bisas, gamoqveynebisaTvis rekomendacia gaewia naSromTa erT nawils.
Semdgom, saredaqcio kolegiam imuSava SerCeul da gamogzavnil masalebze. swored am
SerCevisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegebi aisaxa „mermisis“ am axal krebulSi da SeirCa
25 moxseneba sxvadasxva specialobebidan.
saorganizacio jgufisaTvis kvlav rCeba mTavar samuSao principad Cveni proeqtis:
„urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebisaTvis“ ZiriTadi ideis ganxorcieleba: in-
tegrireba da TanamSromloba sxvadasxva saswavlo da samecniero institutebis mkvlevreb-
Tan da studentebTan.
tradiciisamebr, „mermisis“ winamdebare krebulic am RirebulebaTa warmomCenia.
Tamar paiWaZe
8
istoria, qveyanaTmcodneoba
mariam xabuliani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli:
profesori mirian maxaraZe
yarsis xelSekruleba da misi Sedegebi
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg daiSala germaniis, avstria‐ungreTis, ru-
seTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi. axloaRmosavleTi da kavkasia daikaves inglis\safrangeTis
saokupacio jarebma. paralelurad parizSi, versalSi mimdinare molaparakebebis erT‐erT
ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgenda axloaRmosavleTSi axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmna ukve
daSlili osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze. aseve ganixileboda axali Turquli saxelm-
wifos Seqmna, romelsac mcire aziaSi mxolod anatolia unda moecva.
antantis saxelmwifoebis am survils win aRudga mustafa qemali, romelmac brZola
daiwyo rogorc antantis saxelmwifoebis, aseve sulTnisa da misi mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.
man kavSiri daamyara sabWoTa ruseTTan, romelic samoqalaqo omis cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli.
1920 wlis agvistos bolos moskovSi gaixsna TurqeTis saelCo. molaparakebis dros miR-
weul iqna SeTanxmeba sabWoTa ruseTis mier TurqeTisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb:
iaraRiT, samxedro aRWurvilobiTa da oqroTi. Tumca xelSekrulebis saboloo teqsti ar
iqna gaformebuli imis gamo, rom am dros ar iyo dadgenili amierkavkasiaSi ruseT‐Tur-
qeTis sazRvari. imave wlis oqtombris damdegs ankaraSi sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatiuri
misia Cavida, gaixsna sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo. 1920 wlis bolosTvis ankaras ewvia ruseTis
sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi — budu mdivani.
paralelurad, saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris moskovSi 1920 wlis 7 maiss daido xelSek-
ruleba, romlis mixedviTac, sabWoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas de-
faqto da de-iured cnobda Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis, baTumis, soxumisa da zaqa-
Talas olqebis farglebSi.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebis Semdeg inglisma, saf-
rangeTma, aSS-m, germaniam, italiam, espaneTma da sxva qveynebma saqarTvelo deiured cnes
da survili gamoTqves daemyarebinaT masTan diplomatiuri urTierToba. aseve, 1920 wlis
noemberSi TbilisSi ankaris mTavrobis oficialuri warmomadgenlis polkovnik qiazim beis,
Camosvlis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gaixsna TurqeTis saelCo (elCi — qiazim bei), xolo 1921
wlis 8 Tebervals ankaraSi Casul saqarTvelos elCs, svimon mdivans Sexvda mustafa qemal
faSa. am Sexvedraze maT isaubres saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mniSvnelobaze regionSi da
TurqeTis rolze aRmosavleTSi. Sexvedris bolos TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam
saqarTvelo de-iured cno da daamyara masTan diplomatiuri urTierToba. saerTaSoriso
asparezze saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebis miuxedavad 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals
TbilisSi me-11 wiTeli armia Semovida da meore dResve moskovSi oficialurad gaixsna
ruseT-TurqeTis konferencia, romelzec yvelaze daZabulad diskusia amierkavkasiis
sazRvris dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT mimdinareobda: sabWoTa ruseTis delegacia moiT-
9
xovda, rom saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari dadgeniliyo 1920 wlis 7 maisis moskovis ru-
seT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, anu saqarTvelos xelSi darCeniliyo axal-
cixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebi, q. baTumi da baTumis olqi, Tum-ca TurqeTis mxare amaze ar
Tanxmdeboda. 9 marts molaparakebebSi leninis davalebiT CaerTo ioseb stalini, romel-
mac saerTo mdgomareoba Secvala da TurqeTis mxaris winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad 16 marts
dadebul iqna xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris. is Sedgeboda 16 muxlisgan da
3 damatebisagan.
xelSekrulebis II muxlis mixedviT, TurqeTi daTanxmda saqarTvelosTvis daeTmo q.
baTumi, Sesabamisad, arTvinis, artaanisa da yarsis okrugebi TurqeTs gadaeca. moskovis
xelSekrulebis XV-XVI muxlebis Tanaxmad, ruseTi iRebda valdebulebas samxreT kavkasias-
Tan mimarTebaSi gadaedga nabijebi, raTa maT eRiarebinaT moskovis xelSekruleba, rome-
lic maT uSualod exeboda, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs samxreT kavkasiis samive
respublika dapyrobili hqonda, jer kidev ar iyo gansazRvruli, Tu ra saxiT Sevidodnen
amierkavkasiis respublikebi sabWoTa ruseTSi. swored amitom, gadawyda yarsis molapa-
rakebebSi azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis warmomadgenlebis CarTva.
23 seqtembers q. yarsSi gaixsna konferencia TurqeTs, saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da
somxeTs Soris, romelSic sruluflebian mxared monawileobas iRebda ruseTi. 1921 wlis
13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekruleba Semdegnairad aris dasaTaurebuli: „xelSekruleba me-
gobrobis Sesaxeb erTi mxriv somxeTis ssr, azerbaijanis ssr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s
meore mxriv TurqeTs Soris, romelic dadebul iqna rsfsr-s monawileobiT yarsSi 1921
wlis 13 oqtombers“.
saqarTvelos mxridan xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres erovnulma komisarma samxedro
da sazRvao sakiTxebSi – Salva eliavam da erovnulma komisarma sagareo urTierTobebsa da
finansebSi — aleqsandre svaniZem.
ruseTis mxridan — iakob vaneckim (fiurstenbergi), romelic imavdroulad warmoad-
genda komisariatis kolegiis wevrs ruseTis sagareo saqmeebSi.
azerbaijanis mxrisan-behbud Sahtaxtinskim, TurqeTis mxridan — qiazim qa-rabeqir
faSam, veli beim, muhTar beim, memduh SevqeT beim, somxeTis mxridan — askanaz mravianma da
poRos makinzianma.
yarsis xelSekruleba praqtikulad imeorebda moskovis xelSekrulebas: TurqeTis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari da q. baTumTan dakavSirebuli muxlebi ucvlelad iqna gad-
motanili. yarsis xelSekruleba Sedgeboda 20 muxlisgan da 3 damatebisgan. maT Soris
ramdenime exeboda uSualod saqarTvelos.
yarsis xelSekrulebis I muxli Zaladakargulad acxadebda im xelSekrulebebs, rome-
lic amierkavkasias (samxreT kavkasias) exeboda. Tumca es ar exeboda ruseT-TurqeTis 1921
wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebas. II muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da
azerbaijans ar unda ecnoT arc erTi xelSekruleba, romelic exeboda TurqeTs da ar iq-
neboda damtkicebuli TurqeTis didi erovnuli yrilobis mier. Tavis mxriv TurqeTi Tavis
Tavze iRebda valdebulebas ar ecno arc erTi saerTaSoriso aqti, Tu mas ar cnobda
somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo.
IV muxlSi dgindeboda, rom TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari iwyeboda Savi
zRvis sanapiroze mdebare sofel sarfTan, Semdeg miuyveboda qedis mTas, SavSeTisa da
kannidaRis mTebis wyalgamyofs, ardaganisa (artaanisa) da yarsis sanjayebis CrdiloeT ad-
ministraciul sazRvars mdinareebis arpa-Caisa da araqsis talvegs.
10
VI muxli exeboda aWaras: „TurqeTi eTanxmeba dauTmos saqarTvelos suvereniteti
qalaq da port baTumze da teritoriaze sazRvris CrdiloeTiT, romelic miTiTebulia IV
muxlSi da Seadgens baTumis okrugis teritorias Semdeg pirobebSi: a) adgilobrivi mosax-
leoba, romelic miTiTebulia winamdebare muxlSi gamoiyenebs farTo adgilobriv avtono-
mias administraciul urTierTobebSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli Temis kultu-
rul da religiur uflebebs da mosaxleobas eqneba SesaZlebloba miTiTebul mxareSi da-
adginos kanoni miwis Sesaxeb, romelic misi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi iqneba. b) TurqeTi uz-
runvelyofili iqneba yvela saxis saqonlis Tavisufali tranzitiT, romelic iqneba gag-
zavnili TurqeTisken an TurqeTidan baTumis portis gavliT, ubaJod, yovelgvari Se-
ferxebisa da dabegvris gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra raodenobis gadasaxadic ar unda
iyos gadasaxdeli. aseve TurqeTs mieniWeba baTumis portis gamoyenebis ufleba specialu-
ri gadasaxadis akrefis gareSe. am muxlis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis, xelSek-
rulebis xelmoweris Semdeg dauyovnebliv Seiqmneba komisia momlaparakebeli mxareebis
warmomadgenlebisgan.“
yarsis xelSekrulebis ХХ muxlis mixedviT, 6 muxli (VI, XIV, XV, XVI, ХVIII, ХIX) ZalaSi
xelmoweris dRidan unda Sesuliyo, anu 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers. es muxlebi exeboda 1918-
1920 wlebis omebis Sedegad gamxdar devnil moqalaqeebs, kavkasiis frontze damnaSave
pirTa srul amnistias, samxedro da samoqalaqo tyveebis gacvlas, rogorc savaWro urTi-
erTobebis, aseve ekonomikuri da finansuri sakiTxebis damaregulirebeli komisiis Seqmnas
da sakonsulo konvenciis dasrulebas 3 Tvis vadaSi. danarCeni muxlebi ZalaSi unda Sesu-
liyo xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis Semdeg. ХХ muxli aseve avaldebulebda mxareebs ere-
vanSi umokles droSi gaecvalaT saratifikacio sigelebi.
xelSekrulebis I damatebaSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavle-
Ti sazRvari, II damatebaSi aRwerilia TurqeTis sazRvari arpa-Caisa da araqsis zonaSi, III
gansazRvravda naxWevanis avtonomiis sazRvars.
yarsis xelSekruleba ar Seicavda saidumlo muxlebs. misi moqmedebis vada ar iqna
dadgenili, rac, savaraudod, ganpirobebulia im praqtikiT, romelsac awarmoebdnen osma-
leTisa da ruseTis imperiebi ХVIII–ХIX ss-ebSi. rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom momlaparake-
beli mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebebSi ar uTiTebdnen xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadas.
xolo mSvidoba saxelmwifoebs Soris myardeboda manam, sanam romelime mxare ar daar-
Rvevda xelSekrulebis pirobebs.
yarsis xelSekruleba gaformebuli iqna xuT egzemplarad: Turqul, rusul, qarTul,
azerbaijanul da somxur enebze. xelSekruleba ratificirebul iqna erevanSi 1922 wlis 11
seqtembers.
yarsis xelSekrulebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda rogorc ruseTisTvis, ise Turqe-
TisTvis. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom jer kidev maSin, roca mustafa qemalma daiwyo erov-
nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola, man mokavSire sabWoTa ruseTis saxiT ipova, radgan ori-
ve mxare ebrZoda antantas, hqonda sakuTari interesebi kavkasiis mimarT da rac mTavaria,
orives sWirdeboda mokavSire.
gasaTvaliswinebelia saqarTvelos mdgomareobac: roca sabWoTa ruseTi da TurqeTis
didi erovnuli kreba saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebdnen, paralelurad
saqarTvelos zurgs ukan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen missave winaaRmdeg. xolo roca 11
Tebervals XI wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SemoiWra, TurqeTis elCma saqarTveloSi, qiazim
beim wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos demokra-
tiuli respublikis mTavrobas arTvinisa da artaanis okrugebi mosTxova, romelic 1920
11
wels didma britaneTma saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadasca mas Semdeg, rac kavkasiidan jari
gaiyvana. xolo ukve 22 Tebervals ankaris mTavrobam saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadasca ul-
timatumi da dauyovnebliv moiTxova jaris gayvana artaanidan da arTvinidan. saqarTelos
mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda am regionebidan jari gaeyvana. swored es gaxda mizezi saqarT-
velos istoriuli teritoriebis dakargvisa.
rac Seexeba qalaq baTums da baTumis okrugs, ruseTi ar apirebda is TurqeTisTvis
daeTmo. Tumca 1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebis miuxedavad, romlis Tanaxma-
dac TurqeTi baTums saqarTvelos uTmobda, meore dResve TurqeTis jari Sevida da daika-
va fosta-telegrafi, miliciis sammarTvelos Senoba. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom 18-20
marts baTumisaTvis brZolaSi monawileoba miiRo adgilobrivma mosaxleobam, qarTvelma
social-demokratma menSevikebma da bolSevikebma. xolo komisar Jlobas samxedro nawi-
lebi, romlebic 19 martidan baTumSi imyofebodnen, monawileoba ar miuRiaT baTumis dab-
runebisTvis, radgan XI wiTeli armiis diviziis meTauris, hekerisgan miTiTeba hqonda mi-
Rebuli, ar daeSva araviTari Setakeba TurqebTan. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ba-
Tumis dabruneba ara wiTeli armiis, aramed qarTvelebis damsaxurebaa.
yarsis xelSekrulebis Sedegad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier jer kidev araRia-
rebul sabWoTa ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs Soris sabolood dadginda sazRvari:
ruseTma aWaris nawili, misi udidesi qalaqi baTumiT da somxeTis qalaqi giumri miiRo,
xolo TurqeTma saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriuli teritoriebi: yarsi, arTvini da
artaani. sasazRvro zolis gavlebiT TurqeTs moexsna omis safrTxe Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sazRvarTan da mTlianad gadaerTo berZnebis winaaRmdeg omSi. qemalistur TurqeTs beZne-
bis winaaRmdeg omSi exmareboda sabWoTa ruseTi da aqtiurad amaragebda mas oqroTi, iara-
RiTa da sabrZolo teqnikiT. yarsis xelSekrulebiT Tur-qeTs mieca saSualeba Tavisufali
tranzitiT esargebla q. baTumSi. Sedegad 1922 wlis seqtembrisaTvis TurqeTma saboloo
gamarjveba moipova berZnebze da gandevna isini anatoliidan, xolo antantis saxelmwi-
foebs ar misca misi dakabalebis saSualeba da lozanis konferenciaze TurqeTis dele-
gacia axali teritoriuli monapovariT warsdga.
aucilebelia ganvixiloT yarsis xelSekruleba Tanamedrove mdgomareobiT. 1991
wels daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri, samxreT kavkasiis samive respublikam moipova damoukideb-
loba. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis respublikebs Soris
diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damoukideblad damyareba.
saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris 1992 wlis 30 ivliss TbilisSi xelmoweril iqna xelSek-
ruleba, romelsac saqarTvelos mxridan xeli moawera eduard SevardnaZem (saxelmwifo
sabWos Tavmjdomarem), TurqeTis mxridan – suleiman demirelma (TurqeTis premier-mi-
nistrma).
xelSekruleba Sedgeba 15 muxlisgan da dasaTaurebulia Semdegnairad: „xelSekrule-
ba saqarTvelos respublikas da TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis, TanamSrom-
lobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb“. preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom mxa-
reebi „daicaven maT Soris dadebul xelSekrulebebs da SeTanxmebebs dawyebuli 1921 wlis
13 oqtombris yarsis SeTanxmebiT“.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yarsis xelSekruleba daido saerTaSoriso nor-
mebis darRveviT, radgan sabWoTa ruseTi da TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba ar iyo aRia-
rebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier. amavdroulad, sabWoTa ruseTis mier dapyro-
bili azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi, saokupacio reJimis pi-
robebidan gamomdinare, iZulebulni gaxdnen am dokumentisTvis xeli moeweraT.
12
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. bedniaSvili a, dauSvili a, naTmeliZe m. saqarTvelos istoria ХIX- ХХ saukuneebSi. Tb., 2012.
2. guruli v. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1483-1921ww). Tb., 2011. http:// sangu. ge/ images/
2015/gurulisaqruseti.pdf.
3. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro. Tb., 2010. http://sangu.ge/images/vguruli/19geo.pdf.
4. saqarTvelo da gare samyaro (ХIX- ХХI saukuneebSi). Tb., 2012. http://sangu.ge/images/vgurl.pdf.
5. vaCnaZe m, guruli v. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1801-1921). Tb., 2009. http:// sangu.ge/
images/vguruli/17geo.pdf. 6. ToiZe l. brZola baTumisTvis: 1921 wlis marti. sagamomcemlo-analitikuri centri
„axali azri“. Tb., 2009.
7. lordi kinsoni. aTaTurqi. „qarTuli biografiuli centri“ Tb., 2011.
8. Jordania n. Cemi warsuli. parizi 1953.
9. svaniZe m. TurqeTis istoria. Tb., 2007w.
10. SalikaSvili d. saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli TurqeTSi 1921w. ix. SaraZe – qarTuli
emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t 4. Tb., 2003w.
11. xelSekruleba saqarTvelos respublikas da TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis,
TanamSromlobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos sakanon-
mdeblo macne. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1207454
12. Договор между Грузией и Россией от 7 мая 1920 года http://www.osetinfo.ru/ist1
13. Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией – с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе 13 октября 1921 г. http://www. amsi. ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html
14. Московский договор между Россией и Турцией 16 марта 1921 года http:// www. hrono. ru/ dokum/ 192_dok/19210316ru_tur.html.
13
nani manveliSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori mariam CxartiSvili
„sizmrebi „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ da maTi istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba“
„qarTlis cxovreba“ Zveli qarTuli saistorio TxzulebaTa krebulia, romelic mog-
viTxrobs saqarTvelos istorias uZvelesi droidan dRemde. is gvawvdis ZiriTad informa-
cias feodaluri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Seswavlis ramdenime mimarTu-
leba arsebobs: wyaroTmcodneobiTi, istoriografiuli da kulturuli. wyaroTmcodneo-
biTi mimarTuleba aqcents akeTebs wyaros Rirebulebaze, istoriografiuli kvleva gu-
lisxmobs wyaros mniSvnelobas istoriuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba
kulturul kvlevas, igi kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs sakiTxs. yvela am
kuTxiT, es Zegli sakmaod aris Seswavlili. amaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis bevr
cnobil qarTvelologs, pirvel rigSi, ivane javaxiSvils. iv. javaxiSvilma Rrma kvali da-
tova mecnierul qarTvelologiaSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ kvlevis ramdenime aspeqti arsebobs. Cven-
Tvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa kvlevis istoriografiuli aspeqti, rac gulisxmobs is-
toriuli reprezentaciis Taviseburebebze dakvirvebas. amitom gaxda CvenTvis aqtualuri
sizmrebi. sainteresoa, ra funqcia aqvT sizmrebs Zvel wyaroebSi. qarTul istoriografia-
Si Seqmnilia ramdenime Rirebuli naSromi sizmrebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris
qeTevan xuciSvilis sadoqtoro naSromi — „sizmari qarTul yofaSi“; lela patariZis „po-
litikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi“. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi
Cven kvlevis sxva mimarTuleba gvaqvs. Cveni mizania „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ daculi sizmrebi
warmovadginoT rogorc istoriis reprezentaciis forma. sizmrebis kvleviT dainterese-
bulni arian evropeli mecnierebi. maT Soris, CvenTvis saintereso aRmoCnda qristina ange-
lidisa da jorj kalofonosis kvleva: „sizmari bizantiaSi da mis gareT. `xsenebul wignSi
warmodgenilia Sua saukuneebis istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli sizmris fenomenis axsna-
ganmarteba.
sizmari realobis subieqturi aRqmaa, iracionaluri realobaa, romelic adamianis
aracnobierTan da qvecnobierTan aris dakavSirebuli. imis Tqma, rom sizmari calsaxad
arafris momtania da mas ar unda davujeroT, rasakvirvelia Secdomaa. swored sizmarSi
ixila bevrma cnobilma adamianma im kiTxvaze pasuxi, rasac mravali weli eZebda. Tumca arc
yvela sizmris dajerebaa sasurveli, radgan es adamianis cxovrebas mSfoTvares gaxdis da
adamianSi crurwmenebs gaaZlierebs. fsiqologiaSi sizmris fenomens ikvlevdnen iseTi di-
di fsiqologebi rogorebic iyvnen zigmund froidi da karl gustav iungi. froidis sityve-
biT, sizmrebis axsna aris Via Regina, anu qvecnobieris Secnobis „samefo gza“. manve Seqmna
sizmrebis axsnis meTodologia. Tumca ki, Cven mizans ar warmoadgens sizmrebis fsiqo-ana-
litikuri xasiaTi, Cveni kvlevis mTavari idea Sua saukuneebSi istoriuli reprezentaciis
stilis win wamoweva da sizmrebis ideologiuri xasiaTis warmoCenaa.
vinaidan , Cveni mTavari sasaubro Tema qarTul istoriul Zegls exeba, gvsurs mokled
warmogidginoT „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Seqmnis istoria, Sinaarsi. qarTlis cxovreba warmo-
adgens saistorio TxzulebaTa krebuls, sadac Setanilia qarTvel istorikosTa is Txzu-
lebebi, romlebic TanmimdevrobiT mogviTxroben qarTveli eris Tavgadasavals uZvelesi
droidan XVIII saukunemde.
14
axla ki uSualod SevexoT sizmrebs, rogorc simboluri datvirTvis elementebs is-
toriografiaSi. dasawyisSive unda iTqvas rom, sizmrebis kvleva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi me-
tad uintereso sferod iTvleboda. bevri mkvlevari maT mxolod zRaprul mniSvnelobaze
saubrobda da amdenad, am sakiTxis Zireuli Seswavla arc momxdara. Tumca, sizmrebi araTu
umniSvnelo , xSir SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi ideis matareblad gvevlineba „qarTlis cxovreba-
Si“. sizmari saSualebaa iribad gadmogvces avtorma saTqmeli. SeiZleba isic davaskvnaT,
rom sizmari istoriuli Txzulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, datvirTuli nawilia. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, SevecdebiT mokled ganvixiloT „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ Semonaxuli sami sizmari
(mefe farnavazis, wm. ninos da vaxtang gorgaslis), maTi mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba.
farnavazis Sesaxeb informacias ori qarTuli istoriografiuli wyaro gvawvdis.
„moqcevai qarTlisaSi masze mxolod ramdenime winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli, xolo „qar-
Tlis cxovrebaSi“ mas mTeli Txzuleba eZRvneba.1 farnavazis mefobas win uswrebs aleqsan-
dre makedonelis laSqrobebi, aqemeniduri iranis rRveva. „makedonelTa laSqris erT-er-
Tma marbielma amierkavkasiaSic moaRwia da iranis gavlenisgan gaaTavisufla arian dqar-
Tli, romlis winamZRolis Zem, azom, makedonelTagan zurgmomagrebulma ilaSqra Crdilo-
eTSi da gamefda mcxeTaSi“.2 ase aRwers mariam CxartiSvili azos damkvidrebas qarTlis xe-
lisuflebis saTaveSi. mis mmarTvelobas leonti „Znel da mesisxle `kacs uwodebs. swored
azos winaaRmdeg gamodis farnavazi. igi, azosgan gansxvavebiT, taxtis kanonieri memkvidre
iyo. marTalia, amas amtkicebs qujis mimarTva: „ukeTu mogueces Zleva Sen xar ufali Cveni“.
farnavazma SeZlo da Seqmna ganuyofeli qarTuli saxelmwifo. qveyanas saTaveSi gaR-
merTebuli monarqi edga. mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis idea, iCens Tavs far-
navazis „cxovrebis“ dasawyisidanve. amis dasturia misi sizmari, romlis mixedviT, farnava-
zi „mziscvarcxebulia“. m. CxartiSvili sainteresod afasebs farnavazis mefobis dasas-
ruls: „farnavazis warmatebuli mefobis bolosTvis qarTlSi ukve aRaravis epareboda eWvi
imaSi, rom gvirgvinosani zegardmo Zalebis movlenili iyo. farnavazma qarTuli eTnosi,
anu qarTveloba moiazra rogorc gansakuTrebuli, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli movlena; ami-
tomac saxelmwifo SenobisTvis duRabad man qarTuli ena gamoiyena, romelsac saxelmwifo
statusi mianiWa”.3
amgvarad, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba swored farnavazis mefobiT iwyeba.
„aman ganavrco enai qarTuli da arRara iZraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTu-
lisa“.4 leonti mroveli, romelic wers farnavazis istorias axsenebs sizmars, romelic
farnavazma ixila: “ixila farnavaz sizmari reca igi saxla Sina ukacursa, da egulveboda
ganvla da ver ganvida. maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa da moertya welTa missa,
da gamiyvana sarkmelsa mas. da viTar ganvida, ixila mze quedmdablad, mihyo xeli misi, moh-
xoca cuari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa missa“.5 am sizmarSi, Cveni azriT, warmoCinda leon-
ti mrovelis mTavari survili, moamzados xalxi farnavazis mefobisTvis. am sizmris miza-
nia daamtkicos farnavazis mefobis legitimuroba. xsenebuli epoqa warmarTi salocavebis
xanaa. mzis kulti jer kidev aqtiuria. amaze metyvelebs Tundac TviTon farnavazis mier
Seqmnili armazis kulti. armazi mzis gamomxatvel miTologiur saxe-idead warmoaCens le-
1 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv. 7. 2 iqve, gv. 7. 3 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv. 14. 4 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. qarTlis cxovreba, anaseuli nusxa (XVII s.),
gv.46. 5 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. qarTlis cxovreba, anaseuli nusxa (XVII s.),
gv.40.
15
onti mroveli. amas sxvadasxvagvari axsna aqvs. erTis Tanaxmad, Zv. qarTul TqmulebaSi mze
Casvlisas oqros afrqvevs. SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom Camavali mze Tavis naTels armazSi
anivTebs. armazi miwieri mzea. arsebobs Tqmulebac, rom mzes aqvs Tavisi saxli da igi spi-
lenZisaa, iseve rogorc armazis kerpi. leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi naxsenebi sizmris mi-
xedviT, farnavaz mefe mzis naTelTanaa wilnayari da mziurobas anivTebs Tavis aRmarTul
kerpSi.leonti mrovelma farnavazis gzis misive sizmari dasaxa.sizmari, ara mxolod saxis-
metyvelebiT, aramed saazrovno saxe-ideas qmnis. teqstSi mzis xilvis aRwera naTlis ganfe-
nis momaswavebelia. sizmarSi mze cis kabadonze Camodis da misi nawili farnavazs ergeba wi-
lad. es pasaJi, Cveni azriT, warmosaxavs farnavazis, rogorc gamorCeuli mmarTvelis mefo-
bas. farnavazi niSnavs naTels, mziurs, mefur didebas. farnavazis RvTiurobaze miuTiTebs
misi saqmeebi. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli enis Seqmna da saerTo religiuri kul-
tis Seqmna. leontis TxzulebaSi asaxuli farnavazis pirovneba RvTis da kerZod mzis „nawi-
liania“.6 misi saqmenic mziur siZlieres, sidiades da siwmindis gacxadebaa. xsenebuli gamok-
vleva vfiqrobT, naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis farnavazis mefobis Sesaxeb. leonti mroveli
sizmris saSualebiT iribad gadmogvcems Txzulebis mTavar saTqmels, xsenebuli teqsti me-
fis legitimurobis damamtkicebelia da, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadi azris ideis matarebelia.
wm.nino
sxva kuTxiT warmovaCinoT wm. ninos istoria. adreul periodSi wm. ninos cxovrebis
ori redaqciaa Seqmnili. isini Satberdul-WeliSurma redaqciebma Semogvinaxa. nino Semos-
vlis Semdeg mcxeTaSi, mefis sasaxleSi dasaxlda. samefo baRis mcvelebma Seifares igi. ima-
ve xanebSi, wmindanma, baRSi muxlebze asketurad mTvlemarem, ramdenimejer naxa sizmrad,
rom mravalferadi Citebi mofrindebodnen, mdinareSi gaibanebodnen da baRSi rtoebs mo-
kenkavdnen, mere ninos eWikWikebodnen da garSemo evlebodnen JRurtuliT. qalwulma es
sizmari mouTxro sidonias, abiaTar mRvdlis asuls, romelmac igi ise ganumarta, rom wmin-
danis mier es samefo baRi RvTis sadidebel baRad gadaiqceva. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, swo-
red im adgilas, samefo baRSi, aSenda qarTlis samefoSi pirveli eklesia, romelsac, mogvia-
nebiT, sveticxoveli ewoda. „movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian
da movidian samoTxes amas, da babilos amas moisTulebdian da yuavils amas Zovdian, da mow-
led Cemda moRaRadebed, raca Cemi ars samoTxÀ igi, garemomadgian JRaviliT da £mobed Cem-
da momarT; mraval-ferad da Suenierad iyo xilva¡ igi maTi. da mraval gzis iyo ese“.7
mxatvruli da saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania wm.ninos siz-
mris epizodi, sadac saubaria samefo baRze, romlisa aRwerilobac sakmaod damajereblad-
hgavs bibliuri samoTxis baRs, da frinvelebze, romlebic mdinareSi Cadian, `babilosa mo-
isTulebdian~ da amboben, rom wminda ninos ekuTvnis samoTxe. sayuradReboa is momenti,
rom sxvadasxva redaqciaSi sxvadasxva xezea saubari da zoggan, misi saxeli saerTod ar ix-
senieba. es faqti SeiZleba samefo baRis bibliuri samoTxis baRTan msgavsebis kidev erT ma-
galiTad miviCnioT, radgan zustad ar aris cnobili, Tu risi xe idga samoTxeSi. rogorc
bibliur, ise am siuJetSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ara xeebis saxeobaze, aramed maT mniS-
vnelobaze, aseve SesaZlebelia, is mdinare, romelic samefo baRSi moedineboda da romel-
Sic Citebi Cadiodnen, samoTxis baRis oTx mdinares davukavSiroT. frinveli suliwmindis
simboloa, romelic mdinareSi Cadis, anu erTgvarad simbolurad madls gadascems, rome-
lic Semdgom mTel baRs moefineba. samoTxis oTx mdinaresac, romlebic sicocxlis xesTan
iRebda saTaves, sasicocxlo energia gadahqonda samyaros oTxive kuTxeSi (8,73). Tu wina
epizods qarTuli xalxuri legenda davukavSireT, rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi ukve
6 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv.14. 7 http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/qm/qarTlis moqceva.pdf pg. 14.
16
bibliur winamZRvrebTan gvaqvs saqme. wm. ninos kurnebas swored am gamorCeuli xeebis sam-
yofelSi aResruleba, radgan is qristianuli madliT aivso, Zvels daefuZna axali, qristi-
anuli cnobiereba.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „wm. ninos cxovrebaSi“ sizmars gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva aqvs. xsenebuli sizmari iribad warmoaCens qristianobis damkvidrebas qarTSi
da zeciuri sasufevlis gadmotanas qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi. vfiqrobT, uyuradRebod
ar unda davtovoT amgvari mniSvnelobis mqone pasaJi.
vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis istorikosi — juanSeri piruTvneli meistoriea. mis am
TxzulebaSi gamovlenilia qristianuli religiis zneobrivi msoflmxedveloba. juanSeris
istoriuli azrovneba providencialisturia — is aramarto aRwersistoriul faqtebsa da
movlenebs, aramed mizezebsac arkvevs da amdenad, is Semfasebelia da es Sefaseba gajerebu-
lia wm. werilis suliT. avtori istoriul faqtebSi eZebs „mimalul“ sulier azrs. juanSe-
ris Txzuleba „vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba“ qristianobis apologiaa.
vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb saintereso kvleva warmogvidgina lela patariZem. misi az-
riT, juanSeri „qristianobis universalobis xazgasmiT, istorias Sorsmimaval mizans usa-
xavs: qarTvelobis saRvTo gzaze mibrunebas, warmavali samyaros nacvlad maradiuli idea-
lebis damkvidrebas, eklesiis rolis aRzevebas da Teokratiuli principebis populariza-
cias“.8 amdenad, vaxtang gorgaslis istorikosi Sua saukuneobrivad moazrovne pirovnebaa
da providencialisturi saxiT warmogvidgens samyaros.
vaxtang gorgaslis zeobis epoqa qarTlis samefos istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani xanaa. sainteresoa, is ideebi rasac Seicavs da amkvidrebs vaxtang gorgaslis
cxovreba zogadad mefobis da kerZod, vaxtangis mefobis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. vaxtan-
gamdel monakveTSi mirianis mefobis wamyvani ideebia: mirianis sasanuri warmomavloba, far-
navazian mefeebTan kulturuli siaxlove da mefis gaqristianeba. gansxvavebuli ideebi
udevs safuZvlad vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis legitimacias. pirveli exeba vaxtangis mefo-
bis Sedarebas bibliur daviTTan. meore, vaxtangis mefoba bizantiis imperatoris „keisris“
xeldasxmulia da, Sesabamisad, bizantiuri Teokratiis principebs eTanxmeba. vaxtangi, ro-
gorc mirian mefis STamomavali, sparsTa samefo dinastiis naTesavia da sasanianTa imperiis
ideologiur moTxovnebsac akmayofilebs. juanSeri, vaxtangis prototipad bibliur da-
viTs warmogvisaxavs. am faqts legitimaciis funqciac gaaCnia. vaxtangis cxovrebis dasawyi-
si mihyveba bibliur siuJets. ovsebTan dapirispireba avtorma warmoadgina erTgvar gamoc-
dad, romelmac unda aCvenos Tu ramdenad mzad aris vaxtangi mefobisTvis da RvTisgan Tua
misi mefoba kurTxeuli. goliaTebTan omis siuJeti aseve Zalian gavs daviTis SebrZolebas
filistimel goliaTTan. legitimaciis meore mTavari safuZvelia mirian mefesTan naTesau-
ri kavSiri. TxzulebaSia naTqvamia: „mamis mamaa Cemi mirian odes Semohyva mefesa sparsTa-
sa“,9 aseve vaxtangi Tavs nebroT gmiris naTesavad miiCnevs da sparsebs Zmebs uwodebs. neb-
roT gmirTan naTesaoba miCneulia samefo Zalauflebis legitimurobis wyarod. nebroTa-
noba sasanuri warmomavlobis sinonimia. amgvarad, juanSeri icnobs mirianis sasanuri war-
momavlobis Sesaxeb arsebul mosazrebas, da amkvidrebs mas. vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis
aRweris erT-erTi mizani aris mefis gamarTleba, vinaidan, rogorc Cans, am dros bevri pa-
suxgaucemeli kiTxva dagrovda. mefis politikis mimarT damokidebuleba bevri sayvedu-
riT Sexvda v. gorgaslis gadawyvetilebas. mag., petre mRvdeli, SemdegSi pirveli kaTali-
kosi kicxavs mefes, radgan vaxtangi sparseTis mefis mxares ibrZoda da qristianul bizan-
tias zurgs aqcevda. petre moiTxovs vaxtangisgan politikuri orientaciis Secvlas. swo-
8 l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi, gv.48. 9 iqve, gv.47—49.
17
red aq mivdivarT im ZiriTad sakiTxTan , romelic xilvaSi cxaddeba. petre mRvdeli icnobs
saparsTa da vaxtangis naTesaobis ideas, magram amas upirispirebs axali aRTqmiseul WeSma-
ritebas. qristianoba auqmebs xorcieli naTesaobis upiratesobas, vinaidan qristianoba su-
lierad uSualod RvTis Zeobazea dafuZnebuli. „megobari keisrisa“ mxolod es aqcevs vax-
tangs RvTiTkurTxeul mefed. gavecnoT uSualod sizmars.: mefe vaxtangi Zilis win ilo-
cebs da xedavs saswaulebriv sizmars: masTan midis wmida nino da igi zecisa da qveynis mefe-
ebTan mihyavs. vaxtangi xedavs konstantines qalaqs da or saydars: erTze dabrZanebulia
gvirgvinosani Wabuki, xolo meoreze — spetaki zewriT Semosili moxucebuli, romelsac
Tavze naTlis gvirgvini adgas. vaxtangis marjvena xeli petre mRvdels upyria, xolo mar-
cxena — samoel monazons. samoeli mas eubneba, rom pirvelad Tayvani sces grigols (par-
Tels) — zecismTavars. grigoli mas ganurisxdeba imis gamo, rom moaoxra misi banaki da mxe-
cebs SeaWama misi cxovarni. da mxolod petre mRvdlis, samoel monazonisa da wmida ninos
meoxebiT, romelic RvTismSobel mariamTan erTad maradis iRvwis qarTvelTaTvis, aRar
iZiebs Surs vaxtangze. wmida ninos SuamdgomlobiT vaxtangi midis keisarTan, romelic mas
gverdiT daisvams da beWeds miscems. keisari mas aRuTqvams gvirgvins im pirobiT, rom igi
ibrZolebs misi mtrebis winaaRmdeg. Semdeg vaxtangi ixilavs jvars, romlis frTebzec aris
gvirgvini. wmida nino, petre da samoeli erTiTa piriTa ityvian: „Cven varT Tavsmdebni, vi-
Tarmed umetes yovelTa sawaremarTos, hoi jvaro, uZlevelo“' maSin keisari mefes gvir-
gvins Tavze daadgams. episkoposi ki samjer ityvis: „—vaxtang! umetes morwmune iyo Sen yo-
velTa Soris naTesavsa sparsTasa, — Sengan aReSenen eklesiani da ganewesnen episkoposni da
episkoposmTavarni — gvirgvini wamebis miiRo“.10 imave sizmars xedaven cal-calke: petre
mRvdeli da samoelic. am saswauls is funqcia aqvs, rom aCvenos gangebis Zliereba, misi
yvelganmyofoba. vaxtangi darwmundeba, rom es aris RvTis neba da igi sabolood orien-
tacias berZnebisken aiRebs.
amdenad, Tu vaxtangs surs iyos WeSmariti xelisufali keisris megobrad unda iqces.
am sityvebis WeSmaritebaSi vaxtangi xsenebuli xilviT darwmunda, aseve, juanSeri am
sizmriT TiToeul mkiTxvels Caunergavs axal ideas. mefis legitimuroba mtkicdeba. amas
zeciuri xilva amtkicebs. mniSvnelovani monakveTia, bizantiis imperatoris mier vaxtan-
gisTvis gvirgvinis Tavze dadgma. bizantiur samefo wesdebaSi basilevsad kurTxevis ce-
remonialSi gvirgvinis dadgma umTavresi ritualia. am xilvaSic misi xseneba rogorc
qristianul-bizantiuri simbolikisa vaxtangis mefobis xelaxali legitimaciis mcdelo-
baa. amgvarad, mTlianobaSi cxovreba vaxtangisi legitimaciis daniSnulebis mqone teqstia.
Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom is „zRapruli“ Tu „saswaulebrivi“ elementebis ukan, rom-
lebic mravlad gvxvdeba teqstSi, politikuri idebi dgas. rTuli politikuri viTareba
Tan sdevs vaxtangis cxovrebas. sparseTis mze Caesvena, bizantiis Zalebi ki izrdeba. vax-
tang mefem swori arCevani gaakeTa, istoriuli gardatexis momentSi qristianuli samyaros
mxareze dadga. xsenebuli xilva nawilia avtoriseuli mcdelobisa mefis RvTiTkurTxeu-
lobis Sesaxeb.
amdenad, SeuZlebelia, gulgrilad SevxedoT e.w. zRaprul siuJetebs, romliTac mdi-
daria qarTuli istoria. es iyo mciredi nawili sakiTxis kvlevisa. vfiqrobT, xsenebuli sa-
kiTxi sainteresoa rogorc istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis, aseve istoriiT dainteresebuli pi-
rebisaTvis. kvlevis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda sizmrebis, rogorc Suassaukuneobrivi
istoriis reprezentaciis formis warmoCena. marTalia sizmrebis kvleva qarTul istorio-
grafiaSi cnobilia, Tumca maT wyaroTmcodneobiT mniSvnelobaze naklebia dawerili da
10 l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi, gv. 48.
18
naTqvami. Tumca ki, vfiqrobT, rom samive ganxilul magaliTSi sizmrebs ZiriTadi daniS-
nuleba hqondaT. sizmrebi warmogvidgnen rogorc umTavresi mesiji, ZiriTadi azri, rome-
lic avtorma iribad, SefarviT gadmogvca. xsenebuli gamokvleva axali saxiT warmogvid-
gens saistorio krebuls „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mniSvnelobas. wyaroSi daculi sizmrebis
axsna ki gvexmareba Rrmad CavwvdeT da amovicnoT avtoris dafaruli ganzraxva.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. metreveli 2008: r. metreveli, qarTlis cxovreba; Tb., 2008.
2. patariZe 2009: l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul
erTobaSi; Tb., 2009.
3. qavTaria 1999: g. qavTaria, farnavazi; Tb., 1999.
4. CxartiSvili 2009: m. CxartiSvili, saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan; Tb., 2009.
5. http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/qm/qarTlis_moqceva.pdf.
19
rezo marnaZe goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, magistratura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori mamuka jolbirdi
daba suramis istoriidan (antikuri xana)
daba surami xaSuridan 5 km. moSorebiT, lixis qedis aRm. kalTis Ziras, zRvis donidan
740 m, md. suramulas napirebze mdebareobs. igi sadabo sabWos centria (Sedis soflebi:
bijnisi, buRaura, gverdisubani, didi bekami, patara bekami, zekota, itria, urTxva, Cuma-
TeleTi) [8: 610].
suramis warmoSobaze arsebobs xalxuri Tqmulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, suramSi mcxov-
reb axalgazrda qal-vaJs, romelTagan qals — su rqmevia, vaJs — rami erTmaneTi Zalian hyva-
rebiaT da radgan mSoblebi erTad yofnas uSlidnen, gadawyvites Cumad daqorwine-
buliyvnen. im ubans, sadac isini dasaxlebulan, maTi erToblivi saxeli — surami darqmevia,
mogvianebiT ki es toponimi mTel dabaze gavrcelebula.
suramSi adamianTa dasaxlebis uZvelesi kvali adrebrinjaos xanidan Cans, rasac mow-
mobs mdidri arqeologiuri masala. kerZod, suramSi SemTxveviT aRmoCnda gviani brinjaos
xanis nivTebi: brinjaos sakinZi, rgoli, samajuri da sakidi, aseve mikvleulia gviananti-
kuri xanis Wviruli balTa, aqemeniduri vercxlis moneta. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom su-
rami arqeologiurad Seuswavlelia [7: 493].
surami antikuri xanis saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvnelovan dasaxlebas warmoadgenda.
adreul periodSi suramze gadioda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken mimavali mniSvnelo-
vani savaWro-saqaravno gza. adreantikur xanaSi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris warmoebda suramis uReltexiliT, rasac adas-
turebs 1856 wels suramSi aRmoCenili Zv.w.aR-is VI-V s.s. vercxlis aqemeniduri sikla
kolxur „TeTrTan“ erTad. amave periodSi aRniSnuli uReltexiliT berZnuli importi iW-
reba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo elinisturi xanidan, roca vaWroba iRebs e.w. „msof-
lio“ xasiaTs da masSi ara mxolod mcire azia, mesopotamia da egvipte, aramed Sua aziis
qveynebi, indoeTisa da CineTis Soreuli raionebic ebmeba, iqmneba erTiani didi savaWro
gza indoeTidan fazisisaken [5: 13].
Tumca, saqarTvelos savaWro urTierToba aqemenidur samyarosTan jer kidev susti
iyo. rogorc e. a paxomovi wers: „aqemenidTa xanaSi (VI-IV s.s.) kavkasiis azerbaijanma, mTeli
kavkasiis umetesi nawilis msgavsad, jer kidev ar icoda samoneto mimoqceva. TviT iseTi
xalxi, rogoric kolxebia, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapiroze da elianTa savaWro cent-
rebTan axlos mosaxleoben, mizanSewonilad Tvlidnen darios I (522-485) dros gadasaxadebi
gadaexadaT monebiT da ara fuliT. es aixsneba aqemenianTa monetebis iSviaTobiT amierkav-
kasiaSi. CemTvis cnobilia mxolod ori SemTxveva, rodesac vercxlis monetebi aRmoCnda
suramsa da erevanSi“ [6: 58–59].
amrigad, qarTul-aqemeniduri savaWro urTierTobebis sisuste, amierkavkasiaSi aqe-
menianTa monetebis iSviaToba da mxolod ori monetis aRmoCena maT Soris erT-erTisa
suramSi, kidev ufro amyarebs mosazrebas, rom suramze gamaval gzas antikur periodSi
mniSvnelovani savaWro-ekonomikuri funqcia hqonda, rogorc damakavSirebels aRmo-
savleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobda suramis dawinaurebas.
20
suramze gamavali gzis Sesaxeb cnobebi jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV-III s.s. berZeni avtorebis —
aristoteles, eratosTenes da patrokles SromebSi gvxvdeba. straboni maT cnobebs ase
gadmogvcems: „aristobule oqsoss (e.i. amudarias) miiCnevs udides mdinared... aristobule
da, patrokles sityviT, eratosTenec amboben, rom es mdinare sanaosnoa da am mdinariT bevri
induri saqoneli SemoaqvT hirkaniis (e.i. kaspiis) zRvaSi, xolo aqedan albaniaSi gadaaqvT da
Semdeg mtkvriTa da mis momdevno adgilebiT evqsinis (e.i. Sav) zRvaSi CaaqvT“ [11: 75].
zemoT motanili wyarodan gamomdinare „mtkvriTa da mis momdevno adgilebiT“-Si
savaraudod isini gulisxmobdnen suramis midamoebs da uReltexils.
n. berZeniSvili amis Sesaxeb werda: „induri saqoneli md. amudariiT CahqondaT kaspiis
zRvaSi da iqidan mtkvriT amohqondaT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. aqedan ki, ukve xmeleTiT
— suramis uReltexiliT — ezidebodnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac saqoneli md.
rioniT Savi zRvis sanapiro qalaqebs, kerZod faziss anu foTs aRwevda, romelic im
droisaTvis friad mniSvnelovan navsadgurad iqca“ [2: 47].
Zveli berZeni geografi straboni (daaxl. Zv. w. 64 – ax. w. 24 ww.) da pliniusi gad-
mogvcemen ra am gzis aRwerilobas, adastureben rionze 120 gadasasvleli xidis arsebobas,
kerZod straboni wers, rom: „Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze, romlebzedac fazisi
mimdinareobs, swrafi da miemarTeba kolxidaSi, (romelzedac [e.i. fazisze] 120 xidiT ga-
daisvleba misi mixveul-moxveulobis gamo)... aseTia kolxididan iberiaSi Sesavali, dax-
Suli kldeebiT, simagreebiTa da xeobiani mdinareebiT“ [10: 128—129]. igi aseve wers, rom
„[Sorapnidan] fexiT, saurme gziT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde“ [10: 123]. is garemoeba, rom
rionze 120 xidi iyo mowyobili miuTiTebs imaze, rom am savaWro-saqaravno gzis mowyobas
didi yuradReba eqceoda da am gzis savaWro-ekonomikuri datvirTva, romelic evropas da
azias akavSirebda, romelic Tavis mxriv suramzec gadioda, udidesi iyo.
unda aRiniSnos, rom suramze gamavali savaWro-saqaravno gzis arsebobasa da Zv.
berZeni istorikosebisa da geografebis gadmocemiT md. mtkvris sanaosnod gamoyenebas
adasturebs sof. cxramuxasTan axlos md. mtkvarSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi napovni gemis
Ruza. 1890 w. 1 seqtembers gazeTi „iveria“ werda: „rogorc SevityeT s. cxramuxas axlo, go-
ris mazraSi, mtkvarSi metiveebs upovniaT erTi Ruza... sul uZveles dros, rogorc isto-
riidan viciT mtkvarzed ialqniani gemebi da surams axlo, cxramuxasa da qviSxeTs Sua, nav-
sadguri yofila gamarTuli. napovni Ruza gemisaa. es axlad (napovni) Ruza cxadad amtki-
cebs Zveli istorikosebis gadmocemas, rom kaspiis zRvidgan suramamde saqoneli gemebiT
gadahqondaT da mtkvari sanavosno mdinare iyovo“ [5: 14].
am faqts mogvianebiT „saxalxo gazeTi“ miubrunda da 1913 wlis 9 ianvars gamoaqveyna
mRvdel qristofore cicqiSvilis werili saTauriT – „mtkvarSi napovni Ruza“, romelSic
weria: „qarTul saeTnografio sazogadoebis davalebiT, 29 dekembers 1912 wels avedi
suramis axlo mdebare sofel bekamSi, sadac mRvdels ioane cicqiSvils hqonda Senaxuli
Zveli Ruza, rom es Camometana tfilisSi. es Ruza upovnia am ocdaxuTi wlis winad sofel
savanlis tezris glexs badriaSvils mdinare mtkvarSi sofel taSiskaris axlo. am glexs
tivi mohqonebia, tivi wamosdebia Ruzis kaps da gaCerebula. metives gauTavisuflebia tivi
da unaxavs wylidam amoSverili rkina. daubams kameCebi am rkinisaTvis, gamouTrevia
napirze, wamouRia Sin savanlis tezerSi da daugdia Tavis ezoSi. mere es glexisaTvis
ucnauri rkina unaxavs mRvdels mama ioane cicqiSvils, Seucvnia Ruzad, Seusyidnia da
moutania Tavis saxlis ezoSi, sadac egdo mas Semdeg dRemdis. dRes es Ruza Camotanilia
tfilisSi da gadacemulia saistorio-eTnografiis sazogadoebisadmi, romelsac dRevan-
delma patronma Ruzisa ufasod Seswira.
21
Ruza woniT rva fuTia. hqonia oTxi romelTagan ori mostexia.sigrZiT iqneba ori
arSini.
Cemi fiqriT wminda rkina ar unda iyos, radganac Jangs magre rigad veraferi dauklia.
Tu es rkina marTla Zveli drois Ruza gamodga, Zalian SesaniSnav istoriul ganZad
CaiTvleba, radganac igi iqneba damamtkicebeli sabuTi im Zveli cnobisa, rom uwin gemebi
dadiodnen mdinare mtkvarzeo, da rom gemebiT indoeTis saqoneli amohqondaT suramamde,
aqedan xmeleTiT gadahqondaT Sorapnamde da mere isev gemebiT CahqondaT Sav zRvamdeo. es
mdinareebi, unda vifiqroT, maSin erTi-samad da erTi-xuTad met iqneboda dRevandelTan
SedarebiT. imedia, mcodne pirebi daaTvaliereben aRniSnul Ruzas da Taviss azrs ga-
mosTqvamen“[5: 14—15].
suramze gamaval gzas samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobac hqonda, pompeusi iberi-
idan kolxeTSi, rogorc Cans, gadasula suramis uReltexiliT da Semdeg md. faziss (e.i.
yvirilasa da mere rions) Cahyolia [4: 110].
Zveli berZeni geografi klavdios ptolemaჴosi (100-178) Tavis naSromSi asaxelebs
iberiaSi mdebare 9 qalaqsa da sofels: lubioni, agina, vasaida, varika, sura, artanissa,
mestleta, Zalisa, harmaqtika. s. yauxCiSvili miiCnevs, rom lubioni, agina, vasaida, varika
da sura damaxinjebuli formiT aris moRweuli da maTi gaigiveba CvenTvis cnobil daba-
qalaqebTan ar xerxdeba, Tu ar vivaraudebT, rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
„agina“ SeiZleba iyos „ZaRina“ (md. fcis auzSi), xolo „sura“ — surami [11: 72].
metad sarwmunoa T. yauxCiSvilis mosazreba, romelic klavdios ptolemaiÁosis
cnobaze dayrdnobiT asaxelebs im dasaxlebul punqtebs, romelTa identifikacia xerxdeba
Tanamedrove an sxva wyaroebiT cnobil dasaxlebebTan. igi asaxelebs „sura“-s da varaudobs,
rom es SesaZlebelia iyos surami, „harmaqtika“-s (igive harmozike, anu armazcixe), „mest-
leta“-s (mcxeTa), „Zalisak“- s (dRevandeli Zalisi muxranis dablobze) da “artanissa“-s (igive
artanuji) [9:165—166]. mkvlevari aseve wers: „is garemoeba, rom klavdius ptolemai£osi
icnobs am qalaqebs, imis momaswavebelia, rom misi droisaTvis isini mniSvnelovnad
dasaxlebul adgilebs warmoadgenen da Tu straboni kmayofildeba imis aRniSvniT, rom
„iberia metwilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli dabebiTa da qalaqebiT“ klavdios ptolemai£osi
kidevac aRniSnavs am kargad dasaxlebul punqtebs“ [9: 166].
j. gvasaliac adasturebs, rom „surami SeiZleba iyos ptolemaiosis mier dasaxe-
lebuli „sura“ [3: 140].
ptolema£osis mier dasaxelebuli iberiis erT-erTi qalaqi – „sura“ surami unda iyos,
romelic damaxinjebuli formiT aris moRweuli, radgan saxelwodeba „sura“, suramis
garda, ar Seesabameba iberiis arcerT dasaxlebas.
Zv. romaeli istorikosi, geografi pliniusi surams — suriums uwodebs [1:120].
S. mesxia surams uZvelesi droidan dasaxlebul punqtad Tvlis da aRniSnavs, rom surami
„imdroindeli saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani punqti unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg, miuxedavad
mravalgvari saSinao da sagareo cvlilebebisa, surami savsebiT arasodes gamqrala am mxriv mas
didad uwyobda xels Tavisi moxerxebuli geografiuli mdebareob“ [6: 228].
T. lacabiZis daskvniT: „suramis rogorc qalaqis aRmoceneba iwyeba Zv.w. IV-III sau-
kuneebis mijnaze, xolo III saukunis bolosTvis mas ukve mkveTrad gamoxatuli qalaquri
iersaxe unda mieRo“ [5:14]. igi agreTve varaudobs suramis geografiuli mdebareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT aq sabaJos arsebobas, rac gviandeli periodis mravali dokumentiT
22
dasturdeba – „rogorc cnobilia, sabaJo iq arsebobs, sadac cixe-simagrea. amave principiT
unda yofiliyo gamarTuli sabaJoebi xaSuris dRevandel regionSic. aq arsebuli samive
sabaJo funqcionirebs iq, sadac cixe-simagre an raime TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobaa (mag.,
koSki). alis sabaJo alis cixeSia, taSiskrisa — taSiskris koSkSi, suramis sabaJoc, ra Tqma
unda, suramis cixe-simagreSi unda yofiliyo ganTavsebuli da masze dayrdnobiT moexdina
Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcieleba“ [5:15].
amrigad, zemoT motanili saistorio masalis Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom suramis
xelsayrelma geografiulma mdebareobam, misma aqtiurma Cabmam saSinao Tu saerTaSoriso
savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi ganapiroba suramis qalaquri tipis dasaxlebad
(dabad) Camoyalibeba, romelic, savaraudod, unda momxdariyo elinistur xanaSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. aixvaldi 2005, e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZi-
eblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2005.
2. berZeniSvili 1956; n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1956.
3. gvasalia 1983; j. gvasalia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis narkvevebi,
Tbilisi, 1983.
4. kasiosi 1966; d. kasiosi, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targma-
niTurT gamosca, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo n. lomourma, Tbilisi, 1966.
5. lacabiZe 2012; T. lacabiZe, ambavi suramis cixisa, xaSuri, 2012.
6. mesxia 1983; S. mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1983.
7. qarTlis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2013.
8. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tbilisi, 1985.
9. yauxCiSvili 1976; T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tbilisi,
1976.
10. yauxCiSvili 1957; T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, Tbilisi, 1957.
11. yauxCiSvili 1964; s. yauxCiSvili, ras gviamboben Zveli berZnebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbi
lisi, 1964.
23
maia axalkaciSvili iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo
universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori madona qebaZe
saqarTvelodan deportirebuli „Turqi mesxebis“ repatriaciis
sakiTxi saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelo Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo warsulSi araerTi qveynis
interesis da qveynebs Soris dapirispirebis obieqts warmoadgenda. am mxriv saqarTvelos
TiToeul kuTxes Tavisi istoria gaaCnia, romelic mTlianobaSi avsebs da qmnis saqar-
Tvelos istorias. TiToeuli dampyrobeli saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi damkvidre-
bisTvis cdilobda gamoeyenebina iseTi meTodebi rogoricaa: mosaxleobis asimilacia, ga-
dasaxleba (romelTac Tan sdevdaT devna, religiuri da ekonomikuri Seviwroeba). orive es
meTodi saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT, istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebma
mosaxleobam sxvadasxva dros sakuTar Tavze gamoscada da wlebia ukve rac istoriuli
samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT cxovroben yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, uzbekeTSi, ruseTSi,
azerbaijanSi, TurqeTsa da aSS-Si. am adamianebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar hqondaT pasuxi
kiTxvebze: ra erovnebis xar? vin xar? sadaa Seni adgili? sad aris Seni mSobliuri miwa-
wyali? dRemde am kiTxvebTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi da damoki-
debulebac maTdami mimRebi saxelmwifos (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelo) mosax-
leobisaa araa erTgvarovani, rac arTulebs maTi repatriaciis sakiTxs.
da mainc sad iwyeba da sadamde grZeldeba mesxuri problema?! ra aris gasaTva-
liswinebeli am problemis gadaWrisas, rogori iyo saxelmwifos midgoma am sakiTxisadmi da
rogoria e.w „Turqi mesxebis“ ganwyoba, kargaven Tu ara samSobloSi dabrunebis imeds (amaze
odnav mogvianebiT, manamde ki mimovixilav istoriuli mesxeTis qronikas).
mesxeTis istoriuli qronika
dasawyisSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom istoriuli mesxeTis (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo)
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda: artaani, eruSeTi, kola, SavSeTi, tao, klarjeTi, Tori, WaneTi,
speri, samcxe, javaxeTi. dRes XXI saukuneSi mesxeTis didi nawili daaxloebiT 34230 kv.km.
TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSia.
1578 wlidan es mxare osmalebma daikaves da batonobis gasamyareblad mosaxleobis
islamizaciis procesi daiwyes, amisaTvis SemoiRes da gaatares iseTi kanonebi, rom mo-
saxleoba iZulebuli xdeboda mieRo mahmadianoba, kerZod, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba mxo-
lod samxedro valdebuls hqonda, romelic amavdroulad mahmadiani unda yofiliyo. sa-
valdebulo salaparako enad Turquli iTvleboda (mesxebs yurZnis movlac aekrZalaT,
radgan yuraniT Rvinis sma ikrZaleboda). gamahmadianebulTaTvis SemoiRes SeRavaTebi, ga-
aTavisufles mTlianad an nawilobriv gadasaxadebisgan. islamizaciis procesi xdeboda
ZaldatanebiTac (magaliTad: „abuseriZeebi, avaliSvilebi, amilaxorebi, vaCnaZeebi, TaTqa-
riZeebi CixlaZiebi da sxv“), magram meTvramete saukuneSic qarTveli mefeebi ar kargavdnen
imeds misi SemoerTebisas da kvlavac miCneuli iyo qarTlis nawilad.
1783 wlis 23 ivliss georgievskis traqtatis erT-erTi muxli aseve iTvaliswinebda
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis maT Soris osmaleTisgan mitacebuli terito-
riebis dabrunebas.
TurqeTis 250 wlian batonobas mesxeTSi kiTxvis niSnebi gauCnda 1801 wels, roca ru-
seTis interesis obieqti gaxda kavkasia. 1828-1829 w.w am or qveyanas Soris omis Sedegad (ad-
24
rianopolis zaviT) ruseTma daikava kidec mesxeTis CrdiloeTi nawili. mimaCnia, rom adek-
vaturi iqneboda Tu isini uzrunvelyofdnen am mosaxleobis qristianul sawyisebTan dab-
runebas, miTumetes mosaxleobis mxridan iyo amis mzaoba „qarTvel mahmadian begTa nawilma
paskeviCs mimarTa winadadebiT, rom isini miiRebdnen marTlmadideblobas Tu maT daubrun-
debodaT qarTvel TavadaznaurTa wodeba da mefeebis mier maTTvis naboZebi miwebis gada-
cemac, romlis sigelebic maT xelT gaaCndaT“ (T.CageliSvili „mesxebi“ dokumenturi fil-
mi). ruseTma es winadadeba ar miiRo, da piriqiT xels uwyobda maT gaTurqebas (raTa mo-
mavalSi ufro advilad ganexorcielebina Tavisi miznebi), rasac mowmobs maT mier gaxsnili
Turquli skolebi, vinaidan mis gegmebSi maTi ara e.w. „moqceva“, aramed gandevna da maT ad-
gilze arzrumeli qristiani somxebis da rusebis Camosaxleba warmoadgenda. 1830 wels
daiwyo gadasaxlebis pirveli talRa, 75 000 qarTveli mahmadiani TurqeTSi gadaasaxles,
radgan arasaimedo xalxad iqnen miCneulni (zogadad, im periodSi iTvleboda, rom rwmena
da erovneba es erTi da igive iyo). qarTveli mahmadianebis adgilebze Camoasaxles daax.
32000 arzrumeli qristiani somexi rusebi Tvlidnen, rom ase ufro daculi iqneboda
imperiis samxreT sazRvari.
gadasaxlebis meore talRa ukavSirdeba 1877-1878 ww.-Si mimdinare ruseT-TurqeTis
morig oms, romelic ruseTis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, rac dadebiTi iyo saqarTvelosTvis
im mxriv, rom amas mohyva osmaleTis mier dapyrobili teritoriebis gaTavisufleba, ker-
Zod SavSeTi, klarjeTi imerxevi, kola-artaani, olTisi da aWara. daiwyo da man moicva tao,
klarjeTi, samcxe, aWara, qvemo guria, magram iq mcxovrebi mahmadiani qarTvelebisTvis es
uaryofiTi xasiaTis movlenad iqca, daiwyo muhajiroba da man moicva tao, klarjeTi,
samcxe, aWara, qvemo guria.
gadasaxlebis mesame talRa 1921 wels moxda (yarsis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTma saqar-
Tvelos gadasca mTliani aWara), magram am SualedSi adgili hqonda iseT mniSvnelovan pro-
cesebs rogoricaa: pirveli msoflio omi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopoveba. pir-
vel msoflio omSi monawile yvela qveyanas Tavisi miznebi hqonda, TurqeTs (germaniis
mokavSire) im teritoriebis SemoerTeba surda romelic maTi modgmis xalxiT iyo dasax-
lebuli da surda „didi Turanis Seqmna“. ra Tqma unda, aq igulisxmeba samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloc, romelic mahmadianebiT dasaxlebul teritorias warmoadgenda, romlis
mosaxleobis nawili panTurqizmis ideiT iyo Sepyrobili, ruseTisadmi uaryofiTad iyvnen
ganwyobilni da TavianT momavals TurqeTs ukavSirebdnen, amas mowmobs 1917 wels axal-
cixeSi gamarTuli mahmadianTa yrilobac, sadac omar feiqr yifiani sityviT gamovida: `ru-
seTis batonoba ukanasknel dReebs iTvlis. Cveni mizani naTelia aWaris, focxovis, axal-
cixis, axalqalaqis mazrebis gamoyofa Tbilisis guberniisgan... qristianebma unda gaigon,
rom maTi adgili aq ar aris, Cveni momavali moZme TurqeTTanaa... azerbaijanelebTan da
TurqebTan erTad SevqmniT did panislamur saxelmwifos“. T. CageliSvili dokumenturi
filmi „mesxebi“ (mimaCnia, rom es imJamindeli ruseTis mesveurTa politikis Sedegic iyo,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, maT am adamianebis gaqristianebisTvis, danarCen mosaxleobaSi
integraciisTvis araferi gaukeTebiaT, samagierod xdeboda maTi religiuri da ekono-
mikuri Seviwroeba. bevri qarTveli mahmadiani swavla-ganaTlebas stambolSi, baqoSi, arz-
rumSi iRebda, ramac did wilad ganapiroba maTSi panTurqizmis ideebis gavrceleba,
antirusuli ganwyobileba, vfiqrob imJamindel ruseTs awyobda kidec aseTi ganwyobilebis
arseboba, radgan es gauadvilebda da gaamarTlebda mis politikas ganxorcielebuls
qarTveli mahmadianebisadmi (gadasaxleba). 1918 w. 18 marts brest-litovskis zaviT ruseT-
ma 1877—1878 w.w-Si dakavebuli teritoriebi TurqeTs daubruna. Tavis mxriv, mudrosis za-
25
viT (1918 w. 30 oqtomberi) osmaleTis jarebma gamoacxades kapitulacia. TurqeTi amierkav-
kasiaSi 1877 wlis sazRvars unda dabruneboda, magram man moaxerxa samxreT-dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi e.w. yarsis respublikis Seqmna (mxolod 4 Tve iarseba). qarTvelebma daikaves
tao-klarjeTi da 1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukidebloba gamoacxades, rac didxans ar gagr-
Zelebula 1921 w. 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTma misi okupacia moaxdina.
ssrk-is memkvidreoba da gza Sua aziisken
1921 wels ruseTisa da TurqeTis liderebs leninsa da aTaTurqs Soris xeli moewera
yarsis xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad mesxeTi or nawilad gayofili aRmoCnda. saqar-
Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda aWara da samcxe-javaxeTi.
sabWoTa ruseTma memkvidreoba ganagrZo da winaprebis gzas ar gadauxvia anu misi
politika qarTveli mahmadianebis mimarT arafriT ar gansxvavdeboda mefis ruseTisgan.
gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom man qarTveli mahmadianebi azerbaijanelebad „monaTla“.
daiwyo azerbaijanuli skolebis gaxsna, azerbaijaneli pedagogebis Semoyvana, savsebiT
marTebulia daisvas kiTxva Tu SesaZlebeli iyo azerbaijanuli enis swavla ratom ar
SeiZleboda qarTuli enis swavla (amis moTxovna arsebobda kidec) pasuxi martivia Tu Cven
ruseTis politikas mimovixilavT zogadad saqarTveloSi kerZod qarTuli enis rusuli
eniT Canacvleba, romlis mizansac qarTveli eris garuseba warmoadgenda.
arc gadasaxlebis mxriv Secvlila rame, piriqiT meore msoflio omis dros eTnikuri
niSniT deportaciam masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo. marto erT wels 1.9 mln adamiani iqna
gadasxlebuli cimbirsa da centralur aziaSi, romelTa Soris iyvnen qurTebi, hemSinebi,
yaraCaelebi, yalmuxebi, mahmadiani mesxebi, balyarelebi, CeCnebi, yirimeli TaTrebi,
inguSebi da a. S. yvela sazRvrispira (TurqeTis, avRaneTis, iranis) raionebSi mcxovrebi
mosaxleoba gamocxadda „antisabWoTa elementebad“. maTi gadasaxlebis mizezad saxelde-
boda sabWoTa ruseTis mier centralur aziaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebac.
1944 wels lavrenti beriam stalins saidumlo moxseneba gaugzavna, sadac igi xazs
usvamda qarTveli mahmadianebis arasaimedoobaze, maT urTierTobebze mesxeTis im pro-
vinciebTan, romelic TurqeTis teritoriaze mdebareobda da maTi gadasaxlebis saWi-
roebaze. 1944 wlis 10 noembris Rames sabWoTa xelisuflebam axsna-ganmartebis gareSe mes-
xeTis ramdenime soflidan mosaxleoba ahyara da Sua aziis gzas gauyena, maT Soris iyvnen
iseTebic, romelTa Svilebi meore msoflio omSi ruseTis mxares ibrZoda (mogvianebiT es
mebrZolebic aseve gadasaxles). maTi miwebi, sacxovrebeli adgilebi saxelmwifo kuTv-
nilebad cxaddeboda (gadasaxlebulTa cxovreba Sua aziaSi ar iyo advili, es mraval sir-
TulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli).
„brZola“ dasabruneblad
1956 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac ssrk-is xelisuflebaSi mosulma n. xruSCovma 1944 wlis ga-
dasaxleba arasamarTlianad scno, gadasaxlebulebs, garda e. w. Turqi mesxebisa, ukan, samSob-
loSi dabrunebis ufleba misca, mesxebma mSvidobiani demonstraciebi gamarTes, magram
sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwies. vfiqrob amis mTavari mizezi maT mier miCneuli samSoblo iyo,
romelSic zogi saqarTvelos, zogic TurqeTs gulisxmobda, iyvnen iseTebic, romelTac
gadaWriT raimes Tqma ar SeeZlo, da am erTianobis ar arsebobam maTi brZola uSedego gaxada.
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda organizaciebi, romlebic icavdnen da iTxovdnen calkeuli
da ara erTiani jgufis interesebs da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, esenia: „vaTani“ –
daarsda 1990 wels igi proTurqulia, radikalurad iTxoven mxolod mesxeTSi dabrunebas,
kulturuli avtonomiis miRebas da mSobliur enaze swavla-ganaTlebis miRebas. „xsna“ –
daarsda 1992 wels (1999 wlidan organizaciam miiRo „qarTvel repatriantTa kavSiris“ sa-
26
xeli) isini „Turq mesxebs“ eTnikur qarTvelebad Tvlis da Tanaxmaa icxovros saqarTvelos
nebismier raionSi. „umidi“ – 1984 wels Camoyalibda da mis mizans TurqeTSi dasaxleba war-
moadgens.
amrigad, mesxTa repatriaciis mTavar problemas warmoadgens maT Soris arsebuli
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba samSoblos mimarT. „umidis“ da „xsnis“ pozicia vfiqrob SesaZlebeli
da mogvarebadia, magram „vaTanis“ radikaluri moTxovnebi dafiqrebas saWiroebs .
repatriaciis sakiTxi
saqarTvelos inteligenciis xelmZRvanelobiT sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi 1960-1980 -
ian da 1982-1990 ian wlebSi ramdenime aTasi mesxi dabrunda saqarTveloSi, magram 1990-1992
wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad (eTnokonfliqtebi), da maTdami mosaxleobis
negatiuri ganwyobilebis gazrdis gamo bevrma maTganma kvlav datova saqarTvelo. 2005
wels statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi 592 mesxi cxovrobda aqedan 163-ma
ekonomikuri problemebis gamo saqarTvelo datova (Tumca maT ukve aqvT miRebuli
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba).
SevardnaZis mTavroba mesxebTan dakavSirebiT iRebda brZanebulebebs magaliTad
„1992 wels Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda Seeswavla samxreT saqarTvelodan deportire-
buli mosaxleobis problemebi“, molaparakebis warmoeba daiwyo krasnodaris mxaresTan
(mesxebi aq, ZiriTadad, 1989 wlis ferRanaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg dasaxldnen)
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad iqmneboda 1944 wels mesxeTisa da javaxeTis deportirebuli mosax-
leobis repatriaciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri gegma, „deportirebul mesxTa socialuri
problemebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb“ (v. modebaZe, gv.117). magram es da sxva gankargulebebi
realurad cxovrebaSi ar gatarebula.
1999 wels saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevri qveyana gaxda da aiRo valdebuleba rasac e. w
„Turqi mesxebis“ repatriacia ewodeba da rac 2011 wlamde unda daesrulebina. magram am
kuTxiT raime qmediTi nabijebi ar gadadgmula.
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mosulma xelisuflebam repatriaciasTan dakavSirebiT
miiRo kanoni 2007 wlis 1 ianvars, romelsac oficialurad ewoda „saqarTvelos kanoni yo-
fili ssrk-is mier me-20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-idan iZulebiT gadasax-
lebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb“. es kanoni exeba 1944 wels aWaridan da samcxe-javaxe-
Tidan gadasaxlebulebs: hemSinebi, yarafafaxebi, Taraqamebi, qurTebi, Turqebi da boSebi.
mTlianobaSi 5841-ma ojaxma Seitana ganacxadi, romelTagan repatriaciis statusi
1349 mieniWa, magram amiT ar dasrulebula, es sakiTxi amiT mxolod daiwyo.
amasTan, arsebobs organizacia „javaxki — Turquli diaspora“ romelic mesxebis
repatriacias uaryofiTad afasebs da saubrobs movlenebis iseT ganviTarebaze, rasac
mohyveba maTi mxridan „TurqeTTan SeerTebis“ moTxovna.
daskvna
am Temaze muSaobisas mindoda axalgazrdebs Soris gamokiTxva Cametarebina da aR-
moCnda rom axali Taobis nawilma ar icis e.w. „Turqi mesxebis“ ukan arsebuli problemebis
Sesaxeb. amitom vfiqrob aucilebelia am kuTxiT sazogadoebis swori informirebuloba.
saqarTvelo, romelsac dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan surs natosa da evrokavSiris struq-
turebSi gawevrianeba unda Seasrulos evrosabWos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebi, erT-
erTi maTgani mesxebis repatriacias Seexeba. procesi ukve dawyebulia amitomac arasworad
mimaCnia saubari imaze sworia Tu ara, valdebulia Tu ara qarTuli mxare da a.S. dRes
ZiriTadi yuradReba unda eqceodes iseTi problemebis dadgenasa da aRmofxvras ris wi-
27
naSec aRmoCndebian e.w. „Turqi mesxebi“ da qarTuli sazogadoeba. amisaTvis aucilebelia
qarTuli sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Seswavla da mosalodneli daZabulobis ganeit-
raleba, repatriantebis damokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan maT mo-
qalaqeobis miRebis Semdeg konstituciiT aqvT ufleba Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen da da-
saxldnen iq sadac maT surT anu saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi, romelic warmoadgens
saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad teritorias es SeiZleba iyos kaxeTi, guria, samcxe-
javaxeTi da a.S. 2009 wels samcxe-javaxeTSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad (romelsac
gavecani v. modebaZis wignSi) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT am regionSi dasaxlebas naklebi
adamiani uWers mxars, Tvlian rom isini moiTxoven winaprebis miwa-wylis dakavebas, sadac
amJamad Tavad cxovroben (ZiriTadad somxebi) da ar uaryofen eTnokonfliqtebis dawyebas.
kidev erTi problema ris winaSec e.w. mesxebi aRmoCndebian aris qarTuli enis ar-
codna, rac aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis da sakuTari Tavis ukeT rea-
lizaciisTvis, me eWvic ar mepareba rom saxelmwifo miiRebs am mxriv RonisZiebebs, am
kuTxiT dResac moqmedebs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli raionebisTvis proeqti
„qarTuli ena momavali warmatebisaTvis“, magram aucilebelia maTganac iyos mzaoba enis
Seswavlisa, raTa Sedegiani aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mxridan gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.
aucilebelia aseve saqarTvelos ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, qveynis SigniT arsebul
ltolvilebze, dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis problemazec yuradRebis gamaxvileba. kargi iq-
neboda Tu amis Sesaxeb maT ecodinebaT, vinaidan savsebiT SesaZlebelia arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobis gamo maT kvlav datovon saqarTvelo.
rac Seexeba sazogadoebis nawilis uaryofiT damokidebulebas maTdami, aixsneba erTi
mxriv, informaciis naklebobiT, xolo meore mxriv, Tavad mesxebis mxridan wamoyenebuli
radikaluri moTxovnebiT. sazogadoebas es Rrmad afiqrebs maSin rodesac saqarTvelo
isedac mravaleTnikuria.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. al. bendianiSvili, „saqarTvelos istoria“, Tb.,1999.
2. o. gigineiSvili, „Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo politika“, Tb., 1963.
3. z. daviTaSvili, „nacionalizmi da globalizacia“, Tb.,2003.
4. n. vaCnaZe, „deportirebuli mesxi qalis- naziras wigni“, Tb., 2005.
5. d. koJoriZe, „samcxe-javaxeTi- warsuli da dRevandeloba“, Tb., 1987.
6. g. mamulia (red.), „stalini istoriasa da istorikosTa Sefasebebi“, Tb., 2002.
7. v. modebaZe, „mesxuri problemis analizi“, Tb., 2010.
8. m. svaniZe, „TurqeTis istoria 1923-2000 w.w“, Tb., 2005.
9. m. qasabi, „osmaleTis qarTvelebi“, stamboli, 2012.
10. T. navrozaSvili, „Turqi mesxebi – stalinis mier Turqebad Seracxuli qarTvelebi“ (statia),
22.09.2010.
11. n. narimanaSvili, „axalcixe“ (statia), 30. 05. 2014.
12. https://diaokh.wordpress.com/.../istoriuli‐mesxeTi.
13. T.CageliSvili, dokumenturi filmi „mesxebi“, 2013 .
28
socialuri mecnierebani: Jurnalistika
ilona buiSvili kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori irina Rvineria
teroristuli aqtebi qarTuli arxebis obieqtivSi
XXI saukunem kacobriobis cxovrebaSi bevri siaxle moitana — globalizaciis mzardi
tempi, axali teqnologiebi da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, masobrivi saSualebebis kon-
tenti.
sainformacio sivrcis axal ambebs Soris, bolo wlebSi didi adgili, samwuxarod,
terorizmis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis gaSuqeba ikavebs adgils. ramdenad profesiulad
Suqdeba es movlenebi? xdeba Tu ara am movlenebis analizi? ra daskvnebis gamotanas SeZ-
lebs rigiTi mayurebeli sainformacio gamoSvebebSi aseTi kadrebis xilvis Semdeg? es
kvleva pasuxobs am da kidev bevr sxva kiTxvas.
terorizmis cneba
upirvelesad gavarkvioT, ra aris terorizmi. Zaladobrivi aqti, ganxorcielebuli
samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg, romelic Cadenilia garkveuli miznebisTvis. es iqneba,
politikuri, religiuri Tu ideologiuri safuZvlebi. reitingisTvis brZolaSi, masob-
rivi informaciis wyaroebi xSirad aSuqeben iseT informacias, romelic savalalo Sede-
gamde SesaZloa miiyvanos mdgomareoba.
aucilebelia, ganvasxvaoT terorizmi sxva kriminaluri organizaciebis mier, msgavsi
taqtikis gamoyenebiT, Cadenili danaSauli, mag., fulis an informaciis gamoZalva, ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos terorizmad Tu mis qveS ar moiazreba politikuri motivacia.
teroristuli aqtebis gaSuqebis profesiuli standarti
am terminis araswori gamoyeneba sajaro pirebis mier, uwyobs xels adamianebis dayo-
fas da maT stigmatizacias.
adamianebi sul ufro met dros atareben teleekranTan, Tumca, dabali esTetikuri
Rirebulebis da mdare gasarTobi gadacemebis uxvi raodenoba, ar iZleva saTanado anali-
tikuri msjelobis saSualebas, ris gamoc mniSvnelovani regresiT iwevs sazogadoebis
kulturuli ganviTareba. xolo, Zaladobis xSiri demonstrireba sazogadoebaSi, aRiqmeba
bunebriv movlenad. Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT Tu ra specifikiT udgeba diametralurad sa-
pirispiro informaciuli politikis mqone ori telearxi gansxvavebuli prioritetebiTa
da RirebulebebiT, ama Tu im qveyanaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs.
parizi
eTikuri standartebi: pirdapir eTerSi terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ga-
Suqebis dros Jurnalisti awydeba mraval dabrkolebas, sirTules. dgeba sakiTxi: SeiZleba
Tu ara am informaciis gaSuqeba? cxadia, saeWvoa, rom safrangeTSi momxdari teroristuli
aqtis dros afeTqebis organizatorebi, „rusTavi-2“-is 15:00 saaTian gamoSvebas uyurebd-
nen, sadac Tamar nucubiZe asaxelebda parizis quCis konkretul misamarTsa da savaraudo
gegmas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeboda samZebro operaciebi qalaqis masStabiT. Jur-
nalisti aris figura, romelic unda avrcelebdes sando informacias, raTa sazogadoeba
iyos saqmis kursSi. Tumca, Jurnalisturi saqmianoba mTavrdeba iq sadac, iwyeba sxva ada-
mianebisTvis xelis SeSla.
29
„kurieris“ Jurnalisti Tamar nucubiZe ver gaumklavda emociebis mozRvavebas da
amis fonze, misi saubris manera iyo panikis Semcveli, daZabuli. am emociurobas amwvavebda,
warmoTqmuli frazebi: sazogadoebaSi panikaa, frangi xalxi Sokirebulia, sazogadoeba sa-
sowarkveTilia, masobrivi tragedia da sxv. amis sapirispirod, „moambis“ Jurnalistma qeTi
qardavam, romelic aseve imyofeboda movlenebis epicentrSi, moaxerxa, Camoeyalibebina
konkretuli movlenebis qronologiuri suraTi. is erideboda winaswari Sefasebebis ga-
keTebas. misi informacia lakoniuri da sxarti iyo.
qronometraJi: unda aRiniSnos, rom igi ganxorcielda 13 noembers, adgilobrivi
droiT 21:20 wuTze (saqarTvelos droiT 00:20 sT.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom SabaTi dRe iyo
10:00 saaTiani „kurieri“ da „moambe“ ar gasula pirdapir eTerSi. pirveli cnoba, parizSi
momxdari afeTqebis Sesaxeb, 11 saaTisa da 40 wuTis dagvianebiT qarTul telesivrceSi,
sainformacio gamoSveba „kurierSi“ saTauriT „islamuri saxelmwifos pasuxi saerTaSori-
so koalicias“ gavrcelda. aSkaraa, rom operatiulobis kvali Zalian bundovania, meore
mxriv, drois gasvlis Semdeg moZiebuli informacia, ufro srulyofilia, versiebsa da
varaudebisagan Tavisufali da dabalansebuli. drois xangrZlivobis mxriv ki, mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi „kurieris“ eTerSi parizis teraqts daeTmo 1. 40 wuTi. „moambis“ SemTxvevaSi
es dro 1,12 wuTs utoldeboda.
sainformacio gamoSvebaSi, informaciuli cnobebi xSirad meordeboda, amitomac,
iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom Jurnalisti axdenda erTi informaciis tiraJirebas sxva-
dasxva interpretaciiT. igrZnoboda aseve, arsebuli kadrebis simcirec.
mopovebuli kadrebi: umravles SemTxvevaSi kadrebi gadaicemoda araredaqtirebuli
saxiT, ar xdeboda maTi damuSaveba (usiamovno sanaxaobisagan mayurebelTa arideba, da-
burva, dafarva). ar Canda aseve wyaro Tu saidan aris arsebuli kadrebi aRebuli, rac san-
doobis efeqts ukargavda. rodesac, mayurebeli gaTviTcnobierebulia da icis mocemuli
kadrebis warmomavloba izrdeba an mcirdeba (wyarodan gamomdinare) damajereblobis da
sandoobis efeqti. Breaking new stili saqarTvelos televizia saerTod ar iyenebs, Ziri-
Tadad, uxmo kadrebs yovelTvis emateba Jurnalistis saubari.
komentarebi: ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom Jurnalistebi moekidnen am Temas pasuxis-
mgeblobiT, rac gulisxmobs mTeli samuSao redaqciis fexze dayenebas, am sityvis pir-
dapiri mniSvnelobiT. es exeba, „rusTavi-2“is Jurnalistebs. daviT qaSiaSvili ukve saqarT-
veloSi, adgilobrivi politikosebis misamZimrebisa Tu mxardamWer gancxadebebs erTad
uyrida Tavs.
orive televiziis Jurnalistebs ar aviwydebodaT, movlenebis epicentrSi, saqarT-
velos moqalaqeebis SesaZlo arsebobis SemTxvevebi. swored amitom, pirveli zari, yovelT-
vis iyo saqarTvelos elCTan.
sainteresoa, Tu ras fiqroben analitikosebi, eqspertebi momxdarze. „moambis“ eTer-
Si, mxolod dRis bolos gamoCnda aseTi Sefasebebi „kurieris“ SemTxvevaSi ki dRis pirvel
naxevarSi. mokle monologebi 3-4 eqspertTa mxridan, qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom erTi
ideis gavrcelebas emsaxureboda es komentarebi. maTi sruli umetesoba ruseTis politi-
kis mowinaaRmdege iyo da Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi „xels iTbobs“, „sargeblobs“, „iyenebs“
aseT movlenebs. am SemTxvevaSi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo eqspertebs daenaxebinaT bolo pe-
riodSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa Soris logikuri kvanZi, romelic ganxorcielda parizSi
da briuselSi.
ankara
eTikuri standartebi: am informaciis gaSuqebisas ucxour saitebze moZiebuli in-
formaciiT Semoifarglnen. TiTqos mayurebels Seugdes meorexarisxovani, Tema romelic
30
ar saWiroebs siRrmiseul CaRrmavebas. radgan sainformacio gamoSvebis specifika unda
iyos agebuli 3 ZiriTad principze: sizusteze, operatiulobaze da obieqturobaze.
qronometraJi: Jurnalistebi ar Casulan momxdaris adgilze da arc analitikosTa
mosazrebebiT dainteresebulan. „moambis“ SemTxvevaSi, ki informacia iyo zerele, zogadi,
bundovani da arasruli. 35 wuTi daeTmo „kurierSi“, xolo „moambeSi 44 wuTi.
mopovebuli kadrebi: informacia, romelic „rusTavi-2“-isa da „sazogadoebrivi mau-
wyeblis“ sainformacio gamoSvebebSi gaSuqda mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi, iyo mwiri. am afeT-
qebas ki 100-mde gardacvlili da 125-ze meti dazaralebuli mohyva.
17 Tebervlis teraqtze — sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis Jurnalistis mtkicebiT, sava-
raudod, erT-erTi teroristi qalia. moxda damnaSaveTa gayofa sqesis niSniT. rodesac sa-
varaudo damnaSaveTa Soris mamakacebi figurireben xazgasmiT arasdros xdeba maTi mox-
senieba, „rom erT-erTi damnaSave mamakacia“. erovnebis mixedviT ganasxvaves „rusTavi-2“-is
Jurnalistebma savaraudo eWvmitanili. xSirad, iyenebdnen qsenofobiur mtkicebulebas,
rom SesaZlo damnaSave „sirieli qurTebi“ arian. am SemTxvevaSi negatiuri yuradReba eq-
ceva erovnebas, romelsac terorizmTan kavSiri ar aqvs.
stamboli
eTikuri standartebi: gaugebaria, ra mizeziT daeTmo minimaluri yuradReba Tur-
qeTisa da ankaris teraqtebs, saqarTvelos mediaSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TurqeTi
samxreTel mezoblad iTvleba da uSualo mosazRvre qveyanaa, rac ar unda dasavluri
Rirebulebebisaken viswrafvodeT, ar unda dagvaviwydes teritoriuli siaxlove da mosa-
lodneli safrTxeebi, romelic SesaZloa Cvens teritoriazec aisaxos. amitom, yovlad
gaurkvevelia, ratom ar moaxdina saTanado reagireba qarTulma mediam am mniSvnelovan
movlenebze.
qronometraJi: TurqeTSi momxdar movlenebs, romelsac TiTqmis igive msxverpli
moyva (rogorc briuselSi), daeTmo Zalian mcire dro. 8 wuTi mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi
„kurierSi“, 4 wuTi „moambeSi“. Jurnalistebi movlenebis gaSuqebas studiidan gausvlelad
amjobinebdnen.
briuseli
eTikuri standartebi: qeTi qardavas mier warmodgenili informacia gamoirCeoda
emociurobiT, es SeiniSneboda mis xmaSic, misi mZime emociuri fonis miuxedavad, saubari ar
gadaiqca cariel panikad. igi cdilobda, maqsimalurad miukerZoeblad gadmoeca momxda-
ris detalebi. CarTvisas, iyenebda: satelefono saubars, „SKYPE“-s. Tumca, ferxdeboda
komunikaciis damyareba da iyo xarvezebi (xmis gawyveta, kavSiris damyareba, internetis
susti miwodebis xarisxis gamo) rac arTulebda informaciis aRqmas.
qronometraJi: 1,12 wuTi „kurierSi“,1,40 wuTi „moambeSi“. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,
gadaicemoda pirvel ganyofilebaSi da iyo dRis mTavari Tema. sainformacio gamoSvebebis
garda, analitikur gadacemebSic gagrZelda briuselis teraqtis Sesaxeb msjeloba.
komentarebi: socialuri qselebi amarTleben Tavis saxels da Jurnalistebic iyene-
ben maT, rogorc erT-erT sando wyaros. komentatoris rolSi, „kurieris“ Jurnalisti
sofo zurabiani mogvevlina. zaal udumaSvilis damajerebeli argumentis safuZvlad, TiT-
qos igi didi xani evropaSi cxovrobda da Tamamad SeeZlo Seefasebina teraqtebis masSta-
bebi. zurabianma marTlac wamoayena ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi, romelic idga briu-
selis winaSe. dasva mwvave magram ritorikuli SekiTxvebi.
lahori
eTikuri standartebi: 70 udanaSaulo adamianis daRupva maT Soris 30 bavSvis, namdvi-
lad ar aris umniSvnelo siaxle, romelic „ucxoeTis rubrikaSi“ unda vrceldebodes. mag-
31
ram, rogorc Cans, ase ar fiqrobs kvlevaSi ganxiluli ori televizia. amis magaliTi, ki
saxezea. pakistanis q. lahorSi momxdar afeTqebas, masmediis mxridan imaze naklebi yurad-
Reba daeTmo, vidre warmovidgendiT. qronometraJi, Zalzed mcirea, 4 wuTi „kurierSi“, 5
wuTi „moambeSi“.
qronometraJi: droiTi simciris garda, „niusis“ ganlageba sainformacio badeSic, ar
Seesabameboda momxdaris Sinaarss. (umravles SemTxvevaSi am Temaze gakeTebul siuJets
gadacemis miwuruls, sportisa da amindis prognozis doneze gadmoscemdnen).
komentarebi: arcerTi, analitikuri komentari, arcerTi konkretuli fraza. mxolod
varaudi. wamyvanma xazi gausva, rom aRdgomis dResaswaulze momxdari afeTqeba sabavSvo
moedanze qristianebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas unda niSnavdes. Jurnalistma ar CaTvala
saWirod, am Temis farTo WrilSi ganxilva, Tumca saintereso iqneboda analitikuri
msjeloba, rom religiuri niSniT adamianis mokvla 21-e saukuneSic grZeldeba.
mopovebuli kadrebi: iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelodan arcerTi Jurnalisti
ar Casula, kadrebi iyo mxolod sazRvargareTis mediis mier gadaRebuli.
am Temam ganviTareba da gagrZeleba ar hpova. yuradRebis nakleboba ki SeiZleba
ramdenime faqtoriT iyos ganpirobebuli: 1) pakistani ganviTarebis doniT qveda zRvarze
imyofeba; 2) ar aris evropis qveyana; 3) ar aris „natos“ wevri; 4) socialur-ekonomikuri do-
niT ganuviTarebel qveynad moiazreba; 5) ar moiazreba demokratiuli qveynebis siaSi;
6) aseTi Tavdasxmebi xSiria da aRiqmeba Cveulebriv movlenad.
daskvna: SerCeulia diametralurad sapirispiro informaciuli politikis mqone ori
telearxi gansxvavebuli prioritetebiTa da RirebulebebiT. gansxvavebulia aseve maTi
dafinansebis specifikac „sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli“ aris dafinansebuli mSp-is 15%-iT da
„rusTavi-2“ aris kerZo telesivrce. „sazogadoebrivi arxis“ principia, izrunos sazoga-
doebis TviTSegnebis amaRlebaze, kerZo — komerciuli televizia mogebazea orientirebuli.
saWiroa, rom mocemulma telearxebma gadaxedos im prioritetebs rac maT winaSea,
raTa sworad moaxdinon droisa da mniSvnelobis gadanawileba. aseve gaurkvevelia, ra
informaciuli politikis matareblebi arian isini, roca mezobeli qveynis teraqtebs
uTmoben minimalur dros, xolo parizisa da bruselis teraqtebs yvela movlenaze
prioritetulad Tvlian.
Jurnalisti yovelTvis didi pasuxismgeblobiT unda moekidos movlenebze muSaobas.
gansakuTrebiT Tu is televizia, sadac is muSaobs, aris „sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli“ an
erT-erTi reitinguli arxi, romelsac qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili uyurebs. ar Se-
iZleba ar gaJRerdes, rom „saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiam“ ramdenime sainte-
reso da saWiro rekomendaciebi warmoudgina Jurnalistebs teroristuli aqtebis gaSu-
qebasTan dakavSirebiT.
ramdenad paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, warmoiqmneba informaciuli vakuumi, erTi
mxriv, modis informaciis didi nakadi, meore mxriv, am informaciis sandooba da avTen-
turoba saeWvoa. swored amitom, roca ar aris gakeTebuli oficialuri gancxadeba arc sa-
xelmwifos arc samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan, informaciuli deficitis fonze,
Jurnalistebi cdiloben moiZios da gaaSuqos nebismieri saxis informacia, raTa Seavsos
samauwyeblo bade an, uaress SemTxvevaSi, avrcelebs TavianT mosazrebebs rac, arcTu
iSviaTad araobieqturia. swored amitom, mxolod gadamowmebuli informaciis unda
gavrceldes, raTa ar moxdes sazogadoebis dezinformireba.
32
ana zabaxiZe, eTiko SayuliSvili kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino WalaganiZe
regionuli mauwyeblobis gaSuqebis specifika Tanamedrove qarTul
samauwyeblo mediaSi
(telekompania „marneuli TV“ -is magaliTze)
saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierToba azerbaijanis demokratiul respublikasa da sa-
qarTvelos Soris pirvelad 1918 wels damyarda. 1920 wels ბolSevikebiს mier azerbaijanis
gasabWoebis Semdeg iqauri politikuri elitis nawili TbilisSi gadmovida, magram 1921
wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTveloc daipyro. 1922 wlis 30 dekemberს orive
qveyana სabWoTa kavSiriს nawili gaxda აmierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi
respublikiს SemadgenlobaSi, romelic 1936 wels gauqmda da Seiqmna სaqarTvelos, აzer-
baijanisა da სomxeTis ssr-ebi.
am viTarebam, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba 2 saxelmwifos Soris mWidro diplomatiuri,
kulturuli da sxva saxis kavSiri.
oficialurad, azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris diplomatiuri urTerTobebi
1992 wlis 18 noembers damyarda, mas Semdeg 100-ze meti saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebrivi
dokumenti arsebobs, romelic aregulirebs TanamSromlobis yvela sferos. (mudmivi
politikuri dialogi; TanamSromloba energetikis sferoSi;
TanamSromloba transportis sferoSi; ormxrivi savaWro urTierTobebi;
investiciebi; turizmi; sistematurad tardeba erTi qveynis kulturis dReebi meore
qveyanaSi, mis farglebSi imarTeba saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris kulturis sakiTxTa
komisiis sxdomebi, sadac ganixileba or qveyanas Soris kulturis sferoSi TanamSrom-
lobis mimarTulebebi).
droTa ganmavlobaSi gamovlenilma am megobrulma Tu diplomatiurma urTierT-
kavSirma ganapiroba azerbaijanSi qarTvelTa dasaxleba – analogiurad saqarTvelos teri-
toriazec.
azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 7%-s Seadgenen, maTi saerTo raodeno-
bis 19,2% qalaqad cxovrobs, danarCeni – soflad. bolo 2002 wlis aRweriT saqarTveloSi
cxovrobda 284,761 azerbaijaneli, maT Soris TbilisSi – 10,942.
eTnikur azerbaijanelTa yvelaze didi nawili saqarTveloSi marneulis terito-
riazea.
azerbaijanelebi 86.4%;
qarTvelebi 7.8%;
somxebi 5.2%;
rusebi 0.2%;
berZnebi 0.2%[2];
maTi raodenoba, qarTvelebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metia (daaxloebiT 80%-iT
meti).
azerbaijanelTa aseTma ricxobrivma upiratesobam, (gansakuTrebiT marneulis teri-
toriaze) Tavis mxriv ganapiroba, rom Seqmniliyo inovaciuri televizia, orenovani ma-
uwyeblobis formatiT, romelic adaptirebuli iqneboda rogorc qarTvelebisTvis, aseve
eTnikuri azerbaijanelebisaTvis.
33
2006 wels, Camoyalibda telekompania „marneuli TV“, imave wels aqtiurad SeuerTda
regionul mauwyebelTa asociaciis rigebs da, miuxedavad imisa, rom mauwyebloba praq-
tikulad nolidan, ganvadebiT SeZenili aparaturiT daiwyo, sakmaod did warmatebas miaR-
wia da mayurebelTa ndobac moipova.
2006 wlis 1 ivniss Seqmnilma televiziam, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sain-
tereso gza ganvlo. warmatebuli starti aRmoCnda „internius saqarTvelos“ fokusSi mox-
vedra, romelmac Semdgom didi roli iTamaSa rogorc personalis SerCevisa da gadam-
zadebis, ise teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis saqmeSi.
zogadad, am televiziaSi muSaoba, ra Tqma unda, sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli da
Jurnalistebic, romlebic aq saqmdebian, garkveul kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdnen.
erudireba, kompiuteruli unarCvevebis codna, profesionalizmi, lingvisturi mra-
valferovneba (sasurvelia azerbaijanuli da rusuli) SerCevis procesSi gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs. qarTuli enis srulyofili codnis gareSe ki televiziaSi dasaqmeba praqti-
kulad warmoudgenelia.
rTuli struqturidan gamomdinare, bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad warma-
tebulia orenovani televizia, da ra saxis xarvezebi ikveTeba mauwyeblobaSi.
kvlevis procesSi gamovlinda, rom mosaxleoba sakmaod dadebiTad aris ganwyobili
„marneuli TV“-is mimarT, maRalia ndobis xarisxic. Tavad televizia, TavisTavad did rols
TamaSobs mosaxleobis informirebis sakiTxSi, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom igi erTgvari
damakavSirebelicaa xalxsa da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas Soris, rac sakmaod kargad
vlindeba ormxriv procesSi „kiTxvebi gamgebelTan“, sadac mosaxleobas saSualeba aqvs
amomwuravad miiRos misTvis saintereso kiTxvebze pasuxi.
televizia Tavis mxriv fexs uwyobs qveyanaSi mimdinare mwvave procesebs. aqtiurad
aris CarTuli sagranto proeqtebSic, gamomdinare iqidan, rom dResdReobiT saqarT-
veloSi sakmaod did problemas warmoadgens qalTa mimarT Zaladoba, saeTero dro eTmoba
gadacemas „saubrebi qalTa sakiTxebze“, romelic sakmaod rezonansuli aRmoCnda.
telekompaniis zogadi saeTero bade gansxvavebuli da araerTgvarovania. drois
udidesi nawili eTmoba sainformacio gamoSvebebs, datvirTulia pirdapiri eTeriTa da
Toq-SouebiT. sxvadasxva saintereso gadacemebTan erTad ki, mauwyeblobis procesSi
vxvdebiT gansxvavebul, inovaciursa da erovnuli saqmisTvis sasargeblo „qarTuli enis
gakveTilebs“, romlebmac sakmaod did roli Seasrula sasaubro qarTulis daxvewaSi, igi
Tavis mxriv aviTarebs weriT unarebs da metyvelebis stils.
qarTul enaze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is dagegmili sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi, romelic pirdapir exeba telekompanias ris mixedviTac informacia mxolod
saxelmwifo enaze unda miawodon mosaxleobas. mogexsenebaT, rom marneulis mcxovrebTa
didma nawilma qarTuli ena ar icis; aqedan gamomdinare, „garbis“ informaciaze dayrd-
nobiT, maTTvis alternativa rusuli arxebis meSveobiT informaciis miReba iqneba, rac
SesaZloa rusul propagandaze wylis dasxmac ki aRmoCndes. „partnioroba Tavisufali ar-
CevnebisTvis“ saarCevno garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT sazogadoebas maT mier SemuSa-
vebuli rekomendaciebi warudgina.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis gaerTianebaSi acxadeben, rom mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb
kanonSi parlamentis mier pirveli mosmeniT miRebuli cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
mauwyeblobaze avtorizebuli licenzirebuli telemauwyebeli valdebulia, eTerSi prog-
ramebi mxolod saxelmwifo enaze gauSvas, aRniSnuli redaqciis saboloo damtkicebis
SemTxvevaSi, umciresobebis uflebebi SeizRudeba.
34
„regionul mauwyebelTa asociaciis“ aRmasrulebeli direqtoris naTia kupraSvilis
gancxadebiT ki am cvlilebebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri umciresobebi saarCevno
periodSi, sainformacio velis miRma darCebian. igi ganmartavs imasac, rom qvemo qarTlisa
da samcxe-javaxeTis adgilobrivma mosaxleobam qarTuli ena TiTqmis ar icis da mauwyeb-
lobis mxolod saxelmwifo enaze ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis alternativa
SesaZlebelia rusuli arxebi gaxdes.
zogadad televiziis reitings ganapirobebs misi gavrcelebisa da dafarvis areali.
saqarTveloSi arsebul regionul televiziebs es problema ase Tu ise dRemde gaaCnia,
Tumca, „marneuliTV“-s es problema met-naklebad mogvarebuli aqvs. cifruli muqsis
saSualebiT, garda marneulisa televizia mauwyeblobs bolnissa da TeTri wyaros muni-
cipalitetebSi.global TV-s saSualebiT ki praqtikulad mTel saqarTvelos faravs.
mniSvnelovania, rom globaluri internetizaciis pirobebSi, internet portali
myvideo.ge onlain da gadaxvevis reJimebTan erTad, exmareba im adamianebs, visac telekom-
paniaze xeli ar miuwvdeba.
arxis mier ganTavsebuli siuJetebi moTxovnadia youtube-zec, rasac erT-erTi
videos mnaxvelTa raodenoba adasturebs, igi 10 000-s aWarbebs.
moTxovnadobidan gamomdinare, telekompania mauwyeblobs onlain reJimSic,
www.marneuliTv.ge-s saSualebiT. zogadad saiti multifunqciuria. dayofilia Tematikis
mixedviT. aq ganTavsebulia Sesabamisobis deklaracia, informacia TanamSromlebis Sesa-
xeb, aseve organizaciis misia. darTulia sareklamo drois finansuri mxarec (Sps „marneuli
tv“ sareklamo praisi, fasdaklebebi wuTobrivi paketebis mixedviT, erTi wuTis Ri-
rebulebaa 30 lari +18%dRg=35l 40T).
mxolod sainformacio gamoSvebebSi erTi wuTis Rirebulebaa 60 lari +18% dRg=70l
80T.
paketi 40 wT-dan – 3%;
paketi 50 wT-dan – 5%;
paketi 60 wT-dan – 10%;
paketi 75 wT-dan – 15%;
paketi 90 wT-dan – 20%;
paketi 105 wT-dan – 25%;
paketi 120 wT-dan – 25%;
paketi 135 wT-dan – 30%;
paketi 150 wT-dan – 33%;
paketi 165 wT-dan – 35%;
paketi 170 wT-dan – 36%
paketi 185 wT-dan – 38%;
paketi 195 wT-dan – 39%;
paketi 205 wT-dan– 40%;
paketi 220 wT-dan – 42%;
gancxadeba — erTi sityvis Rirebuleba 50 TeTri + dRg;
erT wuTamde sareklamo rgolis gadaReba da montaJi 210 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;
saeTero dro — erTi wuTis Rirebuleba 50 lari+dRg;
fasebi politikuri reklamisTvis;
35
wuTis fasi arapraimTaimSi – 80 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;
wuTis fasi praimTaimSi 19sT–22 sT – 150 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;
wuTis fasi saeTero dro, pirdapiri eTeri – 65 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;
(SeniSvna: politikuri reklamis Rirebuleba fasdaklebas ar eqvemdebareba).
vizitors Tavisuflad SeuZlia moiZios televiziis saeTero bade, aqve gaecnos
amindis prognozs, ixilos kalendari da valutis kursic. saits aqvs arqivic, sadac SesaZ-
lebelia Zveli gadacemebis moZieba. es, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs arxis gamWirvaleobas,
radgan aq warmodgenilia yvela mniSvnelovani informacia da darTulia administracias-
Tan sakontaqto rekvizitebic.
telekompanias memorandumi mxolod „studi re“-sTan aqvs, rac gadacemebis miwodebas
gulisxmobs. ar aSuqebs azerbaijanSi mimdinare socialur-politikur movlenebs da arc
specialurad mivlenili korespondenti hyavs, Tumca, samomavlod gegmavs mraval refor-
mas, ganaxlebas, gafarToebas da sxva inovaciebis danergvas.
mosaxleobaSi arsebuli enobrivi barieridan gamomdinare, msgavs televizias sasi-
cocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan misi saSualebiT balansdeba informaciis miwodeba
rogorc qarTul, ise azerbaijanul enovani mosaxleobisaTvis. rogorc marneuli TV-s di-
reqtori, batoni Salva SublaZe acxadebs“ „momavalSi „marneuli TV“ mosaxleoba unda elo-
dos ufro met mxardaWeras vidre aqamde iyo.”
(naSromSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi informacia Sesabamisi iyo kvlevis periodisaTvis
da SesaZloa dRes Zveli formiT aRar vxvdebodeT.)
36
lia zambaxiZe ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar kinwuraSvili
mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba,
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxi
(20.10.14-02.11.14 – 14.12.15-28.12.15)
kvlevis sagani: mediis angariSvaldebulebebi ayalibebs missave funqciebs, romelTa
Soris umTavresi sazogadoebis yvela wevris saWiroebebis asaxva da Camoyalibebuli ste-
reotipebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. es ukanaskneli avaldebulebs mediasaSualebebs, gaaSuqon
mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da gaiTvaliswinon sazogadoebis TiToeu-
li warmomadgenlis interesebi.
sainteresoa, rogor asrulebs sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli aRniSnul valdebulebebs,
romelsac mas kanoni da auditoriis garkveuli segmenti akisrebs. is movalea, warmoad-
gendes sazogadoebis nebismieri jgufis interesebis damcvels. amasTan, saWiroa, rom aR-
niSnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebisa da gaSuqebis procesi ar iyos prioriteti mxolod
konfliqtis, daZabulobis, negatiuri incidentisa da dapirispirebebis dros.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis mizans warmoadgens gamoavlinos ara marto
is, Tu ra sixSiriT da rogor xdeba mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ga-
Suqeba, aramed gviCvenos:
1. rodis interesdeba media mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT;
2. aris Tu ara Tavad iniciatori, miawodos sazogadoebas misi TiToeuli wevris in-
teresebi da saWiroebebi;
kvlevis obieqti: kvlevis obieqtia saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli
arxis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba – „moambe“ 20:00 saaTze. aq Jurnalistebi dRis mniS-
vnelovan movlenebs ajameben da sazogadoebas yvelaze saWiro da aqtualur informacias
awvdian.
dRis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba praim-TaimSi gadis eTerSi. es swored is droa,
roca mayureblis ricxvi sakmaod maRal niSnulamde adis da amasTan, misi Semadgenlobac
SedarebiT mravalferovania. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, ramdenad warmoadgens mocemuli
mediasaSualebis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris xmas
sajaro sivrceSi, ra sixSiriT uTmobs tribunas umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs da rogor
aSuqebs maT interesebsa da saWiroebebs.
kvlevis meTodologia: winamdebare angariSi mravalferovnebis pirvelad ganzomile-
bebs asaxavs, iseTs rogoricaa: genderi, seqsualuri identoba, gansakuTrebuli saWiroe-
bebis mqone pirebi da religiuri kuTvnileba.
monitoringi drois or sxvadasxva monakveTSi Catarda. pirveli etapi 2014 wlis 20
oqtombridan 2 noembramde Sualeds asaxavs. meore etapi ki – 2015 wlis 14 dekembridan 28
dekembramde periods.
kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, mocemuli periodebi mravalferovnebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mimdinare movlenebis TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania.
pirveli monakveTi „qalTa mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg“ mimdinare kampanias, ilias
saxelmwifo universitetis leqtoris – maka wivwivaZis mkvlelobasa da adigenSi, adgilob-
rivi muslimebis saprotesto aqcias emTxveva.
37
rac Seexeba meore etaps, am SemTxvevaSi, movlenebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,
neitraluri periodi SeirCa.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli raodenobrivi meTodebis saSualebiT dadgindeba, ramdenad
intensiurad Suqdeba mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi „moambeSi“. am SemT-
xvevaSi mTavaria Semdegi aspeqtebi:
1. mTavari sainformacio gamoSvebis saerTo drois ra nawils ikavebs mravalfe-
rovnebasTn dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;
2. mravalferovnebis pirveladi gaznomilebebidan romeli maTgani ra intensivobiT
Suqdeba;
amas garda mniSvnelovani iyo mocemuli ori periodis Sedareba, mravalferovnebasTn
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis intensivobis kuTxiT. ase Cven SevZlebT davadginoT,
rodis xdeba mediisTvis aqtualuri umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
rac Seexeba Tvisobriv meTodebs, maTi saSualebiT SevafasebT, mravalferovnebasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebze muSaobisas, rogoraa daculi profesiuli da eTikuri normebi,
romelsac medias „saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“, „mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeq-
si“ da „eTikis qartia“ uwesebs.
gaSuqebis standartebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT mediis mravalferovnebis insti-
tutis mier SemuSavebuli standartebi. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vecadeT dagvedgina
rogor asrulebs sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxi Semdeg sakiTxebs:
mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis inicireba da ara mxolod pro-
tokoluri gaSuqeba;
umciresobebi rogorc masalis „subieqtebi“ da ara „obieqtebi“;
eTnikuri, religiuri Tu socialuri dapirispirebis saTaaveebTan misvla da
realuri mizezebis Zieba;
umciresobebis realuri interesebisa da saWiroebebis Cveneba;
sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis sworad,
siZulvilis enis gareSe gadmocema;
movlenebis ganviTarebis bolomde gaSuqeba.
sakanonmdeblo normebi da regulaciebi: mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiT-
xebis gaSuqebis regulirebis CarCo dokuments „mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni
warmoadgens.
kanonis 50-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnulma komisiam „ma-
uwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsi“ SeimuSava. dokuments ar gaaCnia kanonis Zala da misi implemen-
taciac TviTregulirebis doneze xdeba.
amas garda, sazogadoebriv mauwyebels sakuTari qcevis kodeqsi gaaCnia, romelSic
calkeuli Tavi eTmoba mravaflerovnebis gaSuqebis sakiTxebs.
„mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis meTeqvsmete muxli mauwyeblebs Sinaar-
sobriv valdebulebebs uwesebs:
„T“ qvepunqtis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli valdebulia: „programebSi asa-
xos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli eTnikuri, kulturuli, enobrivi, religiuri, asakobrivi da
genderuli mravalferovneba;“
rac Seexeba mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqss, is Semdeg regulacias uwesebs sazogadoeb-
riv mauwyebels:
muxli 31. mravalferovnebisa, Tanasworobisa da Semwynareblobis principi:
38
mauwyebelma Tavi unda Seikavos iseTi masalis gamoqveynebisgan, romelic gaaRvivebs
siZulvils an aratolerantobas rasis, enis, sqesis, religiuri kuTvnilebis, politikuri
Sexedulebebis, eTnikuri, geografiuli an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze.
amasTan, mauwyebeli valdebulia ganaTavsos zusti, sarwmuno da dabalansebuli in-
formacia. man pativi unda sces azris sindisis da rwmenis Tavisuflebas (muxli 32).
kodeqsis mixedviT, mauwyebelma Tavi unda aaridos SecdomaSi Semyvani gancxadebebis
gakeTebas da xeli ar unda Seuwyos stereotipebis Camoyalibebas. amas garda, 33-e muxlSi
Camoyalibebulia is saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebi, romliTac mediasaSualebam mraval-
ferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas unda ixelmZRvanelos.
profesiul standartebsa da arxis eTikur principebs gansazRvravs aseve sazogado-
ebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi. is 2006 welsaa miRebuli da programisadmi ndobis
gazrdas isaxavs miznad.
kodeqsis 15 Tavi programaSi mravalferovnebis asaxvas exeba. aq calke qveTavebadaa
ganxiluli, rogor unda aSuqebdes mauwyebeli religiur, eTnikur, seqsualur umcire-
sobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. ra terminologias unda iyenebdes qalebTan da gansa-
kuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas da a.S.
zogadad, kodeqsis am Tavis mizans warmoadgens „srulfasovnad da samarTlianad ga-
aSuqos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxi da kultura, pativi sces eTnikuri da reli-
giuri umciresobebis uflebebs da xeli Seuwyos maT ganviTarebas“.11
mauwyeblebs garkveul regulacias uwesebs Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiac, romlis
me-7 muxlis mixedviT: „Jurnalists unda esmodes mediis mier diskriminaciis waxalisebis
safrTxe; amitom yvelaferi unda iRonos nebismieri piris diskriminaciis Tavidan asaci-
leblad rasis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, enis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexe-
dulebebis, erovnuli an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze an raime sxva niSniT“.
amas garda, aucileblad unda moviyvanoT adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisufle-
baTa dacvis konvecia, romlis me-10 Tavis mixedviT: „yvelas aqvs ufleba gamoxatvis Ta-
visuflebisa. es ufleba moicavs piris Tavisuflebas, hqondes Sexedulebebi, miiRos an
gaavrcelos informacia Tu mosazrebebi sajaro xelisuflebis Caurevlad da saxelmwifo
sazRvrebis miuxedavad“.
moyvanili muxli, Tavis mxriv, mediasac avaldebulebs, pativi sces sazogadoebis yo-
veli wevris uflebas, gaavrcelos nebismieri jgufisTvis saWiro informacia da iyos audi-
toriis TiToeuli warmomadgenlis interesebis damcveli.
literaturis mimoxilva: empiriuli nawilis sworad gaazrebasa da ganxilvaSi
mravalferovnebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli literatura dagvexmara.
Tavisufali institutis saxelmZRvaneloSi – „Tavisufleba“ gamoqveynebulia masme-
diis mravalferovnebis institutis direqtoris, milica peSicis naSromi „mravalferov-
nebis gaSuqeba: media – sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis saSualeba“.
`mravalferovnebis“ dabalansebuli, samarTliani da zusti asaxva saSualebas aZlevs
Jurnalistebs, ufro mravalsaxovani gaxadon da gaamdidron media; ufro mWidro kontaqti
daamyaron auditoriasTan; moipovon imaTi ndobac, visac miaCnda, rom media ar asaxavda maT
cxovrebas da Sexedulebebs“.12 — aRniSnulia naSromSi.
11 sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi. 2006 w. Tavi 15. gv 46. 12 milica peSici – „mravalferovnebis gaSuqeba: media – sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis sa-
Sualeba“; „Tavisufleba“ 2003 w. 10 .
39
aqve avtori samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi Catarebuli monitoringis Ziri-
Tad daskvnebsa da mravalferovnebis institutis rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs umcireso-
bebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis profesionalurad gaSuqebisaTvis.
„media eTika da profesiuli standartebi“ – mediis ganviTarebis fondis mier gamoce-
muli TviTregulirebis gzamkvlevia, romlis calkeuli Tavebi homofobiasTan, seqsualur
Zaladobasa da SSm pirebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis ganxilvas eTmoba. gzamkvlevSi
aRniSnuli kuTxiT 2013 wels sxvadasxva mediasaSualebebSi aRmoCenili xarvezebi da reko-
mendaciebia gaerTianebuli.
rac Seexeba „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRvanelos“, is devid taleris avto-
robiT „mediis mravalferovnebis institutma“ 2004 wels gamosca. masSi garkveuli maga-
liTebi da rekomendaciebia warmodgenili, Tu rogor unda imuSaos Juralistma mraval-
ferovnebasTn dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
calkeul Tavebadaa dayofili zogadi rekomendaciebi, aseve genderTan, seqsualur,
eTnikur, religiur umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli qeisebi da rCevebi.
mravalferovnebis calkeul ganzomilebebze mediis ganviTarebis fondsac aqvs ga-
moqveynebuli ramdenime kvleva, romlebic genderul da eTnikur umciresobebs Seexeba.
erT-erTi bolo angariSi, romlis calkeul komponents mravalferovnebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba Seadgens, Jurnalisturi eTikis qartias ekuTvnis. is saqar-
Tvelos sazogadoebriv mauwyeblebs Seexeba da 2014 wlis 15 oqtombridan 15 dekembramde
periods moicavs.
kvlevaSi calke Tavi eTmoba socialur Tematikas, umciresobebsa da maT integracias.
angariSis mixedviT, sxvadasxva daucveli fenebis Sesaxeb Temebi calkeul sainformacio
gamoSvebebSi maSin xdeboda aqtualuri, roca mimdinare axal ambebs ukavSirdeboda.
monacemTa analizi
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi
kvlevis pirveli periodi
raodenobrivma kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis mTavar sainformacio
gamoSvebaSi gasuli 182 Temidan mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs mxolod 18 maTgani Seexeboda,
rac saerTo eTeris 9%-s Seadgens (diagrama 1).
N1 "მოამბე" 20:00 საათზე
91%
9%
სხვა საკითხები მრავალფეროვნებასთან დაკავშირებული საკითხები
40
rac Seexeba TviTon mravalferovnebis pirvelad ganzomilebebs, umciresobebTan
dakavSirebuli Tematikis saerTo raodenobaSi (18 Tema) maTi mimarTeba Semdegnairi iyo:
genderi – 39%, religiuri umciresobebi – 44%, lgbt Tematika – 6%, gansakuTrebuli
saWiroebebis mqone pirebi — 11% (diagrama 2).
N2 "მოამბე" 20:00 საათზე
მრავალფეროვებასთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება
39%
45%
5%
11%
გენდერი
რელიგიური უმცირესობები
ლგბტ თემატიკა
განსაკუთრებულისაჭიროებების მქონე პირები
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom genderTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis sruli umravlesoba
mimdinare axal ambebs gadmoscemda. mocemuli 39%-dan arcerTi masala ar momzadebula
mediis iniciativiT. TiToeuli maTgani im periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis, aqciebis,
angariSebis, samTavrobo Sexvedrebisa da iniciativebis meqanikur asaxvas warmoadgenda.
aRniSnuli tendencia meordeba danarCen SemTxvevaSic. gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis
mqone pirebiT, lgbt TematikiTa da religiuri umciresobebis problematikiT daintere-
sebis mizezi mimdinare dapirispireba an protesti gaxda.
pirveli periodisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlevis meore monakveTSi (14.12.15-28.12.15) arcer-
Ti wuTi daTmobia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
Tu mocemul orkvirian (14 dRian) periodebs SevadarebT davinaxavT, rom kvlevis
pirvel periodSi mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs yvelaze meti dro daeTmo mesame dRes – 22
oqtombers, roca adigenis raionSi adgilobrivma muslimebma saprotesto gamosvlebi
daiwyes. situaciis ganmuxtvasTan erTad umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis raode-
nobac iklebs, bolo dReebSi ki nuls utoldeba (diagrama 3).
Tvisobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi:
rac Seexeba Tvisobriv nawils, mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSu-
qebisas, media mxolod faqtebis konstantacias axdenda, ar Canda analizi da Tematika
siRrmiseulad ar iyo gaSuqebuli. darRvevebi gamovlinda Semdegi mimarTulebiT:
umciresobebi, rogorc masalis „subieqtebi“ da ara „obieqtebi“
oci oqtombris mTavar sainformacio gamoSvebaSi bolo Temad gavida qarTul-eb-
rauli urTierTobis 26 saukunovani iubile. RonisZebas israelidan 120-kaciani sam-
Tavrobo delegacia stumrobda. komentari mxolod premier-ministrma da delegaciis erT-
erTma wevrma gaakeTes. siuJetSi ar iyo warmodgenili saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelebis
mosazreba.
41
sofel moxeSi religiuri umciresobebis saprotesto aqcia 22 oqtombris „moambis“
mTavar Temad iqca. gamoSvebis bolos, vasil ivanov-Ciqovanis bloki sofel moxaSi mdebare
Senobis garSemo arsebuli dapirispirebis gamo, aqciis dros dakavebuli ToTxmeti ad-
gilobrivi muslimis mdgomareobasa da samarTaldamcavebTan Setakebas Seexeboda. Jur-
nalistis kiTxvebs saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli religiuri sabWos wevri sofio Samaniri
da umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze saqarTvelos prezidentis mrCeveli ani
kacitaZe pasuxobda. blokSi monawileoba ar miuRia religiuri umciresobebis warmomad-
genels. aRniSnulis mizezi Jurnalists ar ganumartavs.
eTnikuri, religiuri Tu socialuri dapirispirebis saTaveebTan misvla da realuri
mizezebis Zieba;
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampania da sofel moxeSi mimdinare
dapirispireba „moambis“ mTavar gamoSvebaSi ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad Suqde-
boda.
23 oqtombers sainformacio gamoSvebis mTavar Temad kvlav sofel moxes incidenti
darCa. adgilobrivi muslimebi Senobis statussa da aqciis monawileebis dakavebis faqts
aprotestebdnen. Sewyvetili iyo saswavlo procesic. rogorc siuJetSi erT-erTi adgi-
lobrivi muslimi acxadebda, bavSvebs skolaSi religiuri niSniT diskriminaciis gamo ar
uSvebdnen.
miuxedavad CamoTvlili faqtebisa amave Temaze momzadebuli masalebSi arcerTi
wuTi daTmobia Jurnalistis mxridan Semdegi sakiTxebis dazustebasa da gamoZiebas:
1. problemis warmoSobis realuri mizezebis Zieba, rac SesaZloa diskirminaciis
faqtebi iyos;
2. skolaSi arsebuli situacia da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi religiuri umcireso-
bebis mimarT damokidebuleba;
3. aqciis monawileebis dakavebis legitimuroba da policiis mxridan Zalis gadame-
tebis SesaZleblobis gamoZieba.
rac Seexeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobas, am SemTxvevaSi siuJetebi mxolod kancela-
riasTan mimdinare aqciebs, „axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis“ mier dagegmili kvlevas,
samTavrobo iniciativebsa da saxalxo damcvelis angariSs Seexeboda. masalebSi ar umsje-
liaT problemebis warmoSobis realur mizezebsa da am mxriv arsebul saWiroebebze.
umciresobebis realuri interesebis, saWiroebebis Cveneba
aRniSnuli punqti, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis intensiur, pozitiur gaSuqebas umciresobebis realuri saWiroebebis CvenebiT.
monitoringis procesSi „moambeSi“ erTaderTi siuJeti Seexo gansakuTrebuli saWi-
roebebis mqone pirebs. 21 oqtombers gasul masalaSi „SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
pirebis mSobelTa komitetis“ mier mTavrobis saxelze momzadebul peticiaze isaubres.
siuJetSi 16 wlis giorgis magaliTze aCvenes is problemebi, romlebic am kuTxiT qveyanaSi
arsebobs. rac Seexeba komentarebs, mTavar moTxovnebsa da problemebze SezRuduli SesaZ-
leblobebis mqone pirebis mSobelTa komitetis wevrma – naTia SarvaZem isaubra. sazo-
gadoebis mxridan damokidebulebis Secvlasa da aRsrulebis meqanizmebis araefeqturo-
baze gaamaxvila yuradReba „koalicia damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis“ Tavmjdomarem rati
ionaTamiSvilma. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon rati ionaTamiSvili gansakuTrebuli saWi-
roebebis mqone piria, siuJetSi naklebad Canda Tavad problemis winaSe mdgari pirebis sur-
vilebi da saWiroebebi. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom „moambis“ mizani ara problemebze sau-
42
bari da maTi mogvarebis gzebis Cveneba, aramed komitetis mier momzadebuli peticiis
wardgenis procesis gaSuqeba iyo.
sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis sworad, siZul-
vilis enis gareSe gadmocema.
29 oqtombris „moambeSi“ erT-erTi siuJeti Seexeboda arsamTavrobo organizaciebis
moTxovnas, romlis mixedviTac, mesame seqtoris zogierTi warmomadgeneli diasporis
sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris moadgiles Tanamdebobis datovebisken mouwodebdnen.
maTi protesti sagazeTo publikacias ukavSirdeboda, romlis safuZvelzec arasamTavro-
bo organizacia „identobas“ generaluri direqtori irakli vaWaraZe sandro bregaZes mu-
qaraSi adanaSaulebda.
statiaSi sandro bregaZe erTujredians uwodebs vaWaraZes, romelmac patriarqze
gamoTqva sakuTari azri da moRalated moixsenia. bregaZis argumentiT mis religiur
grZnobebs miayenes Seuracxyofa.
siuJetSi orive mxaresTan erTad moyvanilia saparlamento umravlesobis wevris,
gedevan fofxaZis komentaric, romelic diasporis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris moad-
giles Tmenis valdebulebas axsenebs.
masalaSi mxolod aRniSnuli diskriminaciis faqtia gadmocemuli realuri proble-
mis ganxilvis gareSe. aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom umciresobebTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebi konfliqtis, maT mimarT siZulvilis enis gamoyenebisa da diskri-
minaciis dros xdeba aqtualuri. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic, masala mxolod konkretul,
negatiur faqtzea aqcentirebuli.
movlenebis ganviTarebis bolomde gaSuqeba rogorc monitoringis raodenobrivi
kvlevis Sedegi aCvenebs, moambe monitoringis periodis bolo etapze ar Sexebia mraval-
ferovnebis sakiTxebs arcerT konteqstSi.
sofel moxeSi dapirispirebis Sesaxeb moambis bolo monacemebiT gamgeobam reabili-
taciis procesi SeaCera, Senobas policia icavs, dakavebuli ToTxmeti piridan sami gamouS-
ves, danarCeni TerTmetisTvis ganaCeni ar gamoutaniaT, mxareebs Soris konsultaciebi
mimdinareobs Senobis statusis dasadgenad da konkretuli mxaris mflobelobaSi gadasa-
cemad. aRniSnulis Semdeg, monitoringis procesSi, „moambe“ Temas aRar dabrunebia.
ar gaSuqebula aseve 21 oqtombers „SSm pirebis mSobelTa komitetis“ mier Sedgenili
peticiis Sedegebi. kerZod, moTxovnebis Seusruleblobis SemTvevaSi siuJetis bolos „Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis mSobelTa komitetma“ aqcia daaanonsa, Tumca mo-
nitoringis periodSi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli Temas aRar dabrunebia. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi darCa daiwyo Tu ara Sesabamisma uwyebebma problemebis
mogvarebaze zrunva, axla ra mdgomareobaSi arian siuJetis gmirebi da zogadad ra keTdeba
gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone pirebis sazogadoebaSi metad integrirebisTvis.
rac Seexeba kvlevis meore etaps, am periodisTvis „moambis“ prioriteti vizalibe-
ralizacia, saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTled levan murusiZis daniSvna, e.w. Sewya-
lebis saqme da samTavrobo cvlilebebi aRmoCnda.
wina periodisgan gansxvavebiT, mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba saerTod ar Sexebia
mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
25 dekembris „moambeSi“ erT-erTi bolo Tema kaTolikuri Soba da misi aRniSvna iyo.
siuJetSi mimoixiles rogor Sexvda kaTolikuri samyaro dResaswauls. moyvanili iyo
nawyveti romis papis saSobao qadagebidanac.
43
masalaSi arcerTi wuTi daTmobia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb religiuri umciresobis
warmomadgenlebs. arc baptistur-evangelistur da kaTolikur eklesiebSi gamarTuli
RvTismsaxurebebis amsaxveli videomasala gauSviaT eTerSi da arc Sesabamisi konfesis
warmomadgenlisTvis miuciaT saSualeba gamoexataT sakuTari emociebi da mosazrebebi.
ZiriTadi mignebebi:
media mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs mxolod mimdinare, daZabuli movlenebis SemTxve-
vaSi aSuqebda;
mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas sazogadoebrivi mauwyeb-
lis pirveli arxis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba, umetesad, protokoluri niusebiT
Semoifargleboda;
Jurnalistebi bolomde ar miyvebiodnen Temas da ar gvaCvenebdnen situaciis ganviTa-
rebas an problemis mogvarebis gzebs;
pozitivTan dakavSirebul masalebSi umciresobebi warmodgenilni iyvnen rogorc
masalis obieqtebi. rogorc movlenis subieqtebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ar eZleodaT sa-
kuTari azris dafiqsirebis saSualeba.
monitoringis procesSi ar gasula siuJeti umciresobebis cxovrebis, kulturisa da
Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, rac xels SeuSlida stereotipebis Camoyalibebas.
daskvna:
sazogadoebrivi mauyebeli sakuTari qcevis kodeqsis mTavar mizans „srulfasovnad
da samarTlianad gaaSuqos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xaxli da kultura, pativi sces
eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis uflebebs da xeli Seuwyos maT ganviTarebas“ pe-
riodulad emsaxureba.
kvlevis orma sxvadasxva periodma cxadyo, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis obieqtiv-
Si mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mxolod konfliqturi situaciis,
radiklizmis, daZabulobisa da negativis SemTxvevaSi xvdeba.
amasTan unda iTqvas, rom mTavari sainformacio gamoSvebis dRis wesrigs mimdinare
movlenebi, saprotesto aqciebi, preskonferenciebi da politikosebis komentarebi adgens,
Tavad media ki iSviaTad xdeba umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis win wamowevisa da
ganxilvis iniciatori, gansakuTrebiT pozitiur konteqstSi.
rekomendaciebi:
1. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirvelma arxma da misma mTavarma sainformacio ga-
moSvebam, rogoc saogadoebis winaSe gansakuTrbuli valdebulebebis mqone gadacemam, pri-
oritetuli unda gaxados mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba;
2. umciresobebisaTvis saeTero drois daTmoba ar unda moxdes mxolod negativisa da
dapirispirebis SemTvevaSi;
3. sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma xeli unda Seuwyos umciresobebis mimarT Semrigeb-
luri da tolerantuli damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebis process;
4. „moambem“ unda gaaSuqos umciresobebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba, maTi Sexedule-
bebi, interesebi, raTa sazogadoebam SeZlos realuri suraTis danaxva da miReba;
5. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxis warmomadgenlebma unda gaacnobieron,
rom mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis intensiuri da sistemuri gaSuqeba
xels SeuSlis stereotipebisa da mastigmatizirebeli Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.
bolos SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom samauwyeblo mediam, rogorc masobrivi komunikaciis
farTod gavrcelebulma saSualebam sazogadoebis nebismieri warmomamdgenlis interesi
unda daicvas. is valdebulia TiToeuli maTganis xma miitanos auditoriamde. es valde-
buleba SesaZlebelia ormxrivad momgebiani aRmoCndes. erTi mxriv sazogadoebisTvis, ro-
44
melic swored rom umciresobebisgan Sedgeba. meore mxriv ki mediisTvis – „am SemTxvevaSi
masmediis warmomadgenlebi movlenaTa ufro farTo speqtrs gaaSuqeben, maT saSualeba
miecemaT amJamad viwrod dayofili bazris ufro didi nawili daikavon. isini aRmoaCenen,
rom SeuZliaT gaaZlieron TavianTi kavSirebi potenciur auditoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT
ki maTTan, visac arasdros ugrZvniaT, rom maT cxovrebasa da perspeqtivebs pativs scemen
an kargad aSuqeben“ (devid taleri).
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. „media eTika da profesiuli standartebi“, 2013.
2. „Tavisufleba“ – Tavisuflebis institutis saxelmZRvanelo, 2014.
3. „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRanelo“, 2004.
4. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi, 2006.
5. saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb.
6. mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsi.
7. Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia.
8. devid taleri – „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRanelo“, 2004, gv.17.
45
ekonomikuri mecnierebani
daviT ToTaZe kavkasiis universiteti, bakalavriati,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori akaki comaia
socialuri mewarmeoba da saqarTvelo
ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze sul ufro xSirad ismis termini „socialuri mewar-
meoba“. igi gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aramomgebiani organizaciebis mier damkvidrda,
rodesac maT daiwyes sakuTari biznesebis amoqmedeba usaxlkaro, SSmp da sxva riskis qveS
myofi adamianebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. misi gansakuTrebiT dinamiuri
ganviTareba 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri mewarmeobis
samoqmedo areali msoflios masStabiT sul ufro izrdeba, terminis erTmniSvnelovani da
mkafio ganmarteba dRemde ar arsebobs.
dRes sxvadasxva qveyanaSi socialuri mewarmeoba gansxvavebuli praqtikiT xorci-
eldeba da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteba. Tumca yvela am ganmartebas erTi
ram aqvs saerTo, es aris biznes midgoma socialuri miznebisTvis. imisTvis, rom socialuri
mewarmeobis arsi ukeT gaxdes gasagebi, gavecnoT mis erT-erT ganmartebas. socialuri
mewarmeobis aliansis (Social Enterprise Alliance)13 ganmartebiT, socialuri sawarmo aris „or-
ganizacia an sawarmo, romelic axorcielebs socialur misias samewarmeo, Semosavlis mom-
tani strategiebiT“. socialur sawarmoebs SeiZleba hqondeT sxvadasxva forma da zoma,
Tumca yvela maTgans aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli maxasiaTeblebi, rac ganasxvavebs maT Cve-
ulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobisgan. 1996 wels Seqmnilma evropulma kvleviTma qselma
(European Research Network – EMES)14, romlis mizansac socialuri mewarmeobis irgvliv Teo-
riuli da praqtikuli codnis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, SeimuSava garkveuli kriteriu-
mebi,15 romelsac unda akmayofilebdes socialuri sawarmo. kriteriumebi sam jgufad aris
dayofili: ekonomikuri (The economic criteria), socialuri (The social criteria) da Tanamonawileo-
biTi (The governance criteria) marTvis kriteriumebi. ar aris aucilebeli, rom socialuri sa-
warmo akmayofilebdes SemuSavebul cxrave kriteriums. es aris erTgvari „idealuri soci-
aluri sawarmos“ maxasiaTeblebi da warmoadgens TviTSefasebis instruments socialuri
sawarmoebisTvis.
socialuri sawarmo imyofeba sami seqtoris: saxelmwifo, kerZo da mesame seqtoris
gzajvaredinze. maTi gadakveTa iZleva Zalian karg safuZvels mesame seqtoris ganviTare-
bisaTvis. mesame seqtorSi socialuri sawarmoebis Seqmna ganapiroba seqtorSi da zogadad
garemoSi arsebulma dinamikam. am cvlilebebis Sedegad fondebma an SeiTavses ekonomikuri
saqmianobebi an Seiqmna organizaciebi, romlebc socialur sawarmoebad Camoyalibdnen.
imisaTvis, rom ufro cxadad davinaxoT Tu ra adgili ukavia socialur mewarmeobas
arsebul organizaciaTa Soris, romlebic socialur aqtivobebs axorcieleben, gamo-
13 www.socialenterprise.us. 14 www.emes.net. 15 saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri (2013) socialuri mewarmeo-
bis saxelmZRvanelo. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf გვ. 10-11.
46
viyenoT kim alteris (Kim Alter) naSromi16. avtori met-naklebad, saerTo klasifikaciisaT-
vis gvTavazobs organizaciebis gamoyofa moxdes misi socialuri da ekonomikuri sawyi-
sebis mixedviT. Sedegad miviRebT sam jgufs: (1) absoluturad saqvelmoqmedo organi-
zaciebi, (2) absoluturad komerciuli kompaniebi da (3) am oris sinTezis Sedegad miRebu-
li hibridi. socialuri sawarmo swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba, Tumca srulad mainc
ar faravs mis speqtrs.
hibriduli speqtri17
socialuri motivi ekonomikuri motivi
dainteresebul pirTa angariSvaldebuleba aqcionerTa angariSvaldebuleba
socialur programebSi reinvestireba mogebis aqcionerTa Soris ganawileba
socialuri sawarmos socialuri miznebis speqtri iseve mravalferovania, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis samoqmedo sferoebi. es organizaciebi sxvadasxva gziT
aRweven garemoSi socialur cvlilebas da sxvadasxvagvar rols TamaSoben sazogadoebaSi.
iqneba es marginaluri mosaxleobisaTvis servisebis miwodeba, dabalSemosavliani an riskis
qveS myofi mosaxleobis dasaqmeba (Work Integration Social Enterprise — WISE) Tu socialur
miznebze orientirebuli biznessaqmianoba. erTi ram calsaxaa, am tipis sawarmoebi sa-
zogadoebisaTvis dadebiTi efeqtis momtania. Tavis mxriv, sagrZnobi keTildReoba moaqvs
im sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvisac, romlebic socialur sawarmoebs afuZneben. amis
mizezi ramdenime SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, is iZleva problemebis axleburad da ufro
efeqturad mogvarebis saSualebas, xels uwyobs organizacias misiis ufro srulad
Sesrulebasa da grZelvadiani miznebis dasaxva-ganxorcielebaSi. ekonomikuri Semosavali
organizacias aZlevs stabilurobis gancdas, exmareba, ufro metad darCes misiaze orien-
tirebuli da ar mouxdes mimarTulebaTa mudmivi cvla donorTa moTxovnis Sesabamisad.
Tumca yvelafer amasTan erTad socialuri mewarmeebi garkveul sirTuleebsac awydebian.
Zalian bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs socialuri sawarmos zusti iuridiuli forma. amis
Sedegad ki arsebuli socialuri sawarmoebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalian mZime biurokratiul
zewolas ganicdian da qveynis SigniT sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT ver sargebloben. rig
qveynebs aqvT mcdeloba Seqmnan axali iuridiuli formebi, iqneba es sazogadoebrivi
interesis organizaciebi, Tu sazogadoebrivi interesis kompaniebi, magram kritikosebis
azriT arc erTi maTgani ar qmnis socialuri mewarmeobis samomavlo ganviTarebis mkafio
struqturas.
16 Kim Alter (2003) Social Enterprise: A Typology of the Field Contextualized in Latin America http://idbdocs.
iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=383929 17 Kim Alter (2003) Social Enterprise: A Typology of the Field Contextualized in Latin America http://idbdocs.
iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=383929 გვ. 15.
absoluturad
aramomgebiani
organizacia
arakomerciuli
komerciulis
komponentebiT
socialuri
sawarmo
socialurad
pasuxismgebeli
biznesi
korporaciuli
socialuri
pasuxismgebloba
socialuri sawarmo
47
rac Seexeba socialur mewarmeebs, eseni arian adamianebi, romlebic TavianT Tavze
iReben samewarmeo saqmianobis garkveul risks maTi organizaciebis beneficiarebis sasar-
geblod. tradiciulad, biznesSi mewarmeebi risks iReben sakuTari, an biznesis mflobe-
lebis sasargeblod. es mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa da es gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba organi-
zaciaTa misias. sazogadoebriv (aramomgebian) organizaciebSi liderebi, TanamSromlebi
iReben gadawyvetilebas, gaswion samewarmeo saqmianoba da Sesabamisad Tavis Tavze aiRon
meti riski, im mizniT, rom ukeT Seasrulon organizaciis misia.
socialuri sawarmos iuridiul-organizaciuli formebi da sagadasaxado regu-
lireba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
socialur sferoSi mesame seqtoris rolis aRorZinebis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezi
is siZneleebi iyo, romlebic gaCnda saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistemebSi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom bevr qveyanaSi socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo modelma ver gaamarTla. igi
srulad ver akmayofilebda moqalaqeebis mier wayenebul moTxovnebs. mesame seqtori
swored am dros gamodis asparezze. igi iTavsebs garkveul funqciebs da cdilobs inova-
ciuri midgomebiT gadawyvitos urTulesi problemebi. evropaSi mesame seqtori moicavs
sxvadasxva tipis organizaciebs, rogoricaa kooperativebi, asociaciebi, fondebi da a.S.
organizaciaTa es jgufi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc „socialuri ekonomikis“ organiza-
ciebi. rac Seexeba socialuri sawarmos ganviTarebas, pirveli impulsi evropaSi italiis
kooperatiuli moZraobidan ganviTarda. 1991 wels italiis parlamentma miiRo kanoni, ro-
melmac Semoitana kooperativebis axali, specialuri forma „socialuri kooperativi“. mas
Semdeg evropaSi socialuri mewarmeoba swrafad iwyebs ganviTarebas. zogierT maTganSi
kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra socialuri sawarmos iuridiuli formac. am tipis saqmi-
anobas xelisuflebis organoebisgan mraval qveyanaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani mxardaWera
aqvs. aseve mniSvnelovania sakiTxisadmi interesi da mxardaWera evrokavSirSi. 2011 wels
evrokavSirma wamoiwyo axali iniciativa socialuri mewarmeobis mxardasaWerad, romelic
mis wevr qveynebSi socialuri mewarmeobis xelSemwyobi garemos ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.
socialuri sawarmoebis sferoebi mravalferovania da maTi socialuri misia SesaZloa
sxvadasxva sferos moicavdes. miuxedavad amisa, evropaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda
socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa mizania „integracia dasaqmebis gziT“ (Work Integration Social
Enterprise – WISE)
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aramomgebiani organizaciebi msgavs saqmianobas XIX
saukunis bolodan axorcieleben. ekonomikuri midgomebis gamoyenebiT sxvadasxva socia-
luri problemis mogvarebis magaliTebi arasamewarmeo organizaciebis mier gansakuTre-
biT gaizarda 70-iani wlebis Semdeg, rodesac sul ufro da ufro metma organizaciam wamo-
iwyo biznes tipis saqmianoba sxvadasxva socialurad daucveli jgufebisaTvis samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT da aseve gamoCndnen pirveli mikrosakredito organizaciebi.
1980 wels bil dreitonma (Bill Drayton)18 pirvelad gaaJRera termini „socialuri sawarmo“.
aSS-Si socialuri mewarmeobis ori midgomaa19 ganviTarebuli. pirveli – sabazro princi-
pebis skola, xolo meore — inovaciasa da inovator liderebze damyarebuli skola.
socialuri mewarmeobis adgili qveynis ekonomikaSi damokidebulia istoriul, eko-
nomikur, kulturul faqtorebze da imaze Tu ra urTierToba aqvs socialur sawarmoebs
sajaro organizaciebTan.
18 organizacia „Ashoka-s“ damfuZnebeli. https://www.ashoka.org/team/drayton 19 saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri (2013). socialuri mewarmeo-
bis saxelmZRvanelo. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf gv.3-5.
48
sazRvargareTis qveynebSi (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, poloneTi, italia,
fineTi, CexeTi, slovenia, kanada da brazilia) socialuri sawarmoebis samarTlebrivi re-
gulireba da Seqmnis wesi ganisazRvreba, rogorc samewarmeo kanonmdeblobis (Law on
Enterprises, Law on Social Entrepreneurship, Commercial Law) mixedviT, aseve asociaciebis, fon-
debisa da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobiT (Law on Associations, Law on
Foundations, Charity Law). aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba socialuri sawarmoebis
samarTlebrivi formebi: SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sawarmo, kooperativi, korporacia
da a.S. socialuri sawarmoebi SeiZleba dafuZndes rogorc asociaciebis, aseve fondebis
saxiT. qvemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mixedviT moqmedebs ori
saxis sagadasaxado SeRavaTi: gadasaxadis Semcireba da sagadasaxado krediti. gadasaxadis
Semcireba gulisxmobs sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcirebas, xolo sagadasaxado krediti ki
gadasaxdeli Tanxis Semcirebas.
didi britaneTi: socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo, mogebis, miwis,
samemkvidreo da kapitaluri Semosavlebis20 gadasaxadisgan. aseve organizaciebi ar ixdian
gadasaxads sainvesticio saqmianobidan miRebul Semosavalze. socialuri sawarmos saqmianoba
warmoadgens dRg‐s 20%‐ian dabegvris obieqts, im SemTxvevaSi Tu misi saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba weliwadSi aRemateba 77000 funt sterlings, xolo Tu aR-
niSnuli Rirebuleba 77000 funt sterlingze naklebia, maSin dRg‐s ganakveTi mcirdeba 5%‐iT.
safrangeTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT yvela is socialuri asociacia, korpo-
racia da kooperativi, romelic dakavebulia qvelmoqmedebiT, Tavisufldeba saSemosavlo,
brunvis (Turnover Tax) da profesiuli momsaxurebis gadasaxadisagan (Professional Tax). dRg‐s
standartuli ganakveTi Seadgens 19,6%‐s, xolo rigi saqmianobebis SemTxvevaSi ganakveTi
mcirdeba 5,5%‐iT.
germania: socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa ZiriTad saqmianobas qvelmoqmedeba war-
moadgens, Tavisufldebian rogorc saSemosavlo da damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis-
gan, aseve sxva danarCeni gadasaxadebisagan.
poloneTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian sa-
Semosavlo gadasaxadisgan. xolo dRg‐sgan Tavisufldeba saqmianobebi, romlebic moicavs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebas kvlevisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi. aseve, momsaxurebas
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi.
italia: soc. sawarmoebisaTvis dRg-s gadasaxadi 4%-ia, standartuli 20%-is nacv-
lad. kooperativebi ixdian nakleb mogebis gadasaxads, vidre kerZo kompaniebi. sagada-
saxado SeRavaTebi agreTve gaTvaliswinebulia maTTvis, vinc yidulobs aramomgebiani
saqmianobis dasafinanseblad gamoSvebul e. w. „solidarobis obligaciebs“.
fineTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis moqmedebs saga-
dasaxado krediti. organizaciebs umcirdebaT dasabegri Semosavlis Tanxa 240 evrodan
25000 evromde weliwadSi.
CexeTi: socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan. Tu sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba aRemateba 30000 evros weliwadSi, maSin sa-
warmo ibegreba dRg‐s standartuli ganakveTiT (20%). sxva SemTxvevaSi (30000 evroze nak-
20 kapitaluri Semosavlis gadasaxadi – kapitaluri aqtivebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavali.
kapitaluri aqtivebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uZravi qoneba, ise finansuri aqtivebi (aqciebi, obligaciebi).
49
lebi) gadasaxadis ganakveTi mcirdeba 6%‐iT. aseve socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian
importis gadasaxadisagan, Tu evrokavSiris qveynebidan maT mier importirebuli saqonlis
Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 10000 evros weliwadSi.
slovenia: socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa ZiriTad saqmianobasac qvelmoqmedeba
warmoadgens, Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba weliwadSi ar aRemateba 25000 evros, moqmedebs dRg‐s
8,5%‐iani ganakveTi, nacvlad 20%‐iani ganakveTisa.
ukraina: kanonmdeblobiT ar aris ganmartebuli Tu ras niSnavs socialuri sawarmo.
Tumca masSi aris muxlebi, romlebic aregulireben sazogadoebrivi organizaciis ekono-
mikur saqmianobas.
kanada: Tu samewarmeo organizaciis saqmianoba mimarTulia siRaribis Semsubuqebis,
ganaTlebis mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis, religiis mxardaWerisa da sxva miznebis ganxor-
cielebisken, romlebic sasargebloa mTeli sazogadoebisTvis da sasamarTlom cno, ro-
gorc saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, Tavisufldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan.
brazilia: gadasaxadebis akrefis ufleba ganawilebulia federalur, Statisa da
municipalitetis doneze da mTlianobaSi sagadasaxado tvirTi sakmaod maRalia. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia sagadasaxado SeRavaTebic, romelTa mopovebac organizaciis tipis mixedvi-
Taa SesaZlebeli.
amdenad, socialuri sawarmo biznes principebiT moqmedi sawarmoa, romelsac socia-
luri misia aqvs. es aris organizacia, romelic biznesis inovaciur midgomebs sazogado-
ebrivi problemebis mosagvareblad iyenebs, Tumca, Cveulebrivi biznesisgan gansxvavebiT,
mogebas isev socialuri miznebisken mimarTavs.
qveynebSi sadac socialuri mewarmeoba ganviTarebulia, mas mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seaqvs qveynis socialur da ekonomikur ganiTarebaSi. suraTis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis Sot-
landiis magaliTi ganvixiloT. 2015 wlis monacemebiT SotlandiaSi 5 199 socialuri sa-
warmo funqcionirebda, sadac 112 409 adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli. am sawarmoTa 42% bolo 10
wlis manZilzea Seqmnili da maTma wliurma Semosavalma jamSi 3,63 miliardi funti Sead-
gina. socialur sawarmoTa 66% momaval wels Semosavlebis zrdas moelis, xolo yovel
wels 200-ze meti axali soc. sawarmo iqmneba. aq naTlad Cans, Tu ramxela ekonomikuri sar-
geblis motana SeuZlia am tipis saqmianobas qveynisaTvis.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia inovaciuri midgomebisa da formebis gamoyenebis sazogado-
ebrivi mniSvneloba. am mimarTulebis popularizaciisa da ganviTarebisTvis sxvadasxva qve-
yanaSi Seqmnilia ramdenime Zlieri fondi: „Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship“21, „Skoll
Foundation~,22 „Ashoka Foundation“.23 aseTi fondebis saqmianoba mimarTulia socialuri novato-
rebis mosaZebnad mTel msoflioSi da sxvadasxva formiT (resursebis miwodebiT, teq-
nologiebis da gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, inovaciuri socialuri sawarmoebis qselis Seqm-
niT) maTi mxardaWerisken. am midgomaSi xazgasmulia socialuri mewarmis rolis, rogorc
liderisa da socialuri cvlilebebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalis, win wamoweva.
saqarTveloSi sakmaod mZime socialuri fonia. mosaxleobas araerTi problema awu-
xebs. amitom, Cemi azriT, iseTi tipis organizaciebis arseboba, romlebic socialuri prob-
lemebis mogvarebas uwyoben xels, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. socialuri mewarmeobis
21 www.schwabfound.org. 22 www.skoll.org. 23 www.ashoka.org.
50
upiratesoba swored is aris, rom is zrunavs ara romelime konkretuli piris finansur
sargebelze, aramed xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas.
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis socialuri mewarmeobis koncefcia naklebadaa cnobili.
Tavad socialuri sawarmoebic gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen socialuri sawarmos arss. ro-
gorc adgilobrivi ise centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ar floben praqti-
kulad aranair informacias socialuri mewarmeobis Sesaxeb da gansakuTrebiT im poten-
ciuri sargeblis Sesaxeb, rac soc. mewarmeobam SeiZleba moitanos socialuri servisebis
efeqturad miwodebis kuTxiT. amasTan, socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis samarTlebrivi sta-
tusis ar qona da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis ararseboba, soc. sawarmoebis ganviTarebi-
saTvis saWiro finansebze wvdomis sirTule, saxelmwifo grantebTan dakavSirebuli sa-
marTlebrivi garemoebebi, ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis grantebis gacemis dabegvris sa-
kiTxi da sxva. damatebiT arasasurvel barierebs qmnis da sagrZnoblad aferxebs am sferos
ganviTarebas.
2009 wlidan „saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centrma“24 axali
mimarTulebiT daiwyo muSaoba, rac qveyanaSi socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xel-
Sewyobas gulisxmobs. ideis popularizaciisa da masStaburi dadebiTi socialuri Sedegis
misaRebad am organizaciis bazaze Camoyalibda struqturuli erTeuli „socialuri mewar-
meobis centri“.25 misi misiaa soc. mewarmeobis mxardaWeris gziT xeli Seuwyos sazogado-
ebaSi dadebiT socialur da garemosdacviT cvlilebebs.
biznesis warmoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faq-
tori „firmis“ registracia da Sesabamisi nebarTvebis/licenziebis mopovebis simartivea.
saqarTveloSi biznesis wamowyeba da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi sakmaod libera-
luria, rac Tavis mxriv drois dazogvis saSualebas iZleva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad yoveli axali tipis saqmianobis wamosawyebad aucilebeli ar aris axali firmis
registrireba. Tumca Cveni qveynis kanonmdebloba ar icnobs socialuri mewarmeobis
cnebas, Sesabamisad, qarTuli soc. sawarmoebisaTvis ar arsebobs raime saxis gansakuT-
rebuli normebi da socialur mewarmeebsac msgavsi iniciativebis ganxorcieleba arsebuli
kanonmdeblobis farglebSi uwevT. amJamad saqarTveloSi 50-ze meti moqmedi socialuri
sawarmoa, Tumca qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis es rao-
denoba da maT mier ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebi, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar aris.
socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos ro-
li, radgan socialuri sawarmos warmatebisaTvis, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, gadamwyvetia is
Tu rogori urTierToba aqvs mas sajaro seqtorTan.
rogorc aRvniSne, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs termins „socialuri mewar-
meoba“ da, Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT socialuri mewarmeoba, iseve ro-
gorc sxva tipis samewarmeo saqmianoba, ganimarteba rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba da
masze gansxvavebuli dabegvris reJimi ar vrceldeba. amitomac, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania
ganisazRvros calke iuridiuli forma da aseve gaiweros am tipis saqmianobisaTvis rigi
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi an saerTod gaTavisufldes maTgan.
mTavrobis mxridan warmatebuli socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas
maTi dajildoebis sxvadasxva sistema, iseve rogorc es aris StatebSi. magaliTad, iqaurma
mTavrobam gadawyvita finansurad uzrunvelyos erT-erTi organizacia, romelmac
warmatebiT ganaxorciela proeqti da Sedegad Seamcira kriminalis done, im SemTxvevaSic
24 www.csrdg.ge. 25 www.segeorgia.org.
51
ki Tu kerZo dafinanseba am organizacias Seuwydeboda. mTavrobas aseve SeuZlia waaxa-
lisos socialuri sawarmo maTi warmoebuli produqciis Sesyidvis gziT. SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul iqnas italiis praqtika. Seiqmnas „markonis fondis~26 msgavsi fondi, romelic
Tanxis akumulirebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnida, xolo Semdeg am Tanxebs mimarTavda ukve
arsebuli soc. sawarmoebis ganviTarebis an axlis daarsebisken.
saboloo jamSi, rac umTavresia ideis popularizaciisaTvis es aris cnobierebis
amaRleba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. mniSvnelovani sakiTxia am mimarTulebiT
Zalebis mimarTvac, raTa axalgazrdebSi Camoyalibdes dadebiTi damokidebuleba da maT
axali sicocxle Seitanon am procesSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf 2. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/96_Socialuri-mecarmeoba_Kveknebi.pdf 3. http://www.seforis.eu/upload/reports/1._Key_Facts_and_Figures_of_Social_Entrepreneurship.pdf 4. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=12988&langId=en 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225759566_Social_Enterprise_in_the_United_States_and_Europe_Under
standing_and_Learning_From_the_Differences 6. https://www.mspbank.ru/userfiles/files/researches/social_entrepreneurship-new.pdf 7. http://socialenterprise.org.uk/uploads/editor/files/Publications/FINALVERSIONStateofSocialEnterpriseReport2015.
pdf. 8. http://www.socialenterprisescotland.org.uk/files/1a891c7099.pdf
26 markonis fondi — socialuri kooperativebis saerTo „mutual“ TviTdafinansebis meqanizmi
italiaSi. es aris e.w. markonis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac yvela socialurma kooperativma unda gaiRos Semosavlis 3% saerTo fondSi, es Tanxebi ki, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva koopera-tivis dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba.
52
xaTuna Tabagari ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, magistratura
xelmZRvaneli: profesorebi avTandil silagaZe, aleqsandre TvalWreliZe
saqarTvelo-iranis energosatransporto derefnis mniSvneloba
saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi
navTobisa da gazis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba da Tvisebebi. naxSirwyalbadebi aris
mniSvnelovani energetikuli resursi. mas xSirad „Savi oqroTi“ moixsenieben. navTobisa da
gazis mniSvneloba me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli zrdadi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. am movle-
nis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs. igi ukve didi xania msoflio politikis ganmsazRvrel erT-
erT mTavar faqtorad iqca da, savaraudod, misi gavlena kidev ufro gaizrdeba. misgan war-
moebuli produqtebi saukunis civilizaciis mniSvnelovani monapovaria. masze damokide-
bulia msoflio ekonomika.
qveynebis ekonomikebi saocari siswrafiT viTardeba da farTovdeba, bunebrivi re-
sursebis sakiTxma udidesi mniSvneloba SeiZina. nebismieri industriulad ganviTarebuli
qveynis warmoeba damokidebulia bunebrivi resursebis fassa da stabilur miwodebaze. Ti-
Toeuli maTganisTvis energousafrTxoeba da energopolitika dRes mwvave Tema gaxda. ami-
tom dRemde navTobi warmoadgens mwvave konkurentuli brZolis sagans, mravali saerTaSo-
riso konfliqtisa da omis mizezs.
navTobi gamoiyeneba mrewvelobis praqtikulad yvela dargSi, transportis yvela sa-
xeobaSi, samxedro da samoqalaqo mSeneblobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, energetikaSi da a. S.
navTobis kvalificirebuli moxmareba saxelmwifos samrewvelo ganviTarebis mniSvne-
lovani maxasiaTebelia.
rac Seexeba bunebriv airs, igi warmoadgens msoflio energiis miwodebis umniSvne-
lovanes nawils navTobis msgavsad da maTi mxolod 12% miemarTeba qimiuri mrewvelobis
moTxovnebze.27 amasTan, is warmoadgens nedleuls, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba unda moi-
povos qimiur teqnologiebSi.
gazis mopoveba da transportireba iyo da rCeba msoflio geopolitikuri TamaSebis
erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad.
msoflioSi navTobis fasze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens opekis wevri qveynebi (OPEC
– Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries – ganimarteba, rogorc navTobis eqportiori
qveynebis organizacia), romelic Seiqmna 1965 wels. igi moicavs: alJirs, angolas, ekva-
dors, irans, erays, quveiTs, libias, nigerias, yatars, saudis arabeTs, arabeTis gaerTiane-
bul saamiroebs da venesuelas. opekis ZiriTadi principi gansazRvravs im saukeTeso sa-
Sualebebs, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos organizaciis usafrTxoeba rogorc calke, aseve
erToblivad. igi, aseve, xels uwyobs fasebis stabilizacias navTobis saerTaSoriso ba-
zarze.
27 http://lib.bsu.edu.ge/e-books/book_292.pdf.
53
naxazi: 1.128: navTobis fasi 1946-2014 wlebSi istoriuli movlenebis fonze.
mocemuli naxazi aanalizebs geopolitikuri movlenebis zegavlenas navTobis fas-
warmoqmnaze.
saerTaSoriso sanedleulo bazrebi sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaTdebian:
1. yvela nedleulis fasi saerTaSoriso bazrebze kotirdeba aSS dolarSi;
2. yvela nedleulis fasi damokidebulia navTobis fasze;
3. navTobis fasi damokidebulia aSS dolaris gacvliT kursze.
ruseTis federaciis navTobisa da bunebrivi airis bazris daxasiaTeba. ruseTis fede-
racia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi. Tu gadavxedavT zemoT
mocemul 2014 wlis statistikur monacemebs. navTobis msoflio maragebis mixedviT imyo-
feba me-6 adgilze 6,1%-iT (nax.: 2.129), xolo warmoebis mxriv — me-2 adgilze dReSi 534.1 mln
tona (nax.: 2.230):
naxazi: 2.1: 2014 wels navTobis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis
procentuli maCvenebeli
28 http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx. 29 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 30 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.
54
naxazi: 2.2: 2014 wels msoflio nedli navTobis warmoeba procentebSi
gazis maragebis mixedviT ki me-2 adgilze 17,4%-iT (nax.: 2.431):
naxazi: 2.4: 2014 wels bunebrivi airis msoflio maragebis procentuli maCvenebeli
ruseTma 2014 wels awarmoa msoflio bunebrivi airis 16,7% (nax.: 2.532):
naxazi: 2.5: oci umsxvilesi qveynis mier bunebrivi airis msoflio warmoebis procentuli
maCvenebeli 2014 wels xolo eqsportis kuTxiT ki pirvel poziciazea dReSi 187,4 mlrd m3-iT
(nax.: 2.633):
31 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 32 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.
55
naxazi: 2.6: bunebrivi airis oci umsxvilesi eqsportiori qveyana 2014 wlis mixedviT
erT-erTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad34, saudis arabeTis garda, ruseTis ekonomika, Sesaba-
misad mSp, damokidebulia neldeulis eqsportze, ufro konkretulad ki navTobsa da bu-
nebriv airze.
geopolitika, ZiriTadad, efuZneba navTobs. aSS-s, rogorc navTobis udides momxma-
rebels msoflioSi, aqvs upiratesoba, rom gansazRvros msoflio petropolitikis (sanav-
Tobe politikis) mimarTuleba.
ruseTTan erTad evropis gazis bazarze mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas cdiloben
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi: TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi da ukraina. arsebuli milsadene-
bis meSveobiT ruseTi evropas awvdis gazis 29%-s belorusiis saSualebiT, xolo ukrainis
meSveobiT — 71%35.
2008 wlis movlenebic swored ruseTis ekonomikur politikas ukavSirdeba.
rogorc profesori blenki aRniSnavs36, swored am omis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom saqar-
Tvelo aris navTobisa da bunebrivi airis gamtari qveyana. amis sawinaaRmdegod, strategiu-
li milsadenebi saqarTvelos gavliT asrulebs gadamwyvet rols msoflio politikuri,
ekonomikuri da a.S. klimatisaTvis, rac ganapirobebs aSS-is mtkice mxardaWeras aRniSnuli
qveynis mimarT.
saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromlobis perspeqtiva — energo-satransporto derefani.
irani aris axlo aRmosavleTis qveyana. mas gaaCnia navTobis sakmao maragebi — 9,3% da ika-
vebs me-4 adgils msoflioSi (nax.: 3.137):
33 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid 34 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 35 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 36 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 37 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid
56
naxazi: 3.1: 2014 wels navTobis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis procentuli
maCvenebeli (mln. bareli)
is awarmoebs 169,2 mln tona navTobs dReSi da me-7 poziciazea (nax.: 3.2)38:
naxazi: 3.239: navTobis oci umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli qveyana 2014 wlisTvis
bunebrivi airis SemTxvevaSi irans gaaCnia msoflios 18,2% maragebi da 1-li adgili
ukavia (nax.: 3.340):
38 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 39 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 40 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.
57
naxazi: 3.3: 2014 wels bunebrivi airis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis procentuli
maCvenebeli igi awarmoebs 5%-s da me-4 adgilzea (nax.: 3.441):
naxazi: 3.4: bunebrivi airis oci umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli qveyana 2014 wlisTvis irani ar axorcielebs imports, xolo eqsportze gaaqvs 9,6 mlrd m3 gazi da inarCunebs me-14 pozicias
(nax.: 3.542):
naxazi: 3.5: 2014 wels oci umsxvilesi qveynis bunebrivi airis importi
41 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 42 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.
58
mocemuli statistikuri monacemebidan kargad Cans, Tu ra rols asrulebs irani
msoflio ekonomikaSi, miT umetes, rom igi warmoadgens opekis wevr qveyanas.
qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis.
irani dainteresebulia saqarTveloSi megaproeqtis ganxorcielebiT: energomatareblebis
— gazisa da navTobis gatarebaze saqarTvelos portebis saSualebiT.
naxazi:3.6 : navTobisa da bunebrivi airis milsadenTa sistema kavkasiaSi
saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi naxSirwyalbadis seqtorSi gamoi-
xateba SemdegSi:
1. saqarTvelo warmoadgens aucilebel segments kavkasiis naxSirwyalbadis centrSi;
2. saqarTvelosTvis xelmisawvdomia saerTaSoriso milsadenebi: kaspiis milsadenis
konsorciumi, dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani;
3. saqarTvelo flobs sakmaod didi mniSvnelobis gamocdilebas energiis saerTa-
Soriso proeqtebis SesrulebaSi;
4. saqarTvelos gaaCnia SesaniSnavi urTierToba moziare qveynebTan: TurqeTTan, evro-
kavSiris qveynebTan, aSS-sTan da a.S.;
5. saqarTvelos gaaCnia araCveulebrivi urTierToba navTobisa da bunebrivi airis
saerTaSoriso kompaniebTan: bipi (BP), sokari (SOCAR), Sevroni (Chevron), statoilhidro (StatoilHydro),
tfao (TPAO), eni (ENI), totali (TOTAL), inpeqsi (Inpex), konokofilips (ConocoPillips), hes korp (Hess Corp), petronasi (Petronas) da a.S.;
6. saqarTvelos xeli miuwvdeba Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSuazRvis ofSoruli wylebis-
Tvis.
saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromloba naxSirwyalbadis seqtorSi uzrunvelyofs iranu-
li navTobisa da gazis yvelaze efeqtian da iaf miwodebas saerTaSoriso bazrebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos infrastruqtura da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
efeqtianad Seewyobian.
ganvixiloT sami proeqti:
59
proeqti # 1 – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis gamoyeneba
naxazi: 3.7: axali milsadenis modeli kavkasiis regionSi
30 mln tona navTobi yovelwliurad gadaizideba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsa-
denis saSualebiT. aqedan, milsadenis simZlavre weliwadSi aris 50 mln tona. ese igi, Ta-
visufali mimoqcevisTvis adgili rCeba 20 mln tona navTobisaTvis wliurad. swrafi da
iafi damxmare milsadenis konstruqciis ageba ukve uzrunvelyofs 15-20 mln tonas ira-
nisTvis.
axali Tavriz-gardabanis milsadenis sigrZe iqneba 508 km sigrZis, diametri – 41 duimi
(41*2,54=104,14 sm).
proeqti # 2 – sufsis terminalis ganviTareba
sufsis terminalSi arsebuli infratruqturis saSualebiT gadaizideba weliwadSi
mxolod 2 mln tona navTobi, xolo Tu aRniSnul terminals ganvaviTarebT, SesaZlebeli
iqneba navTobisa (2,1 km) da bunebrivi airis (9,9 km) axali milsadenebis gayvana, sadac
weliwadSi 5 mln tona navTobisa da 500 mln m3 bunebrivi airis (gaTxevadebuli gazis – FLNG
Floating Liquefied Natural Gas) simZlavris qarxnebi aSendeba.
60
proeqti # 3 – nabukos axali proeqti
naxazi: 3.8: samxreTkavkasiis milsadenis gegma (nabuko)
1. samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis simZlavre iqneba 40 mln m3;
2. aqedan, azerbaijans SesaZlebloba eqneba uzrunvelyos mxolod 6 mlrd m3 Sahdeni-
zis velidan;
3. swored am mizezebis gamo aris saWiro trans-kaspiis milsadeni.
ardebili-gardabnis milsadenis sigrZe iqneba 561 km da SesaZlebeli iqneba iranidan
25-30 mlrd m3 bunebrivi airis transportireba.
Tu aRniSnuli proeqtebidan, romelime mainc ganxorcieldeba, saqarTvelos eko-
nomikaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. es SemdgomSi ganapirobebs qveynis SigniT energiaze fasis
Semcirebas, dasaqmebis zrdas, qveynis mSp-is zrdas. amave pirobebSi, qveyana iqneba ufro
metad damoukidebeli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan umda davaskvnaT: saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropisa da aziis
gasayarze. rogorc istoriidan aris cnobili, qveyana yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi
eqceoda. Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, energo usafrTxoeba saerTaSoriso doneze
kvlav zrunvis sagans warmoadgens. amitom evropis mowinave qveynebi arian safrTxis qveS.
ruseTis mxridan evropis manipulireba sasicocxlo resursebiT evropas didi poli-
tikuri arCevanis winaSe ayenebs. saqarTveloze gadis mravali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
milsadeni, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos evropis ruseTis resursebisgan damoukidebloba
da Sida bazris diversifikacia.
am pirobebSi saqarTvelo kvlav sakvanZo adgils ikavebs, radganac naSromSi ganxi-
luli Tema, saqarTvelo-iranis satransporto derefani, aris saukeTeso gamosavali mowi-
nave qveynebis bunebrivi airiT uzrunvelyofaSi. am proeqtis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva 2
mniSvnelovani mizani: 1) Semcirdeba ruseTis gavlena evrokavSiris politikaze samxreT
kavkasiis regionSi da 2) saqarTvelo, iranis paralelurad, gaxdeba evrokavSiri energo-
usafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari garanti. rac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Se-
degis momtani iqneba rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, aseve evropisaTvis.
61
Tu aRniSnuli proeqtebidan, romelime mainc ganxorcieldeba, saqarTvelos ekono-
mikaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. es SemdgomSi ganapirobebs qveynis SigniT navTobsa da gazze
fasis Semcirebas, dasaqmebis zrdas: mSeneblobis periodSi 1000-ze meti adamiani dasaqm-
deba, xolo momdevno wlebSi Seiqmneba ramdenime aseuli mudmivi samuSao adgili, qveynis
mSp-is zrdas, inflaciis Semcirebas. amave pirobebSi, qveyana iqneba ufro metad damouki-
debeli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, moipovebs evropisgan mtkice mxardaWeras da kidev
ufro gaizrdeba saqarTvelos roli saerTaSoriso masStabiT. saqarTvelo, iranTan iqneba
evropis energousafrTxoebis garanti, Semcirdeba ruseTis gavlena samxreTkavkasiis
regionSi, yovelive es mkveTrad Secvlis msoflio ekonomikur da politikur urTi-
erTobebs.
gamoyenebuliliteratura:
1. Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Economics of commodities and commodity markets. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 906 pp.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum 3. http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45egjmi/1-saudi-aramco-12-millio/ 4. http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx 5. http://lib.bsu.edu.ge/e-books/book_292.pdf 6. BP statistical review of world energy (2015). London: BP, 48 pp.
62
mariam axvlediani erasmusis universiteti, roterdami
xelmZRvaneli: profesori jaTinder sidu
DISNEY'S ACQUISITION OF PIXAR
In 2005, Robert Iger succeeded Michael Eisner as Walt Disneyks CEO. Disney had struck a co-production
agreement with Pixar in 1997, for a duration of ten years, according to which Pixar would produce at least five full-length animated films for Disney within that period. The agreement was about to expire in 2006 and Bob Iger had to make a decision about a possible new deal with Pixar. Previous negotiations between Michael Eisner and Steve Jobs, CEO of Pixar at the time, had failed due to personal conflict.
Disneyks perspective to Disneyks potential acquisition of Pixar. If other company bought Pixar, Disney would have to engage in competition with Pixar, therefore
acquiring it would be beneficial, as Disney would avoid rivalry. If Disney had not been the one to acquire Pixar, there would be a high possibility for Disneyks competitors
buying it. Therefore, acquiring Pixar would be beneficial for Disney, as it would avoid rivalry. Acquisition of Pixar should add to earnings, as it could help Disney increase its revenue throughout all of its business lines. Furthermore, according to an investment bank Merrill Lynch (2006) “Pixar's films have contributed over half of Disney's profits from its studio since 1999.” This fact becomes the main predicator of the future financial success. The addition of Pixar would significantly improve the quality of Disneyks animations, “which is a critical engine for driving growth across the business”. (Iger 2006). Pixar has become an example of animated filmmaking using computer-generated hits. This could help Disney to develop their in-house production, as those were not as successful as the ones made in collaboration with Pixar. By buying Pixar, Disney would acquire all of its technologies, complementing their current ones. Furthermore, company would avoid extra costs of buying brand new technology. “The company needs a flow of new characters to supply its theme parks, its cable TV programs and its consumer product division.” (The Economist 2006) Acquisition of Pixar adds new characters to Disneyks list, thus becoming a quick fix for Disneyks intermittent animation business. Even though Disney does not suffer from the lack of audience, acquisition of Pixar would potentially introduce Disney to new audience, thus broadening the scope of activity and Steve Jobs would become a major asset for Disney, as he would help the company build up the relationship with Apple, which would be beneficial, as Apple Inc. would introduce Disney to iTunes.
Experts argued that Disney might have been paying too much for Pixar, which might not prove to increase revenues. This would mean that the companyks financial health could suffer from overpaying Pixar, thus making the acquisition a questionable deal. Disney and Pixar have evidently different working styles and culture. It might turn out to be a problem for Disney to preserve Pixarks established, unique culture. Disney and Pixar strive to achieve different goals. Pixarks goal is to have the animations of the highest quality, while Disney centers on increasing the profits. This inconsistency might become the reason of conflict between Disney and Pixar.
Pixarks perspective to Disneyks potential acquisition of Pixar. Pixar could continue focusing on its core competence - creating computer-based animations, (for which it
had won an Academy award) as many of Disneyks animation movies had failed and, thus, the company was lacking those skills in this field. Disney, in exchange of new characters to its theme parks, would give Pixar opportunity to increase Pixarks brand recognition by producing the other lines of products for Pixar - such as movie toys. Moreover, Pixar would also have its own saying in designing Disney theme parks in the future and could use this possibility to it own advantage. The acquisition would make collaboration easier between the two companies, as it would potentially create transformational leadership style and Disney and Pixar could “collaborate without barriers that come from two different companies with two different sets of shareholders.”
63
(Jobs, 2006). According to both Iger and Jobs the acquisition would not endanger Pixarks culture as Pixar would be able to retain its independence, allowing its “culture be protected and allowed to continue.” (Holson, 2006) Pixar would be introduced to a larger market when acquainted with Disney and could gain the possibility to face leader competitors in the industry such as DreamWorks and 20th Century Fox.
On the other hand, Pixar would face integration difficulties while helping Disney in restoring itks animations and trying to preserve its identity, that has made it one of the most successful moviemakers in the Hollywood history. Pixar could potentially lose merit as Pixar would be operating under Disneyks name and intentionally or not, Disney would claim Pixarks credits. Even though Disney would try to protect and preserve Pixarks practices, the possible transformation of Pixarks culture would be unavoidable.
What alternatives to an acquisition could each party have considered at that time? The bid from Disney to acquire Pixar was for 7,4 billion dollars. There were several other options on the
table for both of the firms, instead of a costly acquisition. Looking at this from Disneyks point of view, they were lagging behind on computer-based animation and they needed a new strategy to avoid a potential decline. Instead of Pixar, Disney could have acquired Square Enix, which is a video game company based in Japan that has collaborated successfully with Disney before. (Claufficious 2015) This would result Disney being able to have a big impact on the video game and animation industry, giving the company a new focus and potentially an advantage over its main competitors. Pixarks main problem at that time was the small list of distribution channels. The fact that they published one product per year made them vulnerable to failures, which would have been devastating on the firmks financial resources. In order to reach a broader audience, Pixar could have entered the broadcasting and online streaming markets on its own, enabling them to become independent in terms of distributing their work. (Claufficious 2015).
Additionally, Pixar and Disney could have also looked to collaborate with Pixar in alternative ways, such as a strategic alliance. This could have been much less costly, and would have been feasible, because both companyks cultures and values align. A strategic alliance would have enabled both firms to gain a bigger competitive advantage through the use of the otherks resources and possibilities. It would have also let both of the companies keep their separate reputations of being strong in different fields. This means that a strategic alliance would have been safer in case there would be a failure.
Another possible option would have been a joint venture, meaning that Disney and Pixar would have created a new entity, with strengths from both companies. This however, would have been hard to manage and would need a lot more resources to be successful. A plus side to this would be the safety of a third firm, failures of which would not affect the parent companies.
However, as it is stated in the CNN article, Disney did not want to lose Pixar to any other company and its main reasoning behind an acquisition was to secure Pixar to itself and have a permanent contract, so there was really no other alternative to acquisition. (La Monica 2006).
What is Pixarks acquisition an example of? Is the “marriagek between Disney and Pixar synergistic? The acquisition from Disneyks perspective can be
either horizontal or vertical. There are two key differences. First of all, horizontal acquisition is driven by companyks objective to increase market share and revenue, whereas primary objective for vertical acquisition is reducing costs. Secondly, horizontal acquisition enables companies to diversify their business by increasing the range of products, whereas with vertical acquisition companies aim to improve their costs and production capability within existing product range. (Linton 2014).
As the main aim for acquisition of Pixar was to get the animated films business back on track for Disney, company was clearly aiming to increase the revenues with an attempt to broaden the market reach, (La Monica 2006) In addition, earning revenue from a product range that has not been a success so far for the company can be viewed as diversifying the business by increasing the range of profitable products. Hence, it can be concluded that the deal is straightforward example of horizontal acquisition.
Synergy refers to an extra value that is created when two business units work together. The value then exceeds the combined return that those same units would create when working independently of each other. (Hill
64
2009) This means that businesses are better off working together than being separate from each other - in additionally suggesting that merging two companies might be a good option.
The best way to assess whether synergy is created is to see possible gain in value for both parties. However, one must also analyze transaction costs of acquisition strategy. Indirect costs are often underestimated by the companies that held back the creation of synergy. (Hill 2009)
The concept of synergy is applicable in the case. Disney will benefit from Pixarks extensive knowledge with CG-animated films, as the company has become a gold standard in animated filmmaking d area, where Disney suffers from lack of success. Company aims to rocket its revenue by using the critical creative engine of Pixar to enhance Disney animation and drive growth across the business. (La Monica 2006) For Pixar, the acquisition means the continuation of their blockbuster movies and life of their characters, but with much better distributing and financial capabilities. Disney is able to take Pixar content to a whole new level for example by adding them to their world-famous theme parks. (Marr & Wingfield 2006) The impact on managers and employees is ensured to be as low as possible by Steve Jobs guaranteeing low transaction costs.
Bibliography:
1. Claufficious, C. (2015). 4 best alternative solutions for Disney, to the Pixar acquisition - Analysis of Pixar's acquisition by
Disney – Case Study Conclusion | Claufficious – Your everyday lifestyle update. [online] Claufficious.com. Available at: http://www.claufficious.com/2015/07/4-best-alternative-solutions-for-disney.html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].
2. Hitt et. Al. (2009). Strategic management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Holson, L. (2006). Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal [online]. Available from: http://www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 01/25/
business/25disney.html?pagewanted=print [Accessed 29 January 2016].
3. JOURNAL, M. (2016). Disney Sets $7.4 Billion Pixar Deal. [online] WSJ. Available at: http://www. wsj. com/ articles/SB113813740822755125 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].
4. La Monica, P. (2006). Disney buys Pixar - Jan. 25, 2006. [online] Money.cnn.com. Available at: http://money. cnn. com/2006/01/24/news/companies/disney_pixar_deal/ [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016]. Linton, I. (2014). What Is the Difference Between Horizontal & Vertical Acquisitions?. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-horizontal-vertical-acquisitions-33800 html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].
5. Marr, M. & Wingfield, N. (2006). Disney Sets $7.4 Billion Pixar Deal [online]. Available from: http://www. wsj. com/articles/SB113813740822755125 [Accessed 29 January 2016].
6. The Economist. (2006). Looking beyond the mouse [online]. Available from: http://www.economist. com/ node/
5442077 [Accessed 29 January 20.
65
humanitaruli mecnierebani: eTnologia folklori
qeTevan arabuli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori xvTiso mamisimediSvili
xevsuruli zepirsityviereba warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis
mijnaze
„aqauri simSvide gamudmebiT fiqrisken gibiZgebs, zogjer xmamaRlac ki elaparakebi
sakuTar Tavs!... mTaSi cxovreba mZime tvirTiao amboben, ara! — qalaqia tvirTi, mZime tvir-
Ti aTasgvari sacduriT daxunZluli. mTa ki sufTaa, gulSi gikravs, sazrdos gaZlevs,
Tumc gansacdelsac givlens, rom ar modunde, ar daece, rom mudam gaxsovdes RmerTi“ (Te-
ona qumsiaSvili).
es kuTxe xevsureTis saxelwodebiT me-15s.-mde ar ixsenieba qarT. sistorio wyaroeb-
Si. amitom zogierTi mkvlevari, maT Soris zisermani, gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom xevsure-
Ti TiTqos Sua saukuneebis miwuruls iyos dasaxlebuli. am mosazrebas aqarwylebs „moqce-
vai qarTlisai“, sadac pirvelad aris naxsenebi fxovelni-fSav-xevsurebis aRsaniSnad. mema-
tiane fxovelebze saubrobs, roca iberielebis gaqristianebas aRgviwers, e.i. meoTxe sau-
kuneSi es teritoria ukve dasaxlebuli iyo warmarTi xevsurebiT, romelTac qristianoba
ar miuRia.
kidev ori wyaro gvaqvs, sadac fxovi fSav-xevsureTis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli:
1014 wels, roca kvirike meorem kaxeTi xelmeored daipyro da axal saerisTavoebs Soris
„fxovelTa qveyanac“ daarsa. aseve 1212 wels fxovs amboxeba mouwyvia da Tamars laSqari ga-
ugzavnia. amis mere meTxuTmete saukunemde fxovi am mniSvnelobiT aRar ixseneba. sagulis-
xmoa is faqtic, rom CeCnebi xevsurebs „fxiebs“ eZaxian, rac aseve fxovs niSnavs.
amrigad, xevsureTi erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli tradiciebis mqone da Tundac amitom
erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso kuTxe gaxlavT. uamravi folkloruli masala da kulturu-
li Rirebulebebia daculi xevsureTSi da saocari sicxadiT gadaecema Taobebs, razec qve-
moT visaubreb.
aramarto xevsureTSi, aramed saerTod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis fol-
klorSi gansakuTrebuli adgili religiuri Sinaarsis andrezebsa da sakulto zepirsity-
vierebas ukavia. sainteresoa am teqstebis warmoSobis sakiTxi!.. xucesni xucobaTa genezi-
sis ganmartebis dros gverds uvlian saxuco teqstebis tradiciuli folkloruli gziT
gavrcelebaze saubars. isini uaryofen, rom es memkvidreobiToba xorcielis gziT gadaece-
ma. maTi rwmeniT teqsts RvTisSvilisagan iReben da Zalian xSirad sizmarSi gadaecema xu-
cess teqsti.
rogorc z.kiknaZe aRniSnavs, yvelaze ukeT kanonikuri saxe saxuco teqstebs xevsu-
reTSi aqvs Semonaxuli, sadac xucesis indiviadualoba TiTqmis ar Cans, xolo magaliTad,
fSavSi warmomTqmeli xSirad ereva teqstSi situaciis Sesabamisad.
xvTiso mamisimediSvilma, tristan maxaurma da zurab kiknaZem moiZies, Caiweres da
didi Sromis Semdeg wignadac gamosces es teqstebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva dros
sxvadasxva adamianis mier Cawerili masala: 1990-ian wlebSi xvTiso mamisimediSvilis mier,
80-ian wlebSi tristan maxauris, zurab kiknaZis, nodar zviadauris mier. 40-ian wlebSi
aleqsi oCiaurisa, Tina oCiauris da rusudan xaraZis. ufro adrindeli teqstebi ki aris
akaki SaniZis mier aris Cawerili, romlebic daTariRebulia 1910-iani wlebiT. rodesac am
66
teqstebs vadarebdi erTmaneTs, saocari aRmoCena iyo CemTvisac Tu ra sizustiT Semogvi-
naxa zepirsityvierebam es yvelaferi. magaliTad, am wignSi dabeWdili Sendobis Tqmis
teqsti da Cems mier 2015 wels sofel winxaduSi Cawerili teqsti TiTqmis erTi da igivea:
„RmerTo, dideba Senda, RmerTo madli Senda! saaqaos naTqvam samandaos ebarebis... kacT
Sendoba maudis!.. dadgul sufrai, boTla, dasxmul Wiqebi, mzeqalao, Sen saxmarimc iqnebis,
mandac magivas, mandauris wesiT, mandauris rigiT, cota didad, rioS wmindad, feruqcev-
lad, wauqcevlad... tablezedamc daicev win magebebuls, ukan maweuls, sikvdilis dRe
damTxveuls, eniT naTqvams, xeliT naqnars, piriT ganagonars... Seni codvisa mxsnel iqnebis,
codvisa iaRad mqnel iqnebis, Senimc saxmar iqnebis... RmerTma Sagindnas... vinca magyvebis
sofelSiiTa, SiniTa, qmris saxliT, mamisaxliT, marusas vinac maxyvebis WalaiT-Tavis qmar-
Svili, ginda Sendoba naTqvam Tu vin magyvebis, Senamc umaspinZleb aem boTlaiT, aem Wi-
qaiT... nu vis daabruneb xelcariels. boTlasamc aitan xelSi, Wiqasamc daiWer, rogorac
uZRvebodi aisramc gauZRvebi, Senimc saxmar iqnebis!... Sagindnas magaxmaras saqristianos
gamCenm!..“ (mTqmeli mzeqala arabuli).
rac Seexeba andrezebsa da legenda-Tqmulebebs!.. xevsurebisTvis udidesi mniSvne-
loba eniWeboda gadmocemebs, andrezebs. am mniSvnelobas ki ganapirobebda is, rom andrezi
sinamdvileSi momxdar ambavs asaxavs realurad. amis saSualebiT inarCunebda mosaxleoba
tradiciebsa da adaT-wesebs. rogorc sxva mTielebisTvis, aseve xevsurebisTvisac es gad-
mocemebi RvTiuri madlia, romelic asuldgmulebs erT muWa xevsurebs. baris mosaxleo-
bisTvis gadmocemebma didi xania dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, xevsurebisTvis ki dRemde
sicocxlisunariania. aseve mniSvnelovania legenda-Tqmulebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
xalxis xsovnas gadaecemoda da gadaecema araerTi istoriuli movlena Tu saxalxo gmiri
xsovnax, romelic dRemde ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas. nebismier xev-
surs (miTumetes mTaSi mcxovrebs), bavSvsac ki smenia gaburT eSmaze, mamuka qalundaurze,
xogais mindiasa Tu TorRva Zaganze Seqmnili Tqmulebebi. zRaprebsac ki legenda Tqmu-
lebebiT anacvlibdnen umetes SemTxvevaSi. mizezi ki martivia, radgan zRapari gamona-
gonzea dafuZnebuli naklebad saintereso iyo mTis xalxisTvis. amitom bavSvebs uyvebod-
nen legendebs, riTac pataraobidanve acnobdnen adaT-wesebs, tradiciebsa da kulturas.
aseve umTavresi, albaT, is iyo, rom am gmirebis magaliTze Svilebs vaJkacobasa da sima-
maces unergavdnen.
rogorc s.makalaTia ambobs: „leqsebi uyvarT xevsurebs da Tqmac emarjvebaT. msje-
lobis dros saubars xSirad leqsiT amTavrebs da Tavis azrs amiT mokled mosWris“, amitom
mdidaria xevsuruli poezia, romlis gadarCenaSic didi wvlili miuZRvis, upirveles yov-
lisa, akaki SaniZes.
xevsureTSi Wiric da lxinic poeziis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo. leqsi da simRera
sdevda xevsurTa sameurneo saqmianobas,micvalebulis datirebas, qeifsa Tu mijnurisaT-
vis siyvarulis gamxelas. rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, „xevsuruli poeziis“ SesavalSi,
satrfialo lirika SedarebiT naklebi odenobiTaa warmodgenili, radgan es dargi poe-
ziisa ar aris magre mimzidveli xevsuris meomruli bunebisaTvis. magram es mas ar niSnavs,
rom mniSvnelobas moklebulia poeziis es dargi. ubralod meti TavSekavebulobis gamo
eridebodnen siyvarulis Temaze saubarsa da leqsebis Tqmas, radgan erTmaneTis trfobis
gamJRavneba Temuri adaTiT sasircxvilod iTvleboda da amiT emijneboda erTmaneTs kargi
da cudi yma („kai yma laSqar mokvdebis,sworebis mjobinobasa, cudai-sacxvris yuresa, qa-
lebSi loginobasa!“). xevsur kacs augad eTvleboda qalis mimarT gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Rebis gamJRavneba.erTi xevsuri meleqse Civis: „raxan gzaSi Sameyaran, gamwyraliviT gavs-
cildebi, ra gavscilda gadmovxeneb, oboliviT avtirdebi“.
67
satrfialo poezia Tu mcirea, samagierod, xevsuruli folklori gansakuTrebiT
mdidaria sagmiro poeziiT, sadac xotbaa Sesxmuli ama Tu im gmirisTvis, vinc saerTo saq-
misTvis dasdo Tavi. uamravi leqsia SemorCenili Siola RuduSaurze, sadac asaxulia klas-
Ta brZola da didi ostatobiT aris gadmocemuli Tavgasuli batonis mokvla mTrexelis
mier. TorRva, romelic iyo moZalade, magram xevsurul poeziaSi xotba aqvs TorRvas Ses-
xmuli simamacisa da bZolisunarianobisTvis. gansakuTrebiT bevri leqsi ki zurab erisTav-
zea SemorCenili, romlebSic aRwerilia zurabTan brZolis epizodebi, zurabis mier motyu-
ebiT daxocil xevsurebsa da zurabis sikvdilze, rasac gansakuTrebiT sasixarulo elferi
dahkravs. samagierod, sapirispiro xasiaTi da ganwyoba ikveTeba erekle meorisa da xevsu-
rebis urTierTobaze Seqmnil leqsebSi, romelmac moqnili politikis wyalobiT Zalian da-
iaxlova xevsurebi. asaxulia mezoblebs Soris brZolebi: qistebisa da xevsurebis, lekebisa
da xevsurebisa Tu fSavSi xevsurTa laSqrobebi.
sameurneo poeziaze ki al. Winarauli marTebulad SeniSnavs: „xevsurTa sameurneo poe-
zia kvnesa da Civilia,Tumca SigadaSig mware iumorSereulic: „TivaT vTri kaloTaniTa, sul-
Tqmas vayoleb gminsao, davaorolen Tivani, dasvenebaic mindao“... maxsovs xevsureTSi cxov-
rebisas Cvens mezoblad nino arabuli cxovrobda, romelic zamTarSi saxlis mopirdapire
mxares dgnalis totebs Wrida saqonelisTvis, sakvebis simciris gamo. iqidan momavals Tovli
gautyda da zvavma wamoiRo. kargad mesmoda nino bebos simReris sityvebi: „daRberna civma ni-
avma. dgnalis totebze vijdodi, ra vqeni Cemanalama, radar RamiTac vTibodi“. dResac ar mes-
mis da mec ki miWirs gageba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba adamiani zvavs mohqondes da mRerodes!..
sikvdils TvalebSi uyurebde da daxmarebis Txovnis nacvlad simRera amouSva!..
oriode sityviT davaxasiaTeb xmiT natirlebs, rac piradad me gansakuTrebiT mifori-
aqebs suls. mTis xalxi, rom suliT poetebia amas swored xmiT natirlebis nimuSebi adastu-
rebs, rac mniSvnelovani folkloruli masalis matarebelia. ZiriTadad, natirlebSi riTma
araa daculi,magram SeiZleba gamonaklis SemTxvevebsac SevxvdeT. xmiT motirlebi tirilSi
xSirad aqebdnen vinmes vaJkacobas an gamZleobas, rasac Tavisi datvirTva hqonda: cocx-
lebs ar aviwyebdnen gardacvlili adamianebis xsovnasa da saqmianobas da Wiris patronebs
ki mxneobisken ubiZgebdnen amiT. viciT aseTi gadmocema, rom momakvdavma mokliam mezoblis
qals, Tamars sTxova, sicocxleSive daetira, raTa misi natiralis mosmena surda. Tamarmac
ausrula es „uandrezo“ Txovna: „sayurikaTiT madis gminio, wuxad xyav kmaruais Svilio,
guls urCi uWirs natyviario, moklias amaudis sulio. mdevarT win rad miRmetdebodio?
„dediserTa var“ – rad ar sTqvidio?“
daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xevsurebis yofa-cxovrebis ukufena xdeba ze-
pirsityvierebaSi da es yvelaferi sicocxlisunariania, miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes aRar
arsebobs tradiciuli kultura, aRar arsebobs Tem-soflebi, radgan xalxi aRar cxovrob-
s.xalxi Tu aRar iqneba ki aRarc sofeli isoflebs da aRarc jvari ijvarebs. samwuxaroa,
rom aRar arian xucesebi, ris gamoc is rituali, rasac xucesi asrulebda aRar sruldeba
srulyofili saxiT.C emTvis mxolod oTxi xucesia amJamad cnobili.
Zalian samwuxaroa,rom Taobebi mTas ar icnoben, radgan iq samyaros maradiuli sib-
rZnea daunjebuli. adre Tu bari gveZaxda qudze kacs, exla iq, mTebi dganan da mSvelels
elian.iqaurobas xalxis xma, bavSvebis xma, acocxlebs da es xma ar unda miwydes arasdros.
aTi wlis, arxiloskaloSi mcxovrebma TaTia WinWaraulma oriode wlis win,arxotSi
yofnis Semdeg skolaSi maswavlebels davaleba miutana, romelmac dedaSvilobis fotos
daxatva sTxova. suraTze daxatuli iyo mTebi da mdinareebi. gaocebulma maswavlebelma
ikiTxa, Tu ratom daxata buneba, roca dedaSviloba unda aesaxa. TaTiam ki ase upasuxa: „am
mTebs am mdinareebis garda sxva Svilebi ar yavT da am mdinareebs am mTebis garda sxva mSob-
lebi“. rogor SeiZleba vinme ver aRiqvamdes am problemas da am tkivils, maSin roca aTi
wlis bavSvs suls uTuTqavs daclili xevsureTis naxva!..
68
xevsureTi dRes „modaSia“, sruli am sityvis mniSvnelobiT. modaSia xevsuruli naqar-
gebi da simboluri ornamentebi, vercxlis samkauli da spilenZis nakeTobebi, miTologiu-
ri siuJetebiT xevsuruli poeziis kiloTa variaciebi. modaSia xevsureTis monaxuleba da-
masze gulistkivilis gamoTqma.
xevsureTi ki am dros suls Rafavs da daclilia yovelive imisgan, rac „modaSia“. dRe-
vandeli xevsureTis Segnebuli mnaxveli imedgacruebuli, gulnatkeni unda dabrundes,
magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi — gulgrili, yovelive imiT, rac xdeba. marTalac, yovelive
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, yofna-aryofnis mijnaze dgas sakiTxi, magram sanam erTi kaci
mainc ava da Svils Tavis soflis salocavs ymad dauyenebs, sanam cecxlis piras mjdari xev-
surebi isev dasdeven warsul gmirTa landebs da isev iRvreba xevsuruli leqsis lazaTi da
mSveniereba, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom varsebobT da imedi viqonioT, rom RvTis wyalobiT egeb
kidev viarseboT!..
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. a. arabuli, k. arabuli „myivana wisqvilebi“, Tbilisi, 1984;
2. „jvar xatTa sadideblebi“ (universitetis folkloris kaTedris Sromebi), Tbilisi, 1998;
3. a. SaniZis „qarTuli xalxuri poezia“, Tbilisi, universitetis gamomcemloba;
69
nino lomiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori xvTiso mamisimediSvili
muhajirobis asaxva kavkasiis xalxTa literaturaSi
muhajiroba erT-erTi tragikuli furcelia kavkasieli xalxebis istoriaSi. muhaji-
robam moicva: afxazebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, ubixebi, samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovre-
bi muslimi qarTvelebi da sxv. osmaleTis sulTani cdilobda muhajirebis dasaxlebas impe-
riis dausaxlebel adgilebsa da agreTve sazRvrispira teritoriebze. ruseTis imperias
surda mTielTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis gziT mieRwia politikuri simSvidisaTvis kavkasi-
aSi da ganTavisuflebuli teritoriebi gamoeyenebina farTo kolonizaciisaTvis da esar-
gebla am mxaris samxedro-strategiuli mdgomareobiT.
muhajiroba aisaxa kavkasieli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi. warmodgenil moxsenebaSi yu-
radReba gamaxvilebulia sami kavkasieli avtoris muhajirobis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebeb-
ze, esenia:
osi poetis TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebi: „ori megobari“ da „akvnis simRera“.
qarTveli mwerlis aleqsandre yazbegis moTxroba: „eliso“.
afxazi mwerlis bagrat Sinkubas romani: „ukanaskneli ubixi“.
os xalxs muhajiroba naklebad SeexoT, vinaidan isini balyarelebTan erTad ar mona-
wileobdnen ruseT-kavkasiis omSi, Tumca os musulmanTa nawili mainc gadasaxlda TurqeT-
Si, maT Soris iyo cnobili osi mwerali — TemirbolaT mamsurovi.
is 1865 wels sxva osebTan erTad gaemgzavra TurqeTSi. man iq gamoscada muhajiruli
yofis simZime. misi leqsebi „ori megobari“ da „akvnis simRera“ muhajirobis Temaze Seqmni-
li poeturi nawarmoebebia.
leqsi „ori megobari“ gamoirCeva romantikuli elementebis simZafriT. masSi igrZnoba
warsulis idealizacia da awmyoTi ukmayofileba. leqsi agebulia dialogze, rac nawarmo-
ebs met simZafresa da damajereblobas matebs. misi didi nawili eTmoba samSoblosTan da-
SorebiT gamowveul tkivils, mSobliuri kuTxis ZaliT datovebas. nawarmoebi mTeli sim-
ZafriT warmoadgens samSoblodan mosaxleobis ayris mTel simZimes. warmoidgineT tkivili
samSoblodan wasvlisa da gaurkveveli momavlisa. avtors moyvanili aqvs SesaniSnavi meta-
fora: „momavlis gemi zRvaSi inTqmeba“; xalxs Tvalebidan cremlis nacvlad sisxli sdio-
daT“; isini samSoblos mimarTaven, rom tkbobiT warmoTqvamen marad mis saxels da mis
mtvers gaixdian saficrad. am sityvebSi Cans samSoblos ganuzomeli siyvaruli da dardi
masTan gamoTxovebisa. avtori realisturad gadmogvcems muhajirTa tragedias, aRwers
moxeleTa gaugonar sisastikes, romlebic mTielebs araadamianurad epyrobodnen. gadavse-
bul gemebze deda Svils ver poulobda. visac ar SeeZlo, talRebs atandnen sakuTar si-
cocxles. TurqeTSi Casul muhajirebs uaresi dRe daadgaT. sulTnisgan dapirebuli sa-
moTxis nacvlad, midiodnen mziT gadamwvar, udabur miwaze mSier mwyurvalni imperiis So-
reuli adgilebisaken .
„Rnaodnen Cvilni da daosebulT,
Turqebsa vCridiT SiSiT SeZrulni,
zogi naSiers quCas andobda,
zogsac SimSiliT sZvreboda suli.“
70
ena ver gamoTqvams maT tanjva-wamebas. avtorma realisturad gadmogvca muhajirTa
tragedia. es leqsi misi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia.
leqsSi `akvnis simRera“ poeti mimarTavs momaval Taobas, rom ar daiviwyon samSoblo
Tavi dadon misTvis nu daiviwyeben rom isini kavkasiis Svilebi arian. rom samSoblosa da
rwmenisaTvis unda Zlier bevrs iTmendnen Tavi unda dadon misTvis da sikvdils jildod
Tvlidnen. poeti wuxs, rom samSobloSi darCenilebs rjuls da adaTs ZaliT aTmobineb-
dnen.
„Turqs gulze ar gacvalo
Seni guli mTielisa
gwamdes ZarRvSi giCqefs sisxli
naRdi kavkasielisa!“
aleqsandre yazbegis nawarmoebi „eliso“ aRwers osmaleTisaken gandevnili CeCnebis
tragediis fonze, CeCeni elisosa da moxeve vaJias tragikul siyvaruls. avtoris aRweriT,
mudam mxiaruli da sicocxliT savse CeCnebi, axla gminvasa da oxvras moecva. es iyo saerTo
wuxili da tanjva samSoblosTan ganSorebisa, samSoblosTan, romlisTvisac avtoris
TqmiT, CeCnebs Tavi ar dauzogavT misi sikeTisTvis. mamas Svili ar Seuwyalebia da qmars
coli da, amdeni brZolis da msxverplis Semdeg isini unda gamoesalmon mas. warmoidgineT
maTi tkivili, rodesac gascqerian TavianT nasoflars, sadac cxovreba gautarebiaT, sa-
dac maTi winaprebis saflavebia. miwaa, romelmac isini gazarda. rogorc avtori ambobs
„aris xolme iseTi wamebi adamianis cxovrebaSi, rodesac sityvas adgili ar aqvs kacis mwu-
xarebaSi. swored am mwuxarebas moecva CeCnebi. Cum oxvraSi ikiTxeboda mTeli maTi tanjva
da Wianuris xmas ayolili, efineboda irgvliv yvelafers. garda im sulieri tkivilisa, ra-
sac samSoblosTan daSoreba hqvia, avtors warmoCenili aqvs Zalzed mZime suraTi, Tu ro-
gor iRupebodnen TandaTan adamianebi. rogor aclida dedas Svils sikvdili xelidan, yo-
veli mxridan mxolod fizikuri da sulieri tanjva moismoda, magram vin iyo mSveleli?! av-
torma, aseve kargad warmoaCina rusi moxeleebis ulmobloba, rodesac maTTan vaJia mivida
TxovniT, rom anzoris ojaxi gadasaxlebisagan exsna, Tumca pasuxad miiRo is, rom moxelis
neba rom yofiliyo, yvelas moiSorebda Tavidan, yvelas gauyenebda osmaleTis gzas. amgva-
rad, avtorma warmoaCina am mcirericxovani xalxis tragedia. gamoCnda arsebuli sinamdvi-
lis simaxinje. fsiqologiuri siRrmiT ganaviTara mweralma Seyvarebuli vaJias, mSvenieri
elisosa da misi patiosani moxuci mamis — anzoris samarTliani miswrafebebis dapirispire-
ba usamarTlobisadmi, romelSic usamarTloba imarjvebs.
da bolos, ubixebi iyvnen afxazebisa da adiReelebis monaTesave xalxi, romlebic
cxovrobdnen dRevandel krasnodaris mxareSi — ruseTis federaciaSi. kavkasiis omis da-
sasruls, ruseTis xelisuflebam ubixTa mTavrebs ori arCevani SesTavaza: dasaxlebuliy-
vnen yubanispireTSi an TurqeTisaken mimaval gzas gasdgomodnen. mTavrebma TurqeTSi ga-
dasaxleba arCies xalxi daarwmunes, rom rusebi maT bavSvebs gaaqristianebdnen da TavianT
mmarTvelobas danergavdnen ubixebSi, xolo TurqeTSi maT samoTxe elodaT, alahis nacva-
li dedamiwaze — TurqeTis sulTani maT saukeTeso miwebs daurigebda da mefurad acxov-
rebda, Tavad mTavrebs privilegiebis dakargvisa eSinodaT da xsnas TurqeTSi xedavdnen.
amgvarad 1864 wels isini TurqeTisaken gaemarTnen .
afxazi mwerlis — bagrat Sinkubas romani „ukanaskneli ubixi“ asaxavs ubixebis da maT
paralelurad afxazebis gadasaxlebas TurqeTSi. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiria 100 wlis ubi-
xi zauryan zolaki, romelTanac afxazi enaTmecnieri — Sarax qvaZba Cadis, raTa gamoikvli-
os aw ukve mkvdari ubixuri ena. romanis siuJeti viTardeba misi naambobis kvalze. zauryan
zolakis biografia kvalad misdevs ubixi xalxis tragedias.z auryan zolaki dediT afxa-
zia. kargad icis dediseuli ena. miuxedavad iseTi mZime cxovrebisa, rogoric man gamoiara,
71
mas ar daukargavs sakuTari ena da tradiciebi. mosul afxaz stumars fexze wamoudga da
dasva, radgan wesis mixedviT, dedis mxridan yvela naTesavi da mogvare biZad iTvleboda,
ra asakisac ar unda yofiliyo. maT adaTis mixedviT, ufrosad miiCnevdnen. ena ver gamos-
Tqvams zauryanis bednierebas, rodesac afxazi estumra, radgan mkdrebis adgomas ifiqreb-
da da afxazuri enis gagebas veRar. is pirdeba qvaZbas, rom ubixur enis Seswavlis parale-
lurad uambobs ubixebis gadmosaxlebis istorias, mas yovelive gulze ise aqvs amotvifru-
li, rogorc warwera samaris qvaze. wlebi midian, magram arc wvimas da arc Tovls ar ZaluZs
misi waSla. zauryanma Saraxs uambo mTeli istoria ubixebis gamosaxlebisa. aseve rogor
cxovrobdnen ubixeTSi omis dawyebamde, rom maTSi arasodes yofila simSvide, radgan maTSi
TareSi Zarcva monebis gayidva TurqeTSi, qalebis gataceba da sisxlis aReba yovelTvis
iyo maTSi da sxvagvarad cxovreba verc warmoedginaT. Tu, vinme maTSi iaraRis xelSi aReba-
ze da brZolaze uars ityoda, soflidan aZevebdnen. omis dasasruls, rodesac ruseTis ga-
marjveba aSkara gaxda, ubixTa mTavrebma TavianTi TqmiT ruseTis damonebas TurqeTSi ga-
dasaxleba amjobines. maT, rasakvirvelia, sakuTari miznebi hqondaT, eSinodaT, rom privi-
legiebs dakargavdnen da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba xsnis gzad miiCnies da xalxic daarwmunes,
rom wasuliyvnen. swored aq dauSves sabediswero Secdoma da sakuTar Tavs sasikvdilo ga-
naCeni gamoutanes. mxolod erTi adamiani aRmoCnda maT Soris, romelic sTxovda ubixebs
nu wavidodnen da nu gadaaSenebdnen ubixTa modgmas. Znelia im yvelafris gadmocema, ro-
gor tovebdnen isini sakuTar keras, rogor klavdnen sakuTari xeliT cxenebs, rom rusebs
ar CavardnodaT xelSi is. maT ubixeTidan samaxsovro mxolod maTi wminda salocavi kerpi —
arwivis gamosaxulebiani biTxa – waiRes. umZimesi iyo maTi yofa, Tumca ruseTis xelisuf-
lebas maT dasaxmareblad araferi gaukeTebia. gamgzavrebis periodSi, zauryani ixsenebs,
rogor yridnen Turqebi maT gemebSi, rogori ulmoblad eqceodnen. rogor xtebodnen
zRvaSi, visac meti tkivilis atana aRar SeeZlo. rogor ganaxevrda ubixebis ricxvi Turqe-
Tis sanapiroebamde, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc mRerodnen, radgan kavkasieli ka-
cis bunebaa, gaWirvebis Jams simRera. maT imedi hqondaT momavlisa, Tumca, maTi realoba
sxvagvari aRmoCnda. SimSilisa da avadmyofobis winaSe aRmoCndnen ubixebi. aravin iyo maTi
momkiTxveli. dedebi Svilebs yiddnen, rom maTi SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis ar eyurebinaT.
sxvebi ki — TandaTan abragebad iqcnen. yvela erideboda kavkasielebs TurqeTSi. „yaCaR Cer-
qezebad“ moixseniebdnen. maTma mTavrebma ki faSebTan garigebiT, kargi qonebac iSoves da
aRarasdros dainteresebulan sawyali xalxis bediT. zauryani gaxda mowme imisa, rom sul-
Tans mxolod erTi mizani hqonda, gamoeyenebina rusebTan omSi kavkasielebi, radgan isini
ukve gamowrTobilni iyvnen maTTan brZolebSi, xolo saukeTeso gogonebi haramxanebSi ga-
emwesebina. zauryanis ori da faSam xarWebad gaixada, erTi ki SimSils emsxverpla. xolo
ded-mama Svilebze dardma gadaiyola. vinc Seegua axal cxovrebas da fexi moikida TurqeT-
Si, ubixuri enac daiviwya da gaTurqda. vinc ver egueboda samSobloSi dabrunebis mcdelo-
bisas, daundoblad klavdnen Turqebi. amgvarad, am xalxis ubedurebasa da asimilirebaSi
aranakleb didi wvlili Turqebsac miuZRviT, rusebTan erTad. istoriam cota magaliTi
rodi icis ubixebze gacilebiT didi erebis gaqrobisa, magram ubixebi didi xani ar aris,
rac aRar arseboben. es ambavi arc erT dReSi momxdara da arc erT weliwadSi. maT maSin ga-
wires Tavi dasaRupad, rodesac samoTxis miwis xilvis imediT TurqeTSi gaemgzavrnen.
amdenad, Zalian mZime aRmoCnda XIX saukuneSi ruseTis kolonialuri politika kavka-
siaSi. muhajirobam didi masStabebi miiRo. mravalma adamianma datova mSobliuri kera. mu-
hajiruli yofis simZime kargad Cans muhajirobis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi, maT Soris
ikveTeba „ukanaskneli ubixi“, romelSic detalurad cocxldeba ubixebis istoria da maTi
gaqrobis mizezebi. ruseTisa da TurqeTis xelisuflebis sisastike mTielebTan mimarTeba-
Si. carizmis mier im teritoriebis dapyroba, romelic maTTvis aravis uCuqebia da odiTgan
ubixebisa da sxva Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebis sakuTreba iyo. muhajiroba tragikuli fur-
72
celia kavkasieli xalxebis cxovrebaSi. es saerTo tkivili kargad warmoaCines mwerlebma
Tumca „ukanasknel ubixSi,“ es yvelaferi detalurad Cans. TurqeTSi gadasaxleba saTanado
momzadebisa da organizaciis gareSe mimdinareobda. muhajirebi Savi zRvis navsadgurebi-
dan uvargisi gemebiT gadahyavdaT, nawili saxmeleTo gziT - urmebiT midiodnen TurqeTi-
saken. mravali maTgani gzaSi imsxverpla epidemiam, SimSilma, sicivem. TurqeTis xelisuf-
lebam, muhajirebs uvargisi, Seuferebeli adgilebi miuCina. bevri umiwod da ubinaod dar-
Ca. muhajirebi male mixvdnen TavianT Secdomas da ukan dabruneba moindomes, magram, samwu-
xarod, es SeuZlebeli iyo vinaidan ruseTis xelisufleba amas aRar dauSvebda.
mZime pirobebSi Cavardnili muhajirebi iZulebulni iyvnen meomrebad Sesuliyvnen
TurqeTis jarSi. CrdilokavkasielTagan bevri maTgani asimilirda TurqebSi. bevrma maT-
ganma SeinarCuna erovnuli TviTSegneba da sakuTari ena. samwuxarod, es ubixebma ver moa-
xerxes da sruliad aRigavnen pirisagan miwisa.
gamoyenebuli literatura
Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi. tomi II;
73
humanitaruli mecnierebani: literaturaTmcodneoba, enaTmecniereba
gul muqerrem ozTurqi baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori elguja makaraZe
qarTuli literaturis Turqi mTargmnelebi da mkvlevrebi
Cemi naSromis mizans warmoadgens garkveva imisa, Tu ramdenad iyo da aris dainterese-
buli Turqi sazogadoebrioba qarTuli literaturis kvleviTa da TargmniT. monacemebi am
mxriv Zalian mwiria. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirveli nabiji am mxriv gadadga ahmeT me-
laSvilma da Turqul enaze Targmna aleqsandre yazbegis „elguja“, romelsac „elguja da
mzaRo“ uwoda. Targmani daibeWda stambolSi 1973 wels.
qarTul enazea naTargmni ilia WavWavaZis leqsebi (mTargmnelebi fahreTin CiloRlu
da osman nuri merjani, Tahsin saraji, hasan Celiqi, husein uiguni), moTxroba „mgzavris we-
rilebi“ (mTargmnelebi ali alTuni da asmaT jafariZe), poema „gandegili“ (mTargmneli ali
alTuni). leqsebi gamoqveynebulia Jurnal „CveneburSi“. aseve „CveneburSi“ gamoqveynda aka-
ki wereTlis poema „gamzrdeli“ leqsebi (mTargmneli ali alTuni) da statia „ilias mkvle-
lobis Sesaxeb“ (mTargmneli osman nuri merjani). „Cveneburis“ furclebi daeTmo nikoloz
baraTaSvilis leqsebsac, Jurnal „mamulSi“ ki gamoqveynda statia „nikoloz baraTaSvili —
qarTuli romantizmis mwvervali“. statiis avtoria ismail ierguzi. bilkentis universite-
tis profesorma laurenT moignonma Targmna vaJa-fSavelas „arwivi“, romelic gamoaqveyna
Jurnal „Cveneburis“ 35-e nomerSi 2000 wels.
me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi momxdarma politikurma SeTqmulebam (1832
weli) literaturas axali forma da Sinaarsi SesZina. me-18 saukunis bolos dawyebul kri-
ziss daemata aRniSnuli SeTqmuleba da Seiqmna SasaniSnavi pirobebi imisaTvis, rom saqar-
TveloSi mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi warmoSobiliyo da ganviTarebuliyo romantizmi.
Semdeg mokled mimoixilavs qarTveli romantikosebis Semoqmedebas da aRniSnavs „me-19 sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi cdilobdnen Zveli qarTuli literaturuli tradiciebis kvlav ga-
cocxlebas. am periodis mwerlebi (es periodi iwodeba gardamaval periodad) qarTuli kla-
sikuri literaturis Tematikas xelaxla amuSaveben, oRond gansxvavebuli stiliT. am peri-
odis qarTul literaturaSi axali Temebi ar gvxvdeba“. unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi av-
toris mier aris saTanadod Sefasebuli qarTvel romantikosTa damsaxureba da maTi mem-
kvidreobis mniSvneloba axali qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZ-
lebelia qarTvel romantikosTa Rvawli Sefasdes, rogorc mxolod Zveli qarTuli lite-
raturis tradiciebis kvlav gacocxleba, Zveli qarTuli literaturis Tematikis xelaxa-
li damuSaveba. rogorc sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbe-
lianis da qarTuli romantizmis udidesi warmomadgenlis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, poezia
axali safexuria qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis grZel gzaze, maTi Semoqmedeba gamo-
irCa axali problematikiT, axali xedviT, rogorc didi ilia WavWavaZe brZanebs, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani am droisTvis is iyo, rom Zveli saqarTvelos literaturis miRwevebis gada-
azrebasTan erTad iwyeba evropeizacia qarTuli mwerlobisa da rom nikoloz baraTaSvili
aris pirveli evropeisti poeti, srulad ganTavisuflebuli aRmosavluri tendenciebisa-
gan. 1850 wlidan qarTul literaturaSi wina planze gamodis kritikuli realizmi. drama-
turgi giorgi erisTavi (1813- 1864), z. antonovi (1821- 1854) arian poetebi, romlebic idgnen
kritikuli realizmis samsaxurSi. erisTavma komediuri epizodebiT gaamdidra Tavisi na-
74
warmoebebi. antonovis kalams ekuTvnis „qoroRlus eposi“, romelic misi yvelaze warmate-
buli nawarmoebia. 1850 wlis Semdeg iqmneba realisturi nawarmoebebi. lavrenti ardazianma
(1815-1870) nawarmoebiT „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“ asparezze Semoiyvana axali socia-
luri Zala. daniel WonqaZe (1830- 1860) „suramis cixeSi“ saubrobs baton- ymobis problemeb-
ze da sazogadoebaSi axal cnobierebas amkvidrebs. kritikuli realizmi 1950 wlebis qar-
Tul literaturaSi erTaderTi mimdinareoba ar aris. kritikuli realizmis paralelurad
arsebobas ganagrZobs romantizmi giorgi rCeuliSvilis (1821- 1875) saxiT. magram udavo
WeSmaritebaa is, rom romantizmi am periodSi ukve kriziss ganicdis.
1860 wlidan saqarTveloSi iwyeba gamorCeuli epoqa, romelic moicavs ara marto li-
teraturas, aramed kulturis yvela sferos. es aris samocianelTa, anu TergdaleulTa
epoqa. samocianelebma ganaTleba miiRes sankt-peterburgSi. maTze didi gavlena moaxdina
rusulma revoluciur-demokratiulma ideebma da maT ganizraxes fundamentaluri cvli-
lebebi moexdinaT qarTul literaturasa da socialur cxovrebaSi. samocian wlebSi lite-
raturul asparezze gamodian ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907), akaki wereTeli (1840-1915), niko ni-
kolaZe (1843-1928), giorgi wereTeli (1842-1900). eseni iyvnen poetebi, mTargmnelebi, mwer-
lebi, aqtivistebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, politikosebi. es oTxeuli iyo saqarTveloSi
me-20 da 21-e saukuneebSi gaSlili erovnuli moZraobis ideologiuri STamagonebeli. samo-
cianelebis memkvidred miCneuli literaturuli mimdinareoba iyo „mTis skola“. am skolis
warmomadgenlebi arian aleqsandre yazbegi (1848-1893), poeti luka razikaSvili, romelic
fSaveli iyo. igi cnobilia vaJa-fSavelas saxeliT (1860-1915). vaJa fSavela Tavis nawarmoe-
bebSi ilaSqrebda tradiciebis winaaRmdeg baCana (1866- 1927), Tedo razikaSvili (1869-1922).
aRniSnulma skolam didi gavlena moaxdina qarTul literaturaze da erovnuli probleme-
bi Rirseulad asaxa Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. vaJa-fSavelam qarTuli literatura gaamdidra
axali TemebiTa da axali stiliT, SeiZleba iTqvas rom man Seqmna sakuTari skola. misi upir-
velesi msmenelebi iyvnen lirikosi poeti niko (baCana, misi Zma) da misi Svili mwerali Tedo
razikaSvili. 1890 wlidan qarTuli literaturis asparezze Cndeba axali Taoba, romelic
iwyebs realizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebas. me-19 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi qarTul lite-
raturaSi aqtiurad iwyeba marqsizmis propaganda. mxatvrul nawarmoebebsa da sxva saxis
naSromebSi marqsizmi mkiTxvels miewodeboda rogorc sistema, romelsac SeuZlia socia-
luri problemebis mogvareba.
am periodSi qarTul literaturaSi Cndeba marqsistTa jgufi, romelic movlenebs
gansxvavebulad afasebs. am periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mweralia egnate ninoSvili
(1859-1894). egnate ninoSvilma kritikuli realizmi axali epoqis pirobebis Sesabamisad ga-
naviTara da moamzada safuZveli saqarTveloSi socialisturi realizmis gavrcelebisaT-
vis. egnate ninoSvilis nawarmoebebi („gogia uiSvili“, „simona“, „Cveni qveynis raindi“) aR-
gviwers batonymobis gauqmebis Semdegdroindel qarTuli soflis cxovrebas. am mimdinare-
obis warmomadgenlebi arian daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli, lalioni (a. mamulaSvi-
li), romlebic SeiZleba miviCnioT socialisturi realizmis pirvel warmomadgenlebad. aq
unda gavakeToT Semdegi SeniSvna. ra Tqma unda, socialisturi realizmis warmomadgenle-
bad SeuZlebelia miviCnioT daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli, lalioni da a.S. isic
saTqmelia, rom socialistur realizmze, rogorc realizmis pirobiT saxeobaze, axla aRa-
ravin saubrobs.
qarTuli mwerlobis TurqeTisTvis gacnoba amiT ar damTavrebula. saqarTveloSi
sxvadasxva mizniT iyvnen Camosulebi Turqi mwerlebi, romelTac TurqeTSi dabrunebisas
gamoaqveynes statiebi qarTul mwerlobaze, Teatrze, ufro metad ki gamoaqveynda iseTi
statiebi, sadac saubari iyo STabeWdilebebze saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. magaliTad, 1979 wlis
ivlisSi Turqma mweralma omer faruq Tofraqma gazeT “politikaSi„ gamoaqveyna mogonebebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. zeinab oralma Jurnal „xelovnebaSi“, xolo refika erduranma ki ga-
75
zeT „mzeSi„ gamoaqveynes statiebi qarTul Teatrze. nejaTi jumalma (wignSi saxelad „revi-
zionisti“), Tariq dursunma (gazeTSi „ieni orTam“) da haldun Tanerma gamoaqveynes mogone-
bebi aseve saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebis kvleva daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac Tbilisis saxelmwi-
fo universitetsa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-
tutSi Seiqmna Turqologiis kaTedra. qarTveli Turqologebi ikvlevdnen rogorc Tur-
qul enas aseve literaturas. maT Seiswavles Turquli gramatikis wesebi, warTul-turqu-
li enobrivi urTierTobebi, qarTulSi Semosuli Turquli sityvebi, Turqul enaSi da dia-
leqtebSi Sesuli qarTuli sityvebi, saqarTveloSo mcxovrebi Turqulenovani mosaxleo-
bis metyvelebis Taviseburebani, mcxovrebi Turqulenovani mosaxleobis sasaubro ena,
Turquli saarqivo masalebi enobrivi urTierTobebi, qarTuli da Turquli enis tipolo-
giuri paralelebi, qarTuli da Turquli frazeologizmebis tipologia, qarTulSi Semo-
suli Turquli sityvebi. qarTvelma Turqologebma Tbilisis saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi
osmaluri dokumentebi Seiswavles enobrivi TvalsazrisiT da gamosces saintereso monog-
rafiebi. Seiswavles arqivSi daculi me-18 saukunis Turquli enis saxelmZRvanelo, qarTu-
li asoebiT Turqul enaze dawerili „biblia“, „qoroRlus“ qarTuli versia da sxva saarqi-
vo masalebi; Seiqmna qarTul-Turquli da Turqul-qarTuli leqsikonebi, sasaubroebi, am
mxriv Zalian sainteresoa 2001 wels gamocemuli Turqul-qarTuli leqsikonis ortomeuli
da Turqul-qarTuli frazeologizmebi.
rac Seexeba Turqul literaturas, Seswavlil iqna „dede qorquTis wigni“, „qoroR-
lus“ eposi, TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis zepirsityviereba jalaledin rumis, ruhi
baRdadis, iunus emres, muhamed fuzulis, nefis, lamis, ahmeT haSimis, mihri haTunis, mehmeT
eminis, iaquf qadris, sabahaTin alis, Tevfiq fiqreTis, hairulah efendis, faqir baiqurTis,
suaT derviSis da sxva. cnobili mwerlebisa Tu poetebis Semoqmedeba; Seiswavles Turquli
poetika. qarTul enaze iTargmna: Turquli zRaprebi, nasredin hojas anegdotebi, „dede
qorquTis“ wigni, nazim hiqmeTis leqsebi, sabahaTin alis, omer seifeTinis, orhan hanCerli-
oRlus, haldun Taneris, aziz nesinis, suaT derviSis, isa nejaTis, reSad nuri giunTeqinis,
iaquf qadri qaraosmanoRlus, ahmeT haSimis, beqir ildizis,fazil husne daRlarjas, ada-
leT aRaoRlus, oqTai rifaTis,orhan famuqisa da sxva cnobili mwerlobisa Tu poetebis
Semoqmedeba. cxadia, zemoT warmodgenili mimoxilva ver amowuravs qarTul-Turquli li-
teraturuli urTierTobis mTel Sinaarss, amitom naSromis bolos davurTavT bibliogra-
fias, romelic ufro srulad warmoaCens aRniSnuli urTierTobis suraTs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. miqelaZe, abdul, werilebi aWaridan, Targmna fahreTin CiloRlum; Mikeladze, A. Acara mektuplarÀ
(F. TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.
2. baqraZe, eka, leqsebi, Targmna fahreTin CiloRlum; Bakradze, E. Teviri Jiirleri (F. TiloJlu, Tev.) Gürcü
Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi. 3. ierguzi, ismail, qarTuli romantizmis mwvervali-nikoloz baraTaSvili; arataJvili,
N.(Ekim-AralÀk 1997). Gürcü Romantizmin Rncüsü (h. Yerguz, Tev.) Mamuli Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ 4.
4. jaiani, ivane, werilebi SavSeTidan, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Caiani, h. Borçka mektuplarÀ (F.
TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.
5. javaxiSvili, mixeil, eSmakis qva, mTargmneli ibrahim iavuz goraZe; Cavakhishvili, M.(1988).
peytanÀn TaJÀ, Ryküler (h. Y. Goradze, Tev.) hstanbul: Total MüJavirlik.
6. WavWavaZe, ilia, mgzavris werilebi, mTargmneli ali alTuni; Tavçavadze, h.(1989). Bir Yol-
cunun NotlarÀ (A. Altun, Tev.).
76
7. WavWavaZe, ilia, mgzavris werilebi, mTargmneli asmaT jafariZe; Tavçavadze, h.(2007). Yol-
cunun YazÀlarÀ (A. Caparidze, Tev.) Tiflis: eni öprü ergisi.
8. salia, kalistrate, ilia WavWavaZe, mTargmneli ismail ierguzi; Salia, K. (Ocak 1997).
Tavçavadze, h., Bedi Kartlisakdan (1956, ss: 50-51) (h. Yerguz, Tev.) Mamuli Kültürel D ergisi.
9. WilaZe, oTar, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Tiladze, O.(Temmuz 1997) piirler (F.
TiloJlu, Tev.) (ss. 3).
10. WilaZe, Tamaz, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Tiladze, T.(2003). Teviri Jiirleri (F.
TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: Gürcü Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi.
11. dumbaZe, nodar, me vxedav mzes, mTargmneli mehCure qaraoreni; umbadze, N.(1969). GüneJi Görü-
yorum ( M. Karaören, Tev.).
12. dumbaZe, nodar, maradisobis kanoni, mTargmneli ali alTuni; umbadze, N. (1990). Sonsuzluk
YasasÀ (A. Altun, Tev.) hstanbul: YÀlmaz.
13. dumbaZe, nodar, kukuraCa, mTargmneli gulizar WeliZe; umbadze, N.(1990). Kukaraça (G. hbrahi-
mova, Telidze, Tev.) Ankara: YazÀt.
14. CiloRlu, fahreTin, Zveli qarTuli literatura; TiloJlu, F. (Ocak-pubat 1993). Eski Gürcü
EdebiyatÀ. Tveneburi Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ: 1(8).
15. qarTuli zRaprebi, mTargmnelebi – fahreTin CiloRlu, irine gociriZe, hasan Celiqi, hu-
lia CiloRlu; TiloJlu, F.(1998). FalcÀ Hoçoknun MasalÀ d Gürcü MasallarÀ (F. TiloJlu, h. Gotsiridze,
H. Telik, H. TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.
16. gegeSiZe, guram, zRapari, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; egeJidze, G.(2004). DüJ (F. TiloJlu,
Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle. 17. gogolaSvili, vaxtang, cisferi mTebis qveyana, mTargmneli mehmeT ozguli; ogolaJvili,
V.(1980) Mavi DaJlar wlkesi (M. Rzgül, Tev.) hstanbul: Cem
18. qarTuli zRaprebi-mzis asuli, mTargmneli hairi hairioRlu; GüneJin KÀzÀ, Gürcü masal-
larÀ,(1986) ( H. HayrioJlu, Tev.)
19. qarTuli literatura: Gürcü EdebiyatÀ, Kaynak: Ana Britannica, Tveneburi Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ: 1(8),
Ocak- pubat 1993.
20. xalvaSi, fridon, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu: HalvaJi, P. Teviri piirleri (F. TiloJlu,
Tev.) Gürcü Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi.
77
ciala oCxikiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, magistratura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nestan sulava
ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi macxovris
simboloTa saxismetyvelebisaTvis
ioane mtbevris himnografiuli memkvidreoba miqael modrekilis saweliwdo iadgarma
(S-425; 978-988 w.w) Semogvinaxa. mis sagaloblebSi asaxuli zogadqristianuli motivebi,
hipodigmur-paradigmuli saxeebi emyareba bibliur da saRvTismetyvelo literaturas.
himnografis sametyvelo ena gamoirCeva amaRlebuli ganwyobiT, ritmulobiT, anaforuli
kompoziciiT.
Cemi statia exeba ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebs, romelTa saxis-
metyveleba iqcevs yuradRebas. himnografi saSobao sagalobelSi macxovars warmoadgens
bibliuri saxe-simboloebiT. Cemi ganxilvis sagania macxovris Sobis, gankacebis saidum-
los, bibliur moZRvrebasTan mis kavSirs, „Zueli igi kacisa da axali igi kacis“ simboluri
saxeobrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT.
uflis Sobas sasuliero mwerloba „saSinel saidumlos“ uwodebs, radgan adamianTa
gonebisTvis miuwvdomelia RvTaebrivi arsis xorciel bunebaSi gadmosvlis srulyofilad
gaazreba. wm. ioane oqropiri maTes saxarebis ganmartebisas aRniSnavs: „gulisÃmisyav da
SesZrwundi, mesmas ra¡, viTarmed RmerTi movida qo¢eynad, rameTu esoden gansakvirvebel
iyo da didebul, romel angelozTa ganwyobilni kacni wyalobisaTvis erTbaSad didebis-
metyvelebas Seswiravdes da winaswarmetyu¢lni gankvirvebulni pirvelive ityodes,
viTarmed „queyanasa zeda gamoCnda da kacTa Soris iqceoda“ (baruq.3:38) (5,35).
ioane mtbevari wminda mamaTa kvalobaze macxovris Sobas „saSinel saidumlosa“ da
saswauls uwodebs: „saido¢mlo sasaSineli, romelica iyo dafaro¢l ZalTagan zecisa o¢-
xorcoTa mravalsaxier sibrZne¡ RmrTisa¡, gancxadna dRes kacTa Soris orcTa Sina RmrTe-
eba¡, romliTa moviReT Co¢en gamoჴsna¡“ (2,57). „saSinelisa Sobisa Senisa saido£mlosa“ (2,77).
„saSineli saidumlos“ ganmartebas agrZelebs ioane oqropiri: „aw ukue ara dausa-
bamo¡sa mis SobisaT¢s ars sityua¡ Cueni, aramed meorisa, romeli iqmna queyanasa zeda,
romlisa mravalni arian mowame, da misTÂsca Zalisaebr Cuenisa miTxra, ravden-igi uZle
moRebad madlsa mas sulisa wmidisasa, romelman momca sityua¡ Tqumad, raoden etevis
bunebasa kacobrivsa, rameTu amas qalwulisagan Sobisa gancxadebulad da ganmartebiT
Txroba¡ SeuZlebel ars, rameTu sakvirvel ars esec da miuwTomel“ (5,35). Znelia warmod-
gena: „rameTu friad uZneles ars kacobrivisanzeda gulissityoÂasa RmrTisa gankaceba¡,
vidreRa kacisa Svil RmrTisa yofa¡ madlisa misiTa“ (5,36).
ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi aRniSnuli faqti mravalgzis aris
gaazrebuli. himnografi acnobierebs, rom RvTisgankacebis saidumlos sityviT axsna,
gadmocema ver moxerxdeba: „o¢zeSTaes arsboÂnebasa kacobrivsa saido¢mlo¡ gamo¢Tqo
¢meli o¢Teslod Sobisa Senisa¡ qriste, sityoÂao mamisao da ver Seo¢Zlebsena¡ metyo¢eli
WeSmaritad miTxrobad misa, romlisT¢s gancofna sibrZne soflisa brZenTa da mecnierTa¡
da mooÂZloÂrda sityva¡ metyoÂelTa¡ SemsgavsebiT qebasa“ (2,89).
78
Teologiur moZRvrebaSi qristianuli RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba
RmerTia, absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli, arafrisagan yovelives
Semoqmedi. ioane mtbevris sagalobelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saRvTo arsis Teologiur-
filosofiuri daxasiaTeba, samsaxovani erTarseba RmerTis gaazrebaa misi cxadi magali-
Tia: „samebi sanaTliTa gabrwyinvebulni movediT morwmuneno vaqebdeT samguamovansa Rmer-
Tsa mamasaZiT da suliTwmidiT ganuyofelad erTbuneba saRmrTeebisasa“ (2,53).
samsaxovani RmerTis meore hipostasurma saxem – ieso qristem, gankacebulma RmerTma,
pirvelcodvis gamosyidvada kacTa sulebis gadarCena SeZlo. pirvelqmnili adamiani
Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad. pirvelcodvisagan igi macxovarma ixsna, ris Semdegac
qristianuli religiis umTavres faseulobad gamocxadda. „xati msgavsebisa Co¢enisa
sao¢ko¢neTa RmerTmanda dRes gamoSCndi xorcielad“.
pavle mociquli qristes Sesaxeb ambobs: „mas Sina damkvidrebul ars yovelive savseba¡
RmrTeebisa¡ xorcielad“ (kolas.2.9). kacobriobis xsnisTvis umniSvnelovanes dros, saxi-
erma da kacTmoyvare ufalma qveynad moavlina „mxolodSobili Ze T¢si – ieso qriste“,
radgan mxolod RmerTs SeeZlo sruli gankurneba saqveyno senisa, mxolod mas SeeZlo
aRdgena dacemuli adamianisa. iSva macxovari da ufali Cveni ieso qriste da moxda eniT
gamouTqmeli saswauli: CvenTvis daimdabla RmerTma Tavi, romelmac ganwminda da ganaaxla
buneba dacemulia damianisa. kaci gaaTavisufla codvis monobisagan da Semusra sikvdili.
nikea-konstantinepolis simbolos interpretaciiT, qristes mosvla miwaze aris ara ubra-
lod „xorcSesxma“, aramed maincdamainc „gankaceba“. ioane mtbevris mier RvTis gankaceba
filosofiuradaa gaazrebuli: „sityuo¢man dao¢sabamoman, RmrTeebr o¢xilavman miiRo da-
sabamigan kacebisa¡ ჴsnisaT¢s kacTa naTesavisa, ra¡Jams Seezava agebo¢lebasa nivTiersa mi-
wisa gansamowyalebiTa o¢gebeli arseba¡ RmrTeebisa¡“ (2,84).
„agebo¢lebasa nivTiersa miwisagansa“ ganimarteba Semdegnairad: „xiluli soflis
SeqmnaSi monawileobs oTxi elementi: miwa, wyali, haeri da cecxli. es elementebi Seadgenen
yoveli materialuri sagnis safuZvels, samyaroSi arsTa Soris yvelaze dabal safexurzea
usulo nivTni“ (1,22), xolo vinaidan „yoveli sxeuli oTxTa nivTTagan Seimzadebis“, amitom
adamianis sxeulsa da usulo nivTebs erTmaneTTan swored es oTxi elementi akavSirebs.
„Sesaqmis“ wignSi dasaxulia is idea, rom „cxovrebis xis“ nayofis meSveobiT adamiani
uxrwneloba-ukvdavebas eziareba, „ra¡Ta cxovndes ukunisamde“ (Ses.3.22). ioane damaskeli
„cxovrebis xes“ ase ganmartavs: „mqonebeli moqmedebasa cxorebis mimcemlobisa“. sicocx-
lis momniWebel am „xes“, „SesaqmeSive“ upirispirdeba „xecnobadisa, keTilisa da borotisa“,
romelic gvawvdis xorciel sakvebs. gankacebuli ufali kacobriobas aZlevs Tavdapirvel,
ucodvel mdgomareobasTan mibrunebis SesaZleblobas. sasuliero mwerlobaSi „xecxovre-
bisa“ RvTis metaforaa. „xecxovrebisa“ esaa daxSul samoTxeSi kvlavdabrunebis SesaZleb-
loba. ioane mtbevris sagaloblebSi qriste bevrgan gaazrebulia tradiciulad miRebuli
metaforiT, Tumca, gvxvdeba aseve „xisamiscnobadisa“ ganmartebiT: „movediT, gemo¡ vixi-
loT xis amis cnobadisa¡ romel ars qriste, saRmrTo yuavili, romlisganca sitkboeba¡
iwnixa saidumlo¡ ganmwmedeli sulTa CuenTa¡“ (2,64).
gankacebuli kacTmoyvare RmerTi kvlav gvisaxavs gzas „cxovrebisxesTan“ misabruneb-
lad. esaa gza „sibrZnis“ mopovebisa: „xe cxovrebisa ars yovelTa, romelTa Seiwynaron igi“
(igav. 3,18; zir. 24.12-22). xolo qriste aRuTqvams mis erTgulT „Wamad Zeli samisgan
cxovrebisa, romeli ars Soris samoTxesa RmrTisa Cemisasa“ (gamocx,2.7). ioane mtbevari
79
ambobs: „sasoveba¡ warmarTTa¡ dRes aRmog¢cenda, romlis nayofiTa ganiko¢rna simware xis
mis cnobadisa da macxovnna Co¢en“ (2,73).
„xisa cnobadis“ simbolikiT macxovris saxed mravalgzis aris warmodgenili ioane
mtbevarTan: „aha esera qo¢eyanisa misgan siwmindisa aRmoscenda dao¢Tesvelad sazrdelad
so¢lieri sameo¢fo¡sagan venaჴisa movisTo¢leT tevani.m omwydarTa ganmacxovelebeli,
romelman ganaqarva simware¡ pirveli xisa cnobadisa¡ da momca Co¢en saso¢meli cxov-
rebisa¡“(2,89).
ioane mtbevari „cnobadis xis“ paralelurad qristes warmoaCens, rogorc „cxovrebis
xe“. amitom SeuZlebelia mizanmimarTulad ar yofiliyo qriste moxseniebuli „xecnobadis“
simbolikiT: „nayofisagan simarTlisa aRmoscenda xe cxovrebisa, romelmanca gamoiRo
yoÂavili sulneli, viTarca Tqo¢a pirvel solomoni gavTa sibrZniT gamometyo¢lman,
rameTu aha esera qo¢eyanis amisgan siwmidisa aRmoscenda da o¢Tesvelad sazrdeli sulieri
da sameufosagan venaxisa movisTuleT tevani, momwydarTa ganmacxovebeli, romelman
ganaqarva simware pirvelxisa cnobadisa da momca Cuen sasumeli cxovrebis, romliTa
dahxsna pirveli gansazRvrebuli igi patiJi mokudavebisa ukudavebisa mflobelman
RmerTman“ (2,89).
„RvTaebrivi kacTmoyvareoba imaSi gamomJRavnda, rom Tavisufali nebis gziT suls
sinanulis SesaZlebloba eboZa“ (3,96). modis „axali adamiani“, romlis sapirispiro cnebaa
„Zveli adamiani“ („Zueli igi kaci“). sinanulis gzaze Semdgari Zveli adamiani kvdeba daiba-
deba axali. mtbevari am movlenas Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: „eha, didebuli gansak¢rvebeli
axlisa amis SeerTebisa Co¢enda. rameTu, romel uxilav ars sruliad Seimoss kacebasa
Co¢ensa da hgies uqcevelad RmrTeeba saveTÂssa“(2,55).
griver farulavas SexedulebiT „kacTmoyvare RmerTis madliT xdeba „Zvelikacis“
sisxlxorceuli ganaxleba, modis qriste, „axali adami“, igi aris gamosyidvis, gamoxsnis
aqtiT qristeSi ganaxlebuli kacobrioba. jvarcmiT, rogorc sxeulis, ise sulis ukvdave-
bisaken saxecvalebis realuri gza gaikvala“ (3,98).
gankacebuli ufliTa da axali adamianis dabadebiT gamoisyida adamianTa modgmam
„Zueli igi codva“, „viTarca hnebavs mxolodSobilsa, ra¡Ta ucxoqmnuli ese samoTxisagan
ko¢alad munve Semkribnes damacxovnnes beTlemsSobilman Co¢enT¢s“ (2,67).
ioane mtbevrisTvis „Zveli codvis gamosyidva im gvelis mokvliTaa ganpirobebuli,
romelmac „dabadebis wignSive“ codva Caadenina adamsa da evas. codvis damarcxebiT gaxda
SesaZlebeli „adamis siSiSvlis“ Semosva: „bagasa Sina mwolare, ixilvebis saxo¢eliTa
Sexo¢eo¢lida Sehmoss dRes adamis SiSo¢lobasa“ (2,77).
„saxo¢liTa Sexo¢eo¢liT“ Semosva, rogorc wm.ioane oqropirma ganacxada, esaa: „ara
samoselTa maT gareSeTa ganrcxa¡, aramed samoselTa maT sulierTa ganwmenmeda¡ nivTTa
maTgan codvisaTa ganSoreba¡“ (5,33). Tavmdablobis msgavsi magaliTi mTeli kacobriobis-
Tvis misabaZad isaxeba, razec ioane mtbevari ambobs: „qriste, momavali simdabliT RmerTi
Cueni, quabsa Sina dasaxuevliTa CC¢lad Seixva da miawvina igi bagasa Semoqmedi“ (2,68).
macxovris xat-saxe ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi sxvadasxva,
mravalferovani simboloebis safuZvelzea warmosaxuli maTi ganxilva erTi statiis
farglebSi SeuZlebelia. Cven SevecadeT mxolod ramdenime detali Tu faqti qristianuli
saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis fonze warmogveCina da ioane
mtbevris sagalobelTa organuli kavSiri gveCvenebina bibliur wignebsa da qristianul
literaturasTan. ioane mtbevari himnografiaSi SemuSavebul saxismetyvelebiT principebs
80
mihyveba, ris gamoc bevri ram gvecnoba. misi sagaloblis Rirseba ki isaa, rom masSi saRvTo
saidumlos gamosaxvisa da RvTaebrivi sibrZnis warmoCenis safuZvelze macxovris
Sobisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. grigolaSvili 2005 — grigolaSvili l. daviT aRmaSeneblis „galobani sinanulisani“. Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2005.
2. ingoroyva 1913 – ingoroyva p. „Zvel qarTuli sasuliero poezia“. wigni I. teqstebi VIII-X
saukuneebi. saeklesio muzeumis gamocema #16. 1913.
3. farulava 1991 – farulava g. qristianuli anTropologiis ZiriTadi principebi. „xelov-
neba“, #1-2, 1991.
4. wmida ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema. gamosa-
cemad moamzades r.miminoSvilma da m. rafavam, Tbilisi, 2000.
5. wmida ioane oqropiri. „ganmarteba¡ maTes saxarebisa¡“. I t. Tbilisi, 1996.
81
qeTevan samadaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar paiWaZe
miTologiuri aluziebi lia sturuas SegrZnebebis romanSi
„ram SeWama venaxi?“
„ram SeWama venaxi“ lia sturuas pirveli prozauli nawarmoebia — sainteresoa, rogor
warmoCindeba poetis saTqmeli proziT. avtori asaxavs Tanamedroveobis tyuil-marTals,
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis qarTul mZime yofas, kacobriobis zepirsityvierebiT gadmocemu-
li tyuil-marTlisgan gaumijnavad.
nawarmoebi iwyeba Semdegi sityvebiT: „Zalian mkvrivi ukuneTi dgas garSemo, iseTi, ro-
ca bnel oTaxSi Savi kata unda ipovo, romelic iq ar aris“. miTologiurma personaJebmac
„saukuneebi gamoiares sinaTlis siswrafiT da isev, im uxsovar sibneleSi moxvdnen“. abzac-
abzac ukuneTi kidev ufro mkvrivdeba, metic, misgan Tavis daRwevis gzac ki arsad Cans.
bnelSi Savi katis Zieba ki imedis Zebnas ufro hgavs.
romani gvixatavs rigiTi adamianis aRqmul saqarTvelos uaxles istorias (daiwera
1994—2000 wlebSi) — „quCaSi koconebi anTia. xalxi puris rigSi dgas. oRroCoRro asfalti
myrali gubeebiTaa savse“. igi SegrZnebebisa da cnobierebis nakadis erTgvari nazavia: „qao-
si, gauTavebeli qaosi. dro, sivrce, adamianebi, erTmaneTSi aTqvefili da azelili, amirani,
promeTe, me, amiran darejanis-Ze, dali, yamari“. miuxedavad gamefebuli qaosisa, iseTi
problemebis ganxilvis kvaldakval, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, „filologiis daskdoma da
dabzarva upatrono saxliviT“, nirwamxdari saubrebi, zereloba da pirobiToba, SuSis ga-
elveba nacnob TvalebSi — Secbuneba. romans fonad gasdevs Cais smis mSvidi rituali — sa-
Sualeba, ramdenime wuTiT Tavi daaRwio realobis ukuns da sasurvel samyaroSi gadainac-
vlo. metic, Cais svamen is personaJebic, romlebic irealobidan gadmodian realobaSi. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom es yoveldRiuri sasmeli magiiT aRiWurveba da xels uwyobs warmosaxvebsa
da sasurvelSi bodials. mas „Zveleburi gamWvirvale finjniT“ miirTmeven da „arasodes —
didi da uxeSi Tixis WiqiT, romlis kedlebzec SeiZleba akankalebuli xelebi gaiTbo“.
romanSi pirvelad swored erTi rigiTi limoJis faifuris Wiqis msxvrevis xma amoativ-
tivebs mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi „spilos Zvlis koSkis“ miuwvdomlobis ambebs. personaJi ki
cremlebs ver ereva, radgan rTulia, auxsna adamianebs, rom „ar vargixar cxovrebisaTvis“
im samyaros gareSe, romelsac ubralo nivTi itevs. am SemTxvevaSi Cai da finjani erTi
mTlianobaa, jadosnuri siTxe gamWvirvale finjnidan saamo surnels afrqvevs, saamo siT-
bos asxivebs mzis arekvlis gareSec ki...
„spilos Zvlis koSki“ mizania yvela zRaparsa da ambavSi, romelsac mxolod sityviska-
cebi aRweven; „spilos Zvlis koSki“ yovelTvis inaxavs gansakuTrebul saidumlos, romelTa
gamJRavnebasac aucilebloba ganapirobebs; is ifaravs qalwuls avi Tvalisgan, mzis sxivebis-
gan, misi daqcevac aucileblobaa, radgan zecamde azidul miwiers isev miwa moiTxovs. „spi-
los Zvlis koSki“ yoveldRiurobaSic imsxvreva, rogorc Cais finjani. mas mere, rac romanis
personaJi Sexvdeba Tavis meore meebs, martosulebsa da droisagan moZvelebulebs, namsxvre-
vebTan darbrunebuli aRmoaCens, rom „kidev ufro axlos Tu mixval, adamianebis tanebs gaar-
Cev, erTmaneTSi gadagrexils, xorcebis Sewrymis Tu SurisZiebis vnebian ymuils“.
romanis mTavari personaJis warmosaxvebSi, Cvenebebsa da realobaSic erTmaneTs er-
wymian gamijnurebuli gamWvirvale wiTelTmiani qalebi da radikulitiani cxenkacebi, gabe-
82
duli dedalosi da Tavneba ikarosi, cecxlovani vnebebiT aRvsili zevsi da sxva mravali mi-
Tosuri personaJi;
maT Sorisaa „ambavi qalis, romelic gaaTxoves simdidrisgan giSeriviT elvare kacze,
mas ki TeTri cxenkaci uyvarda“. cxenkaci, kentavriviT tkivilebs rom igrovebda da bolos
„imdeni tkivili daugrovda im adgilas, sadac misi tani cxens uerTdeboda, rom welSi moi-
xara“. uneblieT gvaxsendeba lia sturuas leqsi „Cemianebi“: „ai, am xalxs me Cemianebs veZaxi,
welSi odnav waxrilebs da mxrebawurulebs... isini Ramis mqrqali peplebiviT SeumCneveli
rCebian sakoncerto darbazis siWreleSi~... maTs moxril mxrebs ki yovelTvis arasworad
aRiqvamen isini, visac ZaluZs „talaxi giSrad aqcios“, talaxi, romelic „verasodes ganiwo-
nis mzes“.
awmyos moqalaqea cxenkaci, mas ukve radikulitis diagnozs usvamen. sinamdvileSi ki im
dakarguli siyvarulis dardi awevs mxrebze, Citebis cxovrebas rom hgavs. igi „zogjer si-
zifesaviT ixsnis“ simZimes, Tumca mitovebul tvirTs erTi Tviseba aqvs, kidev ufro mZim-
deba mere, mxrebic kidev ufro ixreba miwisken, anu iqiT, sadac dabruneba ucilebeli WeSma-
ritebaa.
romanis personaJs sakuTari „tyavi-cixe, saxli-cixe, qalaqi-cixe“ aqvs. gamomwvevi da
almaceri, kaci xar da daarRvie, Zala gerCis da daaqcie... Caketili ucxoTaTvis - gauRweve-
li CamwyvdeulisTvis. igi exmianeba suramis cixis ambavs da Segvaxsenebs, rom xorcidan Tav-
daxsnis zedmeti mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi „kedelSi Cagatanen da ufro myari gaxdeba Seni Ca-
ketiloba“.moulodnelad Cndeba kiTxva: „hqonda Tu ara mas, zurabs, arCevanis saSualeba?“
irCeven Tu ara sicocxleSi, anu xorcSi Sesuli adamianebi TavianT gzebs, Tu gzebic iseTi-
ve pirobiTobaa, rogorc „gulsuwadinod sikvdili“. pasuxi ki mxolod erTia, yofil-aryo-
filidan amoZaxili: „vaime, deda, muxlamdi... mkerdamdi... yelamdi...“
romanSi ymuis ara mxolod xorcieli tkivili, aramed ferebi — mkveTri da Tvalismom-
Wreli, aqa-iq rom gakveTs mrumes da amZafrebs Txrobis dinamikurobas: „kaenis saflavs Jan-
gisferi fufxi moedo“, „gargarisferi ZaRli“, „narinjisferi peplebis xvati“... es ferebi,
TiTqos, daTrgunuli mzis sxivebis aTasgvarobas mogvagonebs mxolod bebiebis droindeli
xaliCebis siWreles rom SemorCenia.
nawarmoebSi ZiriTadad mainc „cecxlis, sinaTlisa da mzis“ ambebis mTxrobeli amirani
da mze-qali yamari „qsoven abdaubdas uamravi miTisgan“. isini winareqristianuli xanidan
guSindeli dResaviT gadmodian dRevandelobaSi da organulad erwymian Tanamedroveobas;
iqneb niSnad imisa, rom „Cven yvelas gvikeTia niRbebi da es erTi saxea namdvili,“ rom yvela-
ni nebsiT Tu uneblieT vimeorebT maT, vinc erTxel ukve aaSena, vinc erTxel ukve scoda,
mokla da Soba... ese igi, saSualeba misca uzarmazar burTs ganegrZo wreze triali, rac gu-
lisxmobs sawyisTan dabrunebas, imaves gameorebas, rac iyo.
maSin, rodesac imdenad tkbil Cais svams romanis personaJi, rom tanSi Jruanteli da-
uvlis, Jruantelis bolos karze daakakuneben da mis win „mTis naglejiviT kaci“ aimarTeba.
kacs „mkerdze da mxrebze balaxi ezrdeba.“ Cais saRamos mSvidi saubari yvelaze metad ux-
deba, amiranis ambebSi ki „cecxli, sinaTle da mze aucileblad monawileoben,“ mTakaci yveba
im stiqiis ambebs, romelic eklda personaJis muq dReebs, damTavrebuli samoqalaqo omis
nangrevebs, uimedobas... igi uneburad, winaaRmdegobis gareSe, saxldeba miTosSi, sadac uf-
ro meti sufTa haeria da amiranis naTesavi xeebi Srialeben.
aRmoCnda, rom amirani ubralo meurmis Svilia, „aRzevans marilze wasuls“ ki SemTxve-
viT miugnia marilis Tvaluwvdeneli koSkisTvis, koSkSi ki – qalisTvis, romelic mzeobda,
„garemos ki iseTi feri edo, TiTqos Cai esxa brolis WiqaSi. cxeli, qafqafa da iseTi tkbi-
li, Jruanteli rom dagivlis“.
83
vin iyo yamari — amiranis TvalebSi sakuTari Tavi rom dainaxa, moewona, „es kaci ki Se-
uyvarda usityvod da daufiqreblad.“ mere ki amaod eloda pirmSos sayvareli kacisgan,
mTakacic amaod uxnida, rom „kacs, SeiZleba, Cveulebrivi qalisgan hyavdes Svili da ara -
mzisgan“.
„mSvenieri da ucodveli, Sabiamnisferi“ venaxis ambavi sruldeba iq, sadac „Tvalebi
iRleba amdeni sinaTliT“ miTosuri vaJebi da asulebi rom aSuqeben. mkiTxveli ki adamianTa
yofiT „Rames, sigrilesa da simSvides“ ubrundeba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. amirani 1975; qarTuli miTologiuri eposi — amirani; Tbilisi, 1975;
2. sturua 2013; l. sturua: ram SeWama venaxi? Tbilisi, 2013;
3. sturua 1986; l. sturua: leqsebi, poemebi; Tbilisi, 1986;
4. Ciqovani 1975; m. Ciqovani: qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis istoria; Tbilisi, 1975;
5. Ciqovani 1986; m. Ciqovani: xalxuri Semoqmedebis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi; Tbilisi,
1986.
84
mari totikaSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe
siyvaruli realobasa da SemoqmedebaSi (nikoloz baraTaSvili)
qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis mqone literaturis istoriaSi
sapatio da mniSvnelovani adgili miekuTvneba did qarTvel poets, nikoloz baraTaSvils
(1817-1845 w.), romelic, rogorc pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, aris fuZemdebeli axali qar-
Tuli literaturisa.
akaki gawerelia wers, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili didi diapazonis Semoqmedia, ro-
melic lirikul leqsebSi gvevlineba msoflios moqalaqed, filosofiurad moazrovne
poetad, romelsac biografiuli momentebiT nakvebi sulieri ganwyobilebani farTo gan-
zogadoebamde ahyavs da aniWebs maT zogadkacobriuli problemebis xasiaTs. poetis cxov-
rebasa da poeziaSi erT-erTi aseTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia siyvarulis problema.
samwuxarod, CvenTvis naklebad cnobilia poetis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, radgan
poetis pirveli biografebi da memuaristebi ugulisyurod moekidnen poetis pirad
cxovrebas da, Tuki Sehxebian mas, mxolod zogadi frazebiT Semofarglulan. Cveni mizania
baraTaSvilis saarqivo masalebisa da literaturaTmcodneebis naazrevis (k. abaSiZe,
a. gawerelia, p. ingoroyva, i. balaxaSvili) safuZvelze vaCvenoT misi siyvarulis istoriis
peripetiebi da maTi retrospeqcia poetis SemoqmedebaSi.
winamdebare statiaSi vecdebiT mimovixiloT mxolod literaturaTmcodneTa naaz-
revi da maTi Cveneuli Sefaseba. saarqivo masalebze muSaoba ki Semdgomi kvlevis sagania.
sabednierod, poetis piradi msoflio CvenTvis mainc ar aris srulad dafaruli. Cven
n. baraTaSvilis sulier samyaroze da pirad cxovrebaze mets gavigebT, Tu poetis Se-
moqmedebas gulisyuriT gadavxedavT. baraTaSvilis lirikul leqsebSi da, nawilobriv, mis
werilebSi, mocemulia ufro marTali da sruli, mRelvarebiT aRsavse istoria n. bara-
TaSvilis sulieri cxovrebisa, vidre amas misi biografebis uferul, gaupirovnebel
qronikaSi amovikiTxavT.
n. baraTaSvils, tatos, rogorc mas eZaxdnen Sinaurebi da megobrebi, didi daRi da-
asva fizikurma travmam, romelic miiRo gimnaziaSi yofnis dros. sadRac, albaT, mas hqonda
kidec arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebac, rasac faravda maxvilgonivruli iumoriT, amito-
mac misi qalebTan damokidebuleba orazrovan iers iRebda da sapasuxo grZnobac arcTu
iSviaTad ubrundeboda poets.
baraTaSvilis cxovrebaSi, miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, bevri mSvenierni banovanni aR-
moCenilan, razedac sainteresod mogviTxrobs misi Tanamedroveni Tu gviandeli periodis
mkvlevarni.
poetis cxovrebaSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT mis TanamedroveTa mogonebebs, sul
oTxi qali yofila, romelTa mimarT grZnobebi aisaxa kidec mis Semoqmedebasa Tu pirad
werilebSi.
axla ki qronologiurad mivyveT poetis romanul epizodebs.
akaki gawerelias informaciiT, „n. baraTaSvilis biografiidan cnobilia, rom mas uy-
varda vinme n. o-s (orbeliani?) qali; poetis pirveli gatacebis Sesaxeb moipoveba cnoba
levan meliqiSvilisa, romelic 1846 wels baraTaSvilis gardacvalebis gamo gr. orbelians
swerda: „ar vici, ici Tu ara, rom pirveli siyvaruli sawyalisa iyo nino. arc is vici, ici
85
Tu ara, romeli nino iyo“. TviTon n. baraTaSvilis werilebSi am ninos Sesaxeb pirdapiri
cnoba ar mogvepoveba. fiqroben, rom mas gulisxmobs werilSi gr. orbelianisadmi 1837 w.
Tebervlis TariRiT. ai saTanado adgilic: „am warsuls zafxulSi (e.i. 1836 wels, a. g.), erTs
mSueniers, mTvarians RameSi, yabaxzed daviarebodi, sadac misman Suenebam, satrfoT
maraqam, maTman uwindelebr kidev dardimandobam sruliad ganatkbes saxedueli, aRmitaces
fiqrni, wamiRes goneba~!.. (a. gawerelia, 1947:92-93). werilSi poeti aseve wers: „erTma sa-
ganma pirvel damaso guls kaeSanio“. rogorc a. gawerelia miiCnevs, radgan poeti yabaxze
naxuli qalis Sesaxeb ambobs — „pirvel damaso guls kaeSanio“, – xolo meliqiSvilis cnobis
mixedviT poetis „pirveli siyvaruli iyo nino“ – erTgvari safuZveli eZleva maTi identi-
fikaciisa. 1836 wels aris dawerili agreTve „Rame yabaxze“, romelic gadmogvcems saubars
poetsa da CvenTvis ucnob TeTrkabian qals Soris:
„da ase vuTxar: „netar me rom meRirsa kvalad
sanatri CemTvis naxva Tqveni aw mxiarulad!“
„gmadlobT, — miTxra man, — rom Tqven mainc gaxsovarT kidev;
axla modaa, vinc vis icnobs iviwyebs isev!“.
„darwmunebuli brZandebodeT, rom verc modebi
ver mamiSlian Tqvensa xsovnas da verc droebi“.
swored es dialogi cxadyofs, rom tatos nacnoboba am qalTan ufro adrindeli unda
yofiliyo. leqsi miZRvnilia uSualod erTi konkretuli qalisadmi, sadac poeti rea-
listurad gvixatavs CvenTvis ucnob qals. xali, budeSuri fexebi, vardisferi Rawvebi,
TeTrkabiani — am sityvebiT aRwers tato satrfos.
pavle ingoroyva werda, rom poetis pirveli siyvaruli ufro ymawviluri gataceba
iyo, vidre gamtani da Rrma grZnoba. marTlac, es siyvaruli didxans ar gagrZelebula da
ukve meored poetis cxovrebaSi Cndeba axali gataceba. iona meunargiasTan daculia
informacia, rom poetis meore siyvaruli iyo frangis qali delfina labiel. amasTan
dakavSirebiT iona meunargia aRniSnavs, rom n. baraTaSvilma delfinas uZRvnao leqsi „Cems
varskvlavs“. imas, rom es gadmocema namdvilad simarTles Seesabameba, Cven amovicnobT,
rodesac dakvirvebulis TvaliT gadavikiTxavT n. baraTaSvilis mimoweras mixeil TumaniS-
vilTan. poetma mas aseve uZRvna leqsi `stre”, romelic rogorc TviTon ganmartavs mTiebs
niSnavs.
leqsSi „Cems varskvlavs“ poeti satrfos malxinebels da naTels uwodebs:
„ra saxiTac ginda Sen me meCveno,
mainc gicnob, mSvenieris cis mTeno:
naTeli xar Sen naTelis sulisa,
malxinebel dabindulis gulisa“!
„vin iyo es varskvlavi – astra-delfina, romelsac hkuTvnebia axalgazrda bara-
TaSvilis siyvaruli da romelsac STaugonebia Cveni poetisaTvis es leqsebi: „Cems var-
skvlavs“ da „astra?“ amis Sesaxeb Cven cota viciT. igi, rogorc movixseneT, frangis qali
yofila. igi ar ekuTvnoda warmoSobiT im aristokratiul wres, saidanac iyo baraTaSvili.
gadmogvcemen, rom delfina iyoo konditeris qali, iseve rogorc rafaelis fornarina“ (p.
ingoroyva, 1963: 302).
86
axla ki SvCerdeT Rrma da tragikul romanze nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da ekaterine
WavWavaZisa, ramac, rogorc irkveva, didi gavlena iqonia poetis Semoqmedebaze.
rogorc cnobilia, n. baraTaSvili da ek. WavWavaZe bavSvobidanve TanaSezrdilni
iyvnen da maT axlo megobroba aerTianebdaT, Tumca poetis es bavSvuri megobrobis grZnoba
ekaterinesadmi Semdeg siyvaruliT Secvlila.
baraTaSvili gatacebuli rom iyo ekaterineTi, amis Sesaxeb Semonaxula cnoba poetis
megobris levan meliqiSvilisa, romelsac uambia iona meunargiasTvis, Tu rogor dawera
baraTaSvilma leqsi „sayure“. am leqsSi baraTaSvilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mokrZalebuli
grZnoba siyvarulisa, intimuri grZnobis elfers iZens da mTeli sisavsiT gadmogvcems, Tu
rogor aRtacebaSi moiyvana tato ekaterines sayuris TamaSma:
„viTa pepela arxevs nelnela spetaks SroSanas, lamazad axrils, ase sayure, ucxo sayure, eTamaSeba Tavissa aCrdils. netavi imas, vinc Taviss sunTqvas Sensa CrdilSia moibrunebdes!“
„Cven danamdvilebiT ar viciT ekaterine seriozulad Tu ucqeroda axalgazrda
poetis gatacebas. magram niSandoblivi garemoebaa, rom 1839 wlis Semdeg n. baraTaSvils
misTvis arc erTi leqsi ar miuZRvnia. erTi ki ueWvelia: arc erT qarTvel qals ar STa-
ugonebia Cveni poetisTvis imdeni SesaniSnavi leqsi, ramdenadac ekaterines. n. baraTaSvili
mas Tavisi muzis wyarod sTvlida da ekaterinec didad afasebda axalgazrda mijnuris
brwyinvale niWs, mudam Tan dahqonda poetis xelnaweri krebulebi“. (a. gawerelia, 1947: 98-
99). 1841 wlis bolos momxdara ganxeTqileba ekaterinesa da baraTaSvils Soris. erT
werilSi, romelic, rogorc irkveva, ekaterines exeba, poeti Semdegs wers ekaterines
Sesaxeb: „vinc maRalis grZnobis mqoni megona, igi vnaxe ugulo... visica cremlni mego-
neboden cremlad sibralulisa, gamometyvelad mSvenieris sulisa, Turme yofilan niSanni
mcbierebisa, wveTni saSinelis sawamlavisa~.... albaT, amis gamoxatuleba unda iyos baraTaS-
vilis cnobili leqsi „rad hyvedri kacsa~..., romelSic poeti pasuxobs banovanTa sayve-
durs:
„rad hyvedri kacsa, banovano, pirumtkicobas?
Tu emduri Sen trfialisa cvalebads grZnobas,
rom ar gemsWvalvis saukuno trfialebiTa?
hgavs, ar pasuxs scem Sen mas suliT mSvenieriTa“.
isini 1842 wels Serigebulan. rogorc pavle ingoroyva wers, 1839 wels ekaterine
gaaTxoves samegrelos mTavar daviTze. „garegnulad brwyinvale qorwineba, sinamdvileSi
ar yofila bednieri. Semonaxula Tanamedroves cnoba, rom qorwinebis dros sevda-Se-
moyril ekaterines guli Seswuxebia, rasac sazogadoebaSi didi miTqma-moTqma gamouwvevia“
(p. ingoroyva, 1975: 69). Seyvarebulma tatom mas uZRvna: „Tavadis WavWavaZis asuls eka[teri]
nas“, „sayure“ da „[ekateri]na, fortepianoze zed momRerali“.
87
poetis cnobil da naklebad cnobil sasiyvarulo urTierTobaTagan, arsebobs kidev
erTi, sazogadoebisTvis naklebad cnobili satrfialo epizodi, romelic ukavSirdeba
poetis naxWevanSi yofnas. rogorc cnobilia, poeti ganjaSi malariiT gardaicvala. Tumca
arsebobs meore daudasturebeli versia, rom poets naxiCevanis begis meuRlesTan hqonda
romani, rasac Seewira kidec – Seuracxyofilma begma poeti moawamvlina. am versias qar-
Tveli mkvlevarebi verc adastureben da verc uaryofen, Tumca is, rom poeti ganjaSi
axalgazrda qaliT iyo gatacebuli dadasturebuli faqtia. cnobilia baraTaSvilis we-
rili maiko orbelianisadmi, sadac wers, rom naxeCevanSi erTi axali leqsia, Tvrameti wlis
qalis naTqvami, romelsac saxelad gonCa-begum hqviao. igi xanis qalia, Zalian lamazi da
mariliania, sawyali damwvaria qmrisgan, axla imasTan aRar aris da cdilobs, rom gauSoso.
„poetma TanaugrZno xanis sulis sulier tkivilebs da yvelanairad cdilobda daecva igi
despoti qmris risxvisgan. daxmarebisTvis levan meliqiSvilisTvis miumarTavs, daxmare-
boda maT ganqorwinebaSi. meliqiSvili amis gamo werda maiko orbelians: „tato dRe da Rame
ixveweba, Tu RmerTi gwams gaaSvebine qmario, me, rogorc damjdari kaci, ara vSvrebi“
(i. balaxaSvili, 1967: 309). maiko dainteresebula am ambiT da gonCa-begumi Tavisi Zmobilis
satrfod Tu ara, gatacebad mainc miuCnevia. amis uaryofas cdilobs baraTaSvili, rode-
sac wers: „sayvarelo dao, maiko! didad vwuxvar, rom ver gamoican Cveni moqmedeba. me kidec
Sevarige col-qmari“. rogorc i. balaxaSvili miuTiTebs, sworeb gonCa-begums eZRvneba ba-
raTaSvilis leqsi „madli Sens gamCens“ :
„madli Sens gamCens lamazo, qalo SavTvalebiano,
dRisiT mzev, Ramem Tovarev, wynaro da amodxmiano!
Senis lodiniT vsuldgmulvar, Tayvans vscem Sensa saxelsa;
dediserTa var, nu mamklav, nu damananeb sofelsa!“
leqsSi aSkarad igrZnoba, rom poeti gamijnurebia ucnob qals. aRwerilia am qalis
garegnul silamazec, romliTac ase gatacebula axalgazrda tato. leqsi Rirebulia ro-
gorc literaturulad, ise Sinaarsobrivad, radgan man Semogvinaxa avtoris erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani sasiyvarulo epizodi misi cxovrebidan.
aseTia biografiuli cnobebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis romanuli istoriis Sesaxeb,
Tumca „TviT siyvarulis filosofiur aspeqtSi axsna poetma mogvca ara im leqsebSi, ro-
melnic misi siyvarulis uSualo „sagnebisadmia“ miZRvnili, aramed sxva rigis leqsebSi“
(a. gawerelia 1947: 99). „Rame yabaxze“ jer kidev realisturad gvixatavs CvenTvis ucnob
qals. ekaterinesadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi aRwerilia „JuJuna Tvalni“, „pawawina tuCni“, „na-
furcvlni Rawvni“ da bolos „sayure“, romelic momavali dedoflis saxeze Tavisive
Crdils eTamaSeba. maSasadame, rogorc a. gawerelia wers n. baraTaSvilis im leqsebSi, ro-
melTa adresatebi cnobilia, Cven saqme gvaqvs ganwyobilebis materializaciasTan, rasak-
virvelia, keTilSobili da amaRlebuli formiT. sxvagvaria ZiriTadi tonusi leqsebisa,
romlebSiac siyvaruli filosofiuri gansjis obieqtad aris gadaqceuli. man es grZnoba
gaahaerovna, raRac ucnaur da uxilav metafizikur, wminda idealur sagnad gadaaqcia. igi
ugalobs siyvarulSi mas, rac ki rama aqvs am grZnobas idealuri, RvTaebrivi, uzenaesi da
ukvdavi. marTalia, barTaSvili xandaxan im siyvarulsac damReris, romelic qarTulma
literaturam aRmosavluri kulturis zegavleniT SeiTvisa da romelic „mgrZnobelobas“
siyvarulisas, mis xorciel mxares Seexeba, magram amasac raRac ucnauri, zeciuri, ara-
miwieri feri misca.
88
nikoloz baraTaSvilis azriT, siyvaruli aris umaRlesi niWi, romelic Cvengan da-
moukidebeli substanciis saxiT arsebobs adamianSi. siyvarulis xangrZlivoba damokide-
bulia ara fizikuri Rirsebebis pativiscemaze, aramed, uwinaresad, ori arsebis sulier
naTesaobaze. adamianSi, rogorc RvTaebis nawilSi, siyvarulis absoluturi da „saukuno
madli“ SeiZleba zogjer droebiT ganxorcieldes, magram es ar uaryofs TviTon siyva-
rulis, rogorc sulis umaRlesi potenciis arsebobas. aseTia siyvarulis gageba bara-
TaSvilis poeziaSi da yvelaze TvalsaCinod igi gamoTqmulia leqsSi: „rad hyvedri~... siyva-
rulis grZnobis winaSe n. baraTaSvili Tavs „ueno msxverplad“ grZnobda da ambobda:
„ar ukiJino satrfoo, Sensa mgosansa gulisTqma
mokvdavsa enas ar ZaluZs ukvdaTa grZnobaT gamoTqma“.
axal qarTul poeziaSi aravis moucia siyvarulis aseTi axsna, gaSlili, Rrma da filo-
sofiuri msjelobis formebSi. n. baraTaSvilis lirikaSi satrfo iqceva im RvTaebriv Cve-
nebad, romlisadmi aRvlenili locvis Tass poetis guli warmoadgens:
„SeviSrob cremlsa, WirT manelebels,
gulsa daviwvav dasanacrebels
da missa ferflsa, viTa sakmevels,
Sevhswirav satrfos, Cemsa salocvels!“
es aris satrfos saxis ayvana umaRles instanciaSi, sadac adgili rCeba mxolod Ra-
Radiss. n. baraTaSvilis es leqsi siyvarulis romantikuli gagebis saukeTeso magaliTs
warmoadgens rogorc qarTul, ise msoflio poeziaSi.
„Znelad Tu visme ugrZvnia Tavis dReSi ase Zlierad, ase saocrad esoden maRali
grZnoba, ubralo momakvdavTaTvis Znelad gasagebi da Znelad misaxvedri; iSviaTad Tu
visme dauRvria aseTi wrfeli cremli siyvarulis taZris winaSe da aravis xom guli ar
dauwvavs da nacrad ar uqcevia siyvarulis sakurTxevelze. es moimoqmeda im kacma, romel-
sac Tavis dReSi ar Rirsebia satrfosgan tkbili sityva“ (abaSiZe, 1962; gv.73). es kaci yve-
lasgan gaTelili, Tvalze cremlebiT da sevdiT aRsavse guliT, gaubedavi xeliT grZno-
baTa ukvdavebis sagalobel fsalmunebs amzadebda da susti majebiT, Seuryevel da mtkice
saZirkvels ugebda qarTveli eris poeziis ukvdavebas da Tavisi ukvdavebis da didebis
samaradiso Zegls sWedda.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. gawerelia, 1947: gawerelia akaki, „nikoloz baraTaSvili“, „saxelmwifo gamomcemloba“, Tbi-
lisi, 1947.
2. ingoroyva, 1963: ingoroyva pavle, TxzulebaTa krebuli t. k, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbi-
lisi, 1963.
3. ingoroyva, 1975: ingoroyva pavle, axali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebelni, „sabWoTa
saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1975.
4. balaxaSvili, 1967: balaxaSvili iakob, baraTaSvilis cxovreba, „literatura da xelovneba“,
Tbilisi, 1967.
5. abaSiZe, 1962: abaSiZe kita, etiudebi X—X saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, Tsu,
Tbilisi, 1962.
89
nino buWuxiSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe
danaSauli da sasjeli (giorgi wereTlis „pirveli nabiji“)
XIX saukune saqarTveloSi aRiniSna urTulesi social-politikuri movlenebiT. qve-
yanam dakarga damoukidebloba da daeqvemdebara ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobas, rac Se-
exo sasamarTlo uwyebasac. es movlenebi Taviseburad aisaxa kidevac XIX saukunis meore na-
xevris realisti mwerlis, giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi. Cveni mizania warmovadginoT,
rogor aisaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi da maTi samarTlebrivi sasjeli „pirveli nabijis“
fonze.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva-analizamde vcadeT mimogvexila Cvens xelT arsebuli li-
teraturaTmcodneTa (S. radiani, an. Wilaia, l. minaSvili) naazrevi.
Salva radiani miiCnevs, rom giorgi wereTlis „pirvel nabijs“ mniSvnelovani sazoga-
doebrivi problematika udevs safuZvlad. igi iSveliebs xomlelis Tvalsazriss aRniSnul
nawarmoebze: „es romani literaturulad kargad aris damuSavebuli da g. wereTlis belet-
ristul nawerebs Soris did brwyinvale gvirgvinad unda CaiTvalos. Cveni cxovrebis Tana-
medrove tipebi — baxva fulava da ieremia warba Zlierad, mxatvruli kalmis moqneviT sa-
ucxood daxatuli arian da maTi sulieri moZraobac, cxovrebis kontrastebic mas zedmi-
wevniT aqvs gadmocemuli. Cvenma ukvdavma avtorma aq gamoiCina didi temperamenti da fsi-
qologiuri simarTle. es nawarmoebi Zalian gviadvilebs g. wereTlis Semoqmedebis, talan-
tis gagebas da Sefasebas“ [qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. IV, 1974: 198-199].
mkvlevaris ZiriTadi yuradReba maxvildeba socialuri diferenciaciis fonze ganvi-
Tarebul movlenebze, magram araferia naTqvami im sakiTxze, rasac danaSaulebrivi qmedebi-
saken mihyavs ieremia warba da baxva fulava. aseve naxsenebia meqrTame boqauli jgirikoCa,
soflis gaiZvera advokati wunkala da sivila.
mkvlevari andro Wilaia, ganixilavs ra giorgi wereTlis „pirvel nabijs“, yuradRebas
amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom „pirveli nabijis“ arqiteqtonika siuJeturad sam nawils moi-
cavs: 1. baxva fulavas Tavgadasavali, romliTac gadmocemulia aRmavali qarTveli burJu-
aziis cxovrebis istoria; 2. ieremia warbas cxovreba, riTac naCvenebia Cveni Tavadaznauro-
bis gadagvarebuloba, dacemuloba; 3. garyvnil validas, polkovnik lebovisa da sxva sam-
xedro da samoqalaqo moxeleTa ojaxebis aRviraxsnili cxovrebis Cveneba.
ZiriTadi ambis siuJetur ganviTarebas, mxatvrul Sesisxlxorcebas, baxva fulavas
cxovrebisa da moqmedebis istoriis mxatvrul Cvenebas Tan axlavs qarTveli Tavadaznau-
robis dacemisa da mefis ruseTis moxeleebis gaxrwnis gamomsaxveli suraTebi“ [axali qar-
Tuli literaturis istoria t. II, 2010: 167], magram gamokvlevaSi ratomRac naklebadaa ga-
mokveTili romanSi warmodgenil danaSaulebze, samarTlebrivi reagirebis iuridiuli sa-
fuZvlebi.
mkvlevar lado minaSvilis azriT, baxva fulavas maqinatorul bunebas erTgvar na-
Tels fens misi siyvaruli esmasadmi da, roca esma msxverpli xdeba znedacemuli ieremia
warbasi, „igi cocxlobs erTaderTi mizniT, SurisZiebis mizniT, damnaSavis sakadrisad das-
jis mizniT, magram, roca dainaxa, rom qveynad ar aris samarTali, rom adamians ar icavs arc
kanoni da arc saxelmwifo, rom isini damnaSaves ifaraven da uzneobas amravleben, maSin
TviTon dgeba Surisgebis aRsasruleblad. daqiravebuli mkvlelis daxmarebiT TviTonac
ferdSi xanjlis CacemiT ise klavs ieremias, rogorc man esma mokla da kmayofili bardeba
90
policias“ [qarTuli literatura t. II, 2013:257]. aSkaraa, mkvlevari xazs usvams swored da-
naSaulisa da sasjelis problemas, razedac vapirebT Cvens mokrZalebul msjelobas moce-
muli statiis farglebSi.
„pirveli nabiji“ g. wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi mowifulobis xanaSi, oTxmocdaaTian
wlebSi daiwera da gamoqveynda. is daibeWda literaturul krebul „cdaSi“, romelsac 1989-
91 wlebSi „qarTulis mwerlobis moyvarulTa gamocema“ aqveynebda quTaisSi [axali qarTu-
li literaturis istoria t. II, 2010: 166].
vidre gadavidodeT CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis irgvliv msjelobaze, manamde un-
da gamoikveTos erTi faqti: baxvas formireba da misi gawvrTna mimdinareobs im inJinris
meTvalyureobis qveS, romelic Tavad cdilobs arakanonieri gziT gazardos qoneba. baxva
baZavs inJiners da swrafad iwafeba maqinaciebSi. amitom faqtiurad igi xedavs fulis yov-
lisSemZle Zalas, rasac adasturebs avtoris mier misTvis SerCeuli gvaric — fulava. faq-
tobrivad, baxva iwyebs Tavis saqmianobas „fulis motexviT“, ase grovdeba misi pirveli kapi-
talis nawili, roca man portSi muSaobiT „aTas Tumans gamohkra xeli“.
„pirveli nabiji“ iZleva Temis gaSlisaTvis friad saintereso masalas, rac gamoixate-
ba, rogorc sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulis, ise sasamarTlo aparatis moxeleTa qmedebebSi. da-
naSaulebrivi saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, vcadeT erTgvarad sistemaSi mogveyvana is dana-
Saulebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis personaJebi sCadian:
baxva fulava:
rodesac baxva portis kantorCikad daniSna inJinerma, erTi wlis Semdeg Seamowmes
inJineris porti da mSeneblobaSi daxarjuli fuli sul uqmad aRmoCnda daxarjuli.
fulis „motexva“ muSebisagan da inJinris mier gaweuli samsaxurisTvis dasaCuqreba.
roca dRiurs angariSs werda baxva, muSebis saangariSo wignSi, dRiuri muSebi xan
oci muSiT meti gamohyavda, xan ocdaaTiT, xan ormociT. „sami Tvis manZilze baxvam aTas Tu-
mans gamohkra xeli.“
saxalxo dResaswaulze baxvasa da esmas cekvis dros ieremia mivida iq da atyda Cxu-
bi, romlis drosac baxvam ieremia barZaySi daWra. am danaSaulis gamo mas daWera emuqrebo-
da, magram gadarCa.
baxva ambobs: „batono dro midis, CemTvis axla Tavisufleba ise Zvirfasia, ori mag-
denic rom eTxova, unda meSovna, meti ra gza iyo.
„erT dRes is werda (gamomZiebels) raRac saqmis qaRalds, roca baxva mis samwerlo
oTaxSi Sevida da erTi muWa asmaneTianebi wiTel magidaze daulaga.
baxvas mier qrTamis micema jgirikoCasTvis, Tavis gadasarCenad.
baxva cimbirel yaCaRs fuls aZlevs, rom man ieremia miagnos da dauWiros, Semdeg ki
moklavs. yaCaRic dasTanxmda 300 Tumnad.
baxvam dokumentebze notariuss ganucxada, rom damekargao, Tumca fuli ukve aRe-
buli hqonda. am saqmiT baxvam ganizraxa orjer fulis gadaxdevineba. roca sxdoma dainiSna
da baxvam TviT moiTxova xuTasi maneTis gadaxdevineba, maSin wardga mevale, waradgina kvi-
tanciebi, notariusis sabuTebi, romliTac mtkicdeboda, rom im dokumentiT baxvas fuli
ukve miRebuli hqonda.
ieremias mosamsaxures baxvam 50 Tumani misca, raTa ieremias Sesaxeb Seetyo, rodis
ras akeTebda.
samarTlis aRsrulebis mizniT baxva jer cimbirel yaCaRs aZlevs 300 Tumans iere-
mias mokvlisaTvis da, roca is ver SeZlebs TviTon klavs ieremias.
baxva mkvleli [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:230, 231, 247, 268, 373, 429, 433].
91
ieremia warba:
„Tu romelime vaWars kontrabandis gamotana endomeboda zRviT, maSinve ieremias
mimarTavda.“
„esmas ZaliT moxvia xelebi da miizida mkerdze.“
„– eg is ieremia ar aris, sajavaxoSi rom Rvdlis ojaxs daeca, saxloba gauupatiura,
oc-da-xuTi Tumani waarTva da Rvdlis burseuli jibeSi unaxes?“
„– Tqven eg unda genaxaT foTSi, druJinaSi rom msaxurobda! viTom mekontrabande-
ebs sdevda, magram pirveli mekontrabande is iyo. fuli bJiriviT eyara jibeSi.“
„– Sen foTSi ar iyavi – uTxra meorem — magan rom erT saldaTs qali mostaca? or
Tves hyavda mere isev ukan miubruna.“
„dRes, 21 enkenisTves 188...wels ieremia firaliZem moaxdina Cxubi da uwesoba axal-
senakis duqanSi. ramdenime kaci sul ubralod dalaxa, amis gamo TviT sadgurze moxda xmau-
roba da CoCqoli, romliTac dairRva sazogado wesi.“
„– brazmoreulma, rom Tavis ganzraxvas veRar asrulebda, moisva xanjalze marjve-
na xeli da Cakra gulSi qals.“
gimnaziis bavSvebs aiZulebs ieremia, rom laTinuris maswavlebels fuli moparon.
„erTxel gavarda xma, rom s.zeganas erTi mdidari mRvdeli yofila, imas lamazi qa-
li hyolia, Rvdlis ojaxi gauZarcvavT da qali gauupatiurebiaTo. avazakebis moTave yo-
fila ieremiao“ [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:234, 300, 301, 313, 322, 327].
valida:
rogorc ki ieremia daiWires validam sivila daibara, fuli winaswar misca, oRond
ieremia daexsna am xifaTisagan.
validam stumari daibara TavisTan da ieremias daxsnis sanacvlod Tavis Tavi Ses-
Tavaza [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:414, 427-428].
jgirkoCa:
„– aba, ici, ras getyvi baxva?... Tumca Zalian Znelia, magram Seni gulisTvis gvelis
xvrelSi unda gavZvre. saWiroa fuli. uimisoT ara iqneba ra“.
„boqaulma eSmakurad gaiRima. ifiqra, kargi mozrdili qaSapia badeSi Sesagdebio da
rogorc gamocdili meTevze Seyva nel-nela. is aparebda bades calkideze, radgan didi
Tevzi eguleboda dasaWerad.“
„jgirkoCam rom baxva gaistumra, mere mivida sarkesTan sanTel-anTebuli, Caixeda
Sig da CamoiZaxa: „ai bismarkis Subli!“ — miidva TiTi Sublze. xelaT ocdaaTi Tumani avswap-
ne“ [giorgi wereTeli t.II 1947:267,269].
sivila (ieremias advokati):
„ieremias Cveni enatartala veqili auyvania. rogorc ki dauWeriaT ieremia, maSinve
sivila daubarebiaT Tbiliss, fuli win-da-win miuciaT da dahpirebian gagaketebTo, oRond
miexmare ieremias da am xifaTisagan gamoixsenio“.
„...me rogorc veqils, rogorc damcvels yovelis gaWirvebulisa da damnaSavisa, ar
mwams danaSauloba. TviT samarTali da kanoni maZlevs uflebas davicva borot-moqmedi, Se-
vumsubuqo sasjelio“ [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947: 408,414].
am periodis saqarTveloSi axali mmarTvelobis saTaveSi idga „saqarTvelos mTavar-
sardali“, romelsac agreTve „mTavarmmarTvelsac“ uwodebdnen. am Tanamdebobaze daniSnu-
li samxedro moxele ruseTis saxelmwifos winaSe Tavdapirvelad qarTl-kaxeTis, Semdeg ki
mTeli amierkavkasiis yovelgvar saqmeebze umaRlesi pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. mTavarsar-
dlis TanaSemwed iTvleboda „saqarTvelos mmarTveli“, romelsac umTavresad samoqalaqo
92
mmarTvelobis sakiTxebi exeboda. mmarTveloba samoqalaqo saqmeebis, sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeTa da saxazino qonebaTa [saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t. IV, 1973:827].
XIX saukunis 40‐50 ian wlebSi naTlad gamomJRavnda, rom Zveli, wodebrivi sasamarTlo
CamorCa da aRar Seesabameboda axali drois moTxovnebs.
1861 wlis Semodgomaze aleqsandre meoris davalebiT saxelmwifo kancelariis moxe-
leebma da cnobilma iuristebma daiwyes „axali sasamarTlo wyobisa da samarTlis warmoe-
bis ZiriTadi debulebebis“ Sedgena. igi safuZvlad daedo axali sasamarTlos wesdebis
proeqts, romelic imperatorma daamtkica 1864 wlis 20 noembers.
reformamde sasamarTlo mTlianad mTavrobasa da policiaze iyo damokidebuli. mosa-
marTleebs mTavroba niSnavda da gamoZiebaSi gadamwyvet rols policiis moxeleebi asruleb-
dnen. Zvel sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebas Zalian aWianurebda instanciebis simravle. misi
erT-erTi mTavari nakli is iyo, rom saqmis gamoZieba-garCeva saidumlod mxolod dokumente-
bis safuZvelze warmoebda. sasamarTlo procesi, rogorc wesi, ar imarTeboda. momCivani da
mopasuxe sapyrobilesa Tu sakuTar saxlSi elodebodnen sasamarTlos dadgenilebas.
axali wesdebis safuZvelze mowyobili sasamarTlo dawesebulebani da TviT saqmis
warmoebis xasiaTi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda Zvelisagan. sasamarTlos Tavis moqmedebis
sferoSi damoukidebloba eZleoda. mTavrobis administracias zemoqmedeba ar unda moex-
dina marTlmsajulebaze da policiac mTlianad ganTavisuflda saqmis gamoZieba-garCevis
movaleobisagan [saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.V, 1970:312-313].
aRniSnuli meqrTameobisa da iuridiuli darRvevebis fonze, nawarmoebSi naTel wer-
tilad mosCans gamomZiebeli, romelmac WeSmaritad ZalRone ar daiSura naTeli Seetana
baxvas saqmeSi. igi axalgazrda, umaRles saswavlebelSi kursdamTavrebuli Raribi ojaxis
Svili iyo. mas ise hqonda Tavisi movaleoba gamoxatuli, rom Tu ki sindisianad aasrulebda
Tavis movaleobas saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, bevr daCagrul kacsac daexmareboda.
yovelive amis Semdeg vcadeT gveCvenebina ra sasjeli miiRes personaJebma arsebuli
samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvelze: baxvam sasjeli miiRo mxolod ieremias mkvlelobis-
Tvis. daapatimres. ieremias ki esmas mkvlelobisTvis CamoarTves Rirseba da 12 wliT gag-
zavnes katorRaSi.
dausjeli darCnen: jgirikoCa, sivila, validas mier gadabirebuli mosamarTle, nawi-
lobriv baxva da ieremiac.
amdenad „pirvel nabijSi“ danaSaulisa da sasjelis kvlevam migviyvana im daskvnamde,
rom saqarTveloSi sufevda ucxouri samarTlebrivi sistema romelic xSirad dausjels
tovebda namdvil damnaSaveebs.
giorgi wereTeli aRniSnul nawarmoebSi, erTi mxriv, warmogvidgeba saqarTveloSi sa-
marTlebrivi aparatis moqmedebis Rrma mcodned, xolo, meore mxriv, deteqtiuri Janris
nawarmoebis ostatad.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, 2010.
2. evgeniZe, minaSvili 2013: i.evgeniZe, l.minaSvili qarTuli literatura t.II, „saqarTvelos
macne“, 2013.
3. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.IV, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“ Tbilisi ,1973.
4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.V, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1970.
5. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia: qarTuli literaturis istoria t.IV, sabWoTa
saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1974.
6. wereTeli 1974: g. wereTeli rCeuli nawerebi t.I, Tbilisi, 1947.
93
mindia cecxlaZe baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nana trapaiZe
gamouTqmadobasTan dakavSirebuli konceptebi Salva
bakuraZis poeziaSi
Salva bakuraZis teqstebis jon kaputoseuli radikaluri (dekonstruqciuli) herme-
nevtikis meTodiT wakiTxva nakarnaxevia Tavad avtoris teqstebiT, sadac avtori mianiS-
nebs, rom misi teqstebi mniSvnelobas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mniSvnelobas warmoqmnis
mkiTxvelSi („ena yofnis saxlia“ – ena qmnis mniSvnelobas), Tanac es procesi arasodesaa das-
rulebuli da mudmivad xdeba wina wakiTxvebis dekonstruqciuli „TviTdamxoba“ (ix. „saida-
nac unda daviwyoT“).
teqstebSi eqsplicitur donezea warmodgenili mistikuri (areopageli, vedanta, lao-
Zi) da filosofiuri, religiuri da nicSeanur-imanentisturi konteqstebi, rac qmnis hai-
degerianul „orazrovnebis orazrovnebas“, anu esaa orazrovneba moTavsebuli dapirispi-
rebul mniSvnelobaTa Soris arsebul sivrceSi, rac teqstis da mniSvnelobis destabiliza-
cias axdens.
msgavsi teqstebis funqcia hegemoniuri narativebis dekonstruqciaa, rogorc pol de
mani ambobs, poezia dekonstruqciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. Tumca mistikuri perspeqtivi-
dan maT aqvT azrovnebis provocirebis da sazRvramde miyvanis gziT azrovnebis gadalaxvis
funqciac. mistikur da nicSeanur paradigmebs Soris formalur msgavsebebze („formaluri
miniSnebebi“ – haidegeri) saubari gamyarebulia faqtiT, rom arsebobs sinkretistuli wa-
kiTxvebi, romlebic ara formalur, aramed arsiseul msgavsebebzec miuTiTebs. gamouTqma-
doba formaluri niSania im azriT, rom calsaxad gamokveTili araa misi romelsame konteq-
stze mikuTvnebuloba. amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis teqstebi mianiSnebs haidegeris („ena yof-
nis saxlia“) da aseve sufiuri mistikis (hafizi — „rasac vsaubrobT, xdeba saxli, sadac Cven
vcxovrobT“) koncefcias enasTan dakavSirebiT (ix. daviT andriaZe — xelaxali RENDEZ-
VOUS (kultursemiologiuri kontaminaciebi)), magram arsebobs meore mxarec. poststruq-
turalistebma ferdinand de sosiuris gavleniT, rogorc d.j. murzi aRniSnavs, haidegeris
fraza „ena yofnis saxlia“ gaiges radikaluri azriT, rom ar arsebobs prelingvisturi ga-
mocdileba da ena qmnis gamocdilebas. gadameris azriT, ar arsebobs gamouTqmadi gamocdi-
leba (Moores 2006: 119-120). sinamdvileSi haidegeri ubralod mianiSnebs, rom ar arsebobs
sagnis da gamocdilebis prelingvisturi mentaluri Sesatyvisi, ena qmnis sagans da gamoc-
dilebas Cvens gonebaSi da ara materialur samyaroSi, haidegeri ambobs: „azrovnebaSi yofna
artikulirdeba enis meSveobiT. ena yofnis saxlia“ (Malpas... 2015: 121), rac niSnavs, rom mxo-
lod azrovnebaSi qmnis ena yofnas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miviRebT absurdul debulebas,
rom adamiani fizikur samyarosac qmnis Tavisi eniT.
Sesabamisad, Salva bakuraZesTan xdeba sityvebs miRma gasvlac da musika da intonacia
xdeba pirveladi, rogorc amas aRniSnavs levan bregaZe (ix. „intonaciebis poema (Salva baku-
raZis „vefxistyaosnis“ interpretaciis cda)“). poeti teqstebSi miuTiTebs, rom misi leqse-
bi aris „TiTqmis usityvo simRerebi“, xdeba ara imdenad mniSvnelobaTa, aramed gamocdile-
baTa uSualo gadacema da/an warmoqmna, rogorc es moazrebulia nicSesTan, romlis mixed-
viTac musikis meSveobiT ukeT xdeba im gagebis gadacema, rasac lingvisturi gamoxatuleba
mxolod abundovnebs (Gracyk... 2011: 352). nicSe am subieqturi da gamouTqmadi gamocdilebis
gadacemis gzad miiCnevs intonacias, simReras, diTirambs.
94
axalgazrda nicSes mixedviT, primordialuri fuZe upirvelesad gamoxatulia into-
naciaSi da „intonaciuri qveniadagi universaluri da inteligibeluria enebs Soris gan-
sxvavebebis miuxedavad“, sityvebi warmodgenis meore donea da isini gamoxataven primordi-
alur fuZes, romelic ukve warmodgenilia intonaciis mier, es ukanaskneli ki ZiriTadad
gamoxatavs sixaruls da tkivils, am primordialur gancdebze dafuZnebul gancdebs (Mur-
ray 1999: 114). nicSes mixedviT, „bgera da intonacia, rogorc sixarulis da tkivilis simbo-
luri reprezentacia, axdenen yvelas mier gaziarebuli primordialurobis — pirveladi
dionisuri erTianobis simbolizebas“ (Brown 2006: 95).
amgvarad, nicSes mixedviT, intonacia gadmoscems im sixarulsa da tkivils, an maTze
dafuZnebul sxva gamocdilebebs, romlis gadmocema sityvas ar ZaluZs. Salva bakuraZesTan
sixaruli aseve ukavSirdeba primordialur erTianobas da igi aseve pirveladia sityvis mi-
marT, anu gamouTqmadia. mini-poemaSi „vefxistyaosani“ sixaruli apofatika-katafatikis
diskurss ukavSirdeba, sixaruli miCneulia primordialur fenomenad, „erTaderT SeuZe-
nel Tvisebad“ (bakuraZe 2013: 87), romlis saxeldeba ar SeiZleba: „sixarulia is rac veraso-
des iqneba mibmuli saxelTan, mas saxeli ver eqneba“ (bakuraZe 2013: 89) da amave dros „Tu ra-
mea irgvliv, yvelafers sixaruli hqvia“ (bakuraZe 2013: 83). dasdebelis „{winaswarmetyvel-
man man}“, finalur strofSi vkiTxulobT:
„Tavdapirvelad sityva ar iyo, modiT,
is sixarulze gvian gaCnda, amitom
sityvaSi swavlaa ufro sayvareli
sityvaSi swavlaa ufro sayvareli
sixarulSi ki is, Secvla rom momiwevs“ (bakuraZe 2013: 71).
SesavalSi vaxseneT avtoris teqstebis zogadi eqsplicituri kavSiri areopagelTan,
romlis mixedviTac, RmerTs veraviTari saxeli ver gamoxatavs (Hollywood... 2012: 141), Rmer-
Ti Seicavs yvelafers, swored amitom adideben mas yoveli saxeliT da amave dros uwodeben
mas usaxelos (The Areopagite 2000: I. 5).
Salva bakuraZis poezias aseve eqsplicituri kavSiri aqvs vedantasTan, sadac sixaru-
li aseve transcendenturTan asocirdeba. kerZod, brahmanis pozitiuri gansazRvreba emsa-
xureba pragmatul mizans: mimarTos goneba brahmanisadmi (Deutsch 1973: 10-11) brahmani yo-
velgvari kategoriebis miRmaa, igi mxolod negatiurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, magram Tu
gvsurs misi aRwera pozitiurad, maSin igi aris wminda arseboba, wminda cnobiereba da wmin-
da netareba (Sharma 2003: 284).
siwmindeSi igulisxmeba, rom garegani kavSirebi ar arsebobs (Dasgupta 1997: 75), esaa ma-
radiuli netareba empiriuli siamovnebisa da tkivilis miRma (larmā 1996: 187). anu es unda
iyos igive rac maister eqhartis umizezo sixaruli (Schürmann 2001: xx), marTlac, aradua-
listuri vedantis mistikaSi, brahmani aris sixaruli, igi ganicdeba rogorc „ganusazRvre-
li arsi“ da „sixarulSi arsebobis mdgomareoba“ (Deutsch 1973: 10-11).
Salva bakuraZis poeziis eqsplicituri kavSiri qristianobasTan aseve gamokveTilia.
am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom rogorc aRniSnavs bibliis mkvlevari van der uati, sixarulis
diskursi mniSvnelovani fenomenia qristianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT lukas saxarebaSi (Van der
Watt 2006: 88). vfiqrob, am mxriv yvelaze mniSvnelovania mTaze qadagebis epizodi, rodesac
qriste saubrobs maT netarebaze, romelTac, Cveulebrivi azriT, ar unda hqondeT netare-
bis mizezi da am qadagebas asrulebs mowodebiT: „ixareT da imxiaruleT, vinaidan didia
Tqveni sazRauri caSi“ (maTe 5,12).
95
rac Seexeba zogad mistikur konteqsts, religiis filosofiis oqsfordul cnobarSi
vkiTxulobT: „erTianoba (mistikuri) ganicdeba rogorc wminda obieqturi realoba, „neta-
rebis“ da „sixarulis“ gancdaSi“ (Wainwright 2007: 122). ebraul mistikaSic saubaria swored
sixarulze, rogorc mizansa da saSualebaze erTdroulad (Buxbaum 2002: 5).
nicSe sixarulis pirveladobaze miuTiTebs, roca ambobs, rom „dionisuri swrafva
STanTqavs formaTa mTel samyaros, raTa misi ngrevis meSveobiT, saSualeba mogvces Cven
gvqondes winaswargancda mis miRma arsebuli pirveladi da umaRlesi artistuli sixaruli-
sa primordialuri erTis saSvilosnoSi“ (Nietzsche 2009: 76).
sixarulis pirveladobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa isic, rom nicSes Tanaxmad „tki-
vilic sixarulia“ (Kaufmann 1974: 320), sixarulisTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes tkivili,
romelsac gadavlaxavT, swored tkivilis gadalaxvaa sixaruli, nicSes mixedviT „yoveli
sixaruli moicavs tkivils“, tkivili ar aris sixarulis sapirispiro. „ase ityoda zaratus-
traSi“ weria, rom sixaruli ufro Rrmaa, vidre tkivili, agonia (Kaufmann 1974:273).
amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis poezia aris gamouTqmadi primordialuri sixarulis, tran-
scendenturi realobis, mistikuri gamocdilebis gadmocemis gza, „stumris simReraSi“ av-
tori ambobs, rom „gvaxarebs“ da „mReris“, anu misi teqstebis intonacia gadmoscems sixaru-
lis gamocdilebas upirvelesad.
gamouTqmadoba, arasaxeldebadoba miniSnebulia dasdebelSi „saxeli“:
„samive guliT amas vfeTqav
samive TvaliT amas vtiri
samive Cemi xelisguliT vmalav Sensgan samive saxes
radgan samTagan vercerTi ena maTqmevinebs
Sens erTaderT saxels“
xolo mini-poema „vefxistyaosanSi“ RmerTi ambobs:
„nu gsurdes CemTan mosvla
var SenTvis araferi
saxelic Cemi araferi“ (bakuraZe 2013: 61).
am avtoris teqstebSi vlindeba eqsplicituri kavSiri daosur mistikasTanac swored
arasaxeldebadobis, igive gamouTqmadobis konteqstSi. leqsSi „iosebi“ vkiTxulobT:
„eloi, eloi,
vin varT Cven?
saxeli Cveni vinmem uwyis am samyaroSi
anda saerTod varT ki mflobelni saxelisa?
gvxedaven ki Cven
maSin rodesac gvakraven jvarze
„isini vinca daipyra vnebebma“? (bakuraZe 2013: 29).
amave leqsSi saubaria „WeSmariti saxelis“ arcodnaze. „dao-de-Zinis“ SesavalSive sau-
baria imaze, rom maradiul daos ar aqvs saxeli da gamouTqmadia, xolo rac saxeldebulia,
is warmoSobs mravlobiTobis samyaros, anu aqac, areopagelis msgavsad, orive aspeqtia mo-
azrebuli.
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, gamouTqmadoba dakavSirebulia primordialur sixarulTan,
romelic arasaxeldebadia. dasdebeli {winaswarmetyvelman man}, sadac sixarulis sityvis
mimarT pirveladobazea saubari, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, iwyeba ase:
„gana dadga dro, sakuTar Tavs axali
saxeli davarqva da gamovaCino,
vinc odnavac ki ar mgavs, rom kidev erTxel
96
vazeimo, sabolood davexmaro
gaxdes Cemi saxelis da Cemi Tavis
matarebeli. ra unda davTmo, romel
mdinareebs unda Sevuwyvito sisxli,
ramdeni sevdis dagubeba momiwevs
an arxiT gadasrola sxva kalapotSi,
ra SemrCeba gulisgan, roca daSreba?“ (bakuraZe 2013: 70).
am strofebSi erTgvarad miniSnebulia saxeldebac da saxeldebis SesaZleblobis kiTx-
vis niSnis qveS dayenebac, katafatikac da apofatikac. sakuTari Tavis mimarT msgavsi mimar-
Teba am dasdebelsa da leqsSi „iosebi“, zogad panenTeistur konteqstze mianiSnebs am avto-
ris SemoqmedebaSi, anu adamiani transcendentur realobasTan igivdeba, erTiania masTan.
gamouTqmadobas da primordialurobas mianiSnebsstrofi leqsSi „didi bebos bluzi“:
„ardaviwyebiT viwyebiT,
vxdebiT pirveli xsovnis erTguli,
yvela pirveli xsovniT viwyebiT,
pirveli fiqris vxdebiT erTguli
da arsebobis mtkicebad mogvaqvs
pirveli sityva verTqmuli“ (bakuraZe 2013: 56).
zogadad mistikur diskursSi, mistikuri gamocdileba aris gamouTqmadi (Jones, 1993:
103) iseve rogorc gamouTqmadia absoluti, RmerTi - „Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT masze raRac,
magram Cven ar SegviZlia gamovTqvaT igi“ (Kingsland 1927: 6), Sesabamisad, rogorc uolter
steisi aRniSnavs, ena, romelsac mistikosebi iyeneben TavianTi gamocdilebis gadmosace-
mad, metaforulia (Stace 1960: 293).
gamouTqmadobis, rogorc mistikuri da nicSeanuri konteqstebis saerTo formaluri
niSnis ganxilvisas sainteresoa, rom joan stembogis werilSi „sxva nicSe“ aRmosavleTTan
nicSes kavSiris konteqstSi ganixileba misi kavSiri misticizmTan (Parkes 1991: 20), rac ufro
konkretulad gulisxmobs gamouTqmad gamocdilebasTan kavSirs (Parkes 1991: 21). nicSesaT-
vis simRera ufro maRali gamoxatulebaa, vidre saubari, magram „zaratustraSi“ simReris
miRma gasvlac xdeba: „ar imRero! gaCumdi! samyaro srulyofilia“. zaratustra saubrobs
sulze imgvarad, rom cxadi xdeba misi gamouTqmadoba, iseve rogorc ekharti miuTiTebs su-
lis gauazreblobas da Seucnoblobas Cveulebrivi codniT (Parkes 1991: 25-26). nicSes mixed-
viT, „Cveni namdvili gamocdilebebi gamouTqmadia, romc gvsurdes ver gamovTqvamT. ena ga-
mogonebulia mxolod saSualo, gamoxatvadi sagnebisTvis“ (Nietzsche 2005: 205).
gamouTqmadobasTan kavSirSi liven bovi saubrobs neoplatonizmSi transcendentu-
robis da imanenturobis urTierTmimarTebis post-modernistul gagebaze, romelSic aRar
aris bipolaroba anu isini ar gaigeba rogorc sinamdvilis ori gansxvavebuli fena, aramed
transcendencia ganmartebulia rogorc garRvevis momenti, romlis sityvebiT gamoxatva
SeuZlebelia enis imanentur sinamdvileSi (Boeve 1997: 422).
Jak derida, Jan luk marioni da jon kaputo saubroben apofatikis diskursis mniSvne-
lobaze dekonstruqciisa da diferansis gaazrebisas. deridas azriT, „Cven yvela vocne-
bobT „sruliad sxvaze“, romelzec ar viciT, rogor ar vilaparakoT uamravi saxeliT, ase
rom, Cven yvelam unda viswavloT negatiuri Teologia, Tu „dedanSi“ ara, Tu aseTi ram ar-
sebobs, TargmanSi, ganzogadebuli apofatika mainc (Goodchild 2002: 213-214)“.
97
amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis poeziis intonaciebi gadmoscems primordialuri sixaru-
lis gamouTqmad gamocdilebas. zogadad, am avtoris poeziaSi gamouTqmadoba mniSvnelova-
ni formaluri niSania da igi ukavSirdeba ramdenime konteqsts, rac qmnis deridanuli gada-
uwyvetadobis vels.
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1. bakuraZe 2013; bakuraZe, S.„dasdebelni wmindisa aRdgomisani“, axali saunje, Tbilisi.
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Bijdragen N 58. https;//lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/261695/2/97.4.pdf 3. Brown 2006; Brown, K.„Nietzsche and Embodiment; Discerning Bodies and Non-dualism“, State University of New
York, Albany. https;//books.google.ge/ books?id=uVgPHRI3 om8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage &q &f=false 4. Buxbaum 2002; Buxbaum, Y.„Jewish Tales of Mystic Joy“, Jossey-Bass - A Wiley Company, San Francisco.
https;//books.google.ge/books?id=OyE9SNKHSbwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 5. Dasgupta 1997; Dasgupta, S.„A History of Indian Philosophy“, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidas, Dehli. https;/ /books.
google.ge/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 6. Deutsch 1973; Deutsch, E.„Advaita Vedanta; A Philosophical Reconstruction“, University of Hawaii Press,
Honolulu. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 7. Goodchild 2002; Goodchild, P.„Rethinking Philosophy of Religion; Approaches from Continental Philosophy“,
Fordham University Press, New York. https;//books.google.ge/books?id= _GsRRrIzbHcC&printsec= frontcover#v=
onepage&q&f=false 8. Gracyk... 2011; Gracyk, T., Kania, A.,„The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Music“, Routledge, New
York. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=DfOsAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
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&q&f=false. 10. Jones, 1993; Jones, R. H. „Mysticism Examined ; Philosophical Inquiries Into Mysticism“, State University of New
York, Albany. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=uQ-XjeB4NIQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_
r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 11. Kaufmann 1974; Kaufmann, W. A.,„Nietzsche, Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist“, Princeton University Press,
Princeton. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=Rw4u68fxYQMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
12. Kingsland 1927; Kingsland, W.„An Anthology Of Mysticism And Mystical Philosophy“, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. http;//blavatskyarchives.com/theosophypdfs/kingsland_anthology_of_mysticism.pdf
13. Malpas... 2015; Malpas, J., Gander, H.„The Routledge Companion to Hermeneutics“, Routledge, Abingdon. https;// books.google.ge/books?id=zUaLBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
14. Moores 2006; Moores, D. J. „Mystical Discourse in Wordsworth and Whitman; A Transatlantic Bridge“, Peeters, Leuven. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=e9NmNkQTctQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
15. Murray 1999; Murray, P. D.„Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality; A Revaluation Based in the Dionysian World-View“, Walter De Grutyer, Berlin. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=4hHhHVav8Z8C& printsec=frontcover# v= onepage&q&f=false
16. Nietzsche 2005; Nietzsche, F.„The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols & Other Writings“, Cambridge University Press, New York. http;//krishnamurti.abundanthope.org/index_htm_files/The-Anti-Christ-Ecce-Homo-
Twilight-Of-The-Idols-And-Other-Writings-by-Nietzsche.pdf.
17. Nietzsche 2009; Nietzsche, F.„The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music“, Richer Resources Publications, Arlington. http;//www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Nietzsche-The-Birth-of-Tragedy.pdf
18. Parkes 1991; Parkes, G.„Nietzsche and Asian Thought“, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https;// bo-
oks.google.ge/books?id=hpnXFLQ6QIAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
98
19. Schürmann 2001; Schürmann, R.„Wandering Joy - Meister Eckhart's Mystical Philosophy“, Lindisfarne Books, Great Barrington. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=PPpo1-pxlI8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
20. Sharma 2003; Sharma, Ch.„A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy“, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Dehli. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 21. Stace 1960; Stace W.T. „Mysticism and Philosophy“, Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London. http;//www. cruzetech.info/ wudhi/
mysticism/ws/wts-mp%20-%206.htm#one.
22. The Areopagite 2000; Rolt, C.E.,„Dionysius the Areopagite; On the Divine Names and the MysticalTheology“. http;//www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0450-
0525,_Dionysius_Areopagita,_On_The_Divine_Names_And_The_Mystical_Theology,_EN.pdf.
23. Van der Watt 2006; Van der Watt, J. G.„Identity, Ethics, and Ethos in the New Testament“, Volume 141, Walter De Grutyer, Berlin. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=AugB2jMYCQcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
24. Wainwright 2007; Wainwright, W. J. „The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion“, Oxford University Press, New York. http;//www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Philo sophy% 20
of%20Religion.pdf.
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mariam gobianiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori inga sanikiZe
Savi feris paradigma galaktion tabiZis poetur enaSi
leqsikur erTeulTa kvleva, maTi semantikuri SigTavsis marTebuli gaazreba enob-
rivi analizis erT-erTi saintereso ubania, metadre Tu saqme mxatvrul qsovils exeba. ga-
laktionis, rogorc udidesi simbolisti poetis, warmosaxvis masStabi mravalmxriv iqcevs
yuradRebas, am TvalsazrisiT arc misi ferTametyvelebaa gamonaklisi. Cveni Zieba Savi fe-
ris Sinaarsis, misi simboluri Tu paradigmuli xasiaTis amoxsnisakenaa mimarTuli.
sazogadod, Savi feris paradigmuli saxe sibnelis, borotebis, wyvdiadis (Sdr. vaJas
„SaveTi“ – saiqio), mistikis, avbediTobisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, sevdis, glovis Sinaarss
Seicavs. es enobrivi formula faqtobrivi uwyvetobiT arsebobs qarTul poeziaSi („vefxis-
tyaosnis“ personaJs — asmaTsac swored glovis niSnad mosavs „Savi juba“). iSviaT SemTxve-
vebSi, galaktionis poeziaSi igi dadebiT Tvisebebsac iZens.
Tu galaktionis poetur enas gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom Savi feris zemoT naTqvami
mxatvruli saxe-xasiaTi mTel sigrZeze gasdevs mis Semoqmedebas da leqsemis Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva poetis moRvaweobis yvela periodSi faqtobriv ucvleli rCeba; Tumca am Tval-
sazrisiT e.w. poetur SesityvebaTa originaloba individualur xelweras qmnis, sityvaTa
erTian qsovilSi galaktioniseulad ikiTxeba da ubralo aRqmas moklebuli simbolur dat-
virTvas iZens. leqsebis erT nawilSi is cdilobs optimistur momavalze ifiqros da Camoi-
Soros bneli Zala, romelic TavisTavad Sav ferTan asocirdeba: magaliTad, lirikul na-
warmoebSi „fantazia“ ocnebobs, rom „gahqres dRe Savi da sivaglaxe“. msgavsi poeturi gan-
cdiT esityveba Savi feri qarTul poeziaSi ukve kargad cnobil avbediTobis aseve paradig-
mul saxes – „yorans“ („Savi yorani“); orive erTad ki gaumarTleblobis, bediswerisgan gan-
wirulobis is niSania, romelsac n. baraTaSvilis „sulo borotokdan“ vicnobT da romelic
xelmeored fokusirdeba galaktionis lirikul gancdaTa siRrmeSi. is amqveyniuri dabrko-
lebis saxea da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad aluziuric:
„gzaze mivdivar... msurs gavarkvio
gasavleli gzis sivrce ucvleli;
Savi yorani isev momCxavis:
„Sors nu gascqeri.. Sors nurvis eli“!~
(„Savi yorani“)
SesaZloa aqve vaxsenoT misi leqsi „stansebi Sellisa“, romelSic avtori cdilobs
uaryofiTi ganwyobis mozRvaveba daZlios: „ar daginaxo Tvalebze cremli da arc saxeze
Rrubeli Savi“. Savi feri galaktionTan mxolod feris aRmniSvneli rom ar aris da mas
Rrmad simboluri datvirTva aqvs kargad moCans Semdeg striqonSic: „daiZine, daiZine, fiq-
rTa Soris, Savo mTao! nanas getyvis neli sio da mdumare sasaflao...“ („daiZine“) vfiqrobT,
rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi semantikuri Strixi Semodis — es fiqris iduma-
lebaa, gaumxeloba, misi siRrme da erTgvari sibnele; amitom „fiqrTa Soris daZinebul
100
mTas“ Savi feri gasdevs, Ramis zmanebis muqi CrdiliT dafaruli. zemoT mocemuli xasiaTis
gagrZelebas SesaZloa warmoadgendes erT-erT leqsSi gamoyenebuli Savi feri, Tumca aqac
metis SegrZneba Cndeba da es upirvelesad tanjvaa, vneba da urva, patiosan Sromas Tan rom
axlavs xolme:
„vxedav, aq nabijs moaSurebs glexi maSvrali,
rom mesaubros da imedi Tan waiyolos,
masze, rom Savi misi Sroma, Sroma marTali,
ar dainTqmeba unugeSod bolos da bolos“.
(„pirveli enkenisTve“)
galaktionTan iSvaTad, magram mainc Savi feri zogjer sruliad dadebiT konteqstSi
mogvewodeba da simSvidis da siCumis gancdas aZlierebs:
„siCumea.
aremares mosavs Savi sixalise,
mxolod sio Tu irxeva, Torem ise... Torem ise
siCumea,
siCumea...“
(„siCumea“)
unda iTqvas, rom umeteswilad Savi negatiuri grZnobebis Semcveli feria, romelic
kargad ikiTxeba galaktionis leqsTa wyebaSi: „me ki kaeSnis mxareSi miwvevs sevdiT moculi
ocneba Savi“ (`mTvare mTvares amoefara“) imave semantikur datvirTvas vxvdebiT lirikul
nawarmoebSi „rogor ebrZodnen zarebi zarebs“. „iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi
guguni“ – ityvis poeti da adamianuri cxovrebis jojoxeTur arss miseulad daxatavs,
mxatvrul tilos gaSlis, bibliur siuJetebs fragmentulad gadmoalagebs, Tumca kompo-
ziciurad Sekravs; kvanZis funqcias ki Savs, borotebis simbolos, mianiWebs.
warmavlobis Tema, amqveyniuri daudgromloba qceula galaktionis erTi leqsis
mTavar saTqmelad da mas ewodeba „simRera sasowarkveTilisa“. tragikul SegrZnebas upir-
velesad „Savi“ qmnis, mas aseve uaryofiTi xasiaTis matarebeli „sikvdili“ esityveba da
vkiTxulobT: „Savo samarev, Sensken movdivar...“; an: „Savo samarev, arvin mimiRo, aba, gamiRe
Cqara karebi...“ sasowarkveTilebis mTavari mizezi leqsikuri aqcentebiT ixsneba, isini
enobrivi maxvilebia, romelTa gareSe azris ganviTareba mxatvrul warmosaxvasa da poetur
siRrmes mniSvnelovnad gaafermkrTalebda, amitom leqsikuri qsovili poetis mier gazomi-
li azriTaa SerCeul-modelirebuli.
leqsSi „alazanTan“ Savi feris simbolika kulminacias aRwevs. am leqsSi sikvdils Se-
esatyviseba ara marto Savi feri, aramed sityva „Savis“ wminda musikaluri JReradoba, am
sityvaSi aqcentirebuli musikaluri bgera-Tanxmovani „S“ qmnis siSavis, uimedobis, sikvdi-
lis ganwyobilebas:
„mTvareSi Savi Srialebs Cala,
Savi leCaqi daeca Sarebs
damSviddi, sZinavs alaznis karebs,
mTvareSi Savi Srialebs Cala“.
galaktionis poeziaSi damoukideblad SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxatvruli Sesityveba
„Savi gedi“. „gedi“ Tavad poetia, esTetikuri simbolo mSvenieri arsebobisa, xolo masTan
gansazRvrebad mdgomi „Savi“ gamorCeulobis, erTeulobis simbolo, romelsac tragikuli
101
yofnis beWedi azis: „gadaviqaneb sikvdils maRla amarTul yeliT me, Savi gedi!“ gedisebri
silamaze gasdevs galaktionis poetur arsebobas, es mis mier kargadaa Semecnebuli, Tumca
Sinagani keTilSobileba daufaravs Savs, rogorc tkivilian arsebobas. „Savi gedi“ rom
amaRlebulis xasiaTis Seqmnas emsaxureba, es sxva striqonebSic kargad ikiTxeba: „Savi gedi-
viT maRla idga kubo pirquSi!“.
leqsSi „mitovebuli koSki ras stiris?“ galaktioni Savisa da misi sapirispiro TeT-
ris ideur Sedarebas SemogvTavazebs, xolo am kontrasts simbolurad Savi yornisa da TeT-
ri mtredis saxiT gadmogvcems. sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispireba materialur sagneb-
Tan („mtredebTan“ da „yornebTan“) erTad maTive gansazRvrebebiT, sxvagvarad epiTetebiT,
iqmneba. leqsSi vkiTxulobT: „yorani, Savi Suamavali, mtredebi — TeTri Suamavlebi“.
„mitovebuli koSki ras stiris?
masSi landebi risTvis ara sCans?
miyuCebula tye tbisa piris
da siCumeSi mTvare Suqsa hbans...
yorani, Savi Suamavali
cisa da miwis, gadifarfatebs,
vinc mzes isrebi styorcna mravali,
is simwarisas iRebs baraTebs.
mtredebi – TeTri Suamavlebi
ismenen quxils...“
zemoT aRniSnuli magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom galaktioniseul ferTa gamaSic
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs „Savs“, erTi mxriv, rogorc fers, xasiaTs, xolo, meore
mxriv, rogorc enobriv simbolos. masalis analizma cxadyo, rom poeti „Savis“ gamoyenebas
Sedarebis mxatvruli xerxis SemTxvevaSi xSirad mimarTavs; magaliTad: „daswolia aCrdil-
Tan — Savi, rogorc sikvdili“; an: „mounaTlavi, kupriviT Savi Rame“. poeti zogjer cdi-
lobs, rom „Savisgan“ TeTris“ antiTeza Seqmnas da pozitiuri movlenebi „Savi“ feradovne-
biT gadmogvces: „meki kaeSnis mxareSi miwvevs sevdiT moculs ocnebaS avi“ („mTvare mTas
amoefara“); „aremares mosavs Savi sixalise“ („siCumea“).
SevniSnavT, rom „galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikonSi“ „Savis“ statistika 396-s aRwevs
da am magaliTTa Soris yvelaze saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom misi mniSvneloba arcTu iSvia-
Tad gafarToebul-gazrdilia, paradigmul saxes dayrdnobili, Tumca mainc individualu-
rad gaazrebuli; magaliTad: „dasdevs ganwirulTa Savi poezia“ („saubare edgarze“).
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Savi feris simbolur gaazrebas galaktionis Se-
moqmedebiT enaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. mas, rogorc sibnelis paradigmas, ara mar-
to uaryofiTi da mkveTrad negatiuri konteqsti axlavs, aramed zogierT SemTxvevaSi da-
debiTi emociis Seqmnac ZaluZs da es yvelaferi ki, Tavis mxriv, galaktionis poeziis enis
Rirebulebis siRrmes kidev ufro naTels xdis.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. sanikiZe 1994; T. sanikiZe; c. sanikiZe „galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikoni“, Tbilisi, 1994.
2. tabiZe 1966; g. tabiZe Txzulebani t. 1 Tbilisi, 1966.
3. tabiZe 1966; g. tabiZe Txzulebani t. 2 Tbilisi, 1966.
4. tabiZe 1966; g. tabiZe Txzulebani t. 5 Tbilisi, 1966.
5. tabiZe 1982; g. tabiZe rCeuli Tbilisi, 1982.
6. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi, 1994.
102
ciuri mezvriSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe
funqcionaluri datvirTva da misi transformacia mxatvrul
teqstSi
(i. gogebaSvili „iavnanam ra hqmna“?)
qarTulma erovnulma sityvierebam Semogvinaxa araerTi leqs-simRera, romelic da-
kavSirebuli iyo warmarTobis droindel RmerTebTan Tu ritualebTan. mogvianebiT, qar-
TvelTa mier qristianobis miRebasTan erTad, maT ganicades Janrobrivi Tu funqcionalu-
ri trasformacia. erTi aseTi leqs-simReraTagania warmarTobis epoqaSi nayofierebis qal-
RmerT „didi dedo nanasadmi“ miZRvnili „iavnana“. masve sakurTxevelze miarTmevdnen ias,
vardebs.
ufliscixis kompleqsSi aRmoCenilia uZvelesi qarTuli warmarTuli samlocvelo
„didi deda nanas“ samlocvelod wodebuli. d. xaxutaiSvili saintereso masalebs gvawvdis
am qalRmerTze Tavis wignSi „kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi“: pirvelyofili Temuri sazogadoebis
rRvevis umaRles safexurze, qarTul warmarTul religias naTlad gamosaxuli astraluri
xasiaTi hqonda: astralur panTeonSi gamoyofili Cans, rogorc es prof. v. bardaveliZem
Seiswavla, ufrosi da umcrosi, anu adgilobrivi RvTaebani. pirvel adgilze, „RmerTi“ id-
ga, meoreze „mzeqali“, anu „didi dedo nana“, xolo mesameze — „kviria“, anu „pirquSi“.
„didi deda nanas“ (mzeqalis) ciuri samefos Sesaxeb arsebul miTologiur Txrobebsa
da simRerebSi, romelzedac qarTuli astraluri panTeonis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli
dResaswaulia asaxuli, miwa samzeod, anu didi deda nanas sabrZanebladaa miCnuli, xolo na-
nasadmi miZRvnil zRaprebSi batonebis qveyanaa gaazrebuli, rogorc „mzis qveyana“, romlis
erT umiSvnelovanes komponentad marani da Canaxia warmodgenili (T.gogolaZe 2003:12-13).
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, „iavnana“ RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil sa-
galoblidan iqca akvnis simRerad.
warmogidgenT xalxuri „iavnanas“ erT-erT variants folklorist Teimuraz qurdo-
vaniZis wignidan:
„iavnana, vardo nana, iavnaninao,
daiZine, genacvale, iavnaninao,
jer ar gaTenebulao, iavnaninao,
varskvlavebi amosula, iavnaninao,
mTvare SeSinebulao, iavnaninao
mananoebi modian, iavnaninao,
Zili moaqvT gudiTao, iavnaninao.
amas Cems ymawvils mivutan iavnaninao,
Tvalebs gavuvseb ZiliTao, iavnaninao,
daiZine genacvale, iavnaninao,
mTvare SeSinebulao, iavnaninao“.
is sagangebo daniSnulebis simReraa da mas mxolod bavSvis daZinebisas asruleben.
„iavnanas“ umTavresi daniSnulebaa daawynaros da dasaZineblad ganawyos patara. akvnis sim-
Rerebs mravalmxrivi praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. SvilisaTvis simRera akmayofilebs qa-
lis dedobriv instiqts. deda-Svils Soris magiuri Zalis gamoxatulebaa (T. qurdovaniZe
2001: 94-95).
103
qarTuli pedagogikis didma mewinamZRvrem da mweralma iakob gogebaSvilma (1840-1912)
1890 wels gamocemul Txzulebas uwoda „iavnanam ra hqmna?“. rogorc mweralma da kargma
fsiqologma, SeZlo eCvenebina qarTvelis cnobierebaSi kodirebuli leqs-simReris „iavna-
nas“ magiuri Zala, lekebis mier motacebuli da naibTan aRzrdili, Tavis TvistomTan ga-
ucxoebuli patara qeTos qarTvel qalad qcevis saqmeSi.
sabavSvo literaturaSi moTxrobas „iavnanam ra hqmna?“ gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.
moTxrobis Tavisebureba mis wminda fsiqologizmSia. imaSi rac, „iavnanაs“ mosmenam gamoiwvia.
moTxrobis ganxilvis dros davemyareT g. TavziSvilis, n. saRiraSvilis, z. xojavasa da
l. minaSvilis mosazrebebs.
rogorc g. TavziSvili aRniSnavs, moTxroba „iavnanam ra hqmna?“ Seicavs bavSvis fsiqo-
logiuri arsis kanonzomierebis Rrma esTetikur analizs. misi mTavari personaJi qeTo rea-
luri saxea, romelic aseve realuri urTierTobisa da situaciis fonzea naCvenebi, rogorc
fsiqologiurad, ise mxatvrulad. am moTxrobiT avtoris ganzraxvaa gviCvenos bavSvis bu-
nebis cvalebadoba garemosa da garemos cvlilebebis mixedviT da musikaluri emociebis
mniSvneloba adamianis fsiqologiuri gardaqmnis saqmeSi.
qeTos adamianuri Camoyalibeba daiwyo erT socialur garemoSi. kaxeTis buneba da
xalxi zrdida mas qarTuli nacionaluri ieriTa da suliskveTebiT, magram Secvlil socia-
lursa da nacionalur pirobebSi igi sxva xalxis zne-Cveulebis qveS moeqca.
Secvlilma socialurma yofam da garemom „qarTveli qali gadaaqcia lek qalad, kaxe-
Tis Svili – daRestnis Svilad“. qeTos Camoyalibeba, rogorc adamianisa, daRestanSi ar dam-
Tavrebula, misi ganviTareba ar Sewyvetila, amitom sruliad dasaSvebia misi xelaxali gar-
daqmna rogorc socialurad, ise fsiqologiurad. asec xdeba.
qeTo TandaTan iyris naRvels da iwyebs dakvirvebas axal cxovrebaze. mas cvlileba
daetyo. qeTos TandaTan agondeboda samSoblos aremare, garemocva, gadamwyveti roli
„iavnanas“ mSobliurma hangma iTamaSa.
dedis saamurma „iavnanam“ moxibla qeTo. mas „aSkarad etyoboda saxeze aRelveba. cxadi
iyo, raRacas igonebda da verc ki moegonebina garkveviT. misi bunebis siRrmeSi didi xnis
damaluli xsovna iRviZebda, magram ver ki gamoeRviZna. gonebis Ziridan raRac sanatreli
mogoneba apirebda amoxeTqasa, magram zevidan kec-kecad awvnen sxva warmodgenani da uS-
lidnen maRla amosvlasa“ (i. gogebaSvili 1986: 425-426).
ase zusti dakvirvebiTa da simarTliT aqvs gadmocemuli iakob gogebaSvils is didi
fsiqologiuri kolizia, romelsac ganicdida qeTo awmyosa da Zvel mogonebaTa WidilSi.
TavziSvilis azriT, Tu gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas bunebis garemocvasa da im socia-
lur pirobebze, romlebmac Seamzada qeTos cnobiereba pirveli gadamwyveti mogonebisaT-
vis, marTalia gogebaSvili, roca igi fiqrobs, rom „iavnanas“ saocari musika am Semzade-
bulniadagze gadaiqca im damatebiT stimulad, romelmac gamoiwvia gadamwyveti mogonebad
deda.
pirveli mogoneba iwvevs meores, meore — mesames da ase, asociaciis kanonis mixedviT,
qeTom aRadgina Tavisi adreuli bavSvobis periodi, aRadgina igi sruliad axal fsiqologi-
ur safuZvelze.
mSobliuri garemocva, iakobis azriT, did efeqts iwvevs adamianis (bavSvis) ara marto
socialur-fsiqologiur, aramed fizikur gardaqmnaSic (g. TavziSvili 1974 : 320-322).
naTela saRiraSvili aRniSnavs, rom mTavari azri nawarmoebisa bavSobidanve Sewovili
erovnuli dvritis SegrZnebaa, rac uSualod xalxuri „iavnanas“ motivebis cxovelmyofe-
lobiTac gadmoicema. am ZiriTadi motivebis garda, sxva mraval problemebsac vxvdebiT:
patriotizms, megobrobas, sikeTis Zalas.
„bavSvi awmdgomiT cxovrobs“ – aRniSnavs mwerali — is Seuwyvetliv izrdeba. bavSvi ar
fiqrobs arc warsulze da arc momavalze, amis gamo warsulis naSTi, xsovna, mogoneba mis
104
gulsa da gonebaSi male sustdeba, mkrTaldeba da TiTqos sruliad iSleba. awmdgomi ki
sruli ZaliT moqmedebs masze da iWers warsulis adgils mTlad ganuyoflad“.
kritikul literaturaSi am adgilma yuradReba miiqcia. aq fsiqologiurad aris gax-
snili sami wlis bavSvis xasiaTi. am nawarmoebis pirveli kritikosi Teofile xuskivaZe Tavis
bibliografiul SeniSvnebSi afasebs ymawvilis am Taviseburebas da moTxrobas dadebiTad
afasebs (n. saRiraSvili 1998: 28-29).
zosime xojavas TvalsazrisiT, moTxrobis siuJeti da mTeli misi kompozicia avtors
mofiqrebuli aqvs pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, magram ZiriTadi masala,
romelsac igi am mizniT amuSavebs da mis ConCxze mTel siuJets agebs, wminda fsiqologiu-
ria, e.i adamianis gancdebi, misi fsiqikuri cxovreba da sagulisxmoa, rom moTxrobis saxel-
wodebac swored am fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT aris SerCeuli.
„fsiqologiuri sisworis“ saubrisas xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom siuJeti
SeTxzulia da ara istoriuli. saqme is ki ar aris, rom swored „iavnanas“ mosmenam SesZlo
bavSvisaTvis dakarguli mogonebebi gaeRviZebina, aramed imaSi, Tu ramdenad sworad aris
daWerili am SeTxzul ambavSi adamianis sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomiereba (z. xojava 1990:
205-206).
avtori qeTos mogonebebis dakargvas bavSvis fsiqologiiT asabuTebs. yvela asakis
bavSvs aseTi sruli „Tavdaviwyeba“ ar daemarTeboda. avtoris mier sami wlis asakis SerCeva,
saidanac qeTos lekad qceva iwyeba, fsiqologiurad damajerebeli da sworia.
ase msjelobs avtori da amis mixedviT siuJetis Sinagan fsiqologiur kanonzomiere-
bas iSviaTi damajereblobiT aviTarebs (z. xojava 1990 : 208-210).
moTxrobis mTeli Zafebi isea gabmuli, rom sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan momavali yve-
la is finalSi erT wertilSi magrdeba. es finali adamianis arsebis mTliani cvlilebaa,
kerZod qeToSi adriani bavSvobis mTliani mdgomareobis gacocxleba, rac mxolod iavnanam
SesZlo da ris xazgasmasac emsaxureba mTeli siuJetis ganviTareba (z. xojava 1990: 219).
zosime xojavas TvalsazrisiT, is, rac avtorma qeTos sulieri gardatexis mizezad
gaiTvaliswina, Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi yvelaze ufro metad ganwyobis cneba asaxavs.
ganwyoba warmoadgens mTliani pirovnebis cvlilebas, mis fsiqo-fizikur modifikaci-
as, romelsac garemos zegavlena hqmnis da romelic Tavs iCens subieqtis garkveulis mimar-
TulebiT amoqmedebis mzaobaSi.
„iavnanas“ Sorsmwvdomi gavlenis daxasiaTebiT, iakob gogebaSvilma miagno ganwyobis
did rols adamianis SemoqmedebaSi.
13 wlis qeTo imitom ki ar igonebs adrindel bavSvobas, rom mis nerviul centrebSi sa-
Tanado calkeuli kvalis aqtualizacia xdeba, aramed imitom, rom mSobliuri hangebis mos-
mena aRviZebs, xelaxla iwvevs masSi pirvandel mTlian mdgomareobas, rogorc sakuTar Zal-
Ta garkveuli mimarTulebiT amoqmedebis ganwyobas, ris safuZvelzec Semdeg mogonebis
konkretuli gancdebic Cndebian.
pirovneba aris calkeul gancdaTa jami. yovel momentSi Tavisi cxovrebisa igi gan-
wyobis matarebelia, ganwyobis, romelic misi arsebis moduss niSnavs da romelic Sesaferi-
sad gansazRvravs TviT am gancdaTa warmoSoba-mimdinareobas.
aseT daxasiaTebas iRebs iakob gogebaSvilis fsiqologiuri koncefcia misi moTxro-
bis mixedviT fsiqologiur mimarTulebebs Soris. es koncefcia arcerT maTgans ise ar uax-
lovdeba, rogorc ganwyobis fsiqologiur Teorias da Tu es maRali etapia fsiqologiuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, maSin Cveni avtoric gacilebiT maRla dgas Tavisi kon-
cefciiT misi drois im pedagogebze, romlebic Tavian pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi mxolod
elementuri fsiqologiis principebze idgnen (z. xojava 1990: 221-224).
rogorc lado minaSvili aRniSnavs, moTxroba yvela TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia.
mkiTxvels xiblavs avtoriseuli uCveulo grZnoba siuJetisa, ambis Txrobis ostatoba, ara
105
marto dramatizmi, aramed moTxrobaSi Seqmnili viTarebis tragizmi. iakob gogebaSvilma
SesaniSnavad icis adamianis sazogadod, kerZod, bavSvis samyaro, sulis yoveli moZraoba,
romlis Semoqmedebis mTavari niSani simarTle da gulwrfelobaa.
mwerali gviCvenebs misi gmirebis gancdebs garegamotanili qcevebiT, moqmedebebiT,
personaJebis saxeze aRbeWdili grZnobebis aRweriT, xSirad mwerali grZnobaTa dasaxasia-
Teblad mimarTavs gaSlil Sedarebebs.
„ymawvili qali ded-mamas xelidan ecleboda, uavadmyofod, dneboda da sikvdilamde
patara nawili edo“. am momentSi mwerali erT saintereso fsiqologiur detals imarjvebs,
riTac TvalnaTliv gamokveTs calk-calke mamisa da dedis xasiaTebs, maTi dramis niuan-
sebs: mama, Svilis tanjvis Semxedvare, ambobs: „ara me veRar vucqeri am bavSvis amden tanjvas
da wvalebas, Tu ramdensame dRis ganmavlobaSi piri Cvensken ar ibruna, Sevsvam cxenze da Ce-
mis xeliT avuyvan naibsa da imis colsa. etyoba Rirseuli adamianebi yofilan, rom agre Se-
uyvarebiaT Tavi Cemi RviZli SvilisaTvis, – uTxra zurabma Tavis cols, magdansa, xolo mag-
dani ese advilad ar dasTmobda qeTosa da mzad iyo isev Tavis axlo daemarxa Tavisi erTa-
derTi Svili, vidre gaegzavna xelmeored da samudamod daRestanSi“ (i. gogebaSvili 1986:
424-425).
utyuari fsiqologiuri detalia.
mweralma xelSesaxebad, TvalsaCinod warmoudgina mkiTxvels sulSi mimdinare proce-
sebi Tavis yvelaze mZafr, dramatul momentSi da isic garkveviT gviTxra, rom adamianis su-
lis siRrmeSi yvelaze mZafrad, Rrmad musika, simRera iWreba da misi xsovnac yvelaze Rrmaa
da mZlavri (l. minaSvili: 315-318).
amdenad, iakob gogebaSvilis mier literaturaTmcodneobaSi gaweuli Rvawlis erT-
erTi nimuSTagania „iavnanam ra hqmna?“, romelSic avtorma aCvena eris genetikuri kodis ga-
movlinebaTaganis simRera, roli mozardSi erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZebis gzaze.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. gogolaZe 2003: T. gogolaZe: „qarTuli satrfialo lirikis istoriisaTvis“, Tsu, Tbilisi,
2003.
2. qurdovaniZe 2001: T.qurdovaniZe, „qarTuli folklori“, „merani“, Tbilisi, 2001.
3. TavziSvili 1974: g. TavziSvili, „qarTuli literaturis istoria“, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“,
Tbilisi, 1974.
4. saRiraSvili 1998: n. saRiraSvili, „qarTuli sabavSvo mwerloba“, XIX s, 1998.
5. xojava 1989: z. xojava, „iakobis samreklo“, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1989.
6. gogebaSvili 1986: i. gogebaSvili, „saganZuri“, „ganaTleba“, Tbilisi, 1986.
7. minaSvili: 2013: l. minaSvili, i. evgeniZe, „qarTuli literatura“, „saqarTvelos macne“.
Tbilisi, 2013.
106
humanitaruli mecnierebani: skandinavistika
cotne cicxvaia, sofiko qsovreli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria
antimonarqisti jariskacis gza SvedeTis mefobamde – karl XIV iuhani
SvedeTSi monarqiul mmarTvelobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. pirveli Svedi mefis xse-
nebis wyarod tacitiusis naSromi „germania“ miiCneva, rac ax.w. 100 w. ganekuTvneba. Tumca,
imis gamo, rom arsebuli wyaroebi naklebad sarwmuno da xSirad urTierTgamomricxavia, Sve-
di mefeebis CamonaTvali me-10 saukuneSi mcxovrebi mefe olaf skentonugiTa da eriki gamar-
jvebuliT, misi mamiT iwyeba. iTvleba, rom isini pirveli mefeebi iyvnen, romelTac qristia-
noba miiRes. am periodidan dRemde moyolebuli SvedeTs mravali mefe hyavda, magram Cven
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas bernadotebis samefo dinastiis pirvel mefeze SevaCerebT.
bernadotebi 1818 wlidan marTaven SvedeTs, 1818-1905 ww-Si norvegiis samefosac amav-
droulad, dRes ki evropis sxva monarqTa msgavsad simboluri funqcia aqvT da qveynis mar-
TvaSi naklebad monawileoben. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am samefo xazi arseboba saf-
rangeTis 1789-1799 wlebis revoluciis damsaxurebaa.
bernadotebis samefo dinastiis pirveli mefe karl XIV iuhani arc samefo ojaxis war-
momadgeneli yofila da arc Svedi gaxldaT erovnebiT. metic, Tavisi cxovrebis didi nawi-
li swored mefeebTan da monarqistuli ideologiis winaaRmdeg brZolas miuZRvna. Jan ba-
tist bernadoti daibada safrangeTSi, ubralo iuristis ojaxSi. ojaxis mZime materialuri
mdgomareobis gamo 1780 wels 17 wlisa Cairicxa armiaSi da erT welze meti gaatara kunZul
korsikaze, napoleon bonapartis mSobliur qalaqSi. man, rogorc mamacma jariskacma da
kargma mofarikavem, yvelas keTilganwyobis moipoveba SeZlo. 1785 wlisTvis ukve serJanti
gaxda, magram am periodis safrangeTSi ufro maRal wodebas ver miaRwevda, vinaidan aris-
tokratiuli warmoSobis ar iyo. safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi ki Tavisi mxedar-
TmTavruli niWisa da gonierebis wyalobiT dawinaurda da 1799 wels safrangeTis samxedro
ministri gaxda, 1804 wels safrangeTis marSali, 1806-1810 wlebSi ki napoleonma mas centra-
lur italiaSi mis mierve daarsebuli pontekovos mmarTvelis tituli uboZa.
napoleonis Zalaufleba da gavlenis sferoebi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda da impera-
tori xSirad Tavis naTesavebs amefebda rig maSindel evropul saxelmwifoebSi. am period-
Si ki, 1809 wlisTvis SvedeTSi mefe daamxes, vinaidan misiT ukmayofilo iyvnen1808-1809 ww-e-
bis ruseT-SvedeTis omSi ruseTis mier fineTis misakuTrebis faqtiT. mefed uZeo da moxu-
ci — 61 wlis karl XIII airCies, romelmac SvedeTis sagareo kursi mTlianad Secvala. axali
mefis politikis mizani iyo evropis uZlieres imperiasTan, safrangeTTan megobruli ur-
TierTobis qona, nacvlad masTan qiSpobisa. amitomac, karlma safrangeTis mokavSire qvey-
nis, daniis princi — qristian avgusti gamoacxada Tavis memkvidred. magram princi SvedeTSi
Casvlidan mokle droSi gardaicvala. qristianis gardacvalebam rTul situaciaSi Caagdo
SvedeTi da didgvarovnebma mefesTan TanxmobiT gadawyvites taxti gardacvlili ZmisTvis
SeeTavazebinaT da raTa napoleonis Tanxmobac mieRoT, elCebi gagzavnes safrangeTSi. erT-
erTi elCTagani, grafi oto meroneri fiqrobda, rom potenciur princs, romelsac safran-
geTis mimarT didi simpaTiebi gaaCnda, SesaZloa axali omi wamoewyo ruseTTan, amitomac,
Tavisi mefisgan farulad sxva kandidaturis Zebna daiwyo. sabolood man bernadotze SeaCe-
107
ra arCevani, adamianze, romelic napoleonis marSlebs Soris napoleonTan urCobiT, moxer-
xebulobiTa da niWierebiT gamoirCeoda, aseve gaaCnda garkveuli gavlena da Zalaufleba
da misi pirovneba yvelasTvis iyo cnobili. marTalia amis gamo mogvianebiT samSobloSi
dabrunebuli grafi daapatimres kidevac, Tumca karl XIII mier mowveulma saxelmwifo sab-
Wom, erTsulovnad gadawyvita gvirgvini napoleonis marSalisTvis SeeTavazebina, im piro-
biT, Tuki bernadoti luTeranobas miiRebda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bernadoti mefed airCi-
es erTis mxriv, imitom, rom Svedebis didi nawili, xedavda ra evropaSi Seqmnil daZabul sa-
omar viTarebas, aseve SvedeTis ruseTTan garTulebul urTierTobas da misgan momaval
safrTxes, surdaT mefed yholodaT samxedro gamocdilebis mqone Wkviani politikosi da
diplomati adamiani da meores mxriv ki, Svedebs bernadoti moswondaT, misi gulmowyalebis
gamo, vinaidan is kargad eqceoda tyveebs, rac Tavis Tavze gamocdili hqondaT Sved jaris-
kacebs lubekSi tyveobisas. aseve bernadotis erT-erTi upiratesoba is iyo, rom mas ukve
hyavda vaJi, rac gamoricxavda taxtis pretendentis gareSe darCenas, im SemTxvevaSi Tu
bernadotis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqreboda.
Znelia vimsjeloT napoleonis damokidebulebaze bernadotis mefis kandidaturad
wamoyenebis Sesaxeb. rogorc viciT, pirvelad napoleonma amis Sesaxeb Tavad bernadotisgan
Seityo. faqtia, rom igi gaocebuli darCa, vinaidan Svedi elCebi oficialur kandidatad
frederik qristian II-s, holStain-avgustburgis hercogs asaxlebdnen. napoleons oficia-
lurad Tanxmoba ar miucia bernadotisTvis, magram arc winaaRmdegi yofila. savaraudod,
igi bernadots mokavSired Tvlida da verasodes warmoidgenda rom frangi erovnebis mefe
Tavisi qveynis winaaRmdeg wavidoda.
1810 wels napoleonma igi gaaTavisufla samxedro samsaxuridan da bernadoti, ukve ki
karl XIV iuhan regenti gaxda, faqtobrivad ki — SvedeTis mmarTveli. napoleonma misi re-
gentad gaxdomidan mokle droSi, mosTxova SvedeTs monawileoba mieRo inglisis winaaR-
mdeg omsa da misi kontinentur blokadaSi moqcevisTvis. Tavdapirvelad SvedeTi daTan-
xmda am moTxovnas, Tumca realurad arasodes gaulaSqria inglisis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan
msgavsi pirobis Sesruleba SvedeTis ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda da maleve, 1812
wlisTvis daarRvia blokada, rac safrangeTis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas niSnavda. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom am gadawyvetilebiT karl XIV iuhanma wina mefis msgavsad SvedeTis sagareo po-
litika kidev erTxel Secvala. am gadawyvetilebasTan erTad, SvedeTma aseve uari Tqva ru-
seTTan saukunovan dapirispirebaze, sabolood aRiara rom fineTi dakarguli iyo, vinai-
dan, erTi mxriv, qveyanas ar gaaCnda sakmarisi saxsrebi axali omis wamosawyebad da, meore
mxriv, imitomac, rom Tavad finelebi ar iyvnen SvedeTTan mierTebis mosurne. axalma mefem
am danakargis nacvlad gadawyvita norvegiis samefo mieerTebina, romelsac im droisTvis
dania marTavda da is cdilobda daerwmunebina Tavisi Tanamemamuleebi norvegiis dapyro-
bis upiratesobaSi fineTTan SedarebiT. karl XIV iuhanis qmedebebidan aseve aRsaniSnavia
saidumlo policiis daarseba, romelsac unda daecva samefo xelisufleba taxtidan Camog-
debisgan da aseve qveynis ekonomikis stabilizaciisTvis sabanko sistemis gaumjobeseba, ra-
mac daawesa SezRudvebi importze, daicva qveyana inflaciisgan da daabalansa sagareo va-
lebi. qveynis ekonomikur sistemaSi gadadgmulma nabijebma Sedegic maleve gamoiRo, maga-
liTad sagareo valebi 11 milioni riksdaleridan Camovida 4 milionamde da moagvara qveya-
naSi arsebuli finansuri krizisi. aseve, evropaSi arsebuli imperiuli saxelmwifoebisgan
momavali safrTxisa da saomari moqmedebebisgan Seqmnili garTulebuli mdgomareobis ga-
mo, SvedeTis armiis brZolisunarianobis asamaRleblad gatarda garkveuli qmedebebi. ma-
galiTad, gaizarda erovnuli armiis dasafinanseblad gamoyofili Tanxebi da Seiqmna wve-
vamdelTa armia. aseve moxda kontrolis daweseba presis TavisuflebisTvis, raTa ar gamo-
cemuliyo iseTi Jurnal-gazeTebi, romlebic qveynis oficialur politikas gaakritikeb-
108
dnen an maTi saWiroebasa Tu avkargianobaSi eWvs Seitandnen. karl XIV iuhanis am nabijebs
„1812 wlis politikis“ saxeliT icnoben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad karl XIV iuhanma scada napoleonisgan mieRo daxma-
reba norvegiis misaerTeblad, magram safrangeTi sulac ar apirebda SvedeTis SemoTavaze-
baze daTanxmebas da daniis saxiT mokavSiris dakargvas. mas Semdeg rac safrangeTma Svede-
Tis kuTvnili pomerania daipyro pasuxis sanacvlod da kidev ufro miaxlovda ruseTis
sazRvrebs, karl XIV iuhanisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom napoleoni oms amzadebda ruseTis wina-
aRmdeg da gadawyvita axali molaparakebebi wamoewyo, amjerad ruseTTan. amboben ruseTis
mefe aleqsandre pirveli imdenad SeZrwunebuli iyo napoleonis warmatebebiTa da misi ru-
seTis teritoriebTan miaxloebiT rom, karl XIV iuhanTan Sexvedrisas, smenoda ra misi mar-
Slobis periodSi miRweuli warmatebebisa, gadawyvita napoleonis yofili marSlisgan rCe-
vebi da daxmareba sasargeblo iqneboda da bolos, karl iuhans ruseTis armiis meTaurobac
SesTavazao. aseve ruseTi iRebda valdebulebas bernadotis samefo dinastiis dacvisa da
legitimizaciis Sesruleba uzrunveleyo momavalSi. karl XIV iuhanma, mas Semdeg rac ruse-
Tis imperatorisgan miiRo piroba, daxmareboda norvegiis dapyrobaSi, daTanxmda gamxdari-
yo ruseTisa da inglisis mokavSire da 1813 wlisTvis SeuerTda koalicias napolonis wina-
aRmdeg.
unda aRiniSnos, rom inglisisa da ruseTis meTaurebi mainc yoymanobdnen SvedeTis-
Tvis daeTmoT norvegia, vinaidan isini daniasTan awarmoebdnen molaparakebebs, magram es
molaparakebebi CaiSala, erTi mxriv karl XIV iuhanis qmedebebis gamo, radgan man moaxerxa
daniasTan SedarebiT SvedeTis upiratesobebi warmoeCina antinapoleonuri koaliciisTvis
da meore mxriv ki imitom, rom Tavad dania ambobda uars maTTan mokavSireobaze.
karl XIV iuhanma 1813—1814 ww-Si SvedeTis armiiT Tanamemamuleebis winaaRmdeg gaib-
rZola meeqvse antinapoleonur koaliciaSi da didi wvlili Seitana imperatoris damarcxe-
baSi. marTalia SvedeTis armias bolos, laifcigTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi aqtiuri monawi-
leoba ar miuRia, brZolis velze dagvianebiT misvlis gamo, magram, miuxedavad amisa, karl
XIV iuhans mainc mouxda mis ramdenime TanamebrZols, kerZod ki napoleonis marSlebs — mi-
Sel neisa da Sarl-nikola udinos SebrZoleboda da daamarcxa kidec isini. aseve man daar-
wmuna saqsoniis samefo, koaliciis mxare daeWira. laifcigTan brZolis Semdeg karl XIV iu-
hanma daniis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra, aiZula igi norvegia daeTmo SvedeTisTvis da es qmedeba
sabolood kilis samSvidobo xelSekrulebebisas daadastura. aseve, amave xelSekrulebiT
ganisazRvra, rom danias pomeraniis teritoria mieRo norvegiis sanacvlod.
Tumca norvegielebi sulac ar apirebdnen kilis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis Sesrule-
bas, da damoukidebel saxelmwifod arseboba surdaT. maT ukve hqondaT konstitucia da sa-
parlamento mmarTvelobis SemoRebac surdaT, amitomac gadawyvites SvedeTisgan Tavi
omiT daecvaT. marTalia omma mxolod or kviras gastana, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
igi didi politikuri mniSvnelobis gamodga, vinaidan aman aCvena, rom mxareebs molaparake-
ba ukeT gamosdiodaT, vidre sisxlismRvreli omi. orkvirian brZolebSi norvegia damar-
cxda, Tumca SvedeTs mainc mouxda garkveul daTmobebze wasvla mis misaerTeblad. kerZod,
marTalia, mefe unda gadamdgariyo, magram norvegia SeinarCunebda avtonomias — mas eqnebo-
da sakuTari konstitucia da parlamenti. amgvarad, es gaerTianeba formaluri iyo. Svede-
Tis msgavs daTmobaze wasvla, savaraudod, ganpirobebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom axali brZola
da konfliqti gamoiwvevda uTanxmoebebsa da daZabulobas da am or qveyanas Soris samomav-
lo urTierTobebze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda, da aseve, is faqtic, rom omis warmoeba orive
qveynis ekonomikas mZimed daawveboda. sabolood, es yvelaferi maT winaaRmdegobis unarze
uaryofiTad imoqmedebda da isini SesaZloa advili sakbilo gamxdariyvnen romelime evro-
puli imperiuli saxelmwifos Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, karl XIV iuhani venis samSvido-
bo kongresze unda warmdgariyo axlo momavalSi, sadac didi evropuli qveynebi evropaSi
109
mSvidobis dacvasa da usafrTxoebaze isaubrebdnen, amgvarad mas surda civilur da mSvi-
dobian mefed warmdgariyo maT winaSe. unda aRiniSnos, rom am omTan dakavSirebiT uTanxmo-
eba iyo Tavad norvegielebs Soris. trondelagsa da dasavleT norvegiaSi surdaT bolomde
gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba, xolo aRmosavleTis mcxovreblebi sulac ar iyvnen omis momxre da
zogma norvegielma uaric ki Tqva masSi monawileobaze. zogi istorikosis azriT, norvegiis
mier am omis gamocxadeba erTgvari xriki iyo, raTa Semdgom SvedeTisgan kargi pirobebi da
ufro farTo avtonomia mieRo. Tumca, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo sinamdvileSi, erTi ram
cxadia — 1818 wlisTvis SvedeTis moxuci mefe karl XIII gardaicvala da bernadoti sabolo-
od gaxda mefe SvedeTisa, rogorc karl XIV iuhani da mefe norvegiisa, rogorc karl III.
dasasruls, aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom bernadotis, aw ukve ki karl XIV iuhanis
cxovrebaze aranakleb saintereso misi gardacvalebis erTi momenti gamodga. rogorc cno-
bilia, igi 1844 wels gardaicvala. rsebobs Tqmuleba rom rom karl XIV iuhans gardacvale-
bisas xelze upoves tatu frangul enaze. erTi versiiT es iyo Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsti —
„sikvdili mefes“ xolo meores Tanaxmad ki — „gaumarjos respublikas“. rac imiT aixsneba
rom Jan bernadoti axalgazrdobis periodSi safrangeTis revoluciis aqtiuri monawile
iyo da kariera ubralo jariskacobiT daiwyo. amgvarad, misTvis monarqiuli xelisufleba
miuRebeli iyo, magram bedi bernadotis sapirispiro rames umzadebda da wlebis Semdeg er-
Ti rigiTi jariskaci, romelic monarqiis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda jer safrangeTis sagareo mi-
nistri gaxda, Semdeg, im droindeli evropis uZlieresi imperatoris erT-erTi marSali, bo-
los ki Tavad gaxda monarqi da dasabami daudo samefo dinastias, romelic taxts dRemde
inarCunebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. http://www.swedishchamber.ee/efocus/read/31
2. www.behindthename.com/namesakes/list/swedish-rulers/chrono
3. http://www.norgeshistorie.no
4. http://www.thelocal.se/20100423/26250
5. http://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/bernadotte/
6. http://www.faktoider.nu/bernadotte.html
7. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XIV-John
110
mariam mania ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria
fritiof nanseni da tur heirdali – maTi saqarTveloSi
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb
norvegia mravalmxriv gamorCeuli qveyanaa. misi istoria uamravi mniSvnelovani, sain-
tereso da sxvadasxva dargSi moRvawe gansakuTrebuli adamianebiTa Tu movlenebiTaa dat-
virTuli. Sesabamisad, msoflio istoria am Soreul skandinaviur qveyanas kargad icnobs.
Tumca, rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-norvegiis istoriul urTierTobas, es Tema naklebad aris
Seswavlili miuxedavad araerTi dadasturebuli saintereso faqtisa, romelTaganac erT-
erTi am statiis mTavar Temas warmoadgens. yvelasTvis cnobilia gamoCenili norvegieli
mogzaurebis, fritiof nansenisa da tur heirdalis, damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe. sa-
qarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mixedviT, geografia skolebSi savaldebulo sagania. geog-
rafiis araerTi wigni arsebobs da yvela maTganis erT-erT mTavar Temas swored norvegie-
li mogzaurebi warmoadgenen. bavSvebi ecnobian fritiof nansenisa da tur heirdalis aR-
moCenebs, Tumca informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom es orive didi moRvawe saqarTveloSi imyofe-
boda, maTTvis absoluturad ucnob faqtad rCeba, radgan gakveTilis danarTSic ki ar aris
miTiTeba amis Sesaxeb. gamomdinare aqedan, miCqmaluli istoriuli warsuli miCqmaluladve
rCeba da misi gamokvleviT aravin interesdeba.
meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamosuli iseTi gazeTebis, rogorebicaa „komunis-
ti“da „axalgazrda komunisti“, araerTi rubrika norvegiasa da norvegielebs eZRvneba. am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Cemi interesis sferos konkretulad fritiof nansenisa da tur
heirdalis saqarTveloSi viziti warmoadgens. sanam uSualod maT saqarTveloSi stumrobas
da mis mniSvnelobas SevexebodeT, mimovixiloT am didi mogzaurebis biografia.
gamoCenili mogzauri, zoologi, politikuri moRvawe, filantropi, mSvidobis dargSi
nobelis premiis laureati, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben xolme da axali mecnierebis
dfizikuri okeanografiis damaarsebeli fritiof nanseni daibada 1861 wlis 10 oqtombers,
maSindel qristianiasTan axlos mdebare sture-frionis mamulSi, romelic mamamiss - sa-
xelganTqmul advokat valdur nansens ekuTvnoda. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg man muSoba
bergenis sabunebismetyvelo muzeumSi daiwyo zoologiis ganxriT. 1888 wels ki moawyo eq-
spedicia grelandiaSi, ris Semdegac gamoaqveyna Sromebi „eskimosTa cxovreba“ da „Txila-
murebiT grelandiaze gavliT“. grelandiis eqspediciis Sedegebi imdenad mniSvnelovani
iyo, rom londonis geografiulma sazogadoebam oqros medliT daajildova, xolo safran-
geTis mecnierebaTa akademiam sapatio wevrad airCia. eqspediciidan ramdenime welSi nansen-
ma wamoayena gemiT CrdiloeT polusamde miRwevis proeqti da man amisTvis sakmaod aqtiuri
muSaoba daiwyo. Tumca, es idea cota ar iyo paradoqsulad da „TviTmklelobis SesaniSnav
gegmad“ Seracxes rogorc norvegiis, ise britaneTis akademiurma sazogadoebebma. Tumca,
nansenma far-xmali ar dayara da daaxloebiT naxevari milioni kroni Seagrova eqspediciis-
Tvis. 1893 wels, misma specialurad aRWurvilma gemma „fram“ (rac niSnavs „win“) norvegia
datova. cxadia, mogzauroba Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda. faqtobrivad, gemiT gzis gagrZeleba
SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom, 1895 wels fritiof nansenma da hialmar iohanesenma Txilamurebi-
Ta da marxilebiT gadawyvites eqspediciis gagrZeleba. erTi Tvis Semdeg, maT Crdilo gane-
dis 85 gradussa da 39 wuTs miaRwies, aRniSnuli koordinatisTvis manamde aravis miuRwevia.
Tumca, nansenma polusamde darCenili 370 kilometris gadalaxva ver SeZlo da eqspedicia
111
ukan, norvegiaSi dabrunda. nansenis am eqspedicias mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi mohyva aramar-
to geografiaSi, aramed zoologiaSi, astronomiaSi, biologiaSi, okeanologiaSi da sxva
disciplinebSi. 1917-1918 wlebSi fritio nanseni politikur asparezze gvevlineba. is iniS-
neba norvegiis sagangebo sruluflebian elCad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am etapidan
ki is saqarTvelos istoriisTvisac umniSvnelovanes figuras warmoadgens. is adamiani, ro-
melic 1920 wlis erTa ligis sxdomaze mxars saqarTvelos uWerda da ufro metic, Zalian
cdilobda Cveni samSoblo erTa ligaSi mieRoT, swored fritiof nanseni gaxldaT. gazeT
„komunistis“ cnobiT, is 1925 wels qalaq baTums estumra. man moinaxula botanikuri baRi da
Semdeg TbilisSi gaemgzavra. is gansakuTrebiT moixibla jvris monastriT da lermontovis
„mwirSi“ aRweril monasters Seadara. garda amisa, didad dainteresebula da saintereso
rCevebi miucia saqarTvelos sairigacio sistemebis Sesaxeb. cxadia yvela es faqti sabWoTa
realobasaa morgebuli, magaliTad aviRoT gazeT „komunistis“ mixedviT warmoTqmuli misi
citata „morwyva yvelaze metad saWiroa, radgan is ganamtkicebs socializmze gardasvlas“,
Tumca es istoriuli sinamdvilis aRdgenas xels ar uSlis, miTumetes, rom wyaro ZiriTa-
dad faqtobrivi mniSvnelobisaa. fritiof nanseni xuTi dRe imyofeboda saqarTveloSi. un-
da aRiniSnos, rom oslos universitets mis mier saqarTveloSi Segrovili masala calke
saqmed hqonda gamoyofili. masze ekuTvnis wigni „kavkasiidan volgisken“.
rac Seexeba tur heirdals, kidev erT didebul norvegiels, is gaxldaT rogorc ge-
ografi, ise mwerali, mogzauri, eTnografi da zoologi. is daibada 1914 wlis 6 oqtombers,
qalaq larvikSi ludis mewarmis ojaxSi. igi intensiurad swavlobda kulturuli memkvid-
reobisa da transokeanuri migraciebis SesaZleblobas axal da Zvel samyaros Soris. igi
gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg, rac tiviT „kon-tiki“ gadacura wynari okeane pe-
rudan arqipelag tuamotumde. mogzaurobis mTavar mizans imis dadastureba warmoadgenda,
rom SeiZleboda polineziis kunZulebze Tavdapirvelad amerikidan mosulebi dasaxlebu-
liyvnen. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia ki 1955-1956 wlebSi moawyo aRdgomis kunZu-
lebze. dRemde, am kunZulze aRmoCenili qandakebebi aqtualobas ar kargaven, xolo eqspe-
diciis Semdgom gamoqveynebuli misi wigni „aku-aku“ bestselerad iqca. 1979-1980 wlebSi ki
heirdalma kidev erTi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia moawyo navebiT „ra“ da „ra 2“. rogorc Cans,
„komunistisTvis“ da „axalgazrda komunistisTvis“ es eqspedicia friad mniSvnelovani iyo.
kerZod, eqspediciaSi monawile rus eqims, iuri senkeviCs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, heirdali Cven
mxolod ruseTis gavliT ar gvikavSirdeba, es didi mecnieri uSualod ewvia saqarTvelos
da ufro metic, Cvens saxelmwifo universitets. man universitetSi waikiTxa leqcia gala-
pagosisa da aRdgomis kunZulebis eqspediciebis Sesaxeb. rogorc aRniSna, saqarTveloze
manamde bevri ram hqonda wakiTxuli, magram uSualod nanaxma da gancdilma, hamsunisa ar
iyos, misTvisac molodins gadaaWarba. nansenis msgavsad, gansakuTrebiT moixibla qalaq
mcxeTiT da, zogadad, saqarTvelos eTnografiul masalaTa simdidriT.
rac Seexeba tur heirdals, kidev erT didebul norvegiels, is gaxldaT rogorc ge-
ografi, ise mwerali, mogzauri, eTnografi da zoologi. is daibada 1914 wlis 6 oqtombers,
qalaq larvikSi ludis mewarmis ojaxSi. igi intensiurad swavlobda kulturuli memkvid-
reobisa da transokeanuri migraciebis SesaZleblobas axal da Zvel samyaros Soris. igi
gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg, rac tiviT „kon-tiki“ gadacura wynari okeane pe-
rudan arqipelag tuamotumde. mogzaurobis mTavar mizans imis dadastureba warmoadgenda,
rom SeiZleboda polineziis kunZulebze Tavdapirvelad amerikidan mosulebi dasaxlebu-
liyvnen. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia ki 1955-1956 wlebSi moawyo aRdgomis kunZu-
lebze. dRemde, am kunZulze aRmoCenili qandakebebi aqtualobas ar kargaven, xolo eqspe-
diciis Semdgom gamoqveynebuli misi wigni „aku-aku“ bestselerad iqca.
1979-1980 wlebSi ki heirdalma kidev erTi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia moawyo navebiT
~ra~ da ~ra 2~. ~pirveli navi dafuZnebuli iyo Zvel egviptur naxatebsa da maketebze da ewo-
112
deboda „ra“, romelic papirusis lerwamisagan iyo aSenebuli, Cadis tbis navTa mSeneblebis
mier, romlebsac masala eTiopiidan, kerZod ki tanis tbidan hqondaT wamoRebuli. movlene-
bis mixedviT, ramdenime kviraSi „ra“ konstruqciuli naklebobis gamo moiRuna, wyalSi Cai-
Zira da sabolood nawilebad gadatyda. ekipaJis gundi iZulebuli gaxda navi daetovebina,
momdevno wels navi „ra“ Seicvala „ra II“-iT, romelic Tavis mxriv, titikakas tbis mSeneble-
bis mier iyo aSenebuli. „ra“-sgan gansxvavebiT „ra II“ bevrad warmatebuli navi aRmoCnda,
ekipaJma svla marokodan daiwyo da warmatebiT miaRwia barbadoss. am geziT „ra II“-is ekipaJ-
ma moaxdina demonstrireba imisa, rom Zveli zRvaosnebi SesaZloa axorcielebdnen kanaris
dinebis gavliT transatlantikur reisebs. eqspediciam moaxerxa da aiRo zRvis dabinZure-
bis nimuSebi da gaeros winaSe moxsenebiT gamovida“. rogorc Cans, „komunistisTvis“ da
„axalgazrda komunistisTvis“ es eqspedicia friad mniSvnelovani iyo, rac konkretulad
eqspediciaSi monawile rus eqims, iuri senkeviCs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, heirdali saqarTve-
los mxolod mis gamo ar ukavSirdeba. es didi mecnieri uSualod ewvia saqarTvelos da uf-
ro metic, Cvens saxelmwifo universitets. man universitetSi waikiTxa leqcia galapagosi-
sa da aRdgomis kunZulebis eqspediciebis Sesaxeb. rogorc man aRniSna, saqarTveloze bevri
ram hqonda manamde wakiTxuli, magrad uSualod nanaxma da gancdilma, hamsunisa ar iyos,
misTvisac molodins gadaaWarba. nansenis msgavsad, gansakuTrebiT moixibla qalaq mcxeTiT
da zogadad saqarTvelos eTnografiul masalaTa simdidriT.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fritiof nansenica da tur heirdalic mniSvnelo-
vani istoriuli figurebi arian TavianT mecnieruli Tu aramecnieruli warsuliT. vfiq-
rob, saamayoc aris is faqti, rom aseTi rangis sazogado moRvaweebi saqarTvelos estum-
rnen da amiT saerTaSoriso asparezze saqarTvelos dawinaurebas Seuwyves xeli, es ki gansa-
kuTrebiT fritiof nansens exeba.
113
nino soselia, mari xoWolava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvanelebi: profesori kaxaber loria, Tamar kviJinaZe
„norvegiis mosaxleobis struqtura da Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“
qveynis zogadi daxasiaTeba
norvegia, oficialurad norvegiis samefo (ongeriket orge — buqmolze, ongeriket o-
reg – ninorSkze), suverenuli, unitaruli saxelmwifoa, sadac saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
forma aris konstituciuri monarqia. norvegia mdebareobs CrdiloeT evropaSi da moicavs
skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT nawils, kunZul ian maiensa da svalbardis (Spic-
bergenis) arqipelags.
qveynis dedaqalaqi 1299 wlidan aris oslo ( 1624-1925 wlebSi wlebSi ewodeboda kris-
tiania), romelic, amavdroulad, qveynis udides qalaqsac warmoadgens.
oficialuri saxelmwifo enebia norvegiuli (buqmoli da ninorSki ) da sami (9 munici-
palitetSi).qvenis saerTo farTobia 323,802 km2, aqedan xmeleTze modis 304,282 km2, xolo
wyalze 19,520 km2. mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgens 5,207,689 mln kacs (2015 wlis Sefase-
biT). mSp erT sul mosaxleze aris $68,400 (2015 wlis monacemebiT).
norvegia aris ramdenime saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia
gaero (UN), nato (NATO) (natos TanadamfuZnebeli saxelmwifo) da evropis ekonomikuri
zona (EEA), (qveyanam uari ganacxada evrokavSiris wevrobaze, Tumca is aris evropis ekono-
mikuri zonis (EEA) wevri). qveyana Sedis Sengenis wevr qveyanaTa ricxvSi.
norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis Sefaseba
norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis Sefasebisas araerTi istoriuli Tu
socialuri faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli, maT Sorisaa: sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, Sobado-
ba, SromiTi migraciebi, konfliqturi situaciebi, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri procesebi
da mravali sxva. norvegiaSi bunebriv moZraobaze didi zegavlena iqonia industrializaci-
is procesebis dawyebam, am periodSi aSenda fabrika-qarxnebi da gaCnda meti samuSao adgili
qalaqSi da soflis Raribi mosaxleoba, romelTac arc samuSao hqondaT da arc sakuTari
miwa-wyali, miawyda qalaqs. dRes, norvegias aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze maRali Sobadobis maC-
venebeli evropaSi. me-19 saukuneSi norvegieli qalebi saSualod aCendnen 4,6 bavSvs. am pe-
riodSi ar iyos gasakviri 10 bavSvis yolac. mogvianebiT es maCvenebeli mkveTrad Semcirda
da 1960 wlisTvis iyo 2,7, xolo 1980 wlisTvis ki, 1,6, Tumca dRes es maCvenebeli gazrdilia
1,9-mde.
Cemi azriT, aRniSnuli procesebi gamowveuli unda iyos industrializaciis proces-
Si qalaqSi mosaxleobis raodenobis mkveTri zrdiT. mogexsenebaT, rom XX saukunis pirve-
li naxevridan norvegiis qalaqebSi daiwyo axali sawarmoebis gaxsna, rasac mohyva soflad
mcxovrebi Raribi mosaxleobis gadasvla qalaqad, swored urbanizaciuli procesebi unda
gamxdariyo mizezi 1960 wlisTvis Sobadobis maCveneblis mkveTri Semcirebisa. Semdgomi
Semcireba unda ukavSirdebodes 1990-ian wlebs, perods, roca mTeli ganviTarebuli samya-
ro moicva „demografiulma krizisma“ da Sobadobis donis maCvenebelma 10%-ze naklebi Se-
adgina, xolo, rac Seexeba dRevandel monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac SeiniSneba Sobadobis
maCveneblis mcire zrda, norvegiis statistikis biuros monacemebze dayrdnobiT, vvarau-
dobT, rom es zrda xdeba ara adgilobrivi, norvegieli mosaxleobis Sobadobis zrdis ga-
mo, aramed imigrantebisTvis ase damaxasiaTebeli maRali Sobadobis xarjze.
114
dRevandeli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT norvegia Tavdapirvelad ar iyo cnobili, ro-
gorc imigraciis qveyana, masSi SeiniSneboda emigraciuli nakadebis siWarbe. 1825-1945
wlebSi daaxloebiT 850 aTasi norvegieli wavida emigraciaSi. mosaxleobis emigraciis maC-
venebliT norvegia evropaSi ikavebda meore adgils irlandiis Semdeg. 1980-ian wlebSi emig-
rantTa umetesoba miemgzavreboda aSS-saken, Tumca, mogvianebiT ekonomikuri situaciis
gaumjobesebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 150 aTasi adamiani kvlav dabrunda norvegiaSi. meore
msoflio omis periodSi norvegia aqtiurad iyo CarTuli humanitaruli sakiTxebis gadawy-
vetaSi da aZlevda TavSesafars omis Sedegad dazaralebul mosaxleobas. mogvianebiT,
1950-iani wlebidan norvegiaSi gamkacrda sapasporto kontroli, ris Sedegadac Semcirda
qveyanaSi SemomsvlelTa raodenoba. 1960 wels, norvegiaSi imigrantebis yvelaze didi rao-
denoba modioda mezobeli nordikuli qveynebidan (SvedeTi, dania, fineTi, islandia), rac
ganpirobebuli iyo, am qveynebs Soris, saerTo Sromis bazris SeqmniT 1950 wels (islandia
SeuerTda 1982 wlidan). 1960-iani wlebidan norvegiaSi ekonomikuri bumis (aRmoaCines nav-
Tobi, gaixsna axali sawarmoebi da, Sesabamisad, gaCnda axali samuSao adgilebi) dawyebasTan
erTad Tavi iCina mosaxleobis deficitma. qveyanas ar aRmoaCnda sakmarisi adamianuri re-
sursi axlad Seqmnili samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad, Sesabamisad mouwia didi raodenobiT
SromiTi migrantebis mowveva marokodan, iugoslaviidan, TurqeTidan da pakistanidan (yve-
laze meti SromiTi migranti iyo pakistanidan). amas mohyva imigrantTa ricxvis ganuxrelad
zrda, ris gamoc xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda,1975 wels gamoecaT brZaneba norvegiaSi
imigraciis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT. kanonis amoqmedebis miuxedavad norvegia kvlav ga-
nagrZobda TavSesafris micemas ltolvilTaTvis ( 1978-1979 wlebi 1,680) da aseve gaicemo-
da samuSao nebarTvebi maTTvis visac surda am qveyanaSi muSaoba.)
2014 wlis oficialurma kvlevam aCvena, rom norvegiaSi 759,000 adamiani iyo imigranti
an imigrantebis STamomavali, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 14,9%-s Seadgenda. 2012 wels 710 465
emigrantidan 407 262-s hqonda norvegiis moqalaqeoba (mTeli imigrantebis 60,2%-s). moqa-
laqeobis mqone imigrantebis 51%-s hqonda evropuli fesvebi (poloneTi, germania, Svede-
Ti), xolo 49%-s aziuri da afrikuli (TurqeTi, maroko, erayi, somali, pakistani, irani).
imigrantebi warmodgenilia norvegiis TiTqmis yvela municipalitetSi. qalaqebsa da muni-
cipalitetebs Soris, 2012 wels imigrantebis yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wili iyo osloSi
(30,4%), dramenSi (25%), lorenskugSi (23%) da SienSi (19,6%). monacemebis mixedviT, imigra-
ciis zrdis Sedegad, oslo aris evropaSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi qalaqi. bolo wlebSi
norvegiis mosaxleobis zrda, ZiriTadad, xdeba imigrantebis xarjze.
norvegiis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva regionebs Soris mobilurobis maRali maCvenebliT.
Sida migracia 2012 wels gaizarda 4 500-ze meti adamianiT, xolo momdevno wels (2013-Si)
dafiqsirda Sida migrantebis zrdis rekorduli maCvenebeli. ris Sedegadac Sida migrante-
bis ricxvma Seadgina 432 100 adamiani. Sida migraciebma Tavisi wvlili Seitana mosaxleobis
centralizaciaSi dasaxlebebis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac 2014 wlis pirveli ianvris monace-
mebiT mosaxleobis 68%-s Tavmoyra moxda 150 mTavar, centralur municipalitetSi. norve-
giaSi Sida migraciebis Semdeg mimarTulebebs vxvdebiT: sofeli-qalaqi, qalaqi-qalaqi. yve-
laze didi Sida migraciuli cvlilebebi mimdinareobs oslosa da akerSusSi.
norvegia, msgavsad dasavleT evropuli maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisa, xasiaTdeba
sakmaod didmasStabiani sagareo migraciebiT. qveyanaSi mosaxleoba Camodis daaxloebiT
223 qveynidan. norvegiidan mosaxleoba miemarTeba mezobeli skandinaviuri qveynebis, evro-
pis maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisaken. migraciis
saldo norvegiis istoriis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel Seicvala, rac gamowveuli iyo sxva-
dasxva periodSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri foniT.
1950-dan 1965 wlamde qveyanas axasiaTebda migraciis uaryofiTi saldo (mizezi: rTuli
ekonomikuri situacia. mosaxleobis gaedineboda xva qveynebSi, umeteswilad ki, amerikaSi).
115
1965 wlidan moyolebuli migraciis saldo gaxda dadebiTi, rac imas niSnavs, rom norvegia
emigraciis qveynidan gadaiqca imigraciis qveynad. 1980-85 wlebSi migraciis saldom Sead-
gina 1,2h, am periodidan moyolebuli, norvegiaSi migraciis saldo swrafi tempiT izrdeba.
2000-2005 wlebSi Seadgina 3,0h, 2005-2010 wlebSi – 7,3h, xolo 2010-2015 wlebSi aRniSnuli
maCvenebeli gaizarda 9,3h-mde.
procentulad norvegiis teritoriaze SemomsvlelTa raodenoba, kontinentebis mi-
xedviT Semdegnairad nawildeba: 55% evropa, 28% azia, 12% afrika, 3% sm. amerika da 1% Cr.
amerika, rac Seexeba qveynebs, 2015 wlis statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, yvelaze meti
imigranti norvegiaSi modis poloneTidan (8 182 imigranti), meore da mesame adgilebs inawi-
leben litva da SvedeTi (Sesabamisad, 3 309 – 3603 ) meoTxe adgilzea somali (1884 imigran-
ti). norvegiaSi didia imigrantTa raodenoba iseTi maRalganviTarebuli qveynebidanac,
rogorebicaa dania da germania, Tumca aranakleb maRalia imigrantTa ricxvi aziis musli-
muri qveynebidan, romelTa Sorisacaa filipinebi, tailandi, pakistani, erayi, vietnami da
irani saerTaSoriso migraciebSi centraluri adgili SromiT migraciebs ukavia. amJamad
msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni mSromeli migranti imyofeba. Tana-
medrove SromiTi migraciebis masStaburi xasiaTi ganapiroba meore msoflio omis Semdeg
dasaqmebis axali bazrebis gaCenam an arsebuli Sromis bazrebis gafarToebam. Tu me-20 sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi saerTaSoriso migraciuli nakadebi, ZiriTadad, amerikisken miemar-
Teboda, 1950-iani wlebidan situacia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. evropaSi „saerTo bazris“
(mogvianebiT isev rokavSirad gardaiqmna) Seqmnam dasaqmebis didi SesaZleblobebi misca
ganviTarebadi samyaros warmomadgenlebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1950-60-ian wlebSi centralu-
ri da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi didi raodenobiT Cadiodnen mSromeli migrantebi Seda-
rebiT CamorCenili samxreT evropis qveynebidan, kerZod espaneTidan, italiidan, saberZne-
Tidan da portugaliidan (g. gogsaZe, mosaxleobis geografia gv.100).
norvegias SromiTi migrantebis Semodinebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi pirveli adgili
ukavia msoflioSi. imigrantebis 33% aq swored dasaqmebis mizniT miemgzavreba. qveyanaSi
imigrantebis Casvlis umTavresi mizesi aris dasaqmeba da socialur-ekonomikuri pirobe-
bis gaumjobeseba. 2015 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 380 000 imigranti iyo dasaqmebuli, rac nor-
vegiaSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 14,7%-s udris. gansxvavebulia imigrantTa da-
saqmebis done maTi warmomavlobis mixedviT. dasaqmebulTa yvelaze didi wili modis evro-
puli warmomavlobis imigrantebze (daaxloebiT, 114 000 adamiani), Semdeg Crd.amerikeleb-
ze, samx. amerikelebze, aziisa da okeaneTis warmomadgenlebsa da sul bolos afrikuli
fesvebis mqone mosaxleobaze.
norvegias, rogorc evropuli qveynebis umetesobas, axasiaTebs e.w. „tvinTa gadineba“.
es aris maRalkvalificiuri, ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis gasvla qveynidan, ZiriTadad saku-
Tari SesaZleblobebis, unarebis ukeT realizebisa da maRali anazRaurebis miRebis miz-
niT. es procesebi yvelaze metad norvegias axasiaTebda 1890-ian wlebSi, roca qveyanaSi iyo
rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri foni. ra Tqma unda, dResac mimdinareobs norvegiis mosax-
leobis emigracia sxvadasxva maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, Tumca amJamad, es procesi mim-
dinareobs mcire masStabiT, radgan norvegia gadaiqca socialuri keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fod, romelic gamoirCeva dasaqmebis xelsayreli pirobebiTa da maRali anazRaurebiT.
norvegiis statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, 2016 wlis 1 ianvris situaciiT,
norvegiis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobidan (5,2 mln) 13,4%-s Seadgens imigrantebi (rac
udris 698 500 adamians), xolo 2,9% ki imigrantTa Svilebs, romlebic daibadnen norvegiaSi
(sul 149 600 adamiani). eTnikurad norvegielTa procentuli wili mosaxleobaSi Seadgens
83,7%-s (4 352 400 adamiani).
116
urbanizacia, gansaxleba da mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba 2015 wlis 1 ianvris
monacemebiT, norvegiis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 81% (4 172 800 mosaxle) cxovrobs urba-
nul dasaxlebebSi, romelTa saerTo raodenoba 981-s udris. 2014 wels urbanuli dasaxle-
bebis mosaxleoba gaizarda 58 400 adamianiT, 1,4%-iT. Sesabamisi zrdis maCvenebeli mTeli
qveynisTvis mTlianobaSi iyo 1,1%. 5 yvelaze did qalaqis tipis dasaxlebis oslos, berge-
nis, stavangeris, trondheinisa da dramenis mTliani mosaxleoba 1 708 000 Seadgenda, rac
Seesabameba norvegiis mosaxleobis 33%-s da urbanuli dasaxlebebis saerTo mosaxleobis
41%. qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebis mier dakavebuli teritoriis zrda Semcirda, xolo sim-
Widrove gaizarda. saboloo jamSi, urbanul dasaxlebebs norvegiis teritoriis 2 158 km2
ukavia, 2015 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT. 2014 wels, urbanuli dasaxlebebis mier dakavebu-
li teritoria gaizarda 11 km-iT, 2013 wels ki 20 km²-iT. norvegiis urbanul dasaxlebebSi,
2014 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, mosaxleobis raodenobam erT kvadratul kilometrze
1916 adamiani Seadgina, xolo zustad erTi wlis Semdeg ki 1 933 adamiani. oslos sagrafos
TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba cxovrobs qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi, maSin roca analogiuri
maCvenebeli hedmarkis, oplanis, sogn-og-fiuranes da nur-trendelagis sagrafoebis Sem-
TxvevaSi 57%-dan 60%-s Soris meryeobs. qalaqis tipis mosaxleTa raodenobis zrda 2014
wels SeiniSneboda akerhusis, vest-agderis, rugalanis da nur-trondelagis sagrafoebSi
daaxloebiT 2%-iT, xolo oslos, akerhusis, rugalandis da hordalanis sagrafoebs hqon-
daT urbanuli mosaxleobis 58%-iani zrda da ukve 2015 wlisTvis qveynis mTlani urbanuli
mosaxleobis 48% am sagrafoebSi cxovrobda (efolkning og areal i tettsteder, 1. januar
2015, 2015).
demografiuli politika da mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba
skandinaviur saxelmwifoebs, ojaxebze mimarTuli vrceli socialuri programebis
ganxorcielebis didi xnis tradicia aqvT. norvegiaSi 1960 wlidan arsebobs aqti universa-
luri anazRaurebadi Svebulebis Taobaze. 1956 wels imisTvis, rom dedebs erovnuli dazR-
veviT sargeblobis ufleba mieRoT dasaqmebuli unda yofiliyvnen bavSvis dabadebamde ar-
sebuli 10-Tviani periodidan sul mcire 6 Tve. is qalebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT Sesabamisi
kvalifikacia da ar iyvnen dasaqmebulni miiRebdnen subsidiis saxiT erTian Tanxas 32138
norvegiuli kronis odenobiT (daaxloebiT 3900 evro). sawyis etapze, daxmarebis miRebis
xangrZlivoba mimRebi mSoblisTvis iyo mxolod 12 kvira da miRebuli anazRaureba iyo iyo
dabali. 1977 wels daxmarebis miRebis xangrZlivoba gaizarda 18 kviramde da amavdroulad,
mamebsac miecaT ufleba esargeblaT SvebulebiT da anazRaurebadi Svebulebis vadis amo-
wurvidan erTi wlis vadaSi esargeblad uxelfaso SvebulebiT, Tanac am dros SeunarCun-
debodaT samuSao adgili da ukan dabrunebisac kvlav miiRebdnen 100% ian anazRaurebas.
mogvianebiT, 1993 wlidan bavSvianma ojaxebma ufro didi mxardaWera miiRes saxelmwifos
mxridan, Svebulebis periodi mSoblebisTvis gaizarda 52 kviramde 80%-iani anazRaurebiT,
xolo 42 kviramde sruli anazRaurebiT.
mSoblebisTvis gamoyofili kvireebis raodenobidan oTxi kvira gadadebulia mamebis-
Tvis, cxra dedebisTvis, xolo darCenili nawili maT SeuZliaT TavianTi survilisamebr ga-
daanawilon. aRniSnuli wesebi moqmedebs dResac. amasTanave, mSoblebi, romlebsac bavSvi
ar dahyavT sabavSvo baRSi, iReben daxmarebas adgilobrivi municipalitetebidan, manam sa-
nam bavSvi ar miaRwevs 3 wlis asaks. dRes norvegiis mosaxleobis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom
saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili dekretuli Svebulebis raodenoba unda nawildebodes Ta-
nabrad orive mSobelze, an kidev gaizardos mamebisTvis gamoyofili Svebulebis dro, raTa
orive mSobels Tanabrad mieces SesaZlebloba maqsimalurad didi dro gaataron bavSvTan,
raTa man igrZnos orive mSoblis siaxlove Tavisi cxovrebis pirvelive etapidan.
117
rogorc zemoT moyvanili teqstidan Cans, norvegiis demografiuli politika mimar-
Tulia mosaxleobis raodenobis stimulizaciisaken (mastimulirebeli demografiuli po-
litika).
rac Seexeba norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis samomavlo prognozebs, im
SemTxvevaSi Tu mosaxleobis zrdis amJamad arsebuli tempi SenarCunda, SegviZlia vivarau-
doT, rom norvegiis mosaxleoba kvlav ganagrZobs matebas (Tumca neli tempiT). statisti-
kuri prognozebis mixedviT 2025 wlisTvis, savaraudod, mosaxleobis raodenoba miaRwevs
5 725 000 adamians, xolo 2035 wels mosaxleobis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs 6 milionian niS-
nuls. saboloo jamSi, 2050 wlisTvis norvegiis mosaxleoba moimatebs TiTqmis 1,5 mln ada-
mianiT da gaxdeba 6 658 000.
mosaxleobis eTnikuri, lingvisturi da religiuri daxasiaTeba
norvegiis mosaxleobas umetesad eTnikuri norvegielebi Seadgenen, romelnic, Tavis
mxriv, Crdilo germanikuli, nordikuli warmoSobis arian. Tumca maT gverdiT yovelTvis
cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi.,norvegiis xelisufleba eTnikuri jgufebis
gansazRvrisas gamoyofs maT sam kategorias:
erovnuli umciresobebi, romelSic Sedian: saamebi, romanifolket — boSebi, ebraele-
bi, kvenebi da skogfinner. isini ganisazRvreba rogorc, eTnikuri, religiuri da/an enobri-
vi umciresobebi, romelTac aqvT xangrZlivi kavSiri im qveynisadmi romelSic isini cxov-
roben.
imigrantebi — jgufebi, romelTac aqvT xanmokle kavSiri saxelmwifosTan. statisti-
kis centraluri biuros gansazRvrebiT, imigranti aris ucxoeTSi dabadebuli adamiani,
romlis mSoblebic aseve ucxoelebi arian.
norvegiis mkvidri mosaxleoba — romlebic ganixileba rogorc ZirZveli mosaxleoba,
romlebic dasaxldnen im qveynis teritoriaze an geografiul regionSi romelic qveyanas
ekuTvnoda radgan daipyro SemdgomSi, moaxdina kolonizeba an sazRvrebis dadgenisas mii-
Ro da miuxedavad maTi samarTlebrivi statusisa SeinarCunes sakuTari socialuri, ekono-
mikuri, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi. amgvari jgufia saamebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli umciresobebi ukve didi xania asocirdebian norvegi-
asTan, mainc unda aRiniSnos rom isini sxvadasxva qveynis Tems warmoadgenen da sanam norve-
giaSi Camovidodnen cxovrobdnen da ekuTvnodnen sxvadasxva qveynis regionebs. maTi isto-
riuli fesvebi norvegiis garda am teritoriebTanacaa dakavSirebuli. kavSiri norvegiis
farglebs miRma, xSirad gamxdara mizezi imisa, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi gamxdariyvnen
diskriminaciisa Tu devnis msxverpli, sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi.
1999 wels norvegiam aiRo gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba mxari dauWiros, xeli Se-
uwyos da ganaviTaros enobrivi umciresobebis kultura da maTi ena, daicvas isini diskri-
minaciisa da devnisagan. rac gamoixata imaSi, rom qveyanam ratificireba moaxdina evropis
sabWos qartiisa regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb.
kvenebi ukve ramdenime aseuli welia dakavSirebulni arian norvegiasTan. kvenebis
udidesi talRa, romelic norvegiisken daiZra, saTaves iRebs 1700–1800-ian wlebSi fineTi-
dan da Crdilo-SvedeTidan. dRes, finuri enisa da kulturis fonis mqoneni, maTi memkvid-
reebi, vinc Camosula CrdiloeT norvegiaSi 1945 wlamde, yvela ganixileba rogorc kvenebi.
kvenuri miekuTvneba finur-ugruli ojaxis baltiur-finur enaTa jgufs. mas bevri
aqvs saerTo finurTan, magram, amavdroulad, misgan gansxvavdeba. 2005 wels kvenuri ofi-
cialurad aRiares rogorc calke ena. es ena klasificirdeba rogorc safrTxis qveS myo-
fi, vinaidan dReisaTvis funqcionirebs rogorc salaparako ena moxucebs Soris. dReisaT-
vis kvenebis raodenoba norvegiaSi daaxloebiT 10 000-15 000-mde adamians iTvlis da maTi
umetesoba finmarkisa da tromsos sagrafoebSi cxovrobs. romelTaganac, kvenurze mosa-
118
ubreTa ricxvi meryeobs 2000-dan 8000-mde es ricxvic damokidebulia Sefasebis kriteriu-
mebze.
Skogsfinnene – mcire finuri Temia da maTi istoria saTaves iRebs 1575—1660-iani wlebi-
dan, roca fineli glexebi savoniidan da CrdiloeT tavastiidan (finTis istoriuli mxare-
ebi) dasaxldnen norvegiisa da SvedeTis sasazRvro tyian raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im
teritoriaze, romelTac uwodeben innskogen. maTi migraciis erT-erT mTavari mizezi iyo -
axali miwebis aTvisebis saWiroeba gazrdili mosaxleobis fonze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi ena gaqra 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kvlav iyeneben sasa-
ubrod norvegiuls finuri sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT, aseve ramdenime geografiul topo-
nimSia SemorCenili maTi Zveli sityvebi. isini sruliad asimilirdnen norvegiul sazoga-
doebasTan da dRes ukve ramdenime aseuli adamiania norvegiaSi romelic sakuTari Tavis
maTTan identificirebas axdens. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom bolo aTwleulSi mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda finskugebis kulturisa da tradiciebisadmi interesi.
skandinavieli boSebi, romelTac aseve moixsenieben, rogorc „tatere“ (boSebi) da „de
reisende“ („mogzaurebi“) [Romanifolket an tatere/de reisende aris erT-erTi Sto im
boSebisa, romlebic cxovroben norvegiasa da SvedeTSi da eTnikurad da istoriulad da-
kavSirebulni arian boSebTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, indoeTidan iReben saTaves. arsebobs
uTanxmoeba Tu am sami terminidan romeli gamoiyenon mocemul jgufze saubrisas. xSird
maT aseve ganixilaven rogorc uZveles eTnikur jgufs, romelic norvegiaSi emgigrirda.
isini norvegiaSi imyofebian sul cota 1500-iani wlebidan. maT aqvT gamorCeuli istoria
da kulturuli foni, romelic dafuZnebulia mogzaurobasa da sxvadasxva teritoriaze
gadaadgilebaze, gansakuTrebiT zafxulis periodSi. maTi aseTi cxovrebis wesi iqca prob-
lemuri norvegiis mTavrobisTvis da 1900 wlebSi eqvemdebarebodnen mkacr asimilacias,
romlis mizanic iyo SeecvalaT maTi cxovrebis wesi kultura da ena. magaliTad, erT-erTi
meTodi am miznis misaRwevad iyo iZulebiTi sterilizacia. dRes ucnobia amgvari warmoSo-
bis mqone adamianebis zusti raodenoba, magram miaxloebiT varaudoben 10 000 adamians. ase-
ve daudgenelia am enaze mosaubreTa zusti raodenoba. amgvar sirTules warmoSobs is, rom
norvegias ar aqvs monacemebi maTi eTnikuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb, maTi cxovrebis wesi cva-
lebadia, vinaidan maT erTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili ar aqvT. cnobilia, rom isini sa-
ubroben enaze, romelsac uwodeben skandinaviur-boSurs da romelic Tavis mxriv ganekuT-
vneba Crdilo-germanikul enaTa jgufs.
Rom - boSaTa jgufi iyo romlebic evropaSi 1000-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen. norvegiaSi ki
ase moixsenieben adamianTa jgufs, romlebic 1800-iani wlebis Sua periodSi Camovidnen ru-
mineTidan. isini aseve iwodebian rogorc boSebi, Tumca kamaTis sagania is, Tu rogor moix-
senion. maTi ena iwodeba rogorc romanuli da enaTesaveba indoevropul enaTa erT-erT
jgufs, romelic indoeTSi gamoiyeneba. dRes 300-500 adamiania amgvari warmoSobis mqone da
yvela maTgani cxovrobs oslos erT-erT gareubanSi.
ebraelebi gansxvavdebian sxva erovnuli umciresobebisgan, vinaidan isini erTgvari
religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi arian. mas Semdeg rac qristianoba saxelmwifo
religia gaxda, araqristianul da warmarTul jgufebs norvegiaSi cxovreba ekrZalebo-
daT, msgavsi wesi moqmedebda ebraelTa mimarT sanam qveynis konstituciaSi 1851 wels
cvlilebebi Sevida, ramac ebraelebs qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba misca. Sedegad, 800-iani
wlebis dasasruls Seiqmna ebrauli Temi oslosa da trondhaimSi, aseve mcire dasaxlebebi
bergenSi, dramensa da kristiansundSi. meore msoflio omis periodSi maTi raodenoba Sem-
cirda, vinaidan qveyanas nacistebi daepatronen da, Sesabamisad, ebraelebi aqtiurad idev-
nebodnen. dRes mcxovreb ebraelTa umetesoba norvegiulad saubrobs, Tumca ramdenime
aseuli adamiani mainc iyenebs ebraulsa da idiSs.
119
saamebi oficialurad erTaderTi mkvidri mosaxleobaa norvegiaSi. maT aqvT sakuTari
kultura, istoria da odiTganve saxloben arealSi romelsac TviTon uwodeben „sampi“-s.
es areali oTx saxelmwifos teritoriaze vrceldeba, norvegiis, SvedeTis, fineTisa da ru-
seTis. norvegiaSi umetesad cxovroben finmarkis, norlandis, tromsosa da nur-trendela-
gis sagrafoebSi. warsulSi isini misdevdnen nadirobas, Tevzaobas , irmebis moSenebasa da
miwis damuSavebas, magram dReisTvis Tanamedrove cxovrebis wesiT ufro arian dakavebul-
ni. qveyana ar awarmoebda oficialur Canawerebs maT raodenobis Sesaxeb, amitom ucnobia
zustad ramdeni adamiania saamuri warmoSobis. dReisaTvis ki saamebis saerTo raodenoba
daaxloebiT 85 aTasidan 130 aTasamde meryeobs.
saamuri ena fino-ugruli enebis uralur enaTa ojaxis gansakuTrebul qvejgufs
ekuTvnis. magram, jgufSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs, radgan substratuli leqsikis
erTi mesamedi fino-ugruli enebis leqsikasTan siaxloves ver poulobs. ganasxvaveben 9
sxvadasxva saamur enas. norvegiaSi mcxovrebi saamebi saubroben mxolod sam maTganze:
Crdilo-, lule- da samxreTsamuri. am enebze mosaubreTa miaxloebiTi raodenoba ki norve-
giaSi 26000 adamians aRwevs.
religia
norvegiis konstitucia evangelistur-luTeranul aRmsareblobas gansazRvravs, ro-
gorc saxelmwifo religias. 2013 wlis monacemebiT, norvegielebis daaxloebiT 76.1% swo-
red saxelmwifo religiis mimdevari iyo. Tumca isini am eklesiis nominalur wevrebs warmo-
adgenen, radgan ohaios saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis profesoris kevin boilis kvle-
vis mixedviT, eklesiis wevrTa umetesoba ar gamoirCeva aqtiuri religiuri cxovrebiT. isini
eklesias mxolod naTlobis, jvriswerisa da panaSvidis ritualebisTvis stumroben.
miuxedavad mimdinare aqtiuri politikuri debatebisa saxelmwifosa da religiis
gancalkevebis Sesaxeb, evangelistur-luTeranul eklesias mainc gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs konstituciis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis formirebisTvis, amave kon-
stituciiT, norvegiis mefe da ministrTa kabinetis naxevari mainc unda iyos luTeranuli
eklesiis warmomadgeneli.
qristianobam, kerZod ki kaTolicizmma norvegiaSi aqtiurad moikida fexi me-11 sau-
kunidan, Tumca me-16 saukuneSi roca norvegia daniis mmarTvelobis qveS gadavida, qveyana
iZulebuli gaxda 1536 wlisTvis Seecvala kaTolicizmi dampyroblis religiiT da luTe-
ranuli gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva religiebis, maT Soris kaTolicizmisa da isla-
mis mimdevarTa zrda ganapiroba qveyanaSi emigrantTa didi nakadis Semodinebam.
2013 wlis monacemebiT, kaTolicizmi aris meore yvelaze didi qristianuli aRmsareb-
loba, romlis mimdevaria mosaxleobis 2,4%. am religiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 2009 wli-
dan 2013 wlamde gaizarda 111.22%. aseve norvegiis sxvadasxva sagrafoebSi teritoriuli
ganawilebis mixedviT, yvelaze meti mimdevari mTlianad qristianuli aRmsareblobebisa
nur-trondelagis sagrafoSi cxovrobs, sagrafos mTliani mosaxleobis 91,57%. yvelaze
cota mimdevari ki qristianul religiebs osloSi hyavda – 67,03%.
islami yvelaze didi araqristianuli religiaa norvegiaSi, mTliani mosaxleobis
2,4% mimdevriT. 2006 wels, muslimTa 56% oslosa da akerhusus sagrafoSi cxovrobda. 2009
wlidan 2013 wlamde maTi raodenoba 30.34% gaizarda. rac Seexeba sagrafoebis mixedviT ga-
nawilebas, yvelaze meti, mTliani sagrafos — 7,38% cxovrobda osloSi, xolo yvelaze co-
ta — 0,25% ki finmarkSi
rac Seexeba im adamianebs, romlebic arc erTi religiis mimdevari ar arian, unda aRi-
niSnos rom yvelaze meti arareligiuri mcxovrebi oslos hyavda, mTliani sagrafos -
24,32%, yvelaze cota ki sogn-og-fiuranes sagrafos – 7,71%.
120
literatura:
1. wikipedia.org: https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway 3. The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/no.html). 4. Norwayks membership in international organisations, samfunnskunnskap.no:
http://www.samfunnskunnskap.no/?page_id=416&lang=en 5. Lars Sstby, Norwayks population groups of developing countriesk origin Change and integration Reports 2010-
2013 gv: 22-34 6. https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og publikasjoner/_attachment/103718?_ts=13d6d5b6cc8 Norway: Migrant
Quality, Not Quantity/ MAY 1, 2005 By Betsy Cooper 7. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/norway-migrant-quality-not-quantity 8. Immigration to Norwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway. 9. Migrations, 2013 https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/flytting/aar/2014-04-28 10. https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/define.asp?SubjectCode=al&ProductId=al&MainTable=FlyttFy
lker&contents=Innflytting&PLanguage=0&Qid=0&nvl=True&mt=1&pm=&SessID=7652160&FokusertBoks=2&gruppe1=LandsdelFylkeTil&gruppe2=LandsdelFylkeFra&gruppe3=Hele&aggreg1=YES&aggreg2=&VS1=FylkerFlyttTil&VS2=FylkerFlyttFra&VS3=&CMSSubjectArea=&KortNavnWeb=flytting&StatVariant=&Tabstrip=SELECT&aggresetnr=2&checked=true
11. https://www.ssb.no/en/innvandring-og-innvandrere/nokkeltall/immigration-and-immigrants 12. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ 13. Employment among immigrants, register-based, 2015, 4th quarterPublished: 8 June
2016https://www.ssb.no/en/arbeid-og-lonn/statistikker/innvregsys/ 14. Key figures for immigration and immigrantshttps://www.ssb.no/en/innvandring-og-
innvandrere/nokkeltall/immigration-and-immigrants 15. Fertility and family policy in Norway - A reflection on trends and possible connections / Marit Rønsen / © 2004
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. gv. 278-280 16. http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol10/10/10-10.pdf 17. https://www.etikkom.no/fbib/temaer/forskning-pa-bestemte-grupper/etniske-grupper/ 18. Stein pÄ stein Tekstbok Norsk og samfannskunnskap for voksne innvandrer Elisabeth 19. ellingsen, Kirsti Mac Donald 2000 gv. 120 Barn og foreldre. 20. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ 21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway 22. https://www.etikkom.no/fbib/temaer/forskning-pa-bestemte-grupper/etniske-grupper/ 23. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer/ 24. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer 25. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norske_kirke 26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Norway#cite_note-usstatedept 27. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer/
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